USE OF INTERNET AND E-JOURNALS (UNDER

UGC INFONET) IN UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

OF ORISSA: A STUDY

THESIS SUBMITTED TO
SAMBALPUR UNIVERSITY FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
IN
LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE

BY

SUSHANTA KUMAR PATHY

Registration No. 28/2006/Lib. & Inf. Sc

Under the Supervision of

Prof. B.K. Choudhury
Professor (Retd.)

P. G. DEPARTMENT OF LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE

SAMBALPUR UNIVERSITY
JYOTI VIHAR, ODISHA
March 2014
USE OF INTERNET AND E-JOURNALS (UNDER
UGC INFONET) IN UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES
OF ORISSA: A STUDY

THESIS SUBMITTED TO
SAMBALPUR UNIVERSITY FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
IN
LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE

BY

SUSHANTA KUMAR PATHY

Registration No. 28/2006/Lib. & Inf. Sc

Under the Supervision of

Prof. B.K. Choudhury
Professor (Retd.)

P. G. DEPARTMENT OF LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE

SAMBALPUR UNIVERSITY
JYOTI VIHAR, ODISHA
March 2014
 DEDICATED
TO
MY LOVING FAMILY
 DECLARATION

I do hereby declare that the thesis entitled “USE OF INTERNET AND E-JOURNALS
(UNDER UGC INFONET) IN UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES OF ORISSA: A STUDY”
submitted by me for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Library and
Information Science from Sambalpur University, is the outcome of original research work
carried out by me. It has not been submitted to any institutions or for any other degree.

Date:

Sushanta Kumar Pathy

Prof. B.K. Choudhury,
Professor (Retd.)
P. G. Department of Library and Information Science,
Sambalpur University,
Jyoti Vihar – 768 019
Sambalpur, Odisha

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “USE OF INTERNET AND E-JOURNALS (UNDER
UGC INFONET) IN UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES OF ORISSA: A STUDY” submitted by
Mr. Sushanta Kumar Pathy for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Library
and Information Science from Sambalpur University is his original work carried out under
my supervision and guidance. This thesis or any part thereof has not been submitted for any
other degree.
I certify that by habit and character Mr. Sushanta Kumar Pathy is a fit and proper person
for the award of Ph. D. degree in Library & Information Science from Sambalpur University.

(B.K. Choudhury)
Supervisor
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

At a certain point in our lives, we come across someone very special person who would
eventually shape or reshape our lives. Prof. B.K. Choudhury, my research guide and
thesis supervisor is one of them to whom the honour will go. He is not only a great
teacher with deep vision but also a kind person. It gives me immense pleasure to honour
him for his kindness, guidance and support.

It gives me immense pleasure to acknowledge my profound and heartiest gratitude to my

teachers Prof. R.K. Rout, Prof. K.C. Sahoo, Prof. K.C. Panda. Also extend my
gratefulness to Shri Rajendra Thaty, Librarian, SU, Mrs M. Patra, Librarian I/c, BU,
Librarian I/c, UU and Mr. Subhankar Das, System I/c, UU.

My special thanks go to my senior colleagues in my discipline Dr. Kamal Lochan Jena,

Mr. Jayanta Ku Tripathy and Dr. Bulu Moharana who have all supported me in my
research work on editing and correction. They have been great sources of inspiration to
me and I thank them from bottom of my heart.

I must thank Mr Auro Kumar Sahoo and Ms Rosalin Mishra, Research Scholar, HSSM,
IIT Bhubaneswar for their technical & statistical help in the data analysis using SPSS for
Windows and STATA packages.

I sincerely thank to Dr. S. R. Samantaray, Chairman Library and my colleagues of

Central Library, IIT Bhubaneswar Mr. P.K. Mohapatra, Mr. Basudev Mohanty, Mrs.
Sangita Sahu, Mr. Lambodar Parabhoi, Ms. Sunima Baral and others who are all
supported and cooperated during the course of this work.

I can not express my words to speak the inspirations from my wife Padmaja and son
Sainy (Aryan) who have provided continuous love and encouragement for me to carry
out research with cooperation and dedication. Sincere appreciation is extended to my
beloved father, brother, sisters, parent-in-laws and relatives who shared my joys and
sorrows in the period of my research.

Lastly, I am grateful to all the respondents who spared their valuable time to fill
questionnaires.

I am ever grateful by the blessings of God and cooperation of Supervisor.

Sushanta Kumar Pathy

i
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preliminary pages i-xii

List of Tables vi
List of Figures viii
List of Abbreviations ix
Chapter-I INTRODUCTION 1-19
1.0 Background 1
1.1 UGC- Infonet Digital Library Consortium 5
1.2 Purpose of the Study 6
1.3 Objectives of the Study 7
1.4 Scope and Limitations of the Study 7
1.5 Hypotheses 8
1.6 Scheme of the Work 9
1.7 Methodology 10
1.8 Brief history of Berhampur University (BU), 12
Sambalpur University (SU) and Utkal University (UU)
1.9 Brief overview of Computer Infrastructure Facility 17
1.10 Summary 18
1.11 References 18
Chapter-II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 20-43
2.0 Background 20
2.1 Use of internet and e-resources/ e-journals in 21
libraries: International scenario
2.2 Use of internet and e-resources/ e-journals in 29
libraries: Indian context
2.3 Use of e-journals under UGC-Infonet Digital 34
Library Consortium
2.4 Summary 38
2.5 References 39
Chapter-III INTERNET AND E-JOURNALS 44-68
3.1 Background 44
3.2 Internet 44
3.2.1 History and Genesis 44
3.2.2 Internet based services 46

ii
 3.2.3 The Internet’s impact on India 48
3.3 E-Journals 49
3.3.1 Definition
3.3.2 Historical Development of E-Journals 50
3.3.3 Growth of E-journals 50
3.3.4 Types of E-journals 51
3.3.5 Advantages of E-Journals 51
3.3.6 Disadvantages of E-Journals 53
3.4 Major Issues of E-journals 54
3.4.1 Copyright, Intellectual property rights and Licensing 54
3.4.2 Content 54
3.4.3 Access 54
3.4.4 Stability 55
3.4.5 Archiving & Preserving 56
3.4.6 Selection and acquisition 56
3.4.7 Training and support for staff and patrons 57
3.5 Trends 57
3.6 E-Journals Consortium 58
3.6.1 Types of consortia 61
3.6.2 UGC-Infonet E-journals Consortium 62
3.6.3 Significant Features of UGC-Infonet 64
3.6.4 UGC-Infonet in the University Libraries of Odisha 64
3.6.5 UGC-Infonet E-Resources and Universities in Odisha 65
3.7 Summary 67
3.8 References 67
Chapter-IV ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA 69-114
4.0 Introduction 69
4.1 Methodology used for Data Calculation 69
4.2 Demographic Data 71
4.2.1 Characteristics of Respondents 42
4.2.2 Internet Literacy and Access to the Web 73

iii
4.2.3 Frequency of Internet use per day 73
4.2.4 Duration of interval for Internet Use 75
4.2.5 Solution provided by the Library Staff in Internet Use 77
4.2.6 External technical help while encountering problems 77
4.3 Preferred choices 78
4.3.1 Preferred Browser 78
4.3.2 Reasons for Browser choice 79
4.3.3 Route to find Information 80
4.3.4 Favourite Search Engines 81
4.4 Preferred choice of Downloading 82
4.4.1 Download Format 82
4.4.2 Managing Download Information 83
4.4.3 Preferred storage medium 83
4.4.4 Printing online or saving the document 84
4.4.5 Preferred internet access point 85
4.5 Type & Purpose of Internet services and level 86
of satisfaction with UGC Infonet e-journals.
4.5.1 Type of resources accessing 86
4.5.2 Purpose of using the Internet 88
4.5.3 Use of UGC-Infonet Digital Library Consortium e-journals 89
4.5.4 Preferred E-resource under UGC-Infonet 90
4.5.5 Sufficient availability of E-journals under UGC-Infonet 92
4.5.6 Official/ agency for complaint 93
4.5.7 Alternative to print resources 93
4.5.8 Source of managing old print resources 94
4.5.9 Usefulness of awareness programme 94
4.5.10 Alert medium for updating e-resources 95
4.6 Influencing factors hinder the internet services 96
4.7 Impact of access to e-resources through UGC-Infonet 97
4.8 References 100

iv
Chapter V FINDINGS OF THE STUDY 101-115
& TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS
5.0 Findings of the Study 101
5.1 Testing of Hypothesis 106
5.2 Interpretation of results: Hypothesis – 1 106
5.2.1 Pearson Correlation Coefficient 107
5.3 Interpretation of results: Hypothesis – 2 108
5.4 Interpretation of results: Hypothesis – 3 and Hypothesis – 4 109
5.4.1 Logit Regression 110
5.4.2 Determinants of UGC-Infonet use in the university 110
libraries of Odisha
5.5 Inferences of the Hypothesis 113
5.6 References 115
Chapter-VI SUGGESTIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS, AREAS 116-123
FOR FUTURE RESEARCH AND CONCLUSION
6.0 Views & Suggestions of the respondents 116
6.1 Librarian’s Views & Suggestion 119
6.2 Recommendations 120
6.2.1 Campus Networking and Internet Speed 120
6.2.2 Awareness and Alert Services 120
6.2.3 Web Portal for E-resource Mangement 120
6.2.4 Dedicated E-journals Access Centres 121
6.2.5 Information Literacy Programme 121
6.2.6 Availability of E-journals 121
6.3 Suggestions for Future Research 122
6.4 Conclusion 122
BIBLIOGRAPHY 124-143
APPENDICES 144-161
APPENDIX 1 Covering Letter to the respondents 144
APPENDIX 2 Questionnaire for Faculty and Research Scholars 145
APPENDIX 3 Questionnaire for Librarians 151
APPENDIX 4 Data Variables used in SPSS for Windows 158

v
 LIST OF TABLES
Table Page No
1.1: Overview of Computer Infrastructure Facility 17
3.1: Growth of e-journals 51
3.2: E-resources under UGC-Infonet 66
4.1: Demographic Data 71
4.2: Designation of respondents 72
4.3: Familiarity with Internet 73
4.4: Internet use per day 74
4.5: Duration of interval in using internet 76
4.6: Solution provided by the Library Staff in Internet Use 77
4.7: External technical help during problems 77
4.8: Preferred browser 78
4.9: Reason for Browser Choice 79
4.10: Route to find Information 80
4.11: Favourite Search Engines 81
4.12: Download Format 82
4.13: Managing Downloaded Information 83
4.14: Preferred storage medium 84
4.15: Printing online or saving the document 84
4.16: Internet access point 85
4.17: Type of e-resources 87
4.18: Purpose of using the Internet 88
4.19: Use of UGC-Infonet 89
4.20: Preferred E-resource under UGC-Infonet 91
4.21: Sufficient availability of e-journals 92
4.22: Official/ agency for complaint 93
4.23: Alternative to print journals 94
4.24: Source of managing old print resources 94
4.25: Usefulness of awareness programme 95
4.26: Awareness medium for new additions 95

vi
4.27: Influencing factors hinder the internet services 96
4.28: Impact of UGC-Infonet on publication using SCOPUS 97
5.1: Pearson Correlations of ‘Internet Access’ with ‘UGC-Infonet’107
5.2: Pearson Correlations of ‘Internet Access’ with other Variables109
5.3: Logit regression for determinants of UGC-Infonet use 112

vii
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page No
4.1: Demographic Data 72
4.2: Familiarity with Internet 73
4.3: Preferred browser 79
4.4: Reason for Browser Choice 80
4.5: Route to find Information 81
4.6: Favourite Search Engines 82
4.7: Managing Downloaded Information 83
4.8: Printing online or saving the document 85
4.9: Internet access point 86
4.10: Purpose of using the Internet 89
4.11: Preferred E-resource under UGC-Infonet 92
4.12: Influencing factors hinder the internet services 98
4.13: Impact of UGC-Infonet on publication using SCOPUS 99
5.1: Logit regression test result 113

viii
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED

ACS : American Chemical Society

AICTE : All India Council of Technical Education
AIP : American Institute of Physics
APS : American Institute of Physics
AR : Annual Reviews
ARPANET : Advanced Research Project Agency Network
ASCII : American Standard Code for Information Interchange
BBCL : Bhubaneswar Behera Central Library
BPU : Biju Pattanaik University of Technology
BS : Basic Sciences
BSNL : Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited
BU : Berhampur University
CAI : Computer-Aided Instruction
CALIS : China Academic Library & Information System
CBI : Computer Based Instruction
CBT : Computer Based Training
CDROM : Compact Disc Read Only Memory
CERN : Corporation for Research and Education Networking
COC : Consortium of Consortia
CSIR : Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
CU : Central University
CUP : Cambridge University Press
DNER ` : Distributed National Electronic Resource
DNS : Domain Name System
DST : Department of Science and Technology
DVD : Digital Versatile Disk
E-book : Electronic Book
E-chatting : Electronic chatting
E-journals : Electronic Journals
E-learning : Electronic Learning

ix
E-mail : Electronic Mail
EPW : Economic & Political Weekly
E-resources : Electronic Resources
ERNET : Educational Research Network of India
ESD : Elsevier Science Direct
E-transfer : Electronic Transfer
E-zine : Electronic Zine
FMU : Fakir Mohan University
FORSA : Forum for Resource Sharing in Astronomy
FTP : File Transfer Protocol
GDP : Gross Domestic Product
HELINET : Health Sciences Library & Information Network
HSSM : Humanities, Social Sciences & Management
HTML : Hypertext Markup Language
IBT : Internet-Based Training
ICOLC : International Coalition of Library Consortia
ICT : Information Communication Technology
IIM : Indian Institute of Management
IISC : Indian Institute of Science
IISER : Indian Institute of Science Education and Research
IIT : Indian Institute of Technology
INDEST : Indian National Digital Library in Engineering Sciences and Technology
INFLIBNET : Information and Library Network
INFONET : Information Network
ISID : Institute for Studies in Industrial Development
ISP : Internet Service Provider
IT : Information Technology
IUC : Inter University Centre
JCCC : J-Gate Custom Content for Consortia
JSTOR : Journal Storage
KERIS : Korean Education & Research Information Service

x
M. Phil. : Master of Philosophy
MALMAD : Israel Center for Digital Information Services
MHRD : Ministry of Human Resource and Development
MIT : Massachusetts Institute of Technology
NE : Networking Environment
NESLI : National Electronic Site Licence Initiative
NISCAIR. : National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources
NIT : National Institute of Technology
NKRC : National Knowledge Resource Consortium
NOU : North Odisha University
NSC : National Steering Committee
NSFNET : National Science Foundation Network, USA
OED : Oxford English Dictionary
OhioLINK : Ohio Library and Information Network
OPAC : Online Public Access Catalouge
OUAT : Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology
OUP : Oxford University Press
PG : Post Graduate
RGUHS : Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences
RSC : Royal Society of Chemistry
SCPC : Single channel per carrier
SFS : Sci Finder Scholar
SIAM : Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
SPSS : Statistical Package for Social Science
STATA : Data Analysis and Statistical Software
SU : Sambalpur University
TCP/IP : Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol
TEL : Technology Enhanced Learning
TELNET : Telecommunication Networking
TF : Taylor & Francis
UGC : University Grants Commission

xi
UK : United Kingdom
URL : Uniform Resource Locator
UU : Utkal University
UUC : Utkal University of Culture
VLE : Virtual Learning Environments
VSAT : Very Small Aperture Terminal
WAN : Wide Area Network
WBT : Web-Based Training
WOS : Web of Science
WWW : World Wide Web

xii
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Chapter-I INTRODUCTION
1.0 Background
1.1 UGC- Infonet Digital Library Consortium
1.2 Purpose of the Study
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Scope and Limitations of the Study
1.5 Hypotheses
1.6 Scheme of the Work
1.7 Methodology
1.8 Brief history of Berhampur University (BU),
Sambalpur University (SU) and Utkal University (UU)
1.9 Brief overview of Computer Infrastructure Facility
1.10 Summary
1.11 References
Chapter-I
INTRODUCTION
1.0 Background
Today internet becomes an emerging social and cultural institution globally facilitating
access to the ocean of information on the World Wide Web for the academic community
to support their academic and research activities. The advent of Information
Communication Technology (ICT) helps the researchers to increase their productivity.
“The internet revolution in India has become one of the major factors to the
economic growth of the country. The use of internet has increased more than 11 times in
the last seven years. This growth has caused to the growth of cyber cafes and internet
parlours throughout the country with easy accessibility and cost effective services. Also
the access speed of internet has been increased along with the number of internet users
since the year 2000” (McKinsey & Company, 2012). The “increase is 69 times in the
metropolitan areas where as it is 33 times” in the semi-urban areas (Kumar & Kumar,
2010). The internet boom in India is still on the increasing trends and it will continue in
its path until the present situation is changed.
In the present day of information age, libraries play the key role for information
dissemination where the researcher, students and the faculty members can retrieve the
information and explore the universe of knowledge through library collection and by
using the internet in the libraries.
“During the sixties and seventies of twentieth century, electronic databases were
used by the librarians in the library services. CD-Rom versions of electronic databases
were started during 1980’s. Internet access and consortium approach started during 1990s
due to the diversified availability of electronic information. Presently in India most of the
libraries accessing the same electronic information in multiple ways.” (Al-Maliki, 2013).
Today internet is a global source of information resources for 24 x 7 hours across
the globe for anyone and it converted the information world into a global village. It has
improved the communication and interaction among the researcher community for a wide
range of information access which acts as a powerful supplement to the traditional way of
information access. It also facilitates e-transfer of information and exchanges the ideas
among the researcher community.

1
 With the increasing numbers of electronic databases and online products selection
of the electronic resources has become more complex and tedious job. Earlier selection of
tools and resources were easier by way of access and cost factors within the available
limited products. Consequently, with the emergence of internet, a sea change has
occurred everywhere globally starting from the public sector organizations like railways,
banking, finance, business farms, medicals, education, aviation etc. to the private sectors
like retail marketing, online shopping etc. Educational institutions including the libraries
are not far behind taking the advantage of internet applications. Internet has changed
completely the attitudes of researchers, students, and teachers and has greater impact on
their academics. Significant changes have been observed in the use of internet, seeking
information and methods in research and learning activities. Internet provides a lot of e-
resources facilitating e-learning activities and boosting the e-learning courses and study
materials.
Internet facilitates with a global exchange of ideas, collaboration in research and a
quicker method of communication electronically. Its role became prominent in distance
education, conferencing and transforming the educationist & scientist as a guide and
sound observer. It creates an excellent academic environment for the teaching
communities to impart teaching and to pursue research competently fortified with recent
and relevant information.
The World Wide Web and the emergence of the internet as a new medium of
information retrieval mechanism represent a revolution, which have a large impact on the
publishing industry. With the growing number of publishers in the global market, almost
all the commercial, private, individual and the society publications make use of the
internet and offer the scholarly literature to academic and scientific communities of the
world.
The internet, described as “the global system of interconnected computer
networks” and “the information super highway” has become a vital tool in the present-
day knowledge society for information management, storage, retrieval, communication
and research. Internet can be used as a rich, multi-layered, complex and ever-changing
textual environment. It has become an integral part of our daily life and exerts direct
impact on people’s idea and behavior” (Bankole, 2013). The internet provides a number

2
of opportunities that facilitates, diversifies, enriches and develops human life. It helps in
the unrestricted sharing of information and collaboration along with the interaction
between individuals and computers worldwide. Internet has reduced the gap in the digital
divide between the developed and the developing nations. It boosts the development of
state and has enormous potential to be a multiplier to development. It has been highly
praised as one of the most important technological developments of the twentieth century
and it is viewed as poised to impact academic research considerably in the near future.

A good starting point for any study is to find a definition to work with for the
remainder of this study; however, the electronic journal, or e-journal, as it is becoming
popularly known, proves indefinable in the major reference dictionaries. Definition
offered by the Colorado Alliance of Research Libraries:
“Electronic serials may be defined very broadly as any journal, magazine, e-zine,
webzine, newsletter, or type of electronic serial publication which is available over the
Internet. Within this broad definition, the titles can be electronically accessed using
different technologies such as the World Wide Web (WWW), gopher, ftp, telnet, email,
or listserv.”

The OED tells us a journal is “any periodical publication containing news or dealing with
matters of current interest” and that the prefix e- means “exchange of information in an
electronic format, to be displayed on a computer screen or on a hand-held device”.
In the present scenario, “the e-journal likes to continue in its present ‘journal’ form.
However, efforts have been made like pay-per-view, preprint and post print archiving,
and open URL developments (allowing articles to be accessed via abstracting and
indexing databases without necessarily visiting a full publisher or aggregator service),
have made high effect on the targeted end-user. The rapid advancement of multimedia
capability and real-time interactions has developed the living archive of research material
unprecedentedly to the print journals of the past. Of course, the print journals will
continue in its present form, but there will be an increase in ‘electronic supplementary
content’. Further the subscription of e-journals will continue independently to their print
counterparts. The e-journal is set to create a healthy option to its print counterpart,

3
existing in tandem for the most part. In future ‘born digital’ content will continue to
increase, gaining their stature and acceptance amongst the likely contributors. These
contributors will embrace the philosophy of open archiving to obtain the largest possible
coverage for their completed research. As the number of scholars increase within
universities, courses outside the traditional academic disciplines will require far wider
spread of sources for teaching and research” (Cole, L., 2005).
In the IT and Networking Environment, the increasing use of internet over the
period of time and due to the decreasing trends in library budgets, most of the academic
libraries forced to discontinue the print journal subscriptions and subsequently the
demand for the electronic journals amongst the teaching and research communities has
increased. Consequent upon the changes occurred globally, Indian academic institutions
have severely affected with regards to proper development of research and teaching.
There has also been a sea change in the use of Internet resources for academic purposes.
Previously the students and faculty members usually approached the libraries, but
presently they preferred to consult the Internet first.
Electronic journals are the periodical publications where the end products are
made available in electronic formats available online. Most of the academic and research
libraries have changed their traditional outlooks towards the functions and services they
have rendered. The atmosphere is rapidly shifting to the electronic one and the use of e-
journals is the most accepted resource for research.
Electronic journals contain scholarly articles of research and findings which have
more impact and are published in various areas of interest accessed online. This
intellectual output of the researcher influenced the information seekers at a large scale.
To cater the needs of the society, the library and information centers have to progress at
par with the technology, which can be achieved through an easy, and proper information
disposal facility and services. In this respect, the internet played a vital role to deliver
unlimited access to thousands of journals without any barriers of time and geographical
location.
With the increasing of e-resources, high rise cost in print journals, and the reducing
budget of libraries by the funding parent organization forced the libraries to form an

4
alternative model of resource sharing where a multiple access of the e-resources are
possible with no geographical boundary in a few seconds via the internet.

