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Frame
(Ext = 2.200m)
Frame
1.2m Ledger
T150
S150
T225
1.8m Ledger
1.68m Inner
Dual Beams
(Ext = 1.314m)
Frame
2.49m Outer 0.78m Inner
Frame
3.0m Ledger
(Ext = 0.414m)
2.4m Ledger
Main Components
4.67m Outer
3
DG7 Gass Design Guide – Dec 2009 - By AK/RA Rev G 4
Adjustable
height
Adjustable
height
Sizes available
(centre to centre of
ledger) 1800, 2400,
3000mm
Handrail detail not
shown for clarity.
See relevant details.
Gass Access
Platforms
(positioned on top of Toeboard clip detail
ledger)
Sizes available
(centre to centre of
ledger)
1800,2400,3000mm
Vertical forces.
Vertical forces include concrete, self weight of falsework, imposed loads, permanent
works loads and construction operation loads. Refer to Appendix A example for typical
calculation.
Horizontal forces.
• Wind
• Erection tolerances – The magnitude of the horizontal force depends upon the
amount of out-of-plumb of the particular member. Note the structure could be
out of vertical by design giving horizontal forces that need to be resisted.
• Concrete pressures – Horizontal forces occur at slab edge formwork etc.
• Dynamic and impact forces – e.g. rolling vehicles, braking forces etc (See BS5975
Section 4.4)
• Bow imperfections (straightness of legs and ledger frames).
The designer should, where possible, butt the formwork against walls and columns and
use the note shown below on the drawing.
Within BS 5975: 2008 the code states that where the design assumes top restraint, the
connection to the permanent works should be designed to resist the applied forces. The
forces required should be set down on the drawings in order that the adequacy of the
permanent works can be verified.
This includes loads being transferred through the surrounding permanent works eg
columns, lift cores, shear walls etc.
Within section 19.3.2.4 of the new code various examples are detailed showing how the
restraint should be catered for.
The restraint to the plate may comprise tension, compression and shear connections to
the permanent works. The plate will be required to resist internal forces, the extent of
which is dependant upon the degree of restraint that exists. In order to transfer loads it
is essential that adequate contact is provided between the plate and the restraining
structure.
Note: Top restraint must act as a plate providing lateral restraint in all directions and
plan rotation.
Advantages:-
TABLE 1 TABLE 2
TABLE E
TABLE F TABLE F TABLE G
(modified)
The sketch above shows various table configurations in use on a typical scheme.
Table F is a typical Gass table utilizing Mk2 primary beams and S150 secondarys. MK2
and Aluminium primary beams can be used in tables, however MK2 Soldiers are
predominantly used when larger table sizes are required (up to 15m long). ‘Infill’ plywood
panels will be required to bridge the gap to adjacent tables. Infills must be designed and
care should be taken to ensure the plywood is orientated in its strong direction (See
infill section later).
Table G is a variation on the standard table, often referred to as a ‘hammer head’ table.
It is designed to omit the need for infills, where possible, whilst still ensuring the table
can be flown.
Table E is designed to ensure safe access around a corner of a structure. Care must be
taken in the design process to ensure there is sufficient room to fly the table. The
adjacent table (Table F) must be flown first, Table E can then move into the void before
being flown out of the structure.
NOTE: Handrails on table E must be safely removed prior to the table moving into the
structure. Customer must operate separate safety system during this operation.
DG7 Gass Design Guide – Dec 2009 - By AK/RA Rev G 13
Infills
Ply infill panel with ply (face
100mm x 50mm Timber runner grain) running in strong Timber secondary beams
by Customer. direction. (225mm x 75mm)
150mm x 50mm end timber screwed Ply infill panel with ply (face grain) running
into S150 / T150 timber insert by in strong direction.
Customer.
Infill notes
600
can occur when striking and moving tables.
These issues should be avoided at all costs.
1.2 Frame
side shutters.
1.40 out
1.2 Frame
600
1.2 Frame
drop beam round the perimeter of the
building it becomes impossible to
remove the table!!
1. TABLE SHOWN IN FIXED POSITION 4. PUSH OUT TABLE KEEPING CRANE HOOK
VERTICALLY ABOVE ATTACHMENT POINTS.
3. TABLE WITH CASTOR WHEELS ATTACHED 6. CONTINUE TO PUSH OUT TABLE. MOVING CRANE
HOOK & SHORTENING REAR SLINGS IN UNISON
TO ENSURE TABLE IS FLOWN HORIZONTAL.
DO'S
DON'TS
Advantages:-
Disadvantages
For the first estimate of grid size, calculate the allowable leg load from the data sheets.
