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Procedia Computer Science 00 (2018) 000–000

ScienceDirect www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

Procedia Computer Science 124 (2017) 100–107

4th Information Systems International Conference 2017, ISICO 2017, 6-8 November 2017, Bali,
Indonesia

Teenstagram TimeFrame: A Visualization for Instagram Time Dataset

from Teen Users (Case Study in Surabaya, Indonesia)
Irmasari Hafidz*, Alvin Rahman Kautsar, Tetha Valianta, Nur Aini Rakhmawati
Department of Information Systems, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia

Abstract

The aim of this study is to create Teenstagram, a visualization for online pattern activity using Instagram dataset from teen users (junior
high school, 7th - 9th grade) in Surabaya, Indonesia. First, an offline workshop about ethics using Internet and social media for 18 junior
high schools in Surabaya were conducted about three weeks, from 3rd until 26th October 2016. Second, we create Teenstagram, by
building a web application to visualize and analyze the pattern activity from teen users using Instagram. We get the 290 Instagram
users account from 579 students who fill in the survey from the first stage of the research. We employ K-Modes using R to cluster the
dataset with six categorical features; online type activity (like, comment follow), days in the week (Monday – Sunday), hour (00-23),
student activity (study time, rest time, school time), type of school (public and private activity), and sex (male, female). We propose a
tool for analyzing Instagram dataset for online time activity, this result reveals the time pattern from the teen users using social media
(e.g. Instagram) and what are the characteristics of each pattern has.

© 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 4th Information Systems International Conference 2017.

Keywords: Instagram; K-Modes; R; Teen; Online Behavior; Social Media; Visualization; Categorical Attributes

1. Introduction

The internet and social media are now an inseparable way of life from human being, from six month old-baby [1] until
senior users age 65 years old and older [2]. An article from TIME reported that baby as early as 6-month year old now
mostly have access to mobile devices; 65% their parents uses these mobile devices to calm their kids and 29% put their
children to sleep. The American Association of Pediatrics (AAP) stated in the article that the excessive used of Internet

* Corresponding author. Tel.:+6231-5999-944; Fax.: +62-31-5964-965.

E-mail address: irma@is.its.ac.id

1877-0509 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 4th Information Systems International Conference 2017.

1877-0509 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 4th Information Systems International Conference 2017
10.1016/j.procs.2017.12.135
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2 Irmasari Hafidz, et. al/ Procedia Computer Science 00 (2018) 000–000

later could contribute to school trouble, attention problems and obesity [3]. AAP also warns that Internet and cell-phone
use can be a platform that lead to risky behavior.
According to survey conducted by APJII (Association of Indonesian Internet Service Providers), from 132.7 million
user of internet in Indonesia, 18.4 percent or 24.4 million are teen users [4]. According to this survey, there are two
platforms in social media which popular among the users (all age), Facebook (71,6 million users) and Instagram (19,9
million users). Even though Mark Zuckerberg still has its charm, teen users are now swifting from Facebook to Snapchat
and Instagram, one article stated that “Teenagers really do think Facebook is less cool than Instagram and Snapchat” [5].
This paper study about how teen users use Instagram in their daily life. We create a web application called
Teenstagram. For this paper, we propose a framework for online pattern activity using Instagram dataset from teen users.
We visit 18 junior high school in Surabaya, Indonesia and deliver questionnaires, which later become the main input for
the analysis for clustering and visualization for the Instagram time and online activity.

2. Literature Review

In this section, we describe Instagram and related literature about social media and Internet usage. Then, we explain
the K-Modes algorithm that is used to cluster the dataset and create pattern analysis from online time activity of Instagram
users.

2.1. Instagram

Instagram is an online social media platform founded by Kevin Systrom (CEO, co-founder) and Mike Krieger (CTO,
co-founder), that allows its users to capture and share variety moments into photos or video easily [6]. By using Instagram
APIs, we need to understand and read the company legal terms that available on Instagram sites [7]. Right now, there are
36 General Terms (as per July 2017), this statement can be renewable any time in the future.
Studies shown many benefit for Internet usage among life-learning ability [8], for example greater skills to do Math.
But there are consequences that could damage health risk in children and pre-school [9, 10] as well as teen users [11].
Not only increase health problem, but the excessive media usage could also damage personal and create more
psychological problems [12]. For example, deficient social skills and loneliness are important factors that could lead to
impulsive and high or strong Internet behaviors, which resulted in negatives life outcomes, such as: less activity in direct
significant relationship and distract the school activity [12].

