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New insights on interpretation of seismic attributes in Nile-Delta basin for

analyzing Pliocene geological characteristics

Conference Paper · January 2014

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New insights on interpretation of seismic attributes in Nile-Delta basins for
analyzing Pliocene geological characteristics

Said Hanafy(1), Shastri Nimmagadda (2) Sharaf Eldin Mahmoud(3), Khaled Hemdan (4)
Khamis Farhood(5), Walid M. Mabrouk(6).

(1, 4 =Tharwa Petroleum, 2 = Curtin University, 3, 6=Cairo University, 4= la global

scocitte)

Abstract:

Northern parts of Nile Delta is largely unexplored because of variety of constraints and other
exploration priorities. Exploration and production (E & D) in these areas are challenging
tasks, where water depth reaches 1000 m sec on the seismic scale. This complicates
application of seismic reflection technology, even affecting the assessment of economic value
of assets, if any existing at these depths. Several DHI anomalies that have been reported in
the seismic data are neither earlier documented nor interpreted systematically in
corroboration with the existing exploration data in the Nile Delta region.

The exploration activity in the offshore and onshore Nile Delta is largely based on adaptation
of conventional bright-spot DHI technique and analysis of DHI anomalies. Number of
seismic vintages and drilled well data are considered in the current research and integration
analysis. Existing wells, drilled at Pliocene level are analyzed to understand the structural and
reservoir characteristics of the successful cases, based on DHI anomalies. The outline of the
analysis is based on similarity and dissimilarity of properties of the DHI anomalies. These
properties are interpreted in alignment with geologically and seismically connected
disparities, more specifically based on sedimentological and geophysical characteristics of
the sand bodies. The dissimilarities interpreted, are carefully analyzed corroborating with
drillable successful cases. These corroborations validate the prevailing successful wells as
well.

The interpretation and analysis are based on the DHI anomalies and their associated
properties that varying laterally and vertically on the seismic data. These anomalies are
validated from the known subsurface drilled well data. Relationships and connectivity
among DHI anomalies from known and unknown are recognized. These wells are primarily
distributed between western and eastern sub-basins of the Nile Delta. In spite of the
limitations of the existing technique and other exploration constraints, risk of big
accumulations is lowered and success rates are enhanced by DHI techniques. In addition, a
distinct variation is distinguished between expected and current producing reservoirs in the
Nile Delta Basin. This study can facilitate the explorers prioritize their areas for investment.

Introduction

Dobrin, 1976 and Bailey, 1992 demonstrate geophysical methods of prospecting in oil and
gas exploration industry. They emphasize seismic geophysics and integration with gravity
and magnetic methods for minimizing the risk of interpretative anomalies attributed by
several oil and gas fields. Authors in the present study area describe the seismic attributes as
the information obtained from the seismic data through logical and experience based
reasoning, providing clues of reservoirs, their characterizations and spatial distributions.
NMO velocities and their comprehensive analysis provide interval velocity estimates and
more accurate sub-surface geometries. Bright spot techniques have led to discovery many gas
associated anomalous areas and understanding of bright spot anomalies has improved with
advent of “amplitude variation with offsets” (AVO) technology. Multiple attributes and their
analysis, if combined with bright spots, can better facilitate the risk evaluations of reservoir
characterizations. Several such attributes categorized in seismic exploration industry are pre-
and post- stack attributes, instantaneous attributes, and wavelet attributes, physical and
geometrical attributes including reflective and transmissive attributes (Taner, 2001 and
Sheriff, 1980). Basic characteristics of attributes are, acoustic impedance contrasts
(reflectivity), bright spots, possible gas accumulations, seismic sequence boundaries and
para-sequences’ analysis, thin bed tuning effects, major changes in the depositional
environments including spatial correlation of porosity and lithologic variations attributed
from seismic data.

Good quality seismic data are prerequisites for interpretation of seismic attributes, especially
during field development stages. Utmost caution is exercised while interpreting the seismic
data in the quality issue areas including exploration purposes. The exploration and production
data in the Nile Delta province confirm an insignificant velocity character of the Pliocene
Formations, in which the potential gas-sand produced hydrocarbons. Classical DHI
technology is used for improved understanding of gas accumulations. Similar high amplitude
features (Hilterman, 2001) produced by many of the producing fields around the study area
that has changed the properties of host rocks sufficiently to affect the amplitude of the
refelction from it, are documented. These are calibrated with well log characteristics
(Malcolm, 2000) existing in the study area.