Internet and the e-journals are widely popular and used by the teaching
communities and researchers, however unlike the developed nations, where the access is
universal and equitable, developing countries like India it has been a problem of equitable
access. Though the internet is widely used and part and parcel of day to day research
work in almost all centrally funded institutes like IITs, IISc, NITs, IISERs, IIMs, Central
Universities and other centrally funded institutes, corporate funding and self financed
private institutes during the last one decade. The real problem lies with the rural
institutes, state universities and poorly funded institutes where the digital divide and
inequitable access still exists. Most of the Universities in India, especially a state like
Odisha have yet to adopt a policy of providing universal and equitable access to the
internet for the faculty and research scholars.

1.1 UGC- Infonet Digital Library Consortium

Realizing the above mentioned problem, the UGC- Infonet Digital Library Consortium
was formally launched on the concluding day of UGC’s Golden Jubilee celebrations by
His Excellency Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam the then President of India at Vigyan Bhavan on
28th December 2003 by dedicating a bouquet of e-journals to the academic community in
universities. “After the globalization of education and competitiveness in research the
demand for the journals has been increased over the years. Due to the scarcity of funds,
libraries are forced to discontinue the scholarly journals inspite of their best trials to
continue. In order to provide current literature to the academic community in universities,
the UGC has initiated the UGC- Infonet Digital Library Consortium. The Consortium
enables access to a large number of scholarly journals from reputed publishers,
aggregators and society publications to universities. Provision has been made under the
consortium to access more than 7,500 full-text scholarly electronic journals and 10
bibliographic databases from 28 publishers, scholarly societies and aggregators including
the university presses in different disciplines across the globe. Current as well as archival
access to core and peer-reviewed journals to 195 Universities and 14 National Law

5
Schools/ Universities including all the Inter University Centres (IUCs) of the UGC is
given by the consortium. The resources of the Consortium covers the subject areas of
arts, humanities, social sciences, physical and chemical sciences, life sciences, computer
sciences, mathematics and statistics, etc. This programme is funded by the UGC for
universities under its purview and monitored by the INFLIBNET” (Information Library
Network [INFIBNET], n.d.).
Looking to the current scenario, the questions arise like; how much are our
academics benefiting from internet and e-journals? Are all of them familiar and aware of
it? If so, what is the extent of use? etc. which need to know, through a systematic opinion
survey in three major universities of Odisha under UGC-Infonet (a mega project of UGC)
to the faculty and research scholars. The present study is made with this background in
mind attempt has been made to understand the utilization of e-resources and internet in
the university campus and to what extent the internet and web literacy exist among the
faculty members and research scholars.

From the review of literature, it reveals that there is a deficiency of studies on e-

journals in the context of Indian universities. As such, the present study endeavors to find
out the extent of use of Internet & e-journals by faculty and research scholars in three
major universities of Odisha, namely the Berhampur University, Sambalpur University
and Utkal University, all of them are funded by the “University Grants Commission
(UGC)” with the same academic program under UGC-Infonet.

1.2 Purpose of the Study

The position of higher education in the universities of Odisha is lacking both in terms of
finance and infrastructure as compared to other state universities of India. It is highly
essential to know the use of electronic journals especially under the UGC-Infonet E-
journals Consortium lunched by the UGC in January 2004. The purpose of the present
study is to know the use of internet and e-journals and how the internet and e-journals
benefited the faculty and research scholars of the universities under study in Odisha.
The study is to find the level of responsiveness and use of e-journals by the
research scholars and faculties of the University Libraries of Odisha covered under UGC-

6
Infonet. It also focuses on the use of UGC-Infonet Digital Library Consortium Resources
by research scholars and faculty members of University Libraries of Odisha. The main
aim is to assess the needs of faculties & researchers and to find out how far their
information needs are fulfilled by the information resources available through UGC-
Infonet Digital Library Consortium.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The objectives of the present study are enumerated as under:
 To know the awareness, degree of use and level of satisfaction of Internet and
E-journals among the Faculty and Research Scholars under UGC-Infonet
Digital Library Consortium ;
 To know the preferred form of access to a journal title (electronic or print) and
their label of satisfaction with the availability of journals under UGC-Infonet;

 To identify as to what extent faculty and research scholars have access to, and
to determine if orientations and training are needed to access the Internet and
UGC-Infonet Digital Library Consortium e-journals;

 To identify the obstacles that prevents users accessing Internet and E-journals
under UGC-Infonet Digital Library Consortium and to suggest the ways and
means for effective use of the e-journals and internet.
 To access the impact of internet use, alert services of library and availability
of infrastructure on use of UGC-Infonet e-journals.

1.4 Scope and Limitations of the Study

The present study confines to three universities, namely Berhampur University (BU),
Sambalpur University (SU) and Utkal University (UU) which have the facility of E-
journals under UGC-Infonet programme and their use by the faculties and research
scholars. However, the study does not cover the universities, namely, North Odisha
University (NOU), Fakir Mohan University (FMU), Utkal University of Culture (UUC)
and Ravenshaw University because of their recent origin. Further Odisha University of

7
Agriculture Technology (OUAT), Biju Pattanaik University of Technology (BPUT) and
Jagannath Sanskrit Viswavidyalaya (JSV) are left out from this study as they are not
coming under the UGC-INFONET programme because of their specialized subject
category. It covers the e-journals subscribed by the Library through the UGC-Infonet
Digital Library Consortium. Although the Universities extended the e-journal facilities to
all intended users of the library, study has been made on the faculties and the research
scholars only.

1.5 Hypotheses
Hypothesis is usually considered as the principal instrument in research. Its main function
is to suggest new experiments and observations. For a researcher hypothesis is a formal
question that intends to be resolved. Thus a hypothesis may be defined as a proposition or
a set of proposition set forth as an explanation for the occurrence of some specified group
of phenomena either asserted merely as a provisional conjecture to guide some
investigation or accepted as highly probable in the light of established facts. Therefore in
every social research, the investigator is to start with certain assumptions and
presumptions which might be prove or disprove in the subsequent study.
In the present study, the unprecedented growth of increasing number of e-journals
brings a fast change in the scientific communication process. Keeping in view of this and
the end users use of current journals it is important to look into their perception and
expectation for future e-journals. This information will be beneficial to meet the user’s
need of e-journals particularly for the faculty and research scholars.
The hypotheses formed for the study are mentioned as under:
Hypothesis-1: A significant causal relation exists between the UGC-Infonet use and
access of internet.
Hypothesis-2: A significant causal relation exists among use of internet and a set of
variables influencing the use of internet.
Hypothesis-3: Whether the internet use and the frequency of internet access has a
significant impact on assess of E-journals under UGC-Infonet.
Hypothesis-4: Whether the internet connecting nodes and alert services from the library
has a significant impact on the access of e journals.

8
1.6 Scheme of the Work
The entire research work revolves round by a well-prepared scheme. It is a step-by-step
representation of data collected by the researcher. The whole study has been divided into
the following broad chapters:
1.6.1 Chapter I (Introduction)
Chapter one contains the background of internet and e-journals, introduction to UGC-
Infonet, purpose of study, objectives of the study, methodology adopted, scope and
limitations of the study and formulation of hypotheses. The history of the three
universities and their libraries along with the overview of infrastructure facility is
discussed.
1.6.2 Chapter II (Review of Literature)
It describes the works carried out by other researchers previously related to the topic to
signify the choice for this study.
1.6.3 Chapter III (E-Journals and Internet)
This chapter aims to study about the internet, basics of e-journals and issues related to it,
concept of consortia and its various types. Also discussion is made about the UGC-Infonet and
its services to three university libraries of Odisha.
1.6.4 Chapter IV (Analysis and Interpretation of Data)
Analysis and interpretation of the collected data using simple statistical techniques are
studied in this chapter.
1.6.5 Chapter V (Findings of the Study & Testing of Hypotheses)
Summarization the important findings and testing of the hypotheses in sequential order
are described in this chapter.
1.6.6 Chapter-VI (Suggestions, Recommendations, Areas for future research and
Conclusion)
In this chapter the suggestions proposed by the users surveyed are given. Based on the
suggestions by the respondents some recommendations are proposed to the universities.
Also the areas for future research and conclusion are enumerated.

9
Bibliography
This section covers a list of references for the information resources consulted during the
present research work.
Appendices
It contains three appendices: (1) Covering letter for questionnaire send to the
respondents; (2) Sample copy of the questionnaire for Faculty and Research Scholars and
(3) Sample copy of the questionnaire for Librarians; (4) Data Variables used in SPSS for
Windows.
1.7 Methodology
There are various methods used for the collection of data for the study. The questionnaire
method, interview method, observation method, historical case study, critical incident
technique etc. are commonly used for collection of data. For social research or field
research, the primary work is the collection of data from which findings and conclusions
are drawn. The data are collected from the researchers and the librarians with the help of
well structured questionnaires. Two separate questionnaires are designed in a lucid and
simple way for the easy understanding of Librarians and the Faculty members and
Research Scholars to obtain their views and opinions, degree of use, availability of e-
journals and facility of internet services in the library etc. The questionnaire has been
segmented into different facets of the topic undertaken for collection of relevant data. The
questions for Librarians were related to eight main areas such as: ‘General Information’,
‘Library Staff’, ‘User Information’, ‘Infrastructure’, ‘Library Budget for Internet/ E-
Journal Access Purpose’, ‘Library Collection and Electronic Resources’, ‘Library
Services through Internet’ and Miscellaneous. The questionnaire for the Faculty members
and Research scholars are consisted of 42 selected questions comprising both multiple
choice and Likert scale, partially open, and open questions (Appendices 2 & 3).

In the present study, the survey method is applied using structured questionnaire sent
to the faculty and research scholars supplemented by observation, telephone survey, e-
mail survey and informal interview was used to cover the maximum number of
respondents. This method was also preferred as it is less time consuming and more
economical for a scattered population.

10
 For Berhampur University and Sambalpur University a sample of 100 numbers of
questionnaires each were distributed and for Utkal University the sample population is
150 in view of its more number of departments and highest faculty and research scholars
strength among these three universities. In each of the universities, the questionnaires
were distributed randomly in various departments among faculties and research scholars
to divide the universe of population on the basis of subjects and designation. In
Berhampur University the questionnaire responded by the faculty and research scholars is
71 out of 100 (71%). Out of the 100 distributed questionnaires, 74 (74%) were completed
and returned back by the faculty and research scholars of Sambalpur University.
However, the respondents in Utkal University were more than the other two universities
where 117 out of 150 (78%) faculty and research scholars responded the questionnaire.
The overall population included in the study comprised 350 respondents from all the
three universities and the total response is 74.85% (262).
The questionnaire includes the questions based on use of internet and e-journals
only. The responses are analyzed and interpreted using simple statistical techniques.
Suitable tables are drawn for condensation of data and easy understanding. Further
appropriate diagrams are provided for quick overview and comparison of data at a glance.
The respondents were asked to state their department of affiliation or the
specialization they belonged to. Based on these data, a new variable broad category was
created, which enabled to gain better insight into the answers received. The broad
categories of the field groups created out of the P.G. Departments are:
1. Humanities, Social Sciences & Management: Management, Personal
Management & Industrial relations, Commerce, History, Economics, Political Science,
Language & Literature, Library & Information Science, Psychology, Sociology and
Anthropology etc.
2. Basic Sciences: Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Earth Sciences/ Geology,
Botany, Zoology, Biotechnology, Statistics, Computer Sciences and Geography etc.

The returned surveys were coded and the data were recorded in a specially built
MS-Excel datasheet. The data were analyzed with MS-Excel using Statistical Package for
Social Science (SPSS version 16) for Windows.

11
The references have been arranged according to the American Psychological Association
(APA) 6th edition citation style.

1.8 Brief history of Berhampur University (BU), Sambalpur University (SU) and
Utkal University (UU)
1.8.1 Berhampur University (BU)
The Berhampur University, Berhampur came into existence on 2nd January 1967. It was
inaugurated by Dr. A.N. Khosla, the then Governor of Orissa and the first Chancellor of
the University. At present the university is situated at Bhanja Vihar which is named after
the celebrated poet of Odisha, Kabisamrat Upendra Bhanja. The university spreads over
an area of about two hundred fifty acres of land and is located about 10 kilometers from
Berhampur City and 5 kilometers away from the Sea-beach of Gopalpur.
The colleges in eight districts namely; Ganjam, Gajapati, Koraput, Rayagada,
Nowrangapur, Malkangiri, Kandhamala and Boudh are under the jurisdiction of this
university. Eleven Govt. colleges, 62 non-govt. colleges and 26 professional technical
colleges are affiliated to this university. These institutes cater the need of the students in
various subjects and disciplines such as Arts, Science, Commerce, Law, Education,
Medicine, Engineering, Nursing, Military Science, Library & Information Science
Pharmacology, Homoeopathy, Ayurveda and Fine Arts.
There are twenty post-graduate departments in the university offering specialized
subjects and M. Phil programmes with one hundred and ten (110) regular faculties, nearly
eleven hundred P.G students, more than one hundred fifty M.Phil. Students and at present
32 numbers of full time doctoral Research Scholars. “Some of the faculties like Mass
Communication, Tourism and Indian Monuments, Electronic Science, Computer Science,
Marine Science, Military Science make the University stand apart from some other
universities of the country” (Berhampur University, [n.d.]).
At present the campus has eight teaching blocks, eight hostels and others facilities
like health centre, engineering office, guest house, schools, +2 Junior College, central
library, museum-cum-archival cell, landing ground, play ground, sports council centre,
shopping complex, canteen, banks, post office, temples and administrative building.
R.P. Padhi Library

12
The University Library named after Prof. R.P. Padhi, the second vice-chancellor of the
University came into existence in the year 1968. Over the years, it has considerably
grown in size both in terms of its membership as well as in its holdings and services. As
on 31st Dec, 2013, there are 1,26,995 Books, 7,752 rare and antique books, 1,797 reports
and theses and 33,000 back volumes of print journals. The Library also subscribes to 117
print journals and 22 news papers. Its membership extends mainly to students, scholars,
teachers and employees of the university which at present stands at 2,082. The library is
kept open for the users as follows:

Circulation section works from 10.45 AM to 3.45 PM on all working days.

Reference-cum-Reading Room Section opens from 8.00 AM to 8.00 PM (Monday to
Friday) and during Saturdays and Sundays 10.30 AM to 4.30 PM. However the Journal
Section is kept open from 10.30 AM to 4.30 PM on all working days.

E-journal Access Centre, Berhampur University

Berhampur University library does not have a full fledged internet laboratory/ e-journal
access centre inside the library building. However, the University is facilitating the
service through the computer centre for the access of internet and e-journals under the
UGC-Infonet project funded and monitored by the INFLIBNET-UGC. In addition, the
university faculty and research scholars are accessing the e-resources from the
department through campus networking.
1.8.2 Sambalpur University (SU)
In 1965, M.C. Chagla, the then Education Minister, Govt. of India felt the necessity of
establishment of a new university in Western Odisha. He opined that Sambalpur was
suitable for the establishment of a new university. “The Sambalpur University Act was
passed by the Orissa Legislative Assembly on 10th December, 1966 to fulfill long
cherished dream of the people of Western Odisha for establishment of a university. The
university started functioning from 1st January, 1967 with Prof. Parsuram Mishra as the
first Vice-Chancellor. The University was inaugurated on 4th January, 1967 by Hon’ble
Chancellor and the then Governor of Orissa Dr. A. N. Khosla” (Sambalpur University,
[n.d.]). The university started functioning in 1967 in a rented private building at
Dhanupali, Sambalpur and in Government building at Ainthapali (Budharaja), Sambalpur

13
from 1968 to 72. In the year 1973 the university was shifted to the present campus of
Jyoti Vihar, Burla at a distance of 16kms from Sambalpur.
The territorial jurisdiction of the university covers 10 districts and part of Angul
district of the state of Odisha namely Sambalpur, Sundargarh, Jharsuguda, Deogarh,
Bargarh, Bolangir, Subarnapur, Nuapada, Kalahandi, Boudh and Athmallik sub-division
of Angul district. The university at Jyoti Vihar provides Post-Graduate education in
thirty-four subjects through twenty-two Post-Graduate departments with a capacity of
more than One Thousand One Hundred Post Graduate students (1165) and One Hundred
Sixty Five M.Phil students (165) and 38 numbers of full time Research Scholars
registered for Doctoral Research in the university. Presently the university has a teaching
strength of one hundred (100).
Bhubaneswar Behera Central Library
The university library was established in the year 1970. Since then the library grew at a
faster rate both in size and collection. At present the magnificent four storied library
building situated on a hillock and is one of the very well managed university libraries in
Odisha. It has around 1,35,000 books, only 10 print journals (due to fund crunch and
availability of e-journals), 6,000 e-journals (under UGC-Infonet), 15 newspapers, 18,000
bound volume back journals, approximately 2,000 theses, 200 reports and 260 books
accompanying CDs and other resources.
The university library system consists of the Central Library (named as Professor
Bhubaneswar Behera Central Library or BBCL) and 22 subject specific Seminar
Libraries in the P. G. Departments. These libraries which were mainly aimed at serving
the academic community of the teaching departments of the university have now become
the main centers of study and research for the academic community of this university.
Nearly 500 students, teachers, research scholars and others visit the Central Library daily
for reference and issue of books. The Central Library timings are: Text Book Reading
Room- 9 AM to 8 PM. All other sections including the e-journal and internet access
centre- 11 AM to 5 PM on all working days.
E-journal Access Centre, BBCL, Sambalpur University
Sambalpur University library, the only library among the three major universities where a
dedicated internet and e-journal access centre have been established since 2002 in the

14
library building. The University has shown its keen interest for computerization and e-
resource management in the past by appointing an Information Scientist (tenure basis)
under the UGC support to manage and maintain the facility. Moreover, the university is
now established its campus networking where each department availing the facility of
accessing internet and e-journals on their desktop.

1.8.3 Utkal University (UU)

The Utkal University, established in the year 1943 is the seventeenth oldest university in
the country. The university started functioning at Ravenshaw College, Cuttack. At that
time the Utkal University Act, 1943 did not specify clearly the territorial jurisdiction of
the University. However, its jurisdiction was extended to include the princely states of
Odisha by an agreement between the rulers of the princely states and the Government of
Odisha. In 1956, the first Post-Graduate course i.e. Department of Geology in Ravenshaw
College campus was established. In1957, “Post-Graduate departments of Philosophy and
Sanskrit were established in the premises of the Burdwan house in Cuttack. In the year
1957, the University office was shifted to the Circuit House in Cuttack. In the initial
phase the university provided new facilities for post-graduate studies only in those
subjects which were not taught at Ravenshaw College” (Utkal University [UU], [n.d.]).
The university is shifted to its present Vani Vihar campus at Bhubaneswar in the year
1963. Now the total number of students in the 27 numbers of P. G. Departments of the
campus at Vani Vihar is about 3,000. Utkal University, Bhubaneswar is the largest
affiliating university in the country having 338 affiliated general colleges including 13
autonomous colleges, 73 professional colleges, 7 law colleges and 2 medical colleges
under its jurisdiction. The university has now the jurisdiction over nine districts, viz,
Angul, Cuttack, Dhenkanal, Jajpur, Jagatsinghpur, Kendrapara, Khurda, Nayagarh and
Puri and is spread over an area of 24,973 sq. kilometers catering to the needs of higher
education of a population of more than 150 lakhs.

There are at present twenty-seven Post-Graduate departments located in the

university campus for Post-Graduate studies and research in various disciplines of
science, humanities, business administration, social science, law and commerce and three

15
constituent institutions, viz. Directorate of Distance and Continuing Education,
University Law College at Vani Vihar and M.S. law college at Cuttack. Besides the
regular courses, twenty-six sponsored courses are offered under the direct academic
control of the P.G. Council of the university. The sanctioned strength of P.G. students in
the university campus is about 2,500 and for M Phil students it is 212. Currently 62 (sixty
two) full time research scholars doing their research work in the campus. The faculty
strength of the university is 142.

Parija Library
“The Utkal University library was established in 1946. The library of the Utkal
University is named as Parija Library in the memory of late Dr. Pranakrishna Parija, the
first Vice-Chancellor of the university and scientist of international repute. As per rules
laid down in the statutes of the university, the Library Committee has been constituted
and it deals with general administration of the library. The committee also frames the
relevant rules subject to approval of the authorities of the university” (UU, [n.d.]). There
are twenty-four departmental libraries under the different Post-Graduate departments of
the university. There are 35 persons working as regular (full time) staff in the Parija
Library including the Librarians, Assistant Librarians, Library Professionals and the
Support staffs.

Upto 31st December, 2013 the library has a rich collection of 2,59,122 of books,
around 6,500 theses and bound volumes of journals. It also subscribes to 20 nos. of t
newspapers and 40 magazines. In the Central Library around 5000 nos. of manuscripts
are also available. Due to shortage of funds and with the advent of e-journals the library
do not subscribe to print periodicals. The Library is completely housed with its own five
storied building in the heart of the campus. It facilitates its users by way of loan facility
of books, journals, photocopies of articles and journals from other libraries on inter-
library loan basis. The library opens from 9.00 AM to 9.00 PM on every working day,
except saturday and sundays. On all saturdays, sundays and notified holidays the library
is kept open from 10.30 AM to 4.30 PM. The timing for circulation of books is from
10.30 AM to 4.00 PM only on working days.

16
INFONET Centre, Utkal University
Utkal University library also does not have a separate Digital Libray/ E-journal access
centre inside the library building. Like Berhampur University, the Utkal University also
facilitating the service through its Computer Centre with more than 50 PCs available for
the access of internet and e-journals under the UGC-Infonet project funded by the
INFLIBNET-UGC. However, unlike, the Berhampur University and Sambalpur
University, most of the faculty and research scholars do not have the provision of
accessing the e-resources from their department in the absence of a full campus
networking facility.