For example, a 3.58m Outer with 600mm jack extension gives a SWL=117kN. Using
T225 primary beams this would be reduced to 100kN (Allowable reaction)
Note: Within BS 5975: 2008, the code states that different values for live load should be
taken depending on the slab depth (see section 17.4.3.1 of BS 5975: 2008). The rules are
as follows:
Hence, if we had a 300 slab, Load = 9.35 kN/m2 ((0.300 x 24.5) + (0.75+0.75) + 0.5)
A grid of 1.8m x2.4m would give an actual leg load of 44.43kN which is too low.
(9.35 kN/m2 (Loading)x 1.8m x 2.4m x 1.1 (allowance for continuity**))
A grid of 2.4m x 3.0m would give an actual leg load of 74.05 kN which is OK !
(9.35 kN/m2 (Loading)x 2.4m x 3.0m x 1.1 (allowance for continuity**))
Further increasing the grid to 3.0m x 3.0m may be possible but continuity would more
than likely be increased to 25% and T150 beams used as secondary’s (to omit excessive
deflection)
NO
CONTINUITY
A B
25%
CONTINUITY
A B C
10%
CONTINUITY
A B C D
Note: From the above it can be seen that it is preferable to design falsework avoiding
the use of two span beams. This is not always practical, especially it the case of Gass and
Dual where due to large ledger frames (i.e. 3.0m) two span cases are the norm (no
aluminium beams greater than 7.2m). Where using single span beams take special care
to ensure the deflection criteria is not exceeded.
2400
2400
2400
2400
1800 3000 3000 2400
2400
2400
2400
2400 1800 2400
Avoid layouts consisting of vastly different grid sizes. The poor example above may
results in large deflections and a greater leg load, leading to an un-economical design.
T225-3.0
2400 2400 T225-4.2 T225-3.0
2400
2400
2400
2400
2400
2400
T225-3.0
2400 2400 T225-4.2 T225-3.0
2400
T225-3.0
1800
T225-3.6 1800 T225-4.2
1800
1800
1800
1800
1800
2400
2400
T225-3.0
1800 T225-3.0
1800
T225-3.6
1800
1800
1800
1800
1800
1800
1800
1800
1800
1800
2400
2400
1800 1800
@610 CRS
S150-2.7
00
1800
1800
S150-2.7
S150-2.7
1800
1800 T225-4
.8
T225-3.6
2400
@610 CRS
S150-2.7
T225-3.6
2400 T225-4.2
1800
2400
2400
2400
2400
@610 CRS
S150-3.6
T225-3.6
2400 T225-4.2
1800
1800
1800
1800
1200
T225 - 4.
2
1200
1200
1800
1200
T225-3.6
2400 T225-4.2
1800
2400
2400
2400
2400
@610 CRS
S150-3.6
T225-3.6
2400 T225-4.2
1800
Under slung beams may also be used to provide safe access around the more complex
buildings, however care should be taken and the design discussed with your design
manager.
Note- Gass structure is box tied around Columns to provide stability. Even though the
equipment is strip and re-erect no ledger frames are omitted to provide additional
rigidity. All beams must be fully fixed prior to loading the cantilever.
A A
Where environmental loads or live loads occur on towers a more detailed design should
be undertaken to prevent any instability. The designer should ensure there is sufficient
self weight in the structure or introduce kentledge / anchors. See example below:-
Stability: Example
Hence
= 2.7kN
= 2.7kNm
By inspection a 2.49 Gass outer and Gass inner (approx 2.29kN but this does not allow
for a factor of safety against overturning OF 2:1) will NOT provide enough self weight
to resist uplift force. Additional restraint in the form of box ties around columns and/or
lace tubes back to existing structure will be required.
In high wind situations there is a possibility that a Gass table may be uplifted due to the
effects of wind. This effect is magnified if the table is left up against a shear wall where
the wind hits the ‘blockage’ and is deflected upwards. Please note that this is not a
common situation, the following example is for awareness only (extracted from ‘wind
uplift’ spreadsheet) and is designed to highlight situations where uplift may occur. This
example has been calculated to CP3 however the same principles can be used with
BS6399.
Wind Loading to BS6399:Part 2
Site altitude = 2 m
Altitude factor (Sa) = 1.002
Effective height = 10 m
Table Weight Edit only those items shown blue Unit weight Weight
Alternative Secondary Number, Length, Type (if any) 0 3.9 m T150 5.81 kg/m 0.00 kg
Alternative Secondary Number, Length, Type (if any) 0 0.0 m S150 3.24 kg/m 0.00 kg
Actual Plywood Area (optional) - Set to zero if not required. 49.7 sq.m
WIND
FORCE
Centre of pressure
0.25 Width
Example 1.275m
Overturning
Lever arm restoring TABLE
point
Example 1.5m WEIGHT
Lever arm
overturning
Example 2.775m
Overturning moment
Note: A solidity ration of 1.0 represents a fully blocked canopy (i.e. up against a shear
wall). A solidity ratio of 0 represents a canopy with no obstructions (as in the case above
where wind can move freely under the table unit).