Bright spots and AVO anomalies are clear evidences are regared as subset of seismic
stratigraphy in the study area. Nashaat et al. 1998 have described several such hydrocarbon
occurrences at Plio-Pleistocene successtion of Tertiary sequence. Rutherford and Williams
(1989) report successful gas sands that attributed by several AVO anomalies.

AVO is effective and successful tool for analyzing gas sand-shale response. The AVO
behavior of top gas layer encompased within shale layers, is function of velocity, density and
poissons ratio contrast between gas sand and encompasing shale. According to the geo-
physical properties contrast; the AVO is classified in different classes. The most famous and
clear classification of these classes (Castagna et al. 1998) are gas-sand shale interface that
categorized into five classes (Figure 1) based on the amplitude with angle attributes. Each
class has its charcteristic intercept and gradient values showing significant charcteristic
response on the stacked sections.

Pointer et al. 2008 have documented pore pressure anomalies and their predictions using
seismic velocities and their interval velocities all the study area. Class -3 AVO model
describes an interface between higher density-velocity shale encompasing lower density-
velocity gas-sand layer. The AVO response in this case is associated with decreasing
amplitude with offset, the intercept and the gradient, which have negative values. The
stacked section of this class shows very strong amplitude at the top of gas sand interface.
 Figure 1: Plane-wave reflection coefficients at the top of each (Rutherford and Williams,
1989) classification of gas sand (Castagna et al. 1998)

The sand-shale contrast changes gradually to class-1 which have reversed situation to class-
3, because of presence of sand that has higher amplitude response than due to shale. The
amplitude changes its polarity at far offset, which allows dimming of the amplitude on the
stacked section.

The published studies on the Pliocene sediments in Nile Delta narrate reduction of velocity
and density within reservoir (in ha’py case; it is reduced from 2175m/s to 2025 within
reservoir and the density reduced from 2.15 to 2 g/cc, Wigger and Baily, 1997). An AVO
class is interpreted with class-3, as it is indicated from the drilled wells logs (Denise-1 and
ha’py-1 wells), which reflected on the analysis as strong amplitude increase with offset,
positive intercept and gradients values in AVO plots, and strong bright spot in the full stack
section (assuming reverse polarity to the standard studies polarity).

2 Seismic Attribute and their Analysis

El Maghraby et al. 2010 describe capabilities of seismic geophysics in finding oil and gas
deposits in the Nile Delta regions. Helmy and Fouad, 1994 and Hasem et al. 2010 assess the
prospectivity and hydrocarbon plays in the Nile Delta region. Known Nile Delta positive DHI
characteristics from the existing wells are documented. The purpose of analyzing known
anomalies is to interpret similar anomalies in the areas where they are not given much
attention by previous explorers. Pliocene plays in the Mediterranean offshore and the existing
structural settings in the Nile Delta are well documented in Sarhan et al. 1996. Harwood et al.
1998 narrate application of sequence stratigraphy of Plio-Pleistocene sequences and their
potential hydrocarbon plays. Deibis et al. 1986 demonstrate and support the ideas of
attributes’ analysis in integration with a stratigraphic framework and their implications in
hydrocarbon potentials in the Nile Delta.

Anomalous high amplitudes are observed in the full stack section (Figure 2), where in the
angle stacks the amplitudes are higher in the far stack than in the near stack. In case of peak
positive amplitude; the result of arithmetic subtraction of the amplitudes is positive in gas
case and negative in wet case, the top of gas sand is at the maximum positive amplitude in
case of normal polarity zero phase data or at zero point from peak to trough in case of
minimum phase data. In addition, RMS and interval velocities play key roles (Al Chalabi,
1974) in capturing and attributing these anomalies in the interpretation process.

AVO response of the class-3 is positive intercept and gradient, where in wet case positive
intercept and negative gradient (Figure 3).