2.2. K-Modes Algorithm

K-Modes algorithm is the modification of K-Means clustering from MacQueen in 1967 [13], the algorithm replaces
the means (average of points on a cluster) with the modes. K-Modes simply records or count which characteristic or
values mostly found (the modes) on a specific feature or attribute. Similar with K-means, the algorithm will ask the initial
number of K (number of cluster defined) and will record the distance between instances and the center of a cluster K.
A study from Huang [14] used K-Modes for 34 categorical features from half million Soybean dataset (500000 records)
resulted in higher scalability because the algorithm needs many less iterations to converge. We employ the package from
R, using packages called kmodes and calculate the number of withindiff or the distance calculated by simple-matching
algorithm within cluster for each cluster [15]. The similarity measurement defined as the calculation of the distance point.
The K-Modes algorithm is frequency based and update the centroid of cluster K based on iterative object cluster
assignment [16].

3. Research Methodologies

We conduct two research stages. First, we conduct an offline survey and workshop about ethics using Internet and
social media for 18 junior high school in Surabaya. During the workshop we also delivered questionnaires through the
student or participants. The offline survey to 18 junior high school had been conducted in three weeks from October 3 rd
– 26th, 2016. We delivered questionnaires during this workshop and consent form about how many social media account
they have, how much time do they spent online on a day, etc. We successfully delivered 590 offline questionnaires
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Irmasari Hafidz, et. al.,/ Procedia Computer Science 00 (2018) 000–000 3

through the students and validated 290 Instagram account from the feedback. We validate the student names with each
Instagram account manually, and add sex features (annotated to each account whether she/he is female/ male). This is
important for the second stage of research since sex is an important feature for the analysis. Secondly, we create a website
application to show the pattern and statistical distribution from Instagram dataset. We use Instagram API and crawl the
account for about one month from April, 23rd to May 18th 2017. The research stages is shown in Fig. 1. Table 1 shows
the timeline for our two research stages. Table 2 shows the six features used for the analysis and value from each features.

Package:
MySQL K-Modes
Teenstagram:
TimeFrame Visualization

Fig. 1. Research methodology for teenstagram; time frame visualization.

Table 1. Research stages conducted in Teenstagram.

Research Period Type of Note
Stages Research Stage
1st stage - October 3rd – Offline Survey An offline visit and survey to 18 junior high school (7 th – 9th grade) in Surabaya,
Offline Survey 26th, 2016 Indonesia. This survey is conducted by undergraduate students & lecturer from
Dept. of Information Systems for a course named Etika Profesi (Ethics in
Information Systems). We delivered 590 offline questionnaires & validate 290
Instagram user account. This survey has another result, a book titled Cendekia
Dengan Smartphone [17].
1st stage - May, 9th – 17th Offline Survey We conduct an offline interview to 54 students from 18 junior high school (3
Offline Survey 2017 (feature: type students from each schools). We ask a survey for an added feature: type of activity
of activity) (3 types). The only question being asked is usually at what time of the day will
you (1) go to school, (2) to study or (3) take a rest or sleep.
2nd stage - April, 23rd to Crawling We crawl the 290 annotated Instagram account (added sex feature: male, female)
Crawling May 18th 2017 Instagram and resulted in 200209 online activities from those account. From this stage we
Instagram users log also got the log activity, from page You and Following from Instagram feature.
dataset (using activity & Three types of activities an Instagram user can do: like, comment & follow, as
its API) framework for well as each time dataset; when he/she liking, commenting or following someone
Teenstagram else’s post in Instagram. We used a cronjob and scheduled it in every hour to
visualization crawl the Instagram dataset and put them into MySQL database. The output from
this stage is shown in Appendix A.1.

There are six features from our datasets; they are online type activity (like, comment follow), days in the week (Monday
– Sunday), hour (00-23), type of activity (study time, rest time, school time), type of school (public and private activity),
and sex (male, female). We convert all categorical in number (integer data type), the values of each features are explained
in Table 2.

Table 2. Six categorical features from Teenstagram dataset.