Hence Cp=1.2 for a fully blocked canopy and Cp=0.5 for a canopy with no obstructions
(Roof angle = 0 in this case).
Note: The centre of pressure should be taken to act at 0.25 x deck with from the
windward edge. In this case the wind lever arm = 0.25 x 5.1m = 1.275m.
If we consider that the beam cantilevers are equal at 1.05m each we can calculate that
the overturning lever arm (due to the wind) is….
5.1m (beam length) - 1.05m (cantilever) -1.275m (distance from windward edge to centre of pressure) = 2.775m
Wind force uplift = qfull x Cp x Area = 0.85 x 0.5 x (9.9 x 5.1) = 21.46kN
Due to wind acting in all directions the kentledge would have to be positioned in the
centre of the table. Hence…
Kentledge = 30.76kg
In all cases, unless stated otherwise, use the ‘without differential support settlement’
graphs as we can usually assume the ground will be of uniform strength (concrete
slab).
Note that the graphs state the maximum SWL of a Gass leg is 140kN. This will not
normally be the limiting factor as the primary beam reaction usually dictates the max load
(Reaction T225 = 100kN, Mk2 = 115kN)
A) One ledger frame + one jack. (See Data sheet page 204, Included)
Consider a 3.58m Outer with 600mm jack extension, using the correct graph we can
read up from 600mm to the 3.58m leg line. Reading across the SWL=117kN (The
vertical axis is calibrated in 5kN increments).
B) Two ledger frames + one jack. (See Data sheet page 206, Included)
Consider a 3.58m Outer with 900mm jack extension. Firstly estimate a graph
between the 3.0m Outer and 4.0m Outer. Using the new graph we can read up from
900mm to the 3.58m leg line. Reading across the SWL=102kN
C) One ledger frame + two jack. (See Data sheet page 216, Included)
For simple cases these graphs are relatively straight forward to use, however more
complex scenarios may need to be analysed using Robot.
Consider a 2.49m Outer with 600mm base jack extension, 900mm top jack extension.
Reading up from the correct case the SWL=75kN
However if we consider a 2.49m Outer with 450mm base jack extension, 900mm top
jack extension we would need to interpolate between the cases shown (See data
sheet extract). Reading up from this line the SWL=92kN
D) Three ledger frame + one jack, free standing, un-braced. (See Data sheet page
269, Included)
These graphs must be used when we can not assume any top restraint. Consider
6.0m Outer with 400mm base jack extension. SWL = 41kN
117
102
3.58m
Outer
900
91
The simplest way to explain the 'phenomenon' is by looking at what exactly ledger
frames do, and explain it in terms that will reach the minds of 'all' ‘engineers’, 'effective
lengths'.
Buckling of the legs is inhibited by the shear capacity of the ledger frames and as shear
is introduced it breaks a long strut into smaller bits; that is, as long as it is given a chance
to work. The more load in the ledger frame the greater its impact on the system.
The examples below shows two cases of a 3580 leg, restrained at the top, with 300 mm
jacks.
Case A. shows the ledger frame in the middle. In that position ledger frame has little
benefit. 'Effective length' of the leg is virtually it's total length.
Case B. shows the ledger frame 150 mm from the bottom of the leg. Here the ledger
frame does work and breaks the long column into shorter lengths. Although the top
cantilever is larger, the maximum 'effective length' is still substantially reduced and this
reflects in the higher collapse load.
The above explanation is rather simplistic; it does not take into account for example the
moment changes within the effective length or what the effects are
if there is no true point of contra flexure; but without complicating the argument, I hope
it is adequately convincing.
Effective length
CASE B
1. Is the ground you are building off adequate to support 100kN leg loads?
(If not sleepers/spreaders may be required especially if the base is not cast.)
2. Is the slab you are supporting Post Tensioned or traditional?
(Extra access will be required for the post tensioning operation.)
3. Are full structural drawings available?
4. What is the slab thickness and does it change as the building progresses?
(The tables will need to be designed for the worst case slab depth.)
5. What is the floor to soffit dimension?
6. What is the crane capacity?
(This will directly affect the size of the table that can be designed.)
7. Where is the crane positioned?
(This will effect the direction in which tables can be flown.)
8. Are there any live roads/railways or any other issue that will affect the flying
direction of tables?
9. Is there a restriction on maximum table size?
(There may be obstacles inside the building or a small site lay down area that
dictates this.)