Figure 2: Hadeer-1 bright spot (E-gas, 2008)

Figure 3: Expected amplitude analysis in class-3 AVO

The polarity of the anomalous amplitude is reversed to reference horizons (sea bottom and
Rossetta Formation), as interpreted in Figure 4. The signature of high velocity anomaly
(carbonates) assumed to be in the same way as that of the reference horizons (Figure 5). This
signature is one of the most important features differentiating the brightness due to gas and its
associated lithology.
Figure 4: An example of bright spot, reverse polarity to reference horizon, found in Darfeel-
1, the reservoirs have strong trough and the reference horizon (Rosetta) has strong peak
(Hemdan and Barasi, 2002) signatures

Figure 5: The expected seismic character of Plio-Pleistocene section of the shale-sand

interface has reverse polarity due to the shale-carbonate boundary

Flat spot indicates to gas-water contact, (Figure 6). This feature is found in multiphase or
thick reservoirs, indicating their gas occurrence. The polarity of gas contact in case of class-3
AVO is reversed to top of sand (gas and wet case), but in class-2 the polarity of the contact is
the same of water zone with more brightness (Rosetta case).
 Figure 6: Examples of flat spots; left, h’apy -1 well (Wigger and Bailey, 1997,
Wigger et al. 1996 and Bailey et al. 1998) and right, gas-well (Firinu and Sahadic,
2014)

Fitting of amplitude with structure: the gas should be at the highest structural location in
the reservoir, (Figure 7), as reported from the drilled wells (H’apy well) and geological
models (upward migration). The concentration of amplitude in down dip direction could be
attributed to low impedance sandstone, in other cases, such as stratigraphic traps may have
been associated with facies distributions within interpreted reservoirs and this consideration
is effective in anomaly ranking and volume calculations.

Figure 7: Left, an example of gas amplitude-structure fitting, extracted amplitude at top

reservoir level in h’apy-1 well, the orange color range with high amplitudes and the green
range with low amplitudes, right, an example for concentration of the amplitude on the down
dip

Polarity reversal interpreted at top reservoir level is not found in class-3, but appeared in
class-2 (Figure 8).
 Figure 8: Examples of polarity reversal in Rosetta-1 well (left), (Cowan, 1998) and
constant polarity (right) in gas well (Firinu and Sahadic, 2014)

Sag or pull down, in thick reservoirs, (Figure 9), the edges of the sag are the location of flat
spot. This feature is critical for gas volume and saturation calculations. And most of the thick
gas accumulations cases are related to this feature (Darfeel, H’apy, Denise, Rosetta).

Figure 9: Examples of sag to the left, Fahd-1 (E-gas, 2008) and the right, Rosetta field
(Cowan and Shallow, 1998)

Gas chimney below or beside the bright spot, (Figure 10) indicates active hydrocarbon
system (leakage of gas from deeper formations and its trap in the shallow formations). This
hydrocarbon find appears to be an unknown gas field, and thus found four big gas chimneys
related to gas fields in this area. The second possibility is the change of gas type, thermal gas
as it is indicated from the source of gas chimney from a deep horizon.
 Figure 10: Examples of gas chimney, left, unknown gas field (Barsoum, et al. 1998
and 2002), and the right, saffron well (Harwood et al. 1998)

Frequency reduction within and below the reservoir, with an increase of amplitude on top
and bottom reservoirs is always accompanied by frequency reduction (Figure 11). This
feature is found mainly in case of thick reservoirs and as they are thick and deeper.

Figure 11: Increase of amplitude and reduction of frequency.

Amplitude reduction within and below the reservoir (Figures 12 and 13) is found mainly in
thick reservoir case, the effect of the gas is directly proportional to the thickness and depth of
the reservoir.

Figure 12: Reduction of amplitude within the reservoir (Firinu and Sahadic, 2014)
 Figure 13-a: Left, frequency amplitude plot for gas case, and the right, the same plot
for dry well, the anomaly amplitude range and the red line is amplitude below the
reservoir

Figure 13-b: An example for amplitude and frequency reduction below the reservoir in gas
case, the strong reflection amplitudes are converted to low amplitudes below the reservoir
(Firinu and Sahadic, 2014)

Termination of amplitude against fault: this feature is found in majority of drilled multi
target wells, such as Darfeel-1, Seman-1 and Barboni. This termination of amplitudes on
either side of fault represents gas indicators.