1.9 Brief overview of Computer Infrastructure Facility

Item Description BU SU UU
Hardware
Personal Computers 10 23 36+16
Laptops 01 01
Printer 03 05 01
UPS (online/offline) 01 01 04
Scanner 02 01
Storage Devices
CDs/ DVDs/ Floppy Disk/ Pen Drives 200 294
CD-Writer/ External Hard Disk 2 01 53
Networking/ Internet
Modem 01
Leased line 10 mbps (BSNL) 10 mbps (BSNL) 10 mbps (BSNL)
Cabling: Types of cable (please specify) Fiber optics Fiber optics CAT 6 and Fiber
optics
Software
Operating Systems
Windows Yes Yes Yes
LINUX Yes Yes
Windows 2003 Advanced Server Yes Yes
Server Details
Library Automation Server Yes No
Web Server No Yes
Database Server Yes Yes
Proxy/Firewall Yes Yes(MUX, Firewall)
Other Tools
Library Management Software Yes Yes Yes
(New Genlib)
Table 1.1: Computer Infrastructure Facility in University Libraries

17
1.10 Summary
The study was designed to investigate the current use of internet and e-journals (under
UGC-Infonet) in university libraries of Odisha. As a part of major initiative taken by the
UGC, it is highly required to study the environment and investigates the web literacy, e-
journals literacy and the constraints faced by the faculty members and research scholars.
Although a good number of research in this area has already been came out, but the
researchers have not studied the same line of research on university libraries of Odisha.
This study further investigate and learn more about the perceptions on use of internet and
e-journals specifically in the university premises of Berhampur University, Sambalpur
University and Utkal University.

1.11 References

1. Al-Maliki , A. Q. (2013). A new plan for King Khalid University (KKU) central
library to revitalise academic e-resource-sharing. International Research: Journal
of Library and Information Science, 3(4).
2. Bankole, O. M. (2013). The use of internet services and resources by scientists at
Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago Iwoye, Nigeria. Program-Electronic Library
and Information Systems, 47(1), 15–33. doi:10.1108/00330331211296295
3. Berhampur University (n.d.). Berhampur University, Bhanja Vihar, Berhampur.
Retrieved December 19, 2013, from www.buodisha.edu.in/
4. Chirra, R., & Madhusudhan, M. (2009). Use of electronic journals by doctoral
research scholars of Goa University, India. Library Hi Tech News, 26(10), 12–15.
doi:10.1108/07419050911022289
5. Cole, L. (2005). Back to basics: what is the e-journal? Retrieved November 16,
2013, from http://eprints.rclis.org/4442/1/backtobasics.pdf
6. Devi, T. P. & Singh, Y. H. (2009). Internet users : A study of Manipur University
library. ICAL 2009-Library Services, 561-569.
7. INFLIBNET (n.d.). INFLIBNET Centre, Gandhinagar, Gujarat INDIA. Retrieved
November 24, 2013, from http://www.inflibnet.ac.in/

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8. Khan, A. M., & Ahmad, N. (2009). Use of e-journals by research scholars at
Aligarh Muslim University and Banaras Hindu University. The Electronic
Library, 27(4), 708–717. doi:10.1108/02640470910979642
9. Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research methodology: Methods & techniques (2nd ed.).
New Delhi, India: New Age International (P) Ltd.
10. Kumar, G. T., & Kumar, B. T. S. (2010). Perception and usage of e-resources and
the internet by Indian academics. The Electronic Library, 28(1), 137–156.
doi:10.1108/02640471011023432
11. McKinsey & Company (2012, December). Online and upcoming the internet’s
impact on India. Retrieved January 20, 2014, from http://www.mckinsey.com/
12. Panneerselvam, R. (2004). Research methodology. New Delhi, India: Prentice-
Hall of India.
13. Sambalpur University (n.d.). Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Burla. Retrieved
November 8, 2013, from http://www.suniv.ac.in/
14. Utkal University (n.d.). Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar. Retrieved
November 23, 2013, from http://utkaluniversity.ac.in/

19
Berhampur University Central Library

Berhampur University Main Gate

 Chapter-II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Chapter-II REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.0 Background
2.1 Use of internet and e-resources/ e-journals in
libraries: International scenario
2.2 Use of internet and e-resources/ e-journals in
libraries: Indian context
2.3 Use of e-journals under UGC-Infonet Digital
Library Consortium
2.4 Summary
2.5 References
Chapter II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.0 Background

This chapter discusses review of literature available on the topic use of internet and e-
journals by the researcher in academic institutes. A literature survey of paramount
significance to obtain current and relevant research production on the topic of the study
already done or in progress. Literature review is undertaken in order to know whether any
research findings are available or any theoretical position developed during research
project or in investigational stage to find the gaps that are to be explored in the future
research. During the course of study, various sources have been consulted for the
identification of relevant full-text and abstract database resources such as journals, online
databases, research projects in the field of Library and Information Science. Both full-text
and abstract databases were consulted. The full-text online journals databases like
Emerald Library, Taylor & Francis, ScienceDirect, Proquest Theses & Dissertation, Sage
and Springer Link were consulted. The abstract and bibliographic databases such as Web
of Knowledge & SCOPUS were consulted. Apart from the library and information
science print and online journals databases, various Internet information resources were
consulted through official websites of INFLIBNET, Berhampur University, Sambalpur
University and Utkal University and various modes of web-based search engines such as
Google including Google Scholar for obtaining relevant research literature.

A sizeable number of literature available on the use of internet and electronic

journals by the academic community. Several authors have looked at: the use of internet
and e-resources as an educational tool, purpose of use, place and purpose of use of
internet, advantages of e-resources and also problem faced by the academics. The
emergence of internet and relevant services obtainable over the internet have created
awareness for strategic use of information for education and research in developing
countries, most specially in the universities. And in recent times, several studies have
been conducted to investigate the use of internet and related infrastructures to support

20
learning, teaching and research in Indian universities. There are number of studies related
to use of internet and electronic journals by the research scholars and faculty members
under UGC-Infonet. Since the beginning of UGC-Infonet, it provides a large array of
resources related to various disciplines and has succeeded fulfilling the requirements of
the faculty and research scholars. The recent review of literature carried out by the
scholars justified the need and necessity of the use of internet and electronic journals for
academic development. The current study would build on the existing literature, by
investigating use of internet access and e-journals (under UGC-Infonet) by faculty
members and research scholars in three selected universities in Odisha. Also the literature
review is conducted by consulting the articles, papers and other relevant documents on
the topic undertaken with two segments namely Literature on ‘Use of internet and e-
resources/ e-journals in libraries’ in both Indian Context and International Scenario and
literature on ‘UGC-Infonet Digital Library consortium’. Only research papers, case
studies, research projects and reports are covered and are arranged chronologically.

2.1 Use of internet and e-resources/ e-journals in libraries: International scenario

(Tomney & Burton, 1998) assesses the attitudes towards electronic journals and examines
the current level of use by the university academic communities in five selected faculties
in British University among the faculty of Business, Science, Engineering, Education and
Arts. Out of the 147 questionnaire distributed, 75 were returned with 51% response with
senior lecturer and younger research scholars use the most of it. It is also found that use is
highest in the Business, Engineering and Science faculty. Use of electronic journals also
varies significantly with the gradation of academics. Half of the ‘other’ category
(research fellows, teaching assistants, etc) reported using electronic journals, while the
lowest usage was reported by those at professorial level, only about 12% of professors
used them. Readers made only slightly more than the professors, whereas 26% of
lecturers indicated some use and a maximum of 34 % use by the senior lecturer. The
study concluded that those who forecast a quick end to print journals are probably proved
to be wrong.
(Abdoulaye & Majid, 2000) carried out a study to investigate the effect of the
internet on reference services in Malaysian academic libraries. The objectives of the
study were to find out how the integration of the internet has affected reference

21
professionals and services. The respondents felt that the internet has contributed
positively to reference work and has enhanced their effectiveness and efficiency.
(Barnard, 2000) undertook a survey on “A study of internet and library use in an
academic setting in Arizona State University” found that the majority of the students are
using internet on regular basis and that for most of them, internet use has replaced some
portion of their academic library use. The results indicated a common desire of most
students to be able to access library resources remotely through the internet. The study
suggested that younger and lower division students were more likely to use internet
instead of academic libraries.
(Mahe, Andrys, & Chartron, 2000) in a study on use of electronic journals in their
work by the scientists of two French Universities from physics, chemistry and biology
departments and few from mathematics, computer science and earth sciences under a
national programme for document digitisation in higher education and research in Paris
among 25 researchers and doctoral students and nine documentalists. Different users
category was created and several of the findings agree substantially with those in the
Anglo-Saxon literature, which demonstrate the importance of factors such as the
discipline concerned and the immediate working environment of researchers, including
equipment, local practice, and the resources that are promoted or made available. In the
study majority of researchers and Ph.D students stated that they used electronic journals,
half of the researchers and two thirds of the Ph.D students were not even aware of the
online journal service in the campus. Twenty persons said that they used electronic
journals, but only eleven knew about the online journal service of the university.
Interestingly the great majority of high level e-journal users nonetheless recognised that
the print medium had its own value for archiving and browsing purposes and for a more
widespread coverage.
(Saeed, Asghar, Anwar, & Ramzan, 2000) in their study show that there are very
few university libraries in Pakistan with access to the Internet and there is a desperate
need to develop an IT infrastructure. Data derived from the study also indicated that half
of the university libraries in Pakistan have access to the internet and it has become an
essential part of library services.

22
(Bar-Ilan, Peritz,, & Wolman, 2003.) in a “Survey on the Use of Electronic Databases
and Electronic Journals Accessed through the Web by the Academic Staff of Israeli
Universities” took sample survey through distribution of 1331 questionnaires in which
595 answers were received at 44.7% response rate. In the preliminary round, 301
questionnaires were returned; after the follow-up by regular mail, an additional 233
questionnaires were received, and following the email reminders, another 49 were
received. Out of the 595 responses, 583 were coded. The remaining 12 answers were not
coded due to unfilled, refusal or partial fulfillment. Hence, the rest of the analysis is
based on the 583 coded questionnaires. The respondents were asked about their academic
rank: 37.9% of them were professors; 24.7% associate professors; 20.2% senior lecturers;
and 15.4% lecturers. With regards to the question on how the users connect to the Web,
researcher received 459 answers to this question which shows almost all the respondents
i.e. 92.2% have access to the Web from their office. However, a considerable difference
between the connectivity of the members of the humanities group from their offices is
63.6% only against the members of the other groups which is more than 96%. As regards
to the web literacy 85.2% feel that they were either perfectly competent in using the Web
or they manage with a little bit of help from time to time. Similar questions were asked
about the use and importance of e-journals in general. Out of the 583 respondents, 60.2%
use e-journals, and 58.1% of the respondents find them essential. According to the
different groups: only 29.6% of the members of the Humanities group use e-journals,
54.2% of Social science, 65.3% of Engineering, 73.6% of Life science-Medicine and
Agriculture, and 74.8% of Science are users of electronic journals, Use of electronic
databases and e-journals is also influenced by the age of the respondent. Respondents in
their thirties were heavy users of both electronic databases (80%) and e-journals (75.4%);
with only 48% of the respondents above 60 making use of e-journals. When asked about
which format is preferred: electronic or printed. Out of the 454 responses 48.9%
preferred the electronic version, 28.2% preferred the printed version; and 22.9% had no
preference for one of the formats. Question related to alert on subject updates: Some
(13.3%) do not get updated at all. Roughly half of the respondent’s i.e.44.7% receives
updates through email or newsletters. About 30% receive circular from the library or
from the library webpage or from colleagues and friends. Rest of the respondents is

23
getting updated by way of discussion groups, professional organizations, and students.
Finally from this study it is observed that, the advantages and disadvantages of electronic
services identified by the Israeli academics are very similar to those in other studies.
Speed, accessibility, and searchability were seen as the main advantages, whereas the
main disadvantages were lack of access, lack of coverage, and low readability.
(Badu, 2005) undertook a survey of Internet awareness and use in the University
of Ghana conducted during 1999-2000, showed that awareness of the Internet among the
academic staff and post graduate students is universal. All the 121 students responded to
the questionnaire and 99.2 percent of staff indicated they are aware of the Internet.
Respondents were asked to indicate the various Internet resources they were aware of and
it was found that e-mail was the most well known resource among both academic staff
and students, followed by the WWW, discussion groups, Usenet news, and file transfer
protocol (FTP) in descending order. The results also show that Telnet, Gopher and Wide
Area Information Server (WAIS) were not well known amongst both groups. Further the
study reveals, 69.9 percent of staff and 55.4 percent of students indicated ‘yes’ on the use
of internet while 26.0 percent and 39.7 percent of staff and students respectively
indicated ‘no’. The reasons for non-use revealed due to lack of training in its use as
indicated by 48.4 percent staff and 42.9 percent student respectively. Other reasons for
non-use were lack of computer skills, time, and obtaining information from the library.
(Jay & Webber, 2005) carried out a study and found that identifying the need for
public library managers to assess the changing role of professionals and para-
professionals in delivering reference services and to provide appropriate training.
(Crawford, 2006) has conducted a survey on the “Use of electronic information
services and information literacy: A Glasgow Caledonian University” and the Internet
use part where respondents were asked about the use of the Internet for their studies and
while 54 percent of alumni reported that they had used the Internet at University, 84.5
percent of current students said they used the Internet for their studies; 92 percent of
alumni reported they now use the Internet, which is a sign of significant growth.
Regarding the total number of websites used by the alumni at University comes to
116nos.

24
 (Huzaimah, Zainab, & Ang, 2007) examined “the users and their use of electronic
journals published in a hosting system called EJUM (Electronic Journal of the University
of Malaya), their perceived satisfaction with the e-journals, the preferred features in
electronic journals in general, and the problems they face when using them. The findings
reveal that journals are used for searching for new information, reading full-text articles,
reading abstracts and browsing tables of contents. Users are led to EJUM by chance
while browsing the internet (41.8 per cent), when searching Google, through citations
obtained from conference papers, from articles or from citations in databases.
Respondents prefer keywords (28.9 per cent) and titles (24.3 per cent) for searching
databases”.
(Boukacem- & Schpel, 2008) in a study conducted by these author’s on the usage
of e-journals in French Universities. The paper investigates the use of electronic journals
in 68 French universities. The study is based on statistical data on usage, libraries and
journal packages collected by the EPEF project (Evaluation des Périodiques
Electroniques dans le Réseau Universitaire Français) from different sources (publishers,
ministry, survey results) from 2001 to 2005.It provides information about local metrics
for eight packages (serials), e.g. usage trends; requests per package and user; costs per
request and user; as related to the scientific specialty of the university (STM, SS&H,
multidisciplinary, etc.). Whenever possible and reasonable, the data is compared with
results from UK and US research. It suggested that monitoring the usage of digital
resources and e-journals gains is becoming increasingly important for acquisition policy
and budget decisions.
A survey by (Dilek-Kayaoglu, 2008) reveals that “the findings regarding the
format preferences are also highly encouraging. More than 90 percent of the respondents
agreed or strongly agreed with the statement, “if both printed and electronic versions of
journals are equally available, I would prefer to use the electronic one.” In addition, 72.5
percent of the respondents supported the transition from print to e-only journals. The
finding that for 59.7 percent of the respondents, regardless of discipline, the major barrier
to use of e-journals was the lack of sufficient subscriptions in their discipline is
particularly noteworthy and clearly indicates that the library should increase the number

25
of e-journal subscriptions. Based on these findings, it can be said that the majority of the
users will be pleased with the transition from print to e-only journal access.”
(Tenopir, King, Edwards, & Wu, 2009) sought “to examine how faculty members
in science, technology, medicine and social sciences from 1977 to present in a university
located, obtained, read, and used scholarly articles and how this has changed with the
widespread availability of electronic journals and journal alternatives. The paper also
indicated that the average number of readings per year per science faculty member
continues to increase while the average time spent per reading is decreasing”.
(Ani, 2010) in a survey of “Internet access and use: A study of undergraduate
students in three Nigerian universities’ found in terms of their extent/level of internet use,
the extent of internet use among the respondents is as high as 91.0 percent of them stated
that they do use the internet. The result of the survey, however, revealed a low level of
daily (16.6 percent), weekly (37.7 percent) internet use; with a high rate of ‘occasional’
(54.2 %) use of the internet respectively. In terms of years of internet use, the study has
shown that 68.3 percent of the respondents have used the internet for two years or more.
This reveals that students are familiar and comfortable with the internet and the new
technology that provides them with speedy and well-timed access to information within
and outside the university libraries. The study also suggested that since it is basically the
function of librarians to provide the needed information literacy in the universities to the
students, steps should be made to ensure that, applicable user education on internet access
and use by the students is an important part of the approved library skills in Nigerian
universities. Besides, there should be introduction of appropriate practical training
sessions on internet literacy and use of electronic resources in university libraries to their
students”.
(Kinney, 2010) on ‘The Internet, Public Libraries, and the Digital Divide’ on
understanding the value of access opined that “Provision of Internet access is not a stand-
alone service. It integrates and interacts with other library services, including reference
service (for example, when computer users ask for help in using computers or finding
information online), circulation (when computer users supplement their computer use
with library materials), and instruction and training (when library staff provide computer
and Internet training). Even patrons who come to the library for the sole purpose of using

26
a computer may take advantage of other services during their visit, and vice versa. As a
result, public computer services are affected not just by technology funding, but also by
funding for staffing, collections, and library open hours. Libraries should take a holistic
view of all the services they offer to determine how Internet provision fits in to the big
picture.”
(Nicholas, Williams, Rowlands, & Jamali, 2010) conducted research through
interview, questionnaire and observation method and present in the paper in 2nd phase
where nine major research institutions took part, six subjects were covered and the
behaviour of about 1400 people were analyzed. On students use of internet, 961 students
responded to the online survey (617 undergraduates) and 15 undergraduate students were
interviewed, from two contrasting disciplines – genetics (12 students) and history (three
students), the paper reveals that, there was a clear difference between the research
scholars and students, Also it is seen that history students attach maximum weightage to
articles. The findings show that students, while not valuing or using journals to the same
extent as researchers, nevertheless demonstrated that e-journals constitute an important
and regular source of information for their studies. The study clearly reflects the
relationship between training and use of advanced search facilities, it appears that 33% of
‘untrained’ students always happy with a simple search, as against 14% of trained
students, and nearly one third of trained students employing advanced searching ‘as a
matter of course’ against 19% of untrained students. These results constitute a highly
significant difference between trained and untrained students, suggesting that library
training is very useful.
(Lera-López, Billon, & Gil, 2011) in a study from economics point of view,
“analyzes the impact of a variety of socio-economic, demographic and regional factors to
explain Internet use and the frequency of use by individuals in Spain. Also finds the
determinants of Internet usage and the extent of use at the individual level for a southern
European country. As the bulk of the literature has been focused on the USA and on the
European Union as a whole, the study might interest some of the other EU countries,
such as Portugal and Greece as well as developing countries that despite high rates of
economic growth register low rates of digital development. According to the findings, the
distinction between Internet usage and the extent of usage in Spain within the EU

27
framework may have interesting implications for helping to reduce the digital divide.
First, if the policy purpose is to increase the number of people accessing the Internet, it
may be convenient to develop specific strategies for low-educated, medium-aged, and old
people, particularly in rural areas and for citizens not born in Spain. These specific
factors may spread the perception of benefits of Internet use for these social groups and
may influence their acquisition of some basic Internet skills”.
(Mostofa, 2011)conducted a survey for the use of internet among business
students in Darul Ihsan University and found a high percentage of internet use among
students. Google with 85.4 percent and Yahoo at 109 percent are found to be more
widely used than other search engines. The major problem faced by the students in the
study is slow internet access speed. The study carried out through a structure
questionnaire of 137 respondents of which 67.9 percent were male and 32.1 percent were
female students. In terms of the use of internet, it is seen that the largest group had 1-2
years of internet experience, while 29.2 percent students had less than six months
experience of internet use. The findings reveal that the largest group of respondents i.e.
46.0 percent reported they accessed the internet from University and 35.8 percent
accessed from home. Other 18.2 percent use it from cybercafés. Majority of the students
acquired the internet skills with the help of their friends. By trial and error, it is second
choice with 21 percent and through university guidance with 13.1 percent learned the
skill. As regards to preferences of internet resources: 12.4 percent used the internet for
consulting technical reports, 38.7 percent for conference proceedings, 24.1 for e-books
are some of the highlighted points. Purpose of browsing internet services including 56.2
percent of the respondents used for educational purpose, 15.3 for research purpose, 10.2
percent for communication purpose and 16.8 percent for entertainment purpose. The
study depicts the influence of the internet on the academic efficiency (21.9%) and felt
that their dependency on the internet has increased, also the same proportion revealed that
it expedited the search process/ improved communication. Some of the suggestions in the
study are to improve the internet services, appointment of more efficient technical staff,
increase of bandwidth for slow connectivity and conducting orientation programme for
the users at regular intervals.

28
 (Olatokun & Moremedi, 2011) in their study in Botswana revealed that although
majority of the organization monitor employee internet use, less than half had an internet
use policy. Also majority provide access to all employees with the least from the public
administration/ government. All the public sector organizations indicated having a
written policy on internet use but majority of research organizations had no policy.
(Ahmed, 2013) conducted a survey to assess the contemporary use of satisfaction
with university subscribed e-resources by the faculty members. The results showed that
most of the faculty members are not satisfied with the currently subscribed e-resources.
In a survey conducted online a total of 517 out of 1894 with a response rate of 27.30 from
the eight Bangladesh Public Universities, 90.72 percent and 69.25 percent of faculty
members use the internet from office and home respectively. The largest group 78.69
percent used e-resources on daily basis. The study also used Likert scale to evaluate the
subscribed e-resources on a five –point scale with 1 “lowest’ to 5 “highest”. The survey
also indicated that e-resources collections and services require improvements. The public
universities in Bangladesh should subscribe to a wide range of full text and bibliographic
databases with more rich content. The paper express its concerns and fear for “developing
countries will continue to depend heavily on externally funded programmes unless
publishers offer discounted subscriptions for them”. Also constraints are mainly related to
the poor IT infrastructure and limited access to e-resources.
(Bankole, 2013) conducted a survey to investigate the extent and level of internet
access and use among the scientists at Olabisi Onabanjo University, Nigeria, its impact
on academic activities and the constraints faced. The findings of the study have revealed
the need for the university to improve on its internet infrastructures and effective user
education among the scientists for the maximum benefit from utilization of internet.