Feature Name Type of Feature Values
Type of school Categorical Public school = 1, Private School = 2
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Feature Name Type of Feature Values

Type of online Categorical Like = 1, Comment = 2, Follow = 3
activity*
Days in the Week Categorical Sunday = 1, Monday = 2, Tuesday = 3,
Wednesday = 4, Friday = 6, Saturday = 7
Hour* Categorical 00:00 – 00:59 = 0, 01:00 – 01:59 = 1, … ,
22:00 – 22:59 = 22, 23:00 – 23:59 = 23
Type of activity Categorical School time = 1, Study time = 2, Rest/ sleeping
time = 3
Sex Categorical Girl/ Female = 0, Boy = Male = 1

3.1. K-Modes Clustering

We have 200209 records of log activity from Instagram dataset. From the initial account, there are 108 boy or male’s
account (37%) and 182 girl or female’s account (63%) out of 290 Instagram accounts; 63 students are from private school,
whereas the rest of it, 227 students (78%) go to public schools. There are five original datasets from Instagram API, they
are: date, hour-minutes-seconds, time-zone, id-account-instagram, type of online activity. This is shown in Fig.4 in
Appendix A.1. The features that being used in our clustering are type of online activity* and hour*, together with the
other four features. The other four features: type of school, days in the week, type of activity and sex are being annotated
using code.

3.2. K-Modes Result

We define the K in K-Modes from K=3 to 7. We employ packages called kmodes in R and set the iterations = 10. We
also set the weighted = FALSE or in other words, we simply used the usual simple-matching distance between objects.
Table 3 shows the size of each cluster from K=3 to 7. Table 4 and 5 shows the withindiff and total-withindiff function of
R kmodes package from K=3 to 7.

Table 3. Size of K=3 to 7 using kmodes R package from Teenstagram dataset.

size K 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
K=3 16507 11193 10308
K=4 16488 9658 1619 10243
K=5 15703 7953 5507 6383 2456
K=6 9682 11878 6543 1334 3340 5231
K=7 16649 6871 6174 3515 957 1186 2656

Table 4. Withindiff of K=3 to 7 using kmodes R package from Teenstagram dataset.

Withindiff
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
from K
K=3 37416 19628 16443
K=4 34939 15117 3668 16158
K=5 27852 13292 7157 11441 4090
K=6 15079 19855 10430 2821 3400 7515
K=7 28604 11200 9082 4083 1433 2403 1759
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Table 5. Total-Withindiff of K=3 to 7 using kmodes R package from Teenstagram dataset.

Total-Withindiff Average
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
from K
K=3 1.718061 1.630039 1.471007 1.871813
K=4 1.557426 1.671578 1.59407 1.161593 1.881838
K=5 1.773674 1.671319 1.299619 2.114693 1.497388 1.640131
K=6 2.119056 1.565231 2.265596 1.790734 1.017964 2.026138 1.565393
K=7 2.266675 1.753596 1.595169 1.577468 1.665309 1.436628 0.662274 1.452357

We choose K= 3 and run the algorithm again with the iteration = 15 and parameter weighted = FALSE. We then
analyze the pattern of three clusters. Fig. 2 shows the result from R code, what are the modes from each features from
cluster K=3. Table 6 and 7 shows the result and analysis of clusters pattern among three clusters (K=1,2,3).

ctx <- kmodes(tx, 3, iter.max = 15, weighted = FALSE)

Fig. 2. Codes from Modes from K=3 from Teenstagram dataset using kmodes package in R, iteration = 15, weighted = FALSE.

Table 6. Result of each modes from Teenstagram dataset, K=1 to 3 using kmodes R package, iteration = 15, weighted = FALSE.
Cluster Type of Online Days in The Week Hour Type of Type of School Sex
Activity Activity
1 3 3 15 1 1 0
2 3 4 14 3 1 0
3 1 1 8 3 1 0

Table 7. Analysis of each mode from Teenstagram dataset, K=1 to 3 using kmodes R package, iteration = 15, weighted = FALSE.
K=1 K=2 K=3
Cluster 1 has the characteristic of the Cluster 2 has the characteristic of the Cluster 3 has the characteristic of the
modes of each features or attribute as modes of each features or attribute as modes of each features or attribute as
follows: follows: follows:
1. Type of Online Activity: 1. Type of Online Activity: 1. Type of Online Activity:
follow follow like
2. Days in the Week: Tuesday 2. Days in the Week: Wednesday 2. Days in the Week: Sunday
3. Hour: 15:00 (Time zone: 3. Hour: 14:00 (Time zone: 3. Hour: 08:00 (Time zone:
Jakarta/Asia) Jakarta/Asia) Jakarta/Asia)
4. Type of activity: school time 4. Type of activity: rest or sleep 4. Type of activity: rest or
5. Type of school: Public school time sleep time
6. Sex: Girl or Female 5. Type of school: Public school 5. Type of school: Public
6. Sex: Girl or Female school
6. Sex: Girl or Female

3.3. Analysis of K-Modes Algorithm with K=3

From Table 6, we can draw the preliminary analysis from K=3 using K-Modes algorithm. There are three types of
clusters among the teen. From the Cluster 1 and 2, the majority of each attributes mostly the same, they tend to follow
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people and they are from Public schools. The different values are for attribute the Days in the Week (Cluster 1= Tuesday,
Cluster 2=Wednesday), Type of activity (Cluster 1= school time, Cluster 2=rest or sleep time). The hour in the day from
both Cluster 1 and Cluster 2 are almost the same, it is during 14:00 – 15:00. Surprisingly from all the clusters, the girls
or females have the highest number of engagement compare to the boys or males. In Cluster 3, the type of activity that
has the highest modes are like and it is on Sunday, which is clearly a rest time for all students and it is mostly happen
during 8:00 in the morning.