3 Interpretation of Geological Characteristics from Seismic Attribute Descriptions

Abdel et al. 1994, 1996 and 2000 have well documented the geologic evaluation of the
producing formations in the Nile Delta regions. El Heiny and Enani, 1996 and El Barkoky
and Helal, 2002 narrate interpretation of Neogene sediments in the Nile Delta. Andreoletti et
al. 201 and Azzam, 1994 interpret various geological anomalies and models using seismic
structures and seismic facies. Based on the analysis of the seismic attributes and DHI
anomalies, authors provide their geological evaluation and potentiality in the context of
viability to explore and exploit oil and gas deposits in the study area:

1- Nearly in all cases, faulted zones are found (Figure 14). These faults are growth
normal faults extending in most cases from top of El Wastani Formation and
terminated or die out at top of salt (top Rossetta).
2- If these faults extend down to deeper section, there is certainty to be migration
pathways from the deeper to shallower horizons and most likely thermal gas
associated with potential shallower prospects.
3- The seismic anomalies are found at the peak of faulted rollover anticlines in the down
thrown of the main bounding fault (Seman, Nourse, Darffel, Barboni), where the
anomalies are on both sides of the inner faults (Denise and Denise south).

Figure 14: Main play concepts in the growth faults setting (Vail et al. 1997 and
Barsoum et al. 1998).

4- According to the drilled wells, faults do not reach to sea bottom, minimizing the
possible seal risk. But even with faults reach to sea bottom the risk of seal is very
small as result of shale composition of the shallow section formations making top and
lateral seal (Figure 15).
 Figure 15: Examples of growth faults cut the shallow section to bottom of Rosetta,
very small fault through compared to thickness of sand in level-1 sand (Hemdan and
Barasi, 2002)

5- The composition of the El Wastani Formation and shallower horizons in the Onshore
Nile Delta are mainly sandstones intercalated with shale, which further add
complications to seal analysis (Figure 16). But in Offshore part, these formations are
mainly shales, which reduce the seal risk, especially in highly faulted zones. Some of
success cases found in this formation, are from Seman-1 and Nourse-1 drilled wells.

Figure 16: Examples El Wastani formation, gas fields, Seman-1 well - the left and
Nourse-1 - the right (Hemdan , 2002)

6- Most of the anomalies are associated with turbidite facies of either sandstones or
siltstones; the channels (Figure 17) are interpreted in deep and western sub-basin.

Figure 17: 3D seismic time slice showing high-sinuosity channel in deep marine setting
exhibiting well-developed point bars (El Barkoky, 2002 and Samuel et al. 2002).

7- The meander channels found in the western sub basin (Sequia, Saffron, and Scarab as
seen in Figure 18) are narrow, long and thin, with different orientations, indicating
different local dips.
 Figure 18: Western sub basin Pliocene channels (Samuel et al. 2002)

8- The channel patterns (Figure 19) are stacked channels, each one representing different
stage of flooding, affecting the volume calculation and affecting the vertical
communication within the reservoirs.

Figure 19: Simian 3-D channel model (Samuel et al. 2002)

9- The success cases extend from top of Wastani Formation to top of early Pliocene, the
target depth in producing fields are close to 600 m, as found in Seman-1 well (Figure
20).
 Semen-1
Producing
anomaly

Figure 20: Seman-1 well discovery, (Hemdan, 2002)

10- The thickness of sediments between the anomalies and top of Rossetta is more than
one second (in seismic time).
11- Previous publications suggest no significant discoveries within the offshore part of the
central sub-basin.

Turibdite facies are thick, good reservoir facies, but with limited areal extensions. The DHI
anomalies are summarized as interpreted and shown in Figure 21.

Figure 21: Schematic diagram for main DHI indicator found in the studied wells.
4 Summary of Interpreted Anomalies