2.2 Use of internet and e-resources/ e-journals in libraries: Indian context

(Kanungo, 2007)in her research on ‘Use of Internet in the Scholarly communication of
social scientists at IGNOU’ through a close ended structured questionnaire reveals that
91% of the respondents find internet as an important tool of research. The survey also
established that the internet has truly a real communication medium for enhancing the
teaching and research and professional development of social scientists. However, the

29
study also finds that the internet sites are not updated properly, information is repetitive,
contextual and descriptive. But they still prefer the optimum use of internet with
improved speed and uninterrupted connectivity and the e-resources should be available to
them at their residences.
(Singh, 2008) in his study on “User Awareness Towards using Internet in Jiwaji
University, Gwalior: An Analytical Study” found that the faculty, research scholars and
students use internet to keep themselves up to date and also ascertained that all
respondents use internet for email and 55.63% use Google as search engine. In a
structured questionnaire based survey it is found that 64.22 % respondents use the
internet for accessing and collecting research material. 55.04 % of the users preferred
Central Library as the access point to use the internet. About the medium of learning skill
acquired, the responses show that 36.69 % (80 out of 218) did not take any help from
others.
(Devi, T. P. and Singh, 2009)found the useful facts about the “use of Internet by
research scholars and revealed to utilize the resources of internet up to its maximum, it is
necessary to make the Research Scholars well-versed in the surfing and browsing on the
net. All the respondents surveyed indicated that Internet is very useful in meeting some of
their information requirements for the research purpose. All the respondents were found
to have knowledge of Internet. Academic related websites were the most visited website
and it also reveals that the majority of users are satisfied with the availability of
information on the Internet. A search engine is responsible to locate the relevant
information in bushes of information. So, most of the users prefer ‘Google’ search engine
to search information followed by ‘Yahoo’ and ‘Rediff’. A majority of the respondents
faced the difficulty of insufficient time slot devoted to the use of Internet. The study
made an attempt to understand the use of the Internet by Research scholars of Manipur
University and the key observation of the above analysis confirmed that: Internet is not a
substitute for the library; Research Scholars are not fully satisfied with the Internet
facilities provided by Manipur University library; and Research scholars are aware of the
Information Resources available in the Internet for their research work”.
(Kaur & Verma, 2009) undertook a survey the use and impact of electronic
journals in the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India. Questionnaire was given to

30
997 users, of which there were 439 undergraduates, 306, postgraduates, 183 research
scholars and 69 faculty members. Overall, 82.7 per cent users returned their filled in
questionnaires. The data were analyzed by percentage; qualities variables were found by
Chi square-test and contingency coefficient for statistically significant among the users. It
has been found that results were statistically significant at 0.01 per cent level. The study
found that most of the users were aware about these e-resources and services. In this
regard, the response of 84.49 per cent undergraduates, 85.99 per cent postgraduates,
96.24 per cent research scholars, and all the faculty members were positive in this
regards. The Chi-square test for independence is significant at 1 per cent level of
significance. This implies that there is a significant variation among the users as far as the
awareness about library e-resources and services provided to them. It has been found that
maximum number of users used electronic journals occasionally, i.e. 36.76 per cent
followed by 33.22 per cent 2to3 times a week, 16.36 per cent daily and 13.66 per cent
once a week. Also revealed that total of 16.36 per cent use e-journals daily compared to
33.22 per cent two times a week and 13.66 per cent once a week. Thus, maximum
numbers of users use e-journals occasionally as compared to other time. The “results
indicate that 71.39 per cent of users are aware and have knowledge about the INDEST
Consortium and the rest 28.61 per cent had not heard about it. Among the users who were
aware about INDEST Consortium, only 68.76 per cent were using these services while
the remaining 31.24 per cent were not. Thus, there is a need to motivate the users to make
maximum use of such services. The information about their required journals must be
provided”.
(Swain & Panda, 2009) undertook a users survey on “Use of electronic resources
in business school libraries of an Indian state: A study of librarians’ opinion” reveals that
there is a mounting need for the use of electronic resources among the users’ population.
However, the availability of e-resources, especially online databases, is restricted within a
limited few business school libraries of the State that is reasonably less. This signifies
that these institutions are not adequately equipped with electronic resources for providing
up to date electronic information services. The study also highlights issues affecting the
use of e-resources. A few respondents reported that they do not have a defined annual
budget for e-resources and services. Some other respondents reported that their users do

31
not express much interest in reading e-resources. It also suggested a good number of
measures to sort out the issues. Some of them are: Budgeting provision for subscription
of online journals on sharing basis through e-consortiums. Increasing the scope for online
resources with vast infrastructure for the successful implementation of all ICT related
services in the libraries of business schools. Extending hands for more co-operation
among Library and Information Centers of the State for information sharing including
large academic libraries. Formation of appropriate consortiums of business school
libraries in Odisha for subscription of foreign journals exclusively in the field of
management and allied disciplines and for resource sharing.
(Kumar G. T. & Kumar B.T.S, 2010) in the study on ‘Perception and usage of e-
resources and the internet by Indian academics’ resulted that the respondents in this
survey are aware of electronic information sources and also the internet. Most of them
used these sources in support of their academic purpose and they are proficient in using
these sources. Even though a majority of the teaching and student community use
electronic information sources for their academic related work but most of the students
and faculty prefer print sources as well with electronic information sources. This shows
that the long-established resources will continue to be essential components of the
academic community in India. Many of the students and faculty learned about the
electronic information sources and how to use them either by learning themselves or
through the guidance of friends.
(Guruprasad & Nikam, 2010) conducted a case study of full-text e-journal
patterns among the scientists and engineers at the National Aerospace Laboratories
(NAL) for the “period 2005 to 2007. The major findings that the authors highlighted in
this paper were: the mean number (per-month) of full-text downloads for the above three
years was found to be different via a Kruskal-Wallis test of one-way analysis of variance
at the 1 per cent level of significance; and a chi square test was applied to test whether
there is independence between the years and the publishers. The calculated value of Chi-
square test was found to be 510.6, which is highly significant and conclude that for the
full-text downloads data, the years and the publishers are not independent”.
(Madhusudhan, 2010) took a research study on ‘Use of electronic resources by
research scholars of Kurukshetra University’ reveals that “70 per cent of the respondents

32
admit that e-resources can be good substitutes for the conventional resources, if the
access speed is fast, and more computer terminals are installed to provide access to e-
resources. It is evident from the study that the information available in e-resources have
proved to be a great asset to many of the respondents and influenced on their research
efficiency in changing the nature of scholarship and allowing research scholars to find
relevant materials they would not have otherwise found. Like other research survey result
in Kurukshetra University also found that there is a need to organise orientation classes
and training programmes for accessing, searching and downloading of e-resources
effectively at regular intervals and awareness among the research scholars should be
created to use e-resources to obtain current information. . The research scholars’
requirements and opinions should be taken into consideration on priority basis while
subscribing to the e-resources. This study also shows that sufficiency of increased
availability of computer systems and speed of internet may enhance the use of e-
resources more effectively and efficiently. Library authorities should encourage the
research scholars about the glaring impact of e-resources and their importance for the
need of research work”.
(Maharana, Sethi, & Behera, 2010)conducted a survey of P.G Dept. of Business
Administration, Sambalpur University on the use of internet and e-resources and reported
that all users use internet as a source of information. As free Internet access is provided
by the Library and the Department, the students freely use internet on an average 4- 6 hr
in a week. Most of the students are of the view that internet is time saving, less
expensive, more informative, more preferred, highly useful and inevitable for
management education as well as research activities. The study also observed that, more
popularity and extensive usability of library e-resources sought a culmination with high
bandwidth internet connectivity to overcome erratic retrieval problems and for fast access
of resources to achieve wide range of user’s satisfaction with economy of time.
(Nisha & Ali, 2011) reveal the findings that more than 60 % of users in Central
Science Library, Delhi University are using e-journals weekly for the purpose of
research. Printed journals are consulted by the majority of users compared with e-
journals. However, E-journals are mostly used for the purpose of research (56 %).
Keywords are the most popular search method for searching e-journals among research

33
scholars. A reasonable percentage of users (32 %) came to know about e-journals through
search engines. A large number of users (50 %) use popular search engines while
searching information through e-journals, subsequently download from library home
page (35 %).The PDF format is found to be the most preferred online format for reading
articles. More than 70 % of research scholars are aware of the e-journals consortia
available in their library. It also gives the user feedback where users are not satisfied with
the IT infrastructure and poor internet connectivity available at the library and suggest
conducting user training for maximizing the use of e-journals, providing reliable
connectivity, and increasing the number of terminals and timely upgradation of the
system.

2.3 Use of e-journals under UGC-Infonet Digital Library Consortium

(Raza & Upadhyay, 2006) in a survey on ‘Usage of E-journals by researchers in Aligarh
Muslim University: A study’ reveals “that all the researchers are aware of e-journals in
AMU. It also found out that many research scholars are consulting e-journals from their
departmental labs and computer centers, not only for research purposes but also to update
their own knowledge. Most of the researchers use both printed journals and e-journals. A
large number of researchers are storing e-journals articles by downloading onto floppy
discs. But researchers are facing problems because of lack of training and slow
downloading. Most of the researchers are aware of UGC-INFONET consortia provided
by AMU. Most of the researchers are not satisfied with the e-journals available related to
their subject. However, it is a common feeling that e-journals will not replace the
traditional print format but rather complement it as a new medium of communication.”
(Nikam & Pramodini, 2007) on “e-journals and databases use study by the
academic community of University of Mysore indicated that use was marginal and
scientists in the Mysore University campus needed constant guidance and training to
maximise use of the resources”. The study with a sample size of 316, two hundred filled
in questionnaire received with 64% respondents. Out of which 66% were faculty
members and the remaining 34% were research scholars. In response to the extent of
awareness of UGC-Infonet facility, only 4 percent of the respondents were fully aware
and 16.5 % are not aware of the facility. In the context of non-use of e-resources, nearly

34
60 percent of users attributed the reason as lack of training and orientation. The survey
found that only 11 percent of the users opine that they seek help of the library staff
moderately for accessing resources. With regards to the importance of printed journals,
82 percent of the respondents considered very important and none have stated that print
journals are not important.
(Madhusudhan, 2008) conducted a study in Department of library and information
science, Delhi University which reveals that UGC-Infonet e-journals are seen as having a
positive impact and the study has enabled the respondents to express their satisfaction
and their aspirations for improvements. He suggested further research is needed to
investigate how the faculty members actually interact with information, what specific e-
resources they visit more than others what search strategies they use as well as the extent
to which their information needs are satisfied.
(Bhatt & Joshi, 2009) found in their research study on ‘Impact of UGC-Infonet
Digital Library Consortium to Academic Community: A Case Study of The Maharaja
Sayajirao University of Baroda’ usage of Electronic journals is found greater and there is
a drastic rise in the year 2007-08, i.e. 149 researches from the University out of which 83
Ph.D’s are from Science and Technology alone compared to only 77 in the year 2006-07.
This outcome is due to the initiatives taken by the university library by way of organizing
awareness programme, Posters publicity of available e-journals, distribution of circulars
and leaflets in the notice boards at various places, referral service by the library for
potential and active use of e-resources, giving proper hyperlink of e-resources in library
portal and publisher training sessions and seminars.
(Chirra & Madhusudhan, 2009) carried out a survey on the ‘Use of electronic
journals by doctoral research scholars of Goa University, India’ received feedback from
the scholars viz.; the UGC-Infonet Digital Library Consortium, at present, is providing
more than 5,000 e-journals in different disciplines. A majority (95 percent) of the
respondents replied that more journals are needed. For browsing e-journals, there is a
need for good bandwidth and Internet facilities in the university campus. Fifty six percent
of students are not satisfied with the existing bandwidth and suggested that there is a need
to develop, and offer on a regular basis, orientation classes and training programs in
effective access and searching of databases and e-journals, downloading articles, and

35
current awareness uses. Goa University Library needs to secure the management of e-
journal archives and where this cannot be achieved; the physical archive needs to be
retained. The library should have a dedicated digital library access centre for research
scholars and should conduct user studies on regular basis to know the status of the usage
and problems faced by the research scholars.
(Khan & Ahmad, 2009) in their survey to examine the comparative use of e-
journals by research scholars of Aligarh Muslim University and Banaras Hindu
University reveals that most of the research scholars are aware of e-journals and good
number of research scholars are consulting not only for research purpose but also for
study, writing manuscripts and papers, career development to update their knowledge.
They fully agree that with the usage of e-journal, the quality of research work improves.
However, they found that lack of training is the obstacle in proper and full utilization of
e-journals.
(Singh, Devi, & Raychaudhury, 2009) made a survey in Manipur Library to find
out the use of internet based e-resources through a structured questionnaire distributed
among 800 users and the responses is 68.5%. The objectives of the study were to know
the purpose of use, difficulties in accessing information, satisfaction level etc. The study
used the statistical tool of mean deviations and standard deviations to ascertain the
variations amongst the variables. In regard to the use of internet, it is found that 30.7% of
respondents use internet to little extent, 28.8% to some extent and 13.1% use to full
extent, where as 27.4% are non-users of internet. On the question of purpose of internet
use, similarities have been observed between both the genders with the aspects like e-
mail, downloading information, updating through web. On the other hand, use of UGC-
Infonet is relatively higher amongst the male respondents. Some of the major difficulties
in accessing the internet sources are “Lack of power supply”, “Limitation of Internet
access speed” and “Limitation of online full-text Journal articles”.
(Sharma, 2009) shows the use of e-resources is very common among the teachers and
research scholars of GGS Indraprastha University and majority are dependent on e-
resources to get the desired information. But practical use of e-resources is not up to the
worth comparison to investments. Some of the major objectives of the study were to
study the different types of electronic resources used by the teachers and research

36
scholars and to study the purpose and frequency of using the electronic resources. The
questionnaire based survey responded by 82 out of 100. Some findings includes majority
of the teachers use the database Science Direct, Springer Link, whereas the scholars use
the Science Direct very often. The responses to a question, whether the print resources
will diminish its found that 32 % teachers, and 22 % research scholars replied ‘No’.
(Bhatt, 2010) conducted a study through questionnaire method in History and
Political Science departments of University of Delhi clearly reflect the current scenario of
e-resources awareness and usage pattern of faculty members and research scholars. The
study explains the genesis, e-resources facilities and usage of e-resources available
through UGC-Infonet Digital Library Consortium. It also reveals that UGC-Infonet
Digital Library Consortium is the prime source of providing a large chunk of e-resources
to the Indian academic universities. Study pointed out that e-journals and online e-
resources are the most preferred source of access compare to the CDROM database. Also
the frequency of usage of Digital Library Consortium is increasing day by day. The
survey also suggested subscribing more e-resources as demanded by the faculty and
research scholars. However, the strong suggestions from the users are a need and
necessity to have more computer system and speed connectivity, organizing more
workshops and orientation programme and timely notification of new e-resources.
(Mukherjee & Kumar, 2010) in their study on Use of UGC-Infonet e-journals by
research scholars of the Banaras Hindu University reveals that there is a demand for more
e-journals title although a substantial number of users (61.90) percent are satisfied with
the existing model of UGC-Infonet Consortium. The survey was conducted amongst 100
research scholars of various departments of Faulty of Arts. Out of that 87 filled in
questionnaires were found useful. The study shows that University Central Library is the
most preferred place with 41.87 percent, the preferred form to acquire online contents as
opined by the respondent is 55.14 followed by 30.76 percent who save the softcopy of the
article. Similarly, it also summarises that 38.46 percent of respondents preferred to read
or save the downloaded information in PDF followed by 32.05 percent in HTML format.
In terms of the satisfaction with available online contents in UGC-Infonet Digital Library
Consortia, 67.67 percent were satisfied with the existing model. However, 32.18 percent
research scholars raise their concern for unavailability of important journals of their

37
choice. Also they suggested that comprehensive training on availability and usability
would be of great help to the users.
(Walmiki, Ramakrishnegowda, & Prithviraj, 2010) conducted a survey on
“Awareness and use of UGC-Infonet digital library consortium by the faculty members of
Karnataka state universities” found that 39.79 % of the faculty members are aware of and
use the UGC-Infonet Consortium resources whereas 35.99 percent are aware but do not
use and 24.22% are not at all aware of the availability of the resources. Majority of the
faculty belongs to social science and humanities and those who have not gone formal
training. Comparatively the science faculty uses the consortium resources more
frequently compared to the humanities and social sciences.
(Kumar B.T.S and Kumar G.T, 2013) studied the use of search engines and their
strategies in Indian academic institutions, recommends that there is a need to conduct
intensive training for students and faculty members in order to acquire the essential
search strategies for effective information retrieval.

2.4 Summary
It is not yet clear whether the faculty members and research scholars of Odisha
universities use the internet and e-journals under UGC-Infonet to the extent upto their
satisfaction. This study will also give a brief overview whether internet and e-journals
usage patterns and/or researcher beliefs about use relate to academic and research study.
The first part of this review gave an indication of how the various generations of teachers,
research scholars and students today are searching for information in a growing online
environment. The examined research also showed how the research scholars and faculty
perceive their information gathering skills on internet and using e-resources in today’s
information rich educational setting. There is a definite disconnect according to the
literature in this part of Indian state.
The attitudes about and usage of online tools like emails, e-journals, e-database,
e-books, e-chats, webopac etc. by the teachers and scholars was also inspected through
the literature. The importance of recognizing the potential of these tools by academic
librarians to engage students was also ingrained throughout the literature. The growing
literature in the area of assessment and accountability in this area was also looked at.
Insight was gained by this literature review into the learning styles of multigenerational

38
learners, the overarching concepts of a web environment increasingly geared towards
internet based services and how academic libraries are dealing with this expanding
learning environment. The findings may be used to inform relevant academic advising
procedures and develop new advising practices (e.g., user-education/guidelines for the
faculty members and scholars). The current study will also help other Internet and e-
journals/ e-resources researchers by contributing to the limited academic literature in this
area. This literature review provided a robust back drop and created a framework of
concepts for the development of the following study.

2.5 References

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Malaysian academic libraries. Online Information Review, 24(5), 381–389.
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diverse public universities in Bangladesh. The Electronic Library, 31(3), 290–
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3. Ani, O. E. (2010). Internet access and use: A study of undergraduate students in
three Nigerian universities. The Electronic Library, 28(4), 555–567.
doi:10.1108/02640471011065373
4. Badu, E. E. (2005). Internet awareness and use in the University of Ghana.
Information Development, 21(4), 260–268. doi:10.1177/0266666905060069
5. Bankole, O. M. (2013). The use of internet services and resources by scientists at
Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago Iwoye, Nigeria. Program-Electronic Library
and Information Systems, 47(1), 15–33. doi:10.1108/00330331211296295
6. Barnard, J. P. (2000). A study of Internet and library use in an academic setting.
Arizona State University. Retrieved 3 January, 2014 from
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7. Bar-Ilan, J., Peritz, B. C., & Wolman, Y. (2003). A survey on the use of electronic
databases and electronic journals accessed through the web by the academic staff
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8. Bhatt, J. & Joshi, N. (2009). Impact of UGC Infonet Digital Library Consortium
to academic community : A case study of the Maharaja Sayajirao University of
Baroda, 7th International CALIBER, 565–571.
9. Bhatt, R. K. (2010). Use of UGC-Infonet Digital Library Consortium resources by
research scholars and faculty members of the University of Delhi in History and
Political Science: A study. Library Management, 31(4/5), 319–343.
doi:10.1108/01435121011046371
10. Boukacem-Zeghmouri, C. & Schöpfel, J. (2008). On the usage of e-journals in
French the Universities. Serials, 21(2).121-126.
11. Chirra, R., & Madhusudhan, M. (2009). Use of electronic journals by doctoral
research scholars of Goa University, India. Library Hi Tech News, 26(10), 12–15.
doi:10.1108/07419050911022289
12. Crawford, J. (2006). The use of electronic information services and information
literacy: A Glasgow Caledonian University study. Journal of Librarianship and
Information Science, 38(1), 33–44. doi:10.1177/0961000606060958
13. Devi, T. P. & Singh, Y. H. (2009). Internet users : A study of Manipur University
library. ICAL 2009-Library Services, 561-569.
14. Dilek-Kayaoglu, H. (2008). Use of Electronic Journals by Faculty at Istanbul
University, Turkey: The results of a survey. The Journal of Academic
Librarianship, 34(3), 239–247. doi:10.1016/j.acalib.2008.03.007
15. Guruprasad, R., & Nikam, K. (2010). Effect of reading e-journals on the research
of aerospace scientists and engineers, Annals of Library and Information Studies,
57(4), 373–379.
16. Huzaimah, a. R., Zainab, a. N., & Ang, T. F. (2007). Using journal use study
feedback to improve accessibility. The Electronic Library, 25(5), 558–574.
doi:10.1108/02640470710829541
17. Jay, M., & Webber, S. (2005). Impact of the internet on delivery of reference
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18. Kanungo, N.T., (2007). Use of Internet in the scholarly communication social
scientists : a case study of IGNOU, Annals of Library and Information Studies,
54(1), 7–18.
19. Kaur, B., & Verma, R. (2009). Use and impact of electronic journals in the Indian
Institute of Technology, Delhi, India. The Electronic Library, 27(4), 611–622.
20. Khan, A. M., & Ahmad, N. (2009). Use of e-journals by research scholars at
Aligarh Muslim University and Banaras Hindu University. The Electronic
Library, 27(4), 708–717. doi:10.1108/02640470910979642
21. Kinney, B. (2010). The Internet, public libraries, and the digital divide. Public
Library Quarterly, (29), 104–161. Doi:10.1080/01616841003779718
22. Kumar, B. T. S, & Kumar,G.T. (2013). Search engines and their strategies: the
effective use by Indian academics . Program Electronic Library and Information
Systems, 47(4), 437–449. doi10.1108/PROG-03-2012-0009
23. Kumar, G. T., & Kumar, B. T. S. (2010). Perception and usage of e-resources and
the internet by Indian academics. The Electronic Library, 28(1), 137–156.
doi:10.1108/02640471011023432
24. Lera-López, F., Billon, M., & Gil, M. (2011). Determinants of Internet use in
Spain. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 20(2), 127–152.
doi:10.1080/10438590903378017
25. Madhusudhan, M. (2008). Use of UGC-Infonet e-journals by research scholars
and students of the University of Delhi, Delhi: A study. Library Hi Tech, 26(3),
369–386. doi:10.1108/07378830810903300
26. Madhusudhan, M. (2010). Use of electronic resources by research scholars of
Kurukshetra University. The Electronic Library, 28(4), 492–506.
doi:10.1108/02640471011033684
27. Maharana, B., Sethi, B. B., & Behera, S. (2010). Use of internet and e-resources
by the students of business management : A survey of P. G. students of business
administration, Sambalpur University, India, International Journal of Library and
Information Science, 2(3), 45–53.
28. Mahe, A., Andrys, C., & Chartron, G. (2000). How French research scientists
are making use of electronic journals: A case study conducted at Pierre et Marie

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 Curie University and Denis Diderot University. Journal of Information Science,
26(5), 291–302. doi:10.1177/016555150002600502
29. Mostofa, S. M. (2011). Internet access and use among business students of a
private University of Bangladesh : a survey, 58(March), 79–86.
30. Mukherjee, B., & Kumar, P. (2010). Use of UGC-Infonet e-journals by research
scholars of the Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi : A case study, Annals of
Library and Information Studies, 57(December), 339–347.
31. Nicholas, D, Williams, P., Rowlands, I., & Jamali, H. (2010). Researchers’ e-
journal use and information seeking behavior. Journal of Information Science,
36(4), 494–516. doi:10.1177/0165551510371883
32. Nikam, K., & Promodini, B., (2007). Use of e-journals and databases by the
academic community of University of Mysore : A survey. Annals of Library and
Information Studies, 54(10), 19-23.
33. Nisha, F., & Ali, P. M. N. (2011). Use of e-journals among research scholars at
central science library, University of Delhi. Collection Building, 30(1), 53–60.
doi:10.1108/01604951111105023
34. Olatokun, W., & Moremedi, B. (2011). Internet access, use and monitoring
policies in Botswana organizations. Annals of Library and Information Studies,
58(September), 282–294.
35. Raza, M. M., & Upadhyay, A. K. (2006). Usage of E-journals by researchers in
Aligarh Muslim University: A study. International Information & Library
Review, 38(3), 170–179. doi:10.1016/j.iilr.2006.06.009
36. Saeed, H., Asghar, M., Anwar, M., & Ramzan, M. (2000). Internet use in
University libraries of Pakistan. Online Information Review, 24(2), 154–160.
doi:10.1108/14684520010330364
37. Sharma, C. (2009). Use and Impact of E-Resources at Guru Gobind Singh
Indraprastha University (India): A case study. Electronic Journal of Academic
and Special Librarianship, 10(1). Retrieved from
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38. Singh, N. (2008). User awarness towards using internet in Jiwaji University,
Gwalior: An analyticla study. ILA Bulletin, 44(3-4), 43–48.