10. What type and thickness of plywood will the customer be using?
(This will have an effect on secondary beam centres and permissible infill sizes.)
11. Will perimeter screens be used?
(This may affect the table cantilevers and access requirements.)
12. What is the customer’s preference regards primary beams?
(Longer tables can be made using Mk2 primary beams but they are heavier to
man handle.)
13. Will up stands be poured at a later stage once the falsework has been removed?
(Otherwise the design will have to incorporate the additional load.)
14. Are there any obstacles in the structure such as benching or pipe work that will
need to be avoided?
15. Are there any additional deflection criteria other than SPAN/270?
16. Can column’s/walls transfer horizontal forces from the Gass into the permanent
works. (Additional propping of the columns or falsework may be needed if
lateral restraint is not adequate.)
1. Is the ground you are building off adequate to support 100kN leg loads?
(If not sleepers/spreaders may be required especially if the base is not cast.)
2. Is the slab you are supporting Post Tensioned or traditional?
(Extra access will be required for the post tensioning operation.)
3. Are full structural drawings available?
4. What is the slab thickness and does it change as the building progresses?
(The Gass will need to be designed for the worst case slab depth.)
5. What is the floor to soffit dimension?
6. Where is the crane positioned?
(This will affect the design of the falsework grid, particularly if the crane is with
in the building footprint.)
7. What type and thickness of plywood will the customer be using?
(This will have an effect on secondary beam centres and permissible infill sizes.
Consider that some customers may wish to reduce centres to ensure re-use of
ply.)
8. Will perimeter screens be used?
(This will affect the decking cantilevers and access requirements.)
9. What is the customer’s preference regards primary beams?
(Usually dual T225 beams will be used with fix and strike.)
10. Will up stands be poured at a later stage once the falsework has been removed?
(Otherwise the design will have to incorporate the additional load.)
11. Are there any obstacles in the structure such as benching or pipe work that will
need to be avoided?
12. Are there any additional deflection criteria other than SPAN/270?
13. Can column’s/walls transfer horizontal forces from the Gass into the permanent
works. (Additional propping of the columns or falsework may be needed if
lateral restraint is not adequate.)
14. Will some areas of the falsework remain in place (as propping) and hence have
to carry multiple slab loads?
15. Will areas of the building with many ‘drop down’ beams be ‘flat decked’.
(This will save on falsework materials but will require extra decking work to be
carried out.)
16. Will an erection deck need to be built into the falsework?
A A
Introduction
Loadings:-
BS 5975,
Self weight of Concrete = 24.5 kN/m3
Section 4 Self weight of Formwork = 0.5 kN/m2
Live Loading = 1.5 kN/m2
Access Loading = (0,75+0.75) kN/m2
Slab Loads:-
Slab thickness = 225 mm
BS Loading (Inc live) = (Slab depth x concrete density) + live + self weight formwork
5975:2008,
Loading (Exc live) = (Slab depth x concrete density) + self weight formwork
For
deflection
Purpose
(0.225 x 24.5) + 0.5 = 6.01 kN/m2
only
Plywood
17.5mm Pourform (Cofi-form Plus)
Properties
EI = 3.93 kN.m2
Formwork
MoR = 0.602 kN.m
Guide, qA = 8.12 kN
Table G-S,
appendix G
Note : Face grain Parallel to span in all cases
Loading (Inc live) Slab depth x concrete density) + live + selfweight ply only
For Loading (Exc live) Slab depth x concrete density) + selfweight ply only
deflection
Purpose
only (0.225 x 24.5) + 0.1 = 5.61 kN/m2
Deflection :-
d = 0.0066 WL3 = 0.0066 x (5.61 x 0.61) x 0.613 x 1000 = 1.3mm
EI 3.93
Bending :-
M = 0.125WL= 0.125 x ( 7.11 x 0.625 ) x 0.625
= 0.35 kNm
Shear :-
qA= 0.5 W = 0.5 x 7.11 x 0.625 = 2.22 kN
Deflection :-
Timber
100 x 50mm timber runner, 610mm spans.
Properties
Based on Bending :-
Load case 1,
21
Appendix M = 0.125WL= 0.125 x ( 2.54 x 0.61 ) x 0.61
B, = 0.12 kNm
Formwork
guide,
Shear :-
Deflection :-
Note – Due to the unknown span cases, Bending and Deflection are
single span, Shear is two span ** Worst Case **
Timber
225 x 75mm timber secondary at 610mm centres.
Properties
Primary Beam
= 21.9 kN/mm
Summary
SWL Gass Leg = 79 kN (3.6m leg, 900 ext base,500 ext top, 2 Ledger Frames)
Gass data
sheets
Max deflections
Secondary = 3.52mm
Primary = 1.76mm
5.28mm
Notes :