3.4. Visualization for Teenstagram TimeFrame

We build a web application using Xampp 3.2.2 and PHP 5.6.28. The database being used is MySQL. The web page
of the Teenstagram TimeFrame Visualization is available at http://bit.ly/2xKv5l1. We visualize the distribution of
between features. Figure 3 shows the TimeFrame Visualization of Instagram towards the day of the week. This chart
reveals that there is still activity from 21:00 until 06:00 in the morning, the time when all pupils should sleep or take the
rest.

*)

Fig. 3. TimeFrame Visualization of Teenstagram; The Number of Activities (the sum of activities from like, comment and follow) vs. Hour during the
day. The green streamgraph shows the activities from all day in the week. The grey streamgraph shows the activities from school day of the week.

*) This paper only discuss about the Time Frame tab (the blue box, from Fig. 3, Fig.5, Fig.6,.). The other three tab consist of TeenStagram, Caption
Frame & Processing Data Caption (the orange box) are described in this link https://goo.gl/tzbNQD.

4. Conclusion

Our experiments and visualization shows that the students are indeed using their rest and sleep time for Internet and
browsing through Instagram dataset. The online activity of 290 accounts reveals what are the exact time, the students go
online and the analysis of everyday activity from Monday through Sunday. From the visualization (Fig. 3, Fig.5, Fig. 6
and the rest of it can be seen in the web app), it shows that females students are more active than males students. Even
though, the number of female’s account is larger than the male’s account from the beginning of the studies (see 3.1), the
gap of online activity between male’s (7%) and female’s (93%) is large. There are studies about digital and internet
exposure that lead the users especially children, pre-school that will affect their sleeping habit resulted in fewer minutes
sleep per night [9] and later bedtime media use and increase view of violent content [10]. Not only for child and pre-
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Irmasari Hafidz, et. al.,/ Procedia Computer Science 00 (2018) 000–000 7

school students, this phenomenon is also happening to the young adults or adolescents people; studies found that these
young adults with higher social media use will have greater risks of sleep disturbances [11]. Although other study stated
that Internet promotes greater ability to learn, for example in Math [12] by using an app and increase creativity in children,
the Internet and social media usage shows an alarming pattern that should be taken into account, especially for parents
and teachers in school. There are lots of improvements for future research such as the validation from the number of K
being chosen in K-Modes algorithm. Other algorithms can be taken into account, for example: Fuzzy K-Modes or K-
Prototype to compare and seek what parameters need to be change in order to increase the performance of the chosen
algorithm.

Acknowledgements

This research is being conducted and was supported by funding from Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada
Masyarakat, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (LPPM - ITS) and Kementrian Riset, Teknologi, dan Pendidikan
Tinggi (or Ministry of Higher Education Indonesia) with the scheme of Penelitian Dosen Pemula and the grant number
or Surat Perjanjian Penelitian No: 817/PKS/ITS/2017.

Appendix A. Teenstagram TimeFrame Visualization

The Appendix A has many section and figures which provides graphs and tables from Teenstagram TimeFrame
Visualization study. The other data and graph from this study is available at: https://goo.gl/tzbNQD.

A.1. Instagram dataset - Crawling Output

Fig. 4. Crawling output of time dataset from Teenstagram.

A.2. Teenstagram Visualization: Boy and Girl vs. Hour during the Day

*)

Fig. 5. TimeFrame visualization of Teenstagram; The number of activities (the sum of activities from like, comment and follow) vs. hour during the
day. The orange streamgraph shows the activities only from boys or male students. The graph shows that boys activity peaked at 14:00 during the day
and has the maximum number of activity of approximately at 110 activities.
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Irmasari HafIDz et al. / Procedia Computer Science 124 (2017) 100–107 107

*)

Fig. 6. TimeFrame Visualization of Teenstagram; The Number of Activities (the sum of activities from like, comment and follow) vs. Hour during the
day. The blue graph shows for girls and has the scale of the max number activity almost reach 4000 and peaked at 15:00.

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