42
39. Singh, R.K. J., Devi, T. M. & Raychaudhury, A., (2009). Use of internet based e-
resources at Manipur University: A survey. Annals of Library and Information
Studies, 56(March), 52–57.
40. Swain, D. K., & Panda, K. C. (2009). Use of electronic resources in business
school libraries of an Indian state: A study of librarians’ opinion. The Electronic
Library, 27(1), 74–85. doi:10.1108/02640470910934605
41. Tenopir, Carol, King, D. W., Edwards, S., & Wu, L. (2009). Electronic journals
and changes in scholarly article seeking and reading patterns. ASLIB Proceedings,
61(1), 5–32. doi:10.1108/00012530910932267
42. Tomney, H., & Burton, P. F. (1998). Electronic journals: Astudy of usage and
attitudes among academics. Journal of Information Science, 24(6), 419–429.
doi:10.1177/016555159802400605
43. Walmiki, R. H. 1., Ramakrishnegowda, K. C., & Prithviraj, K. R.. (2010).
Awareness and use of UGC-Infonet Digital Library Consortium by the faculty
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Studies, 57(1), 33–43.

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 Sambalpur University Main Gate

Samabalpur University Central Library

E-journal Access Centre, Central Library, Sambalpur University

 Chapter-III
INTERNET AND E-JOURNALS
Chapter-III INTERNET AND E-JOURNALS
3.1 Background
3.2 Internet
3.2.1 History and Genesis
3.2.2 Internet based services
3.2.3 The Internet’s impact on India
3.3 E-Journals
3.3.1 Definition
3.3.2 Historical Development of E-Journals
3.3.3 Growth of E-journals
3.3.4 Types of E-journals
3.3.5 Advantages of E-Journals
3.3.6 Disadvantages of E-Journals
3.4 Major Issues of E-journals
3.4.1 Copyright, Intellectual property rights and Licensing
3.4.2 Content
3.4.3 Access
3.4.4 Stability
3.4.5 Archiving & Preserving
3.4.6 Selection and acquisition
3.4.7 Training and support for staff and patrons
3.5 Trends
3.6 E-Journals Consortium
3.6.1 Types of consortia
3.6.2 UGC-Infonet E-journals Consortium
3.6.3 Significant Features of UGC-Infonet
3.6.4 UGC-Infonet in the University Libraries of Odisha
3.6.5 UGC-Infonet E-Resources and Universities in Odisha
3.7 Summary
3.8 References
Chapter III

INTERNET AND E-JOURNALS

3.1 Background
This chapter intends to present information about internet and electronic journals with
respect to the issues, trends and growth, advantages and disadvantages and implications
for libraries in academic institutions. While technology progresses rapidly in Indian
Academic Libraries, this chapter assembles a picture of the various views on the key
developments and explains the users regarding the complexity of internet and electronic
journals. The chapter also gives necessity of building electronics journals consortium and
its functioning in global perspective as well as in India with special reference to UGC-
INFONET e-journals consortium. It also describes the advantages and disadvantages,
licensing issues and other necessary guidelines for the academic communities.
3.2 Internet
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the
standard Transmission Control Protocol /Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite to serve several
billion users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private,
public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global scope, that are
linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies. The
Internet carries an extensive range of information resources and services, such as the
inter-linked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web (WWW), the infrastructure to
support email, and peer-to-peer networks.
3.2.1 History and Genesis
• 1950s: Internet began with the advancement of electronic computers. The first
message was sent from computer science Professor Leonard Kleinrock's
laboratory at University of California after the installation of network equipment
at Stanford Research Institute.
• 1960s- 1970s: Packet switched networks such as ARPANET, Mark I at NPL in
the UK, CYCLADES, Merit Network, Tymnet, and Telenet were developed. The

44
 ARPANET led to the expansion of various protocols for internetworking wherein
several separate networks joined together into a network of networks.
• 1965: Two computers at MIT Lincoln Lab started communicating with each other
using packet-switching technology.
• 1969: The U.S. Defense Department's Advanced Research Projects Agency
Network (ARPANET) was created.
• 1973: The University College of London, England and Royal Radar
Establishment, Norway connected to ARPANET. Global networking became a
reality and the term Internet was born.
• 1974: Telnet was introduced. The first Internet Service Provider (ISP) is born.
• 1979: USENET forms to host news and discussion groups.
• 1981: National Science Foundation (NSF) USA developed the Computer Science
Network (CSNET) to provide networking services to university computer
scientists. Access to the ARPANET was expanded.
• 1982: The Transmission & Communication Protocol / Internet protocol (TCP/IP)
suite was standardized and as a result the concept of world-wide network of
interconnected TCP/IP networks, called the Internet, was introduced.
• 1983: The Domain Name System (DNS) establishes the familiar .edu, .gov, .com,
.mil, .org, .net, and .int system for naming websites.
• 1986: The National Science Foundation’s NSFNET provided access to
supercomputer sites in the United States from research and education
organizations. The NSFNET was essentially a network of networks that
connected academic users along with the ARPANET.
• 1990: Commercial Internet Service Providers (ISPs) began to emerge. The
ARPANET was decommissioned. Tim Berners-Lee, a scientist at CERN, the
European Organization for Nuclear Research, develops Hypertext Markup
Language (HTML).
• 1991: CERN introduces the World Wide Web to the public.
• 1994: Netscape Communications is born. Microsoft creates a web browser for
Windows 95.

45
 • 1995: NSFNET was decommissioned removing the last restrictions on the use of
the Internet to carry commercial traffic. The Internet was commercialized.
• 1998: The Google search engine is born, changing the way users engage with the
Internet.
• 2004: Facebook goes online and the era of social networking begins. Mozilla
unveils the Mozilla Firefox browser.
3.2.2 Internet based services
Electronic journals, also known as e-journals that can be accessed via electronic
transmission which are usually published on the web / online. “They are a specialized
form of electronic document and they have the purpose of providing material for
academic research and study. They are formatted approximately like journal articles
in traditional printed journals. Many electronic journals are listed in directories such
as the Directory of Open Access Journals, and the articles indexed in bibliographic
databases and search engines for the academic discipline concerned” (Wikipedia, n.
d.).
A bibliographic database is a ‘database of bibliographic records, an organized
digital collection of references to the published literature, including journal and
newspaper articles, conference proceedings, reports, government and legal
publications, patents, books, etc. In contrast to library catalogue entries, a large
proportion of the bibliographic records in bibliographic databases describe articles,
conference papers, etc., rather than complete monographs, and they generally contain
very rich subject descriptions in the form of keywords, subject classification terms or
abstracts” (Wikipedia, n. d.).
E-learning (or e-Learning) is the use of electronic media and Information and
Communication Technologies (ICT) in education. E-learning is broadly inclusive of
all forms of educational technology in learning and teaching. E-learning is inclusive
of, and is broadly synonymous with multimedia learning, technology-enhanced
learning (TEL), computer-based instruction (CBI), computer-based training (CBT),
computer-assisted instruction or computer-aided instruction (CAI), internet-based
training (IBT), web-based training (WBT), online education, virtual education, virtual
learning environments (VLE) (which are also called learning platforms), m-learning,

46
and digital educational collaboration. These alternative names emphasize a particular
aspect, component or delivery method. E-learning includes numerous types of media
that deliver text, audio, images, animation, and streaming video, and includes
technology applications and processes such as audio or video tape, satellite TV, CD-
ROM, and computer-based learning, as well as local intranet/extranet and web-based
learning (Wikipedia, n. d.).
Online Public Access Catalog (OPAC) is an online database of materials held by a
library or group of libraries. Users search a library catalog principally to locate books
and other materials available in the library.
Electronic book (e-book) is a book-length publication in digital form, consisting of
text, images, or both, readable on computers or other electronic devices. Although
sometimes defined as an electronic version of a printed book, many e-books exist
without any printed equivalent. Commercially produced and sold e-books are usually
intended to be read on dedicated e-book readers, however, almost any sophisticated
electronic device that features a controllable viewing screen, including computers,
many mobile phones, and all smart phones can also be used to read e-books
(Wikipedia, n. d.).

The Bibliographic Services Division is responsible for the creation and maintenance
of catalogue and other metadata records of the Library's information resources in all
formats including print, audio visual and electronic.
• It ensures materials acquired by the library are accurately and consistently
described and classified, for effective and efficient retrieval and utilization;
• Manage authority control for use in bibliographic records;
• Develop and maintain policies and guidelines for all bibliographic, cataloguing,
indexing and classification work;
• Manage membership, subscription and keep up to date with bibliographic
utilities for purpose of acquisition and creation of bibliographic records;
• Manage physical processing & binding of all library materials;
• Provide metadata consulting, development and production services across
various subject fields and platforms.

47
 Electronic mail, most commonly referred to as e-mail since 1993, is a method of
exchanging digital messages from an author to one or more recipients. Modern e-mail
operates across the Internet or other computer networks. Some early e-mail systems
required that the author and the recipient both should be online at the same time, in
common with instant messaging. Today's e-mail systems are based on a store-and-
forward model. E-mail servers accept, forward, deliver, and store messages. Neither
the users nor their computers are required to be online simultaneously but they need
to connect only briefly, typically to a mail server, for as long as it takes to send or
receive messages (Wikipedia, n. d.).
3.2.3 The Internet’s impact on India
“India is on the verge of an Internet boom with a projected user base of 330 million to
370 million by 2015, which will be the second largest in the world and the largest in
terms of incremental growth”.
The Internet today connects more than two billion people worldwide. The Internet
already has immense impact on the global economy, contributing an estimated $1.7
trillion, or just fewer than 3% of global GDP in 2010. Report says “seven key
findings concerning the impact of and outlook for the Internet in India: India’s base
of about 120 million Internet users is currently the third-largest in the world. Though
India’s users spend less time online per capita than users in developed countries, their
pattern of online behavior is rapidly converging. The Internet’s role in
communication, social networking, informing and influencing India’s consumers in
categories such as apparel, books, financial services, and travel is already comparable
with that of developed countries.
In an evolution pattern unique to India, users who access the Internet only through a
mobile or tablet device will constitute around 75% of new users and 55 % of the
aggregate user base in 2015, leading to increasing demand for content that is
optimized for a small screen” (McKinsey & Company, 2012).
The impact of the Internet in India is constrained by current gaps and obstacles in the
Internet ecosystem. India lacks a good Internet infrastructure, the e-commerce
platform, internet entrepreneurship, and e-governance though it is well on the
availability of human and financial capital. India ranks in the bottom as compared to

48
 other countries on the most indicators of the potency of the Internet systems.
Concerted actions by policy makers and businesses in five areas can help India
achieve an inclusive Internet transformation and reduce the cost of Internet access
across devices, content and applications; increase access to low-cost, high-speed
connectivity in rural and semi-urban India beyond the top cities; promote widespread
digital literacy through the introduction of devices and content tailored to the local
context; devise Internet applications in new areas such as agriculture, health care,
education, energy, utilities, and public information; and create a more favorable
business environment for Internet entrepreneurs to support rapid innovation.
3.3 E-Journals
3.3.1 Definition
The University of Glasgow defines the term Electronic Journal as “any journal that is
available over the Internet”.
Butler (1995) categorized electronic journal in three essential characteristics:
1. It “must publish original, scholarly research-based writings: the journal may
publish other items, such as reviews, opinions and general information, but it is
the original research component that sets it apart from other publications;
2. ‘Submissions to the electronic journal must be reviewed . . .’: the issue of peer
review is central to the acceptance of electronic journals by the academic
community;
3. It ‘must utilize electronic networks as the primary distribution channel’: at
present, many electronic journals are either electronic versions of current print
journals or offer a print version of their electronic publication. In the long run,
however, it is possible to envisage that many journals will be available only in an
electronic form.
The e-journals can be described as the concept of storing articles on, and enabling user
access over, a computer network, or of distribution of articles over a network to
subscribers” (Tomney & Burton, 1998.).

49
3.3.2 Historical Development of E-Journals
In the beginning of the scholarly journal publication, it is reported that, the vision of the
electronic publishing was “distribution of computer-readable archival files of journals to
libraries and distribution of computer-output microfiche to individual subscribers”
(Lancaster, 1995). Some other reports express that “the emergence of various
distribution systems of electronic journals, from CD-ROM as the first step in the late
1980s, to local data loading, where publishers provided image and text data directly to
libraries. This involved collaborative projects of publishers and libraries. Also describes
the old online or pre-web situation where the distribution relies on proprietary networks
or dial-up services” (Barnes, 1997).
At present the World Wide Web (WWW) and the Internet drives the actions of
electronic journals at a much increase speed. Three types of electronic journals identified
i.e. online, CD-ROM and networked journals. Online journals are available through
online internet. The costs of such journals are very high and library has to be very
selective to subscribe these because of the high price. CD-ROM journals are normally
full text of individual or collected journals in various subject areas. These are “mostly
electronic versions of existing printed journals. Networked electronic journals are based
on mailing list software or client/server computing applications, including Gopher and
WWW” (Chan, 1999).

3.3.3 Growth of E-journals

There was an unprecedented growth in the number of electronic journals in the current
preceding years. The 7th edition ARL (Association of Research Libraries)’ Directory of
Electronic Journals, Newsletters and Academic Discussion Lists shows that in 1991 the
total number of electronic journals were 110+, in 1995 it goes upto 675+ and it further
increased to 3414+ by the year 1997. Upto the year 2008, there were 250,000+ electronic
journals available globally in the field of science, technology and medicines. It also
includes the humanities, social sciences and management. According to Wikipedia today
the estimated scholarly e-journals available for usage is around 3,36,000+ or more
number of volumes (Mogge, 1999).

50
The growth of e-journals is shown in the table:
Year No of Electronic-Journals

1991 110+

1995 675+

1997 3414+
2008 250000+

2013 336000+

Table 3.1 Growth of e-journals

3.3.4 Types of E-journals

There are various types of journals, available electronically. Electronic
journals are primarily divided under two broad groups: Full-text and non full-
text. The full-text may be either e-version of print journal or e-only journal.
Non full-text journals may be of three types such as partial text, index or table
of content. So the e-journals are primarily of two types, first one is journal
which is also available in print and the other one is the journal available only
electronically in digital form. These electronic only journals are solely
available via the Internet Online as well as through CD-ROM.
a. Online journals: These journals are available pay per access and through
subscription (i.e. yearly or long term subscription).
b. Some journals or e-databases published and distributed through CD-ROM/
DVD-ROM/ Dongle etc. via internet with regular updates from time to time
which have some inbuilt search retrieval mechanism.

3.3.5 Advantages of E-Journals

i. Speed: E-journals allow more speed in the scientific communication process.
Electronic of current journals are published early on the internet than their
printed counterparts many times as much as weeks ahead.
ii. Size: Electronic articles are not limited in size.

51
 iii. Multiple Accesses: It is possible to add experimental data, software and even
multimedia extension link simulation.
iv. Shelving space: E-journals do not need any physical space and shelving or it
cannot be stolen from the library.
v. Availability: E-journals are available 24X7 hours.
vi. Merging: E-journals can be easily merged with alerting services.
vii. Maintenance: Economy in maintenance.
viii. Delivery: E- Journal can be delivered directly from publisher to the users
desktop.
ix. Distribution: The major benefit of e-journals is their global distribution, their
hypertext links and ability to search.
x. Retrieval: Most of the publishers of e-journals are providing key words,
author search, thus reducing the role of additional indexing and abstracting.
xi. Downloading: E-journal provides the facilities of downloading the
appropriate articles at the end users workstations.
xii. Printing: Articles can be printed directly from systems as it is very simpler,
cheaper and gives better results.
xiii. Publishing Costs: Cost of print journals involved in publishing and
distribution is more that of e journals.
xiv. Direct Access: The user need not go to the library and make copies from
printed journals. They can get the access of the full text article from their
desktop from anywhere.
xv. No physical boundary: Access to full text articles can be made at any time
and any place. In case of print journals, some time user may not get the access
because of the reason that the journal is on loan or it is in the bindery.
xvi. Quick retrieval: Searching and retrieval of e-journals are faster as compared
to printed one. User can select the relevant full text articles quickly.

52
3.3.6 Disadvantages of E-Journals

(i) The main disadvantage of e-journal is that, it needs a special device to read
i.e. a Computer monitor.
(ii) In case of printed journals, printing text remains unchanged, thus finding them
again is easy. However, in case of e-journal, websites or URLs are kept on
changing frequently.
(iii) With regards to printed journals, the subscriber pays for a copy of an issue,
receives it, can store it or lend it when required, while in case of e-journal,
subscribers pay for access, as soon as the subscription expires, accessing it on-
line is not possible. However, if permissible, one can print copies of articles or
down load them for archiving.
(iv) E-journals are searched for a specific requirement and therefore tend to be
more targeted.
(v) Use of e-journals can lead to less frequent visits to the library. Thus users do
not read more general literature. When readers visit the library, they browse
the print journals and find other interesting articles and information in
addition to their pin pointed requirement.
(vi) It is found that in some cases electronic resources assault the computer
technology at many levels in the activity of the users. Working on screen
prevents interaction with colleagues. There are also problems with the
viewing quality and readability on screen.
(vii) Scientists feel that the Internet has severe restrictions, since information may
not be consistent, supply is irregular, and electronic resources are more
constrained compared to print.
(viii) There is a lack of sufficient training, learning and safeguarding; slow network
speed; incompatibility between formats, lack of infrastructure; poor facilities
for viewing or printing good quality articles.
(ix) For accessing e-journal internet service is highly essential.

53
3.4 Major Issues of E-journals
The pertinent issues involved are discussed as under:
3.4.1 Copyright, Intellectual property rights and Licensing
The copyright law and intellectual property rights may be summarized as below:
• So as to preserve the originality and integrity of the work, the protection of the
intellectual property of the author is necessary.
• Give due recognition to the work of author in public.
• Protection of the author’s normal benefits and economic interest which includes
the publication and reproduction of his/her work. This is generally done through
the publishers. The publishers disseminate the work of the author in a suitable,
protected, secured and retraceable way (Götze, 1995)
The lack of good legislation and ease of duplication, adaptation and communication has
lead to severe copyright problems. Electronic journals presently stress access to
information rather than ownership to information. The publishers are emphasizing their
right to intellectual property rights and copyright through license agreements. Many
publishers are offering flat fee subscription model to institutions. But, the scholarly
society promotes to share the information and the academic model of e-journal
publication and distribution. E- Journal provides the right to authors to permit free use of
their publications. On the other hand, commercial publishers prevent the access of their
contents without making the payment.
3.4.2 Content
The content of electronic resources must have a precise comprehensive articles or
chapters or sections accompanied with graphics, images, charts, tables, cited text,
references etc. Also the print and electronic versions should have equivalent content of
the journal’s should be accessible no later than the printed version. For the electronic
version of access, usage and characteristics of print titles may be taken into consideration.
3.4.3 Access
Currently the e-journals are mostly accessible online through authenticated IP based
model. Also available are the user ID and Password based but it should be the second
choice only. There are various other technology available such as the remote access
where the subscribed resources can be accessed remotely anywhere in the world through

54
IP based or by user login ID and password. Also the Offline databases in CD-
ROM/DVD-ROM (one time installation required) or using Dongle authentication for
accessing in dedicated systems. As regards to the access of online journals, various
subscription models available such as current only subscription, where only the current
year subscribed resources are accessible. Perpetual access which facilitates current as
well as past 5 to 10 yrs of resources (varies with the publishers) as per the license
agreements. Archival access is available for back issues with different bundles of 10ys,
20yrs, 30yrs….. and complete package etc.. Archival databases are paid onetime payment
only. However, the archival access does not cover the current subscription upto the
perpetual access period.