1- Ref.1 is the mud line reflector and in this case the reflector is strong continuous
trough.
2- Strong peak below Ref.1 is selected reflector to show the termination of faults and gas
chimney below it.
3- Ref.2 is the top anhydrite reflector and in this case the reflector is strong continuous
trough, the same polarity like mud line reflector.
4- Strong peak below Ref.2 is the anhydrite bottom reflector and in this case the reflector
is strong continuous peak.
5- Ref.3 has high contrast (reverse to gas) reflector, in this case it may be carbonates or
tight sand reflector, with high amplitude reflector. The constant amplitude, the
reflector polarity is the same like mud line and top anhydrite and reversed to gas
cases. The amplitude in the down thrown part is the same like in the upper part. The
shallow gas accumulations affect the amplitude and frequency characters in the
middle part of the reflector pulling down the same part.
6- F1 is normal growth fault, dying out at top anhydrite and terminated just below the
anomaly B. This fault could be possible gas migration pathway.
7- F2 is normal growth fault, in most cases this fault is the related to older or deeper
faults, and act as boundary for regional sub basin. This fault cuts through anhydrite
and reaches to deeper horizon of thermal gas type which add values for the gas
accumulations in both sides of the fault (Densie-1 and Denise-south).
8- F3 is small through fault dying out with in the section, the anomaly is in the up
thrown part of the fault, as found in Seman-1 well.
9- Gas chimneys found in different places in the Nile Delta are characterized by circular
shape. The chimney occurrence is an indicator for an active petroleum system but the
chimney is also indicative to failure of seal. Interpretation of the boundaries of
chimneys are important for locating gas accumulation. If the chimney terminated
below the mud line; it makes high potentiality to trap the gas, but reduces if it reaches
to mud line. The gas chimney is known source for pull down of the deeper reflector
and is important to know the source of the gas chimney. The edge of the chimney is
location of unknown gas field.
10- Anomaly A is gas trap case, found against gas chimney and this case found two times;
the first one is termination of gas trap against the chimney and the second is
evaporation of gas through the section and the anomaly.
11- Anomaly B is typical gas case, found in the rollover anticline, top gas has strong
amplitude reflector in the same polarity of water zone reflector. The polarity of top
gas reflector is reversed to mud line and top anhydrite. A clear sag feature is
associated with gas occurrence. The edge of the sag represents the possible gas water
contact. The gas accumulation pulls down the deeper horizons and attenuation of the
amplitudes and frequencies of these reflections. This case is the prominent and the
representative anomalies found in Nile delta attribute to largest gas fields such as
H’apy, Darfeel, Denise fields.
12- Anomaly C is illustrious gas case, the gas is accumulated in the down thrown side of
the fault. The amplitude is terminated against the fault plane. The top of gas has
strong amplitude in the polarity like the water zone and reverse to reference horizons.
The clear flat spot is the like reference horizon, the top of the gas zone is just below
the water zone in the upper thrown part anomaly. This case is found in Denise and
Denise-south, with separation close to 100ms.
13- Anomaly D is well-known gas case, the gas is accumulated in the horst block. The
amplitude is terminated against the fault planes. This case is close to Seman case,
which found in El Wastani Formation, where the top of gas is close to 650ms.
14- Anomaly E is unique case in the published data, and it is representative for Rosetta
discovery. The anomaly is class-2, with reversed polarity and difference in amplitude
between the different parts of the anomaly not similar to dominant class-3. In this case
the amplitude of the contact reflector is higher than the amplitude of top gas reflector.
The top of gas has reverse polarity to water zone reflector. The sag feature is
associated with the anomaly, the pull down reaches to deeper reflector.
15- Anomaly F is hidden anomaly as result of the attenuation effects of the anomalies D
and E. The anomaly is located in the horst block without amplitude anomaly. This
case is found below high gas accumulations such as H’apy, Darfeel, and Rosetta.
16- Anomaly G is multiphase strong amplitude package. This case is representative for
the incisions and channel cases found in different places, especially in the central sub
basin and possible Saffron case in west sub basin, and there are no clear faults in the
published cases.
17- Anomaly H is the same like anomaly G, the only difference between them is the mono
phase in this case.
18- Two reasons for change in DHI classes (Figure 22), the first could be the result of
normal relative velocity variations with depth and in this case the section is divided
into zones related to depth effects such as compaction. The second possible reason is
the occurrence of local or regional low velocity zones in the Pliocene. And in this case
the different classes could be found at any depth and this is likely reason for class-2
AVO in Rosetta at shallow depths (1250ms), which is shallower than other
discoveries.

Figure 22: Schematic diagram for main DHI indicator ranking found in the studied wells
5 Conclusions

1- The studied successful cases are limited to the class-3 AVO bright spot play, with
exception of Rosetta discovery which is class-2 AVO.
2- There is no published case about the dim spot or class-1 AVO.
3- The attenuation of amplitude and frequency within and below the reservoirs are
characteristic features of the gas accumulations. But it also reduces the presence of
reflections below the gas accumulations, leaving shadow zones. This feature could be
a reason for the occurrence of hidden gas zones below the big discoveries (Rosetta
and Darfeel cases), which indicates to possible undiscovered reserves.
4- There is no published case about the Pliocene discoveries in the offshore part of central
basin
5- The geographic distribution of the wells and prospectivty appear to have their
dominance on turbidities systems in eastern sub-basin and channels in western sub
basin.

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