3.4.4 Stability
“There must be a reasonable guarantee of the stability and reliability of our access to the
electronic journal. Frequency of technical problems and the provider response for
technical assistance should be considered. Users should be notified of anticipated server
maintenance and downtime. Each journal should have a unique, durable URL providing
access to the publication. Customer and technical support should be timely, accurate and
professional. Licensing Electronic journals are typically licensed rather than purchased
outright. It is important for selectors to review licensing terms, particularly those defining
content and access to the e-journal. Licensing terms typically vary, and range from Basic
(Standard) to Premium (Enhanced). Basic subscriptions provide minimal access to e-
journals, usually one-year’s worth of journals, with limited viewing, downloading or
printing capabilities. Premium subscription ensures access to the entire available e-
access. Some publishers offer a rolling wall of access, thus providing access to the most
recent years. If this is the case, the Library will find out if the publisher plans to make
back files available for purchase and at what cost. The license should permit use of all
information for educational purposes by the library and authorized users (i.e. faculty,
research scholars, students and staff)” (Kwantlen Polytechnic University [KPU], n.d.).

55
3.4.5 Archiving & Preserving
“Ensuring provision for continuing access to licensed publications is one of the major
concerns when deciding on e-journal subscriptions. One criterion in determining the
adequacy of an electronic version of a journal is the need to maintain archival access. If it
is worth noting, that archival systems typically focus on preservation of content, but vary
widely in the commitment to long term access. A handful of systems ensure ongoing
archival access after subscription has ceased. More commonly, archive access persists
only as long as payment is maintained. In planning for future access to electronic journals
it is wisest to anticipate that access will continue only as long as the subscription is
maintained. E-journal licenses should provide for permanent access to the content
purchased under the subscription. Purchase or leasing of digital information should
include provisions for perpetual access to that information e.g. the Library should
continue to have access to the data if the subscription is cancelled, publication ceases,
content is sold to a different publisher, or the technological platform changes. Preferable
form for e-journal archiving is online, and not CD-ROM format” (KPU, n.d.).
3.4.6 Selection and acquisition
The responsibility of the selection of electronic journals rests upon the librarian and
faculty members with the guidance of the library advisory committee and the Director.
The recommendations of subject experts in appropriate disciplines are considered
according to established selection procedures. The process of selection of e-journals
resembles that of other periodicals. Some special considerations unique to electronic
journals those should be concentrated on by the libraries are: subscription method,
ordering practice, standards, and usefulness of search engines, access authentication, and
the software & hardware compatibility. The selection policy should include: technical
feasibility like access (remote or within campus), authentication (IP based or user ID &
password based), hardware and software compatibility & availability; functionality and
reliability such as, retrieval, downloading, exporting, and printing; vendor support such
as training, tutorials, customization; supply and delivery such as purchase models, access
options, archiving etc.

56
3.4.7 Training and support for staff and patrons
Observe that “researchers can potentially access information resources from all over the
world without even entering the library and this could be devastating for the library in its
role as information provider.” Due to the large number of electronic publications and the
variety of different interfaces the users need more sophisticated searching and retrieving
skills to access the electronic journals. The library staff should be given good training and
support and they should be made aware to the new development of information and
communication technology. This will result in more flexible and suitable services that
can be offered to the user’s community. The libraries have to play the role of information
provider. The changing technology and users’ needs are very much to be considered
during the delivery of the services (Ungand-Lindquist & Lindquist, 1995).
3.5 Trends
At the time of rapid technological proliferations in the information and communication
hardware such as the Internet and the software for accessing and viewing materials,
electronic publications have continued to attract more and more scholars to participate in
this. There has been a steady increase in the publication of electronic journals as
compared to the print journals.
Earlier the electronic journal was generally offered along with the print version
either freely or sometimes at an extra cost. In the present era, there are a variant of
electronic journals such as online only, print plus online. The online version may contain
the full text of journal or only the table of content, or selected articles from print journals.
These electronic journals are either distributed by the publishers or by an aggregator.
There are various access options also for the delivery of the electronic journals such as
free access which means that access to the electronic version of a journal is free with the
subscription to the print journal; selective access to chosen titles from publishers; whole
journal package based on license agreement; access through library consortia; remote
access through user ID and password or IP authentication or through a proxy server.
With the explosion of information technology and the increasing numbers of electronic
journals, the roles of authors, publishers, researchers, users and the libraries will be
increasingly intermingled. The current electronic journals are wholly surrounded by the
internet and networked environment.

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3.6 E-Journals Consortium
Consortium is a new form of library collaboration, inviting similar kind of libraries to
participate for the purpose of sharing information resources. Information explosion,
information needs, budgetary constraints made consortia born-popular. The primary aim
for establishing consortium is not only to access and share resources and expertise in
cost-effective way but also to ensure the maximization of the resources utilization and
value-added services. Member libraries and their users are able to extract maximum
services through consortium. Initially, library consortia began at various levels (local,
regional, national and international) in order to access and share union catalogue,
collections and inter-library loan facilities. Today, the consortia are more powerful as
well as user-friendly to member libraries and their users in promoting, maintaining and
sharing resources. These consortium-based services are providing immediate access to
electronic resources through network environment. Consortium is a collaborative
commitment model for the benefit of common cause.
It is revealed from the reports that “library consortia dedicated to electronic journal
acquisition is a new kind of library co-operation. Both libraries and publishers need to
have strategy to continue to maintain consortia license agreement among each other in
providing effective services” (Graells, 2005). A consortia agreement supports resource
sharing and provides information services to users in cost-effective manner. It is also
discussed that “the development of model licenses for use in the procurement of
electronic journals. A suite of model licenses is now in the public domain for use as part
of the process of negotiating the purchase of electronic journal content for individual
libraries and for consortia. These model licenses can help reduce the negotiation and
administration for both publishers and librarians” (Cox, 2000). Reports said that “a legal
structure, sound policies and best management practices are critical success factors for
any consortium that desires a sustainable model of resource sharing” (Satyanarayana,
2004).
Historically, considerable efforts of philanthropic foundations were mostly fostered by
the academic and research library communities.
Some of the important consortia are the International Coalition of Library Consortia
(ICOLC, first met informally as the Consortium of Consortia (COC) in 1997 and the

58
Ohio Library and Information Network (OhioLINK) is a consortium of 89 Ohio college
and university libraries, and the State Library of Ohio. In UK, the National Electronic
Site Licence Initiative (NESLI) is one of the successful national consortiums for higher
education which aims to achieve attractive pricing models for electronic content. It is a
part of Information Systems Committee’s (JISC) Distributed National Electronic
Resource (DNER) (Bley, 2002). “MALMAD (Israel Center for Digital Information
Services), a consortium is set up by the eight universities in Israel with intention to serve
among them as a common framework for the procurement and licensing of digital
information. It provides bibliographic and full-text services” (Adler, 1999). Similarly,
China Academic Library & Information System (CALIS) and Korean Education &
Research Information Service (KERIS) and many more consortia are working for the
common purpose of sharing resources
In India, some of the major consortia are INDEST-AICTE, HELINET, National
Knowledge Resource Consortium, FORSA Consortium and UGC-Infonet E-Journals
Consortium.
1. INDEST-AICTE Consortium
INDEST (The Indian National Digital Library in Engineering Sciences and Technology)
consortium: INDEST was established in 2003 by the Ministry of Human Resource and
Development (MHRD) Government of India. It is an open and centrally funded
consortium. The consortium works under the National Steering Committee (NSC) with
the responsibilities of inter institutional coordination, monitoring license for electronic
resources, ordering and payment of subscribed resources, evaluating existing resources
and identified new resources for members. The Indian Institute of Technology (Delhi) is
working as headquarter or as a nodal centre for the consortium. The MHRD has been
providing necessary financial support for consortium based subscription to electronic
resources for core members including centrally funded institutes namely; all Old IITs,
New IITs, IIMs, IISc, IISERs, NITs, New NITs and other members as open ended
preposition of the consortium. The consortium is also joined by many of the institutes
being financially supported by AICTE (All India Council of Technical Education). The
total number of members up to 2012 was 238 which include 62 core members, 60
institutions supported by the AICTE and 116 self supported institutions. However, upto

59
2011 total number of participated institutions was at highest level with 1122. The
consortium is providing access to full-text as well as bibliographic databases

2. HELINET Consortium (Health Sciences Library & Information Network)

It is the first medical library consortium in India launched by Rajiv Gandhi University of
Health Sciences, (RGUHS) Bangalore in 2003. It was born with a mission (To minimize
the cost of acquisition and maximize the utilization) and has twin objectives (one is to
connect affiliated libraries and another one is to move libraries gradually to digital
mainstream). It provides access to 600 scholarly, international biomedical journals and
back-files from 24 leading publishers with 25 affiliated medical colleges as member. Its
future plans are to expand the access for more number of e-resources and to develop the
digital library infrastructure as a platform for e-learning.

3. NKRC (National Knowledge Resource Consortium)

The NKRC was established in 2009 as Network of libraries and information centres of
39 CSIR (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research) and 24 autonomous institutions
and professional bodies under the Department of Science and Technology. Initially it was
known as CSIR e DST E-Journals Consortium. It is centrally funded consortium. During
2001, access to over 1200 e-journals through Science Direct was given to all members. It
now has more than 29 agreements for accessing journals, bibliographic databases, patents
and standards through Internet. The consortium is monitored by NISCAIR.

4. FORSA (Forum for Resource Sharing in Astronomy) consortium

FORSA has the privilege to be known as India’s first non-formal library consortium. It
was established in 1981 when a homogeneous group of members dealing with astronomy
and astrophysics came together for enhancement of library cooperation, resource sharing
and developing necessary tools pertaining to all related (print or electronic) literature. It is
open consortium and executed under shared budget model. Presently, FORSA has eleven
members dealing with core research in astronomy and astrophysics. The consortium has
set the trend for other libraries to negotiate collectively on scholarly information.

60
5. UGC-Infonet E-Journals Consortium:
The UGC- Infonet Digital Library Consortium which was launched in 2003 as specified
in details at chapter one so far providing service to the 195 universities comes under the
purview of UGC, have provided with differential access to the subscribed e-resources in
almost all disciplines except the technology and engineering. The success of the UGC-
Infonet has led to a demand for extension of the consortium resources other than the
UGC supported institutes on ‘Associate membership scheme’ in 2009 with an aim to
extend access to e-resources subscribed for private institutes as well as research funded
institutes. In this associate member scheme, so far 204 institutes have enrolled and are
subscribing to UGC-Infonet resources.
The programme is funded by the UGC for universities under its purview and monitored
by the INFLIBNET (Information and Library Network) Centre, Gandhinagar and is
finally the project is closed on 31st March 2012.

3.6.1 Types of consortia

There are various types of consortia available globally, the details are as follows:
Non-purchasing consortia: These consortia work upon establishing proper coordination
and cooperation between members, e.g. HATRICS (in Hampshire e UK) is a consortium
of around 330 organizations. The most important service of this consortium is the fast
supply of information and documents relevant to the business needs of the members. The
SINTO consortium in UK, established for improving the quality of information services
through co-operation, planning and partnership among members.
1. Purchasing consortia: These consortia aim at shared purchase of information
documents in general and e-resource subscription in particular. 90 percent of the
world’s consortia are of this nature only.
2. Overseas consortia: In this consortium libraries of one nation get associated with
libraries of other countries for sharing its resources or establishing cooperation.
CAVAL and UNILINC are some of the examples of this model of consortia.
3. Regional academic consortia: The Regional Academic consortia generally
founded by the member’s institution for a specific purpose or purposes.

61
 4. Statewide consortia: Sometime it is also called statewide network. These
consortia are taking care of a state, such as Boston Library Consortium and Ohio
LINK etc.
5. Open consortia: In this type of consortium any members can join or leave the
consortium at any time with their convenience or will. In Indian context, FORSA
and INDEST consortia can be the best examples of these.
6. Closed group consortia: In these types of group, only affiliated members can
become the member of consortia and use of consortia services. The members can
join under defined guidelines and strictly restricted to homogeneous nature of
CSIR, IIM Consortium etc.
7. Centrally funded model: In this model funding of consortia may generally depend
on parent body, e.g. UGC-Infonet Digital Library Consortium.
8. Shared-budget model: In this model participating libraries come together and
formed a consortium, e.g. FORSA and IIM consortium etc.
9. Publisher initiated model: in this model of consortium, publisher offers huge
discount for becoming a subscriber of its publications, e.g. Emerald full-text
library.
10. National consortium: members get access to subscribed resources under national
licensing of product. Examples of these types of consortia are UGC-Infonet and
INDEST etc.
11. International consortium: in this model, libraries from different countries come
together and formed a consortium. It may be formed by collectively or individual
library. International Coalition of Library Consortia (ICOLC) is one of the good
examples of this type of models. These consortia are also called as Meta consortia
(Chauhan & Mahajan, 2013)

3.6.2 UGC-Infonet E-journals Consortium

UGC-Infonet e-journals consortium was initiated by University Grants Commission. This
consortium facilitates the free access to full text research articles, reviews, abstracting
and indexing databases in all disciplines by the academic fraternity across the universities
in India. The consortium subscribes the resources of the major publishers across the globe

62
and provides these resources to the universities. Subscription though consortium provides
the superior buying authority and wider dissemination of resources.

Members
The University Grants Commission (UGC) provides funds to the UGC-Infonet e-journals
consortium through the INFLIBNET Centre. The consortium with this fund subscribes to
the e-resources of various publishers and provides access to these resources to the core
and associated members. Total number of members (419) including various core and
associated members of institutions are:
1. Universities covered under Phase I (50nos)
2. Universities covered under Phase II ( 50nos)
3. Universities covered under Phase III (93nos)
4. Associate Members (204nos)
5. Inter University Centres (IUCs) and Other Institutions (6nos)
6. National Law Schools/Universities (14nos)

Objectives
It invites universities and research institutions to join hands with the UGC-funded
universities in India through the University Consortium and research Network:
• To become an information rich educational institute
• To promote and advance teaching and learning
• To facilitate improved productivity and quality of research.
• To enable access to electronic information resources at highly discounted rates of
subscription
• To facilitate convenience of desktop access to high-quality e-resources to the
students and researchers 24 X 7 hrs
• To facilitate better management of information resources in electronic
environment and saves complexity of the traditional print resources and their
management.

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3.6.3 Significant Features of UGC-Infonet
According to INFLIBNET website Significant Features of UGC-Infonet are
(i) “Provides internet connectivity to universities across the country
(ii) Scalable architecture to grow from Universities to affiliated Colleges
(iii) Nation-wide Terrestrial Backbone using Fiber Optic links
(iv) Integrated Satellite WAN supporting broadband and SCPC VSAT technology
(v) Comprehensive Network Management Systems for overall monitoring of the
network, down to each and every device
(vi) Access to world's information resources
(vii) Academic & research users can have full text access to scholarly journals and
archival access to back issues of journals in all areas of learning
(viii) Provides multimedia content to supplement traditional learning process
(ix) Linkage with other Academic and Research Networks all over the world
(x) Data security and virus protection using Firewalls and Intrusion Detection
Systems
(xi) Dedicated Data Center for Web hosting, e-Journals and Mail Boxes
(xii) Mirror sites spread all over the country for content hosting
(xiii) Broadband Multimedia and Video Channels for Distance Learning
(xiv) Act as a channel for globalization of education and for marketing the
services and developments of universities” (INFIBNET, n.d.).

3.6.4 UGC-Infonet E-journals Consortium and University Libraries of Odisha

Berhampur University, Sambalpur University and Utkal University were one of the 50
universities identified in the Phase II by the INFLIBNET Centre for providing access to
scholarly E-Journals through UGC-Infonet E-Journal Consortium. Though the E-Journal
access to universities is intended to be provided from 1st January 2004, the universities
started receiving e-journals from January 2005. At present, the university research
community is able to access over 6000 e-journals in their University Campus.
Internet connectivity and IP based access to e-journals have been provided initially to
these universities under the UGC-Infonet programme through VSAT provided by
ERNET at a bandwidth of 256Kbps. Formally in 2010, the VSAT have been replaced
and upgraded with an increasing bandwidth of 10 Mbps through BSNL leased line to
facilitate the e-resources services intending a faster and effective utilization.

64
3.6.5 E-Resources available with UGC-Info net and Universities in Odisha
Full-text e-resources available through UGC-Infonet consortium
Sl. Electronic resources/ URL Address No. of No. Odisha
No journals of University
Univ. BU SU UU
1 American Chemical Society 37 103 Y Y Y
http://www.pubs.acs.org
2 American Institute of Physics 18 105 Y Y Y
http://www.aip.org
3 American Institute of Physics Archive Y
http://www.aip.org/digital_archive.html
4 American Physical Society 10 105 Y Y Y
http://www.aps.org
5 Annual Reviews 33 103 Y Y Y
http://arjournals.annualreviews.org
7 Cambridge University Press 224 115 Y Y Y
http://journals.cambridge.org
9 Economic & Political Weekly 1 All Y Y Y
http://epw.in
10 Emerald Lib. Sci. 29 67 Y Y
http://www.emeraldinsight.com
11 HeinOnline
http://home.heinonline.org
12 Institute of Physics 46 113 Y Y Y
http://www.iop.org/EJ
13 JSTOR 1401 106 Y Y
http://www.jstor.org
14 Nature 1 56
http://www.nature.com
15 Nature Archive (1987-1996)
http://www.nature.com
16 Oxford University Press 206 118 Y Y Y
http://www.oxfordjournals.org
17 Oxford University Press Archive
http://www.oxfordjournals.org
18 Portland Press 8 57
http://www.portlandpress.com
19 Project Euclid 22 57

65
 http://projecteuclid.org
20 Project Muse 411 101 Y Y
http://muse.jhu.edu/journals
21 Royal Society of 29 104 Y Y Y
Chemistry (RSC)
http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/Journals
22 Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) Archive
http://pubs.rsc.org/en/journals?key=title&value=archive
23 ScienceDirect (10 subject collection) 1036 60 Y
http://www.sciencedirect.com/

24 Science Direct Archive (Basic Sc Collection)

http://www.sciencedirect.com/
25 SIAM Journals 14 50
http://epubs.siam.org
26 SIAM Locus Archive
http://locus.siam.org
27 Springer Link 1389 171 Y Y Y
http://www.springerlink.com
28 Taylor & Francis Bibliographic databases 1365 124 Y Y Y
http://www.informaworld.com
29 Westlaw India
http://www.westlawindia.com
Wiley-Blackwell 908 102 Y Y
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/
Bibliographic Database
30 ISID Y Y Y
http;//isid.org.in
31 JCCC All Y Y Y
http://jccc-infonet.informindia.co.in
32 MathSciNet 57
http://www.ams.org/mathscinet
33 SciFinderScholar 23
http://www.cas.org/SCIFINDER/SCHOLAR/index.html
34 RSC Databases (6 Databases) 104
http://www.rsc.org
35 Web of Science Y Y
http://apps.isiknowledge.com/
Table 3.2 E-Resources available with UGC-Infonet & universities in Odisha
(INFIBNET, n.d.).

66
3.7 Summary
The sprouting telecommunication infrastructure and information technology can provide
better access to the internet and e-resources among the academic community of the
universities. Growth of the internet and e-journals are two side of a same coin and hence
both cannot be separated with each other. A section of this chapter highlighted some of
the points on internet growths, its services and emerging internet impact in India. In the
advent of the newer technologies, exponential growths of e-journals have been seen
globally. The electronic journals bring in many exhilarating openings and potentials for
the scholars in the academic libraries. Use of e-journals has many advantages as well as
disadvantages. The chapter also discussed major issues, implications and trends of e-
journals. Brief overview of library consortia development in India and its types have been
focused. Also enlighten on the UGC-Infonet Digital Library Consortium, its objectives,
features and e-resources covered fro university libraries of Odisha. This chapter provides
an introductory aspect about internet and electronic journals. Many demanding and
composite technological issues have to be dealt as the future unfolds.

3.8 References
1. Adler, E. (1999). University library cooperation in Israel: The MALMAD
Consortium. Information Technology and Libraries, 18(3), 135-138.
2. Barnes, J. H. (1997). One giant leap, one small step: Continuing the migration to
electronic journals. Library Trends, 15(3), 104-115.
3. Bley, R. (2000). NESLI: A successful national consortium. Library Consortium
Management: An International Journal, 2(1), 18-28.
4. Caidi, N. (2001). Technology and values: Lessons from central and eastern
Europe. In Proceedings of the 1st ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital
Libraries (pp. 176–177). New York, NY, USA: ACM.
doi:10.1145/379437.379477
5. Chan, L. (1999). Electronic journals and academic libraries. Library Hi Tech,
17(1), 10-16. doi:10.1108/07378839910267145
6. Chauhan, S. K., & Mahajan, P. (2013). Library consortia in India with special
reference to UGC-Infonet Digital Library Consortium. International Information
& Library Review, 45(3-4), 127–138. doi:10.1016/j.iilr.2013.09.002

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7. Cox, J. (2000). Developing model licenses for electronic resources: Cooperation
in a competitive world. Library Consortium Management: An International
Journal, 2(1), 8-17.
8. Graells, M. T. (2005). The consortia: A new stage in library co-operation. El
Profesional de la Informacion, 14(3), 166-173.
9. Götze, D. (1995). Electronic journals? market and technology. Publishing
Research Quarterly, 11(1), 3-20.
10. INFLIBNET (n.d.). INFLIBNET Centre, Gandhinagar, Gujarat India. Retrieved
November 24, 2013, from http://www.inflibnet.ac.in/
11. Kwantlen Polytechnic University (n.d.). Kwantlen Polytechnic University.
Retrieved February 4, 2014, from http://www.kpu.ca/
12. Lancaster, F. W. (1995). The evolution of electronic publishing. Library Trends,
43(4), 518-527.
13. McKinsey & Company (2012, December). Online and upcoming the internet’s
impact on India. Retrieved January 20, 2014, from http://www.mckinsey.com/
14. Mogge, D. (1999). Seven years of tracking electronic publishing: The ARL
Directory of Electronic Journals, Newsletters and Academic Discussion Lists.
Library Hi Tech, 17(1), 17-25. doi:10.1108/07378839910267154
15. Sahoo, B. B., & Agarwal, G. P. (2012). INDEST-AICTE Consortium: A decade
of service for engineering, science and technology community of the country.
Annals of Library and Information Studies, 59, 172-180.
16. Satyanarayana, N. V.(2004). Consortia: Looking beyond purchase clubs. In
Proceedings of NACLILS, Sri Lankan Library Association, Srilanka.
17. Tomney, H., & Burton, P. F. (1998). Electronic journals: A study of usage and
attitudes among academics. Journal of Information Science, 24(6), 419–429.
doi:10.1177/016555159802400605
18. Ungern-Sternberg, S. V., & Lindquist, M. G. (1995). Brief Communication: The
impact of electronic journals on library functions. Journal of Information Science,
21(5), 396-401.
19. Wikipedia (n.d.). Electronic journal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Retrieved February 11,2014, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_journal
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bibliographical control. Serials Review, 21(2), 71-78.

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 Utkal University Main Gate

Utkal University Central Library

E-journal Access Centre, Central Library, Utkal University

 Chapter-IV

ANALYSIS
AND
INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Chapter-IV ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
4.0 Introduction
4.1 Methodology used for Data Calculation
4.2 Demographic Data
4.2.1 Characteristics of Respondents
4.2.2 Internet Literacy and Access to the Web
4.2.3 Frequency of Internet use per day
4.2.4 Duration of interval for Internet Use
4.2.5 Solution provided by the Library Staff in Internet Use
4.2.6 External technical help while encountering problems
4.3 Preferred choices
4.3.1 Preferred Browser
4.3.2 Reasons for Browser choice
4.3.3 Route to find Information
4.3.4 Favourite Search Engines
4.4 Preferred choice of Downloading
4.4.1 Download Format
4.4.2 Managing Download Information
4.4.3 Preferred storage medium
4.4.4 Printing online or saving the document
4.4.5 Preferred internet access point
4.5 Type & Purpose of Internet services and level of satisfaction with
UGC-Infonet e-journals.
4.5.1 Type of resources accessing
4.5.2 Purpose of using the Internet
4.5.3 Use of UGC-Infonet Digital Library Consortium e-journals
4.5.4 Preferred E-resource under UGC-Infonet
4.5.5 Sufficient availability of E-journals under UGC-Infonet
4.5.6 Official/ agency for complaint
4.5.7 Alternative to print resources
4.5.8 Source of managing old print resources
4.5.9 Usefulness of awareness programme
4.5.10 Alert medium for updating e-resources
4.6 Influencing factors hinder the internet services
4.7 Impact of access to e-resources through UGC-Infonet
4.8 References
Chapter-IV
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
4.0 Introduction
The purpose of this study is to assess the use of Internet and E-journals by the Faculty
members and Research scholars in the three selected universities of Odisha. The focus of
the study is an in- depth analysis of the internet literacy among the researchers and how
they use the internet tools & its services along with their preferred choices. Also the
awareness of e-journals under the UGC-Infonet Digital Library Consortium in university
libraries is considered. This chapter presents the results of the study pertaining to the
objectives and hypotheses set forth in Chapter One.

4.1 Methodology used for Data Calculation

Attempt has been taken to analyze and interpret the collected data using simple statistical
techniques. A well designed structured survey based questionnaire was designed to
collect the data in order to obtain a better understanding of the scholars ‘use of internet
and e-journals’ in university libraries of Odisha, namely, the Berhampur University (BU),
Sambalpur University (SU) and Utkal University (UU). The questionnaires were
distributed among the faculty members and research scholars of each university through a
random sampling technique as per the list obtained from the university prospectus and
official websites. The list of the research scholars were collected personally from various
departments in view of its varying nature. Out of the 350 questionnaires distributed, 262
were received with a response rate of 74.85%. In the first instance, 142 questionnaires
were received. For the rest, personal contact was made through e-mail and telephone, as a
result an additional 109 questionnaires were collected.
Again after few reminders, 18 more questionnaires were received. Out of these responses
07 questionnaires were not considered due to the incomplete data and finally 262
numbers were considered for data analysis. The respondent’s data were coded and
entered in a specially designed Microsoft Excel. Then these data were posted in the
Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) for windows 16.0 and descriptive Statistics
was used to assure the validity of the findings from this. The subsections in this chapter
are drawn as per the participative universities and field groups, category enlisted in the

69
Methodology section of chapter one. The collected data are reflected in tabular form for
more clarity and easy understanding. Multiple queries were permitted wherever
applicable according to the nature of questions and data received.
The questions asked for the teachers and research scholars were about the
demographic information of the three universities of Odisha under study. The current
frequency of the use of internet and e-journals (under UGC-Infonet) tools and
applications are also considered. Moreover, opinions on preferred choice of browsers,
download pattern, storage medium they used, search engines, internet access points and
route to find information on internet etc are taken into consideration.
The scholars and teachers were asked about the purpose of using internet and its
services, type of e-resources, the use of UGC-Infonet Digital Consortium and its
availability of full text databases and journals. Finally, the questions are asked to identify
the factors inhibiting the effective use of the internet and suggestions were invited for
improvement of the use of internet and e-journals facility available through UGC-Infonet
Digital Consortium. The study does not present the breakdown of each participating
universities, as these three universities do not match and comparable with each other in
terms of its subject disciplines which varies from one to another.
Looking into this, the study broadly divided into

a. Demographic data, internet literacy and access to the web

b. Preferred choice of downloading patterns, storage medium, browser,
search engines and access points.
c. Awareness, use, importance, purpose of internet and level of satisfaction
with UGC-Infonet e-journals.
d. Factors influence the use of internet and e-journals and key constraints
that prevent effective use of internet resources.
e. Impact of UGC-Infonet on publications

70
4.2 Demographic Data

Table 4.1 displays the breakdown response of the total number of Universities, Teacher
and Research Scholars in terms of the subject field group (FG) i.e. HSS&M (Humanities,
Social Science & Management) and BS (Basic Sciences). It is found that 136
questionnaires (51.9%) were received from Basic Sciences and 126 of questionnaires
were from HSS&M (48.1%). Out of the total 262 questionnaires received 103 (39.3%)
were by Research Scholars and remaining 159 numbers (60.7%) were from Faculty
members which is represented in the Fig 4.1

Sl. Particulars of Number of

Category Percent
No. respondents responses
1 Name of the Berhampur University 71 27.1
University Sambalpur University 74 28.2
Utkal University 117 44.7
Total 262 100.0
2 Field Groups Basic Science 136 51.9
Humanities Social 126 48.1
Sciences and Management
Total 262 100.0
3 Teacher Vs. Scholar Scholar 103 39.3
Teacher 159 60.7
Total 262 100.0

Table 4.1: Demographic Data

71
 Figure 4.1: Demographic Data

4.2.1 Characteristics of Respondents

The table 4.2 shows the academic designation of the respondents. From the 262 numbers
of respondents 103 numbers are from Research scholar category and rest 159 numbers
are teachers. Out of the 159 teachers, 66 were from lecturer category (25.2%) who
represents the highest among the teachers category followed by 49 Professor (18.7%) and
44 Reader (16.8%).
Particulars of Category Percent Number of
respondents responses
Designation Research Scholar 39.3 103
Lecturer 25.2 66
Reader 16.8 44
Professor 18.7 49
Total 100.0 262

Table 4.2: Designation of respondents

72
4.2.2 Internet Literacy and Access to the Web
About the familiarity with internet access of the research scholars and faculty members it
is found that 248 (94.7%) are familiar and have access to the internet. Only 5 percent
respondents are not familiar with internet as shown in the table 4.3.

Number Percent Valid Cumulative

of Percent Percent
responses
No 14 5.3 5.3 5.3
Yes 248 94.7 94.7 100
Total 262 100 100
Table 4.3: Familiarity with Internet

Figure 4.2: Familiarity with Internet

4.2.3 Frequency of Internet use per day
The study gives a picture of the frequency of use of internet and time spent on internet
per day. The table 4.4 presents the breakdown of the frequency of use of the internet per
day in terms of field groups i.e. teacher versus the scholar of the respective universities. It
indicates that more than 35.5 % of the respondents use the internet below 01 hour.

73
However, maximum users (45.4 %) use internet for 02 to 03 hour per day for their
academic activity. Only 19.1 % use the internet for more than 3 hrs.

The largest group of respondents opined that ‘use the internet for more than 2
hour’, 60 % (12 users) of the Basic Science teachers were from Berhampur University
which is highest among the teacher category. Among all the categories, the Research
Scholars of Sambalpur University under Basic Science have used the internet highest
with 66.7 %.
Among the HSSM, 54.5 % (6) Research Scholars of Berhampur University use
internet for more than two hours and 48.5 % (16) of Utkal University teachers were the
second highest. Only 13.3 % of Research Scholars of Basic Sciences of Sambalpur
University uses the internet for less than an hour.
Regarding the highest use of internet in terms of teachers and research scholars,
Utkal University represents the highest having the total number of 50.
Use per day G. Total
Name of University

0.30 to 1 Hrs 2 to 3 Hrs More than 3 Hrs

Field Groups

Percentage

Percentage

Percentage

Percentage
Category

response

response

response

response
No of

No of
Scholar 23.1 3 53.8 7 23.1 3 100 13
Berhampur

BS Teacher 20 4 60 12 20 4 100 20
University

Scholar 18.2 2 54.5 6 27.3 3 100 11

HSSM Teacher 40.7 11 44.4 12 14.8 4 100 27
Scholar 20 3 66.7 10 13.3 2 100 15
BS Teacher 48.1 13 37 10 14.8 4 100 27
Sambalpur
Utkal University University

Scholar 41.7 5 33.3 4 25 3 100 12

HSSM Teacher 35 7 40 8 25 5 100 20
Scholar 48.3 14 31 9 20.7 6 100 29
BS Teacher 31.2 10 53.1 17 15.6 5 100 32
Scholar 39.1 9 34.8 8 26.1 6 100 23
HSSM Teacher 36.4 12 48.5 16 15.2 5 100 33
Total 35.5 93 45.4 119 19.1 50 100 262
Table 4.4: Internet use per day

74
4.2.4 Duration of interval for Internet Use

To a question about the duration of internet use, it is found that a majority (84.7%) i.e.
222 respondents use the internet on daily basis. The second largest group of 10% uses the
internet on weekly basis. About 4.5 % uses the internet ‘monthly’ basis and only a single
representative replied as fortnightly.
Out of the 222 daily users’ respondents, 139 users are teachers; whereas, the rest
83 users are research scholars. Among the teachers, highest users are from Utkal
University(40.3%), followed by Berhampur University (30.2%) and Sambalpur
University (29.5 %). With regards to the use by the Scholars, Utkal University ranked the
highest in this category with 47%, followed by Sambalpur University 27.7% and
Behampur University with 25.3%. In the weekly usage category, Utkal University
research scholars form the larger group (66.7%), followed by Berhampur University and
Sambalpur University equally 16.7%. From the ‘monthly usage’ category the scholars of
Utkal University have the highest percentage of 62.5%, followed by Sambalpur
University 25.0% and Berhampur University with 12.5%. From the analysis it is revealed
that overall 62.61% of the faculty uses the internet on daily basis against 37.39% of
research scholars.

75
 Scholars Teachers
Name of the University Name of the University
Berhampur Sambalpur Utkal Berhampur Sambalpur Utkal
University University University University University University Total

Total no of
Percentage

Percentage

Percentage

Percentage

Percentage

Percentage

Percentage
of interval

responses

responses

responses

responses

responses

responses

responses
Duration

No of

No of

No of

No of

No of

No of

Total
Daily 25.30 21 27.70 23 47.00 39 30.20 42 29.50 41 40.30 56 84.7 222
Weekly 16.70 2 16.70 2 66.70 8 20.00 3 33.30 5 46.70 7 10.3 27
Fortnightly 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 100.00 1 0.4 1
Monthly 12.50 1 25.00 2 62.50 5 50.00 2 25.00 1 25.00 1 4.6 12
Gross Total 100 262
Table 4.5: Duration of interval in using internet

76
4.2.5 Solution provided by the Library Staff in Internet Use
The data in table 4.6 represents the technical expertise of the present library staffs/
technicians in solving the problems of teachers and scholars. It is found that 65.6%
respondents feel that the library staffs are not competent to solve their problems.
However, 34.4% responded ‘yes’ to the expertise of the library staffs.

Percent Number of Valid Cumulative

responses percent percent
No 65.6 172 65.6 65.6
Yes 34.4 90 34.4 100
Total 100 262 100
Table 4.6: Solution provided by the Library Staff in Internet Use

4.2.6 External technical help while encountering problems

Regarding the external sources of technical help during the problem encountered using
the internet, the data revealed that 66% (173) sought help from their ‘friends’, 17.6% (46)
approaches to their ‘colleagues’. Only 8% (21) of respondents takes the help from
‘library staff’ and 8.4% (22) have taken the help from ‘all or some these’. Details are
represented in the table 4.7.
Percent Number of Valid Cumulative
responses Percent Percent
Library staff 8 21 8 8
Colleagues 17.6 46 17.6 25.6
Friends 66 173 66 91.6
All or some of these 8.4 22 8.4 100
Total 100 262 100
Table 4.7: External technical help during problems

77
4.3 Preferred choices
4.3.1 Preferred Browser
The table 4.8 shows the preferred browser used by the faculty members and research
scholars. It is found that Microsoft Internet Explorer is being used by 32.1% and other
browsers like Mozilla Firefox and Google chrome are also used which comes to around
14.9% and 11.5% respectively. However, a good number of respondents i.e. 21.76% use
either all or some of these browsers. Only 20% respondents preferred to use other
browsers.
Among the research scholars, 25. 24% respondents used Internet Explorer as their
prime browser followed by Google chrome (19.41%) and Mozilla Firefox (17.47%).
However, 11.65% of respondents used all the three or ‘some of these’ browsers. But a
large number of respondents (26.21%) used other browsers as their preferred one.
Regarding the use of browsers by the teachers, Internet Explorer is used by
36.48% followed by Google chrome (06.29 %) and Mozilla Firefox (13.21 %). All the
three or ‘some of these’ browsers are used by 28.30 % respondents while only 15.72 %
respondents used the other browses.

Total Scholar Faculty

Browser Percent No of Percent No of Percent No of

responses responses responses
Internet Explorer 32.1 84 25.24 26 36.48 58

Google chrome 11.5 30 19.42 20 6.29 10

Mozilla Firefox 14.9 39 17.48 18 13.21 21

All or some of these 21.8 57 11.65 12 28.3 45

Others 19.8 52 26.21 27 15.72 25

Total 100 262 100 103 100 159

Table 4.8 Preferred browser

78
 Figure 4.3: Preferred browser

4.3.2 Reasons for Browser choice

The reason of using a particular browser is given on table 4.9. It shows that maximum
number of respondents (34.4 %) opted speed as the prime cause for browser use.
However, a good number of respondents (34.0 %) preferred ‘all or some of these’ i.e.
speed, convenient and availability as the cause of preferred choice of browser. Only
19.8% preferred availability as their choice followed by the convenient of using the
browser (11.8%).

Particulars of Category Percent Number of

the respondents responses
Reasons for the Speed 34.4 90
use of browser Convenient 11.8 31
Availability 19.8 52
All or some of these 34.0 89
Total 100.0 262

Table. 4.9: Reason for Browser Choice

79
 Figure 4.4: Reason for Browser Choice

4.3.3 Route to find Information

Respondents were requested to give their route to find the information. A majority of
respondents (48.5 %) have the option of multiple combination (Publisher site, Search
engine and help of Library staff) followed by search engine (37.8 %), where as opted for
publisher site (11.8 %). Only 1.1 % of respondents have the route through the help of
library staff to find the information. Table 4.10 enumerates the details:

Particulars of the Category Percent Number of

respondents responses
Route to find Publisher site 11.8 31
information Search engine 37.8 99
Help of library staff 1.1 3
Multiple combination 48.5 127
No response 0.8 2
Total 100.0 262

Table4.10: Route to find Information

80
 Figure 4.5: Route to find Information

4.3.4 Favourite Search Engines

Since search engine plays a major role to find the information, respondents were asked to
give their preferred choice of search engine to find their required information.
Interestingly, 64.9 % respondents preferred Google as the preferred choice and 28.6 %
responded both Google and Yahoo as their preferred choice. Only 6.5 % respondents
have the choice of other search engine. The responses are represented in the table 4.11.

Particulars of Category Percent Number of

respondents responses
Search engines Google 64.9 170
for initial Google & Yahoo 28.6 75
finding All other combination 6.5 17
Total 100.0 262

Table 4.11: Favorite Search Engines

81
 Figure 4.6: Favourite Search Engines

4.4 Preferred choice of Downloading

4.4.1 Download Format
In the research, the text of the referred material is essential for the researchers due to
which they preferred to download the original document from the source of information
for further use during their research or academic activity. For this, the respondents were
asked about their preferred choice of format in downloading the academic resources. Out
of the total respondents, 41.6% preferred the PDF format followed by HTM (5.3 %) and
DOC (1.9 %) format. However 47.7 % respondents preferred the format of multiple
combinations (DOC, PDF and HTML). Only 3.4 % did not respond to the question. The
data is reflected in the table 4.12.
Particulars of respondents Category Percent No of responses

Download format Doc 1.9 5

PDF 41.6 109
HTML 5.3 14
Multiple Combination 47.7 125
No response 3.4 9
Total 100.0 262
Table 4.12: Download Format

82
4.4.2 Managing Download Information
Table 4.13 shows the fact how the downloaded information is managed by the
respondents for future use. Surprisingly, a majority of the respondents (58.8 %) managed
their downloaded information in multiple combinations (i.e. in prints, storing in removal
disks, and storing in PC). The number of respondents preferred to manage their
downloaded data in PC is 20.2%, followed by taking prints (10.7%) and storing in
removable disk (7.6 %). Only 2.7 % respondents have not answered this question.
Particulars of respondents Category Percent No of
responses
Managing downloads Prints 10.7 28
Storing in removal disk 7.6 20
Storing in PC 20.2 53
Multiple combination 58.8 154
No response 2.7 7
Total 100.0 262
Table 4.13: Managing Downloaded Information

Figure 4.7: Managing Downloaded Information

4.4.3 Preferred storage medium
The table 4.14 shows the researchers preference regarding the storage medium. Out of the
different storage medium, 53.1% respondents preferred to store the data in ‘all or some of

83
these’ (External disk, hard disk and pen drive). Besides this, a majority of the respondents
(32.8 %) used to store the data in their pen drive followed by hard disks (10.7%) and
external disk (0.4 %). Only 03.1 % have stored their data in other media.

Particulars of respondents Category Percent No of

responses
Storage media used External disk 0.4 01
Hard disks 10.7 28
Pen drive 32.8 86
All or some of these 53.1 139
Others 3.1 08
Total 100.0 262
Table 4.14: Preferred storage medium
4.4.4 Printing online or saving the document
The view of the respondents were sought about their choice of print i.e. whether they
taking printing directly online or after saving the downloaded document. Majority of the
respondents i.e. 66.8 % responded that they are taking the print after saving the original
downloaded information and only 33.2 % used to take print directly online. The data is
represented in the table 4.15.

Particulars of respondents Category Percent No of

responses
Direct print online or saving Yes 33.2 87
the document No 66.8 175
Total 100.0 262

Table 4.15: Printing online or saving the document

84
 Figure 4.8: Printing online or saving the document
4.4.5 Preferred internet access point
The teachers and research scholars were asked in the questionnaires about the non-
availability of internet facility in their departments or any alternative access point. The
data revealed that 26% of the respondents preferred cybercafés for managing their
academic needs, if the internet facility is not accessible in their desktop and only 15.6%
go to the library for accessing the internet. However, a majority of respondents (57.6 %)
responded to ‘multiple combination’ (library, cybercafé and computer centre) as their
preferred internet access point. Only about 01% (2 out of 262) respondents did not
respond to this question.

Access point Percent No of Valid Cumulative

responses Percent Percent
Library 15.6 41 15.6 15.6
Cyber café 26.0 68 26 41.6
Multiple
combination 57.6 151 57.6 99.2
No response 0.8 2 0.8 100
Total 100 262 100
Table 4.16: Internet access point

85
 Figure 4.9: Internet access point
4.5 Type & Purpose of Internet services and level of satisfaction with UGC-
Infonet e-journals.
4.5.1 Type of resources accessing
In an interesting open ended question on ‘type of resources using through internet’, the
teachers and scholars responded with a good spirit and the results is given in table 4.17. It
is found that 29.4% use it for e-journals and 37.8 % used the internet for some kind of
study related to their academic purpose. However, a significant number of 32.8% (86 out
of 262) use the internet for some other purpose like entertainment, communication, social
networking, online shopping, downloading software etc.
Among the teachers majority of them used internet for their academic
study followed by 17.18% for e-journals searching. Only 19.46% consult it for other
purposes. Similarly, 13.74% of research scholars use the internet for their academic
activities, while 12.21% use for e-journals searching and the rest 13.36% avail internet
facility for other purposes.

86
 Scholars Teachers

Gross Total
Berhampur Sambalpur Utkal Total Berhampur Sambalpur Utkal Total
University University University University University University
Type of e-
resources

(percentage in

(percentage in
No. responses

No. responses

Percentage
accessing

Responses
Percentage

Percentage

Percentage

Percentage

Percentage

Percentage
responses

responses

responses

responses

responses

responses
bracket)
through No of

No of

No of
internet
E-journals 12.5 4 28.1 9 59.4 19 32 28.9 15 33.3 17 37.8 17 45 29.4 77
(12.21) (17.18)
Academic 36.1 13 27.8 10 36.1 13 36 23.8 16 25.4 32 50.8 32 63 37.8 99
study (13.74) (24.05)
Others 20 7 22.9 8 57.1 20 35 37.3 16 31.4 16 31.4 16 51 32.8 86
(13.36) (19.46)
Gross Total 100 262
Table 4.17: Type of e-resources

87
4.5.2 Purpose of using the Internet
The table 4.18, represents the Likert scale in a four point measurement where
1 is 'least use ' and 4 is ‘highest use’, to measure the various purposes along with the
most frequently used internet based services by the research scholars and faculty
members. Regarding ‘highest use’, e-mail dominates the list with 69.01% (98 out of
142) respondents, followed by use of e-journals 44.11%, uses for e-chats 39.58% and
e-learning 32.58%. However, the scholars and teachers make use of the internet for
e-books (32.55%) UGC-Infonet (32.14%) and only 12.16% of the respondents use
the WebOPAC services. However, 66.03% of the respondents use ‘other internet
services’ which is found to be the second highest option of the respondents among
the available services. The same has also been represented in the figure 4.9.

Sl.No Type of Resources Least use Average Good High Total

use use use
1 Bibliographic Services 12 19 14 18 80
(15.00%) (23.75%) (17.50%) (22.50%)
2 E-database 12 18 17 18 78
(15.38%) (23.07%) (21.79%) (23.07%)
3 E-journals 14 13 23 45 102
(13.72%) (12.74%) (22.54%) (44.11%)
4 Email 11 13 16 98 142
(7.74%) (9.15%) (11.26%) (69.01%)
5 E-books 14 16 17 28 86
(16.27%) (18.60%) (19.76%) (32.55%)
6 E-chatting 13 12 20 38 96
(13.54%) (12.50%) (20.83%) (39.58%)
7 E-learning 17 9 18 29 89
(19.10%) (10.11%) (20.22%) (32.58%)
8 WebOPAC 14 14 12 9 74
(18.91%) (18.91%) (16.21) (12.16%)
9 UGC-Infonet 15 8 18 27 84
(17.85%) (9.52%) (21.42%) (32.14%)
10 Other internet services 14 2 15 70 106
(13.20%) (1.88%) (14.15%) (66.03%)

Table 4.18: Purpose of using the Internet

88
 other int serv
ugcinfo
webopac
elrng
4
echat
3
ebook
2
email
1
e-jls
e-dbse
bib sc

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Figure 4.10: Purpose of using the Internet

4.5.3 Use of UGC-Infonet Digital Library Consortium e-journals
In this context the respondents provide a valid and key opinion regarding the use of
UGC–Infonet resources. From the table 4.19, it is revealed that 64.5 % (169 out of 262)
answered ‘Yes’ and 35.5 % replied ‘No’ regarding the use of UGC-Infonet Digital
Library Consortium. Out of total respondents using the UGC-Infonet service, around
36.64% were from faculty members and 27.86% belongs to the research scholars. It is
also observed from the result that 24.05% (63) teachers are either unaware or not using
the UGC-Infonet services as compared to only 11.45 percent of research scholars.
Overall Faculty Scholar
Percent Responses Percent Reponses Percent Responses
No 35.5 93 24.05 63 11.45 30
Yes 64.5 169 36.64 96 27.86 73
Total 100 262 60.09 169 39.3 93
Table 4.19: Use of UGC-Infonet

89
4.5.4 Preferred E-resource under UGC-Infonet
The respondents were also asked to specify the preferred choice of database used through
the UGC-Infonet consortia. The table 4.20 represents the various e-resources covered
under UGC-Infonet services. It also includes the frequency count and percentage opted
by the faculty members and research scholars as per the specified Likert scale with ‘1-
least useful’ to ‘4-high useful’ in the University Libraries of Odisha.
JSTOR database is the most popular choice among the teachers and scholars with
‘high use’ 57.14% (105) followed by Elsevier Science Direct 55.17%. Springer Link has
53.12% and is the third most preferred database. It may be noted that, presently Science
Direct is accessible exclusively to Sambalpur University. Project Muse and Project
Euclid with 43.63% and 39.62% occupied their place at 4th and 5th place respectively.
Next to the Project Muse and Project Euclid, AIP/APS and Taylor & Francis preferred as
high use by 37.5% of respondents and 36.84% (57) of the respondents respectively and
occupied the 6th and 7th place. Similarly Institute of Physics (IOP) marked by 33.33%,
Nature group journals 30%, American Chemical Society (ACS) 25% and Emerald 20%
occupied 8th, 9th, 10th and 11th place as the high use preference order.
Among the least preferred databases, the respondents marked ‘1, i.e. least usage’
were 52.94% for Cambridge University Press (CUP) which was also found at the bottom
most (6.82%) in the ‘high use’ scale. 48.83% of the respondents ranked Annual Reviews
as the second least preferred database where as Project Muse and Project Euclid at 3rd and
4th respectively in the ‘least use’ e-resources. However, none of the respondents chosen
the option ‘Any other’ mentioned in the questionnaire. It is also seen that an equal
number of respondents opted ‘1-4’ in the case of American Chemical Society. The
comparative value chart is place in the Figure 4.10.

90
Sl. Publishers/ Aggregators Least use Average Good High Total
No use use use responses
1 American Chemical Society 12 12 12 12 48
(ACS) (25%) (25%) (25%) (25%)
2 American Institute of 15 3 12 18 48
Physics(AIP) / (31.25) (6.25%) (25%) (37.5%)
American Physical
Society/(APS)
3 Annual Reviews (AR) 21 9 6 7 43
(48.83%) (20.93%) (13.95%) (16.27%)
4 Cambridge University Press 18 7 5 3 34
(CUP) (52.94%) (20.58%) (14.70%) (8.82%)
5 Elsevier Science Direct 18 12 9 48 87
(20.68%) (13.79%) (10.34%) (55.17%)
6 Emerald Database 24 6 30 15 75
(32.00%) (8.00%) (40.00%) (20.00%)
7 Institute of Physics (IOP) 6 9 15 15 45
(13.33%) (20.00%) (33.33%) (33.33%)
8 JSTOR 9 15 21 60 105
(8.57%) (14.28%) (20.00%) (57.14%)
9 Nature 18 3 21 18 60
(30.00%) (5.00%) (35.00%) (30.00%)
10 Oxford University Press 6 9 12 3 30
(OUP) (20.00%) (30.00%) (40.00%) (10.00%)
11 Project Euclid 21 9 2 21 53
(39.62%) (16.98%) (3.77%) (39.62%)
12 Project muse 21 3 7 24 55
(38.18%) (5.45%) (12.72%) (43.63%)
13 Springer Link 6 15 24 51
(6.25%) (15.62%) (25.00%) (53.12%) 96
14 Taylor & Francis Online 6 12 18 21 57
(10.52%) (21.05%) (31.57%) (36.84%)
15 Any Others 0 0 0 0 0
Table 4.20: Preferred E-resource under UGC-Infonet

91
 tnf
sprngr
prmuse
precld
oup
nature 1
jstor
2
iop
3
emerld
4
elsevrsd
cup
ar
aip-aps
acs

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Figure 4.11: Preferred E-resource under UGC-Infonet

4.5.5 Sufficient availability of E-journals under UGC-Infonet
Among the available and accessible e-resources covered under UGC-Infonet, (61.0%) of
the faculty members and (61.16%) research scholars indicated that the journals and
databases are not sufficient. In a direct question asked to the respondents, whether they
are satisfied with the journals availability and the content coverage, 61% (97) faculty
responded ‘No’ followed by 61.16% percentage of the scholars. The respondents who
were satisfied and responded ‘Yes’ were 39 % of faculty members and 38.84% (40) of
the scholars.
Percent Number of Faculty Scholar
responses Percent Number Percent Number of
of responses
responses
No 61.1 160 61.0 97 61.16 63
Yes 38.9 102 39.0 62 38.84 40
Total 100 262 159 100 103
Table 4.21: Sufficient availability of e-journals

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4.5.6 Official/ agency for complaint
Information were sought from the scholars and faculty members so as to know about their
satisfaction, grievance or complain if any, in case of unavailability of e-resources or
inaccessible to the database and journals covered under UGC-Infonet. It is revealed from
the study that out of the responded 219 numbers of research scholars and faculty
members, the respondents who brought to the notice of the Librarian were 34.70% (76)
followed by 26.94% who conveyed to the HOD concerned, Publisher 8.22% (18) and
7.77% (17) reported to the INFLIBNET-UGC respectively. A good number of 22.37%
chose Multiple combination (Librarian, HOD, Publisher, and INFLIBNET-UGC).
Details are mentioned in the table 4.22.

Grievance/ Complaint authority Percent Responses

Librarian 34.7 76

HOD 26.94 59

Publisher 8.22 18

INFLIBNET-UGC 7.77 17

Multiple combination 22.37 49

Total 100 219

Table 4.22: Official/ agency for complaint

4.5.7 Alternative to print resources

In another direct question mentioned in the table 4.23, asked about the opinion of
teachers and scholars to ascertain, whether the internet based resources can replace the
print materials; Majority of 64.9% (170) out of the 262 not agreed and answered ‘No’,
however 35.1% (92) replied ‘Yes’ and believes that the e-resources can be replaced as an
alternative to the print resources.

93
 Percent Number of Valid Cumulative
responses Percent Percent

No 64.9 170 64.9 64.9

Yes 35.1 92 35.1 100
Total 100 262 100
Table 4.23: Alternative to print journals
4.5.8 Source of managing old print resources
It is found from the table 4.24, that majority (42.7%) of faculty members and research
scholars managing their old print resources by way of collecting their documents from
other libraries. It also reveals that 17.2% of the respondents collecting ‘from the faculties’
and 22.1% responded that they buy their resources from their ‘own subscription’. Only
about 1% managed to get from some ‘other’ sources. However, 17.1% expressed their
views that they are managing within the current lot of e-resources.

Sources Percent Responses Valid Cumulative

Percent Percent

Managing within current 17.2 45 17.2 17.2

availability of e-resources
From other library 42.7 112 42.7 59.9
From faculties 17.2 45 17.2 77.1
From own subscription 22.1 58 22.1 99.2
Other sources 0.8 2 0.8 100
Total 100 217 100
Table 4.24: Source of managing old print resources
4.5.9 Usefulness of awareness programme
Regarding the orientation and user awareness programme organized by the Library or
INFLIBNET/UGC, the data shows that majority 68.3% (179) of the faculty and research
scholars replied they are ‘Not aware’ of organizing such training or workshops. 12.6%
(33) of the research scholars and teachers responded ‘aware but average use’ while 11.1%

94
 viewed ‘aware and good use’ and 7.3% (19) responded ‘aware but least useful’. Only
about 1 percent of the respondents replied ‘aware and highly useful’.

Usefulness of awareness Percent Responses Valid Percent Cumulative

programme Percent
Not aware 68.3 179 68.3 68.3
Aware but least useful 7.3 19 7.3 75.6
Aware but average use 12.6 33 12.6 88.2
Aware and good use 11.1 29 11.1 99.2
Aware and highly useful 0.8 2 0.8 100
Total 100 262 100
Table 4.25: Usefulness of awareness programme

4.5.10 Alert medium for updating e-resources

Data presented in table 4.25 indicates that 69.1% (181) of the faculty members and
research scholars were not aware of receiving new arrival or updates of e-journals &
databases from the Central Libraries of the Universities. Remaining 11.8%% (81) were
aware through ‘circular’ followed by 8.4% (22) by way of receiving email alerts. Rest of
the respondents given their choice as library portal by 6.9% (18) and only 3.8% through
orientation.
Percent Responses Valid Cumulative
Alert medium
Percent Percent

Not aware of new additions 69.1 181 69.1 69.1

Aware through circular 11.8 31 11.8 80.9
Aware through library portal 6.9 18 6.9 87.8
Aware through orientation 3.8 10 3.8 91.6
Aware through email alert 8.4 22 8.4 100
Total 100 262 100
Table 4.26: Awareness medium for new additions

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4.6 Influencing factors hinder the internet services
Table. 4.27 shows the key constraints which prevents internet and e-journal services
badly for effective use by the faculty members and research scholars in the three
university libraries of Odisha. There may be various problems, but the study selected ten
possible constraints including ‘other’ to find out the hindrance factor in using the internet.
The question was asked through a Likert type scale of 1-4, from ‘1-least influence’ to ‘4-
high influence’.
Among the highly influenced factors, ‘unreliable network’ topped the list with
58.20%, followed by equal each of 32.78% marked to ‘old & unreliable hardware’,
‘unreliable software’ and ‘information literacy level’ found jointly as 2nd highest
influential factors. 30% of the respondents indicated ‘Lack of insufficient internet
connecting nodes’ comes as the third highest influential factor. 28.35% pointed to
Organizational limits’ and 26.19% responded ‘Low bandwidth’ as the influencing factors
for affecting the internet services.

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Sl.No Reasons Least Average Good High Total
influence responses
influence influence influence
1 Lack of insufficient 76 10 12 42 140
connectivity terminals
(54.28%) (7.14%) (8.57%) (30%)
2 Old and unreliable local 46 24 12 40 122
hardware
(37.70%) (19.67%) (9.83%) (32.78%)
3 Outdated and unreliable 48 20 14 40 122
software
(39.34%) (16.39%) (11.47%) (32.78%)
4 Unreliable networks or virus 30 12 14 78 134
problems
(22.38%) (8.95%) (10.44%) (58.20%)
5 Organizational limits e.g. 48 26 22 38 134
budgetary constraints
(35.82%) (19.40%) (16.41%) (28.35%)
6 Connectivity costs 68 16 12 28 124

(54.83%) (12.90%) (9.67%) (22.58%)

7 Low bandwidth 42 12 8 22 84

(50.00%) (14.28%) (9.52%) (26.19%)

8 Level of info literacy required 48 22 12 40 122
for effective use
(39.34%) (18.03%) (9.83%) (32.78%)
9 Time allotted does not suit your 60 28 16 14 118
convenience
(50.84%) (23.72%) (13.55%) (11.86%)
10 Other –Please specify 14 13 9 9 45

(31.11%) (28.88%) (20.00%) (20.00%)

Table 4.27: Influencing factors hinder the internet services

The study found that among the ‘least influence’ factor, 54.83% of the
respondents opined ‘connectivity cost’ which is responded by more numbers followed by
54.28%, the second most least influencing factor found to be ‘insufficient connecting

97
nodes’ . Suitable time slot and low bandwidth stood at 3rd (50.84%) and 4th place
(50.00%) respectively in the least influence factors. For a better understanding, it is
presented at figure 4.11. It is also noticed from the table that in ‘average influence’ and
‘good influence’ scale, the responses were moderate and less as compared to other two
high and least influential factors.

80
70
60
50
40 1

30 2

20 3
10 4
0

Figure 4.12: Influencing factors hinder the internet services

4.7 Impact of access to e-resources through UGC-Infonet

An assessment has been made from the data indexed and reflected in SCOPUS database
and is presented in the table 4.28 in blocks of five years starting from 1994 to 2013 of the
three universities namely Berhampur University, Sambalpur University and Utkal
University. The data shown are the overall contribution of the research articles/papers
from all the disciplines by the researchers of the respective university on a five year
block. It is found that in the first block of five years i.e. 1994-98, the contributions from
Utkal University (UU) were 326 numbers, followed by Berhampur University (BU) 123
numbers and Sambalpur University (SU) is 114 numbers. During the period 1999-2003,
the total contributed articles were UU (334), BU (151) and SU (130). For the period of
2004-08, contributions from the universities were UU (321), SU (155) and BU (138). In
the last block of five years i.e. 2009-13, data uploaded in SCOPUS revealed that UU, BU

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and SU have 463, 320, 296 numbers respectively. In all these years it is found that Utkal
University ranked first with 1444 papers, followed by Berhampur University with 732
papers placed in 2nd position and Sambalpur University with 695 papers took the 3rd
position. However in the block year 2004-08, Sambalpur University contributions were
slightly better with 155 papers and placed at 2nd position. From the figure 4.12, it is
observed that there is a sharp increase in the number of publications after the
implementation of UGC-Infonet in 2004.

Cumulative Cumulative
Year BU SU UU Total Difference
1994-98 123 114 326 563
1999-2003 151 130 334 1178 615
2004-08 138 155 321 1792 614
2009-13 320 296 463 2871 1079
Total 732 695 1444
Table 4.28: Impact of UGC-Infonet on publication using SCOPUS

500
450
400
350
300
BU
250
SU
200
UU
150
100
50
0
1994-98 1999-2003 2004-08 2009-13

Figure 4.13: Impact of UGC-Infonet on publication using SCOPUS

99
4.8 References

1. Argyrous, G. (2012). Statistics for research: With a guide to SPSS (3rd ed.).
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage South Asia.

2. Cunningham, J. B., & Aldrich, J. O. (2012). Using SPSS: An interactive hands-on

approach. New Delhi, India: Sage Publication.

3. Gaur, A. S., & Gaur, S. S. (2009). Statistical methods for practice and research:
A guide to data analysis using SPSS 16.0. New Delhi, India: Response Books.

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 Chapter V
FINDINGS OF THE STUDY
& TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS
 Chapter V

FINDINGS OF THE STUDY & TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS

5.0 Findings of the Study

5.1 Testing of Hypothesis
5.2 Interpretation of results: Hypothesis – 1
5.2.1 Pearson Correlation Coefficient
5.3 Interpretation of results: Hypothesis – 2
5.4 Interpretation of results: Hypothesis – 3 and Hypothesis – 4
5.4.1 Logit Regression
5.4.2 Determinants of UGC-Infonet use in the university
Libraries of Odisha
5.5 Inferences of the Hypothesis
5.6 References
Chapter V
FINDINGS OF THE STUDY & TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS

5.0 Findings of the Study

This chapter summarizes the important findings and testing of the hypotheses in
sequential order. Some of the major findings on interpretation of collected data after
logical analysis are presented below:
1. Internet access familiarity among the faculty members and research scholars
were very high and found that almost 95% (248 out of 262) were familiar.
2. Regarding the use of internet per day indicates a majority 45.4% researchers
used the internet for more than two hours a day. As a whole more than 35%
of the respondents use the internet below 1 hour and only about 19% use the
internet for more than 3 hrs.
3. In a similar kind of questions related to duration of interval for the internet
use, it is found that majority 84.7% of the researchers use the internet on daily
basis. Almost 10.3% use internet on weekly basis as compared to 4.6% on
monthly interval periods.
4. Opinion of teachers and research scholars regarding the library staffs
technical expertise revealed that 2/3rd (65.6%) responded that the library
staffs are incompetent to address their problems.
5. It is observed that a large number of 173 (66%) taking help from their friends
to sort out their difficulties in accessing the internet.
6. Microsoft Internet Explorer (32.1%) is the leading browser used by the
respondents followed by Mozilla Firefox and Google chrome. However,
majority of the research scholars and teachers preferred to use either ‘all or
some of these’ as their choice i.e. Internet explorer, Google chrome and
Mozilla Firefox.
7. Reason given by the respondents for their preferred browser is ‘speed’
(34.4%) followed by 19.8% opined because of the easy availability and
11.8% use the browser for the convenient.

101
8. The collected data show that ‘Search engine’ (37.8%) is the main source of
finding information or e-resources. However, it is also seen that majority of
the respondents try out with all kinds of options available. But it is
discouraging to see a meager 1 percent approach the library staff for finding a
source to their desired information.
9. A whooping majority of 65 % (170 out of 262) use the Google as the first
choice and 28.6% preferred both Google and Yahoo search engines for
finding out their information for quick search.
10. Majority 41.6% of the research scholars and teachers preferred the PDF
format for downloading and saving the documents followed by HTML and
DOC combined to about only 7% and the rest from multiple combinations.
11. A fragmented response has come from the respondents for managing their
downloaded resources. 20.2 % of the respondents preferred to store the data
in their personal computers followed by prints and saving the document to an
external disk.Study also revealed that majority 58.8% of the teachers and
scholars use ‘multiple combinations’.
12. Almost one third (32.8 %) of the respondents use ‘pen drive’ as their storage
preference which happens to be quite handy and easy to use. Only 10.7%
stored their data in the personal computers (Hard disk). However, the
majority of the respondents (53.1%) chose ‘All or some of these’.
13. 2/3rd (66.8%) of the scholars and teachers preferred to save the document but
1/3rd (33.2%) of the respondents do prefer to take a print out while accessing
online.
14. Alternative internet access point on account of unavailability of internet
facility at department, the survey finds 26% of the respondents preferred to
go to the ‘cybercafé, followed by 15.6% ‘library’ for accessing the internet.
However, majority of 57.6 % of respondents responded to ‘multiple
combination’ (library, cybercafé and computer centre)
15. Interestingly, in an open ended questions on ‘type of resources accessing
through internet’, it is found that majority of the respondents use the internet
such as e-journals used by 29.4% and 37.8 % use the internet services for

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 academic study. However, entertainment, communication, social networking,
online shopping, downloading softwares etc. is responded by 32.8% of the
respondents.
16. Although Email (69.01%) dominates the most preferred internet use among
the respondents, the study clearly indicates that majority of the respondents
marked as ‘high use’ for the academic use of the internet services namely; E-
journals (44.11%), E-learning (32.58%), E-books (32.55%), UGC-Infonet
(32.14%) and E-databases (23.07%). WebOPAC (12.16%) is the least
preferred services for the purpose of internet use.
17. Over 35.5% percent of the respondents still not using the UGC-Infonet the
free e-resources funded by the UGC, MHRD, Govt. of India. Among these
non-users, 24.05% (63) are teachers followed by 11.45% research scholars. It
seems that either they are unaware or not facilitated by the university with the
necessary support for accessing the services. It is clearly evident from the
analysis that faculty members have not used the resources upto the maximum.
18. JSTOR database (57.14%) is the most preferred among Humanities, Social
Sciences & Management followed by Elsevier Science Direct (55.17%) and
Springer Link (53.12%) while among the Basic Sciences are the top three
most preferred databases respectively. 52.94% Cambridge University Press is
the most least preferred database which is also at the bottom most (6.82%) in
the ‘high use’ scale followed by Annual Reviews (48.83%), Project Muse and
Project Euclid at 2nd, 3rd and 4th place.
19. It is also found that on account of random data captured and presentation,
some of the highly rated subject databases of society publications like IOP,
ACS, (AIP)/ (APS) which are normally used by the specialized subject
category only, found either in the middle or at the bottom, against the
commercial publishers and aggregators where the resources are available for
all the field group members from multidisciplinary subject interest. Also
RSC, EPW, Web of Science (WoS), JCCC and ISID were not a part of the
questionnaire as the said resources were added and accessible to the
University Libraries of Odisha recently.

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20. Over 61% are not fully satisfied with the current e-resources accessible to the
University libraries of Odisha. It is obvious from the study that the e-
resources given to the university libraries of Odisha are not enough.
21. In case of the difficulty in accessing the databases or due to the insufficient e-
journals etc., the respondents were asked their preferred choice of reporting to
the official /agency for complaint. In this regard, it is revealed from the data
that more than 1/3rd (34.7%) of the teachers and scholars convey their
grievances to the Librarian followed by nearly 27% to the HOD.
22. Interestingly, in a binary option of Yes/No to the question, whether the
Internet based resources can replace the print resources, majority i.e., 64.9%
of the respondents opined that they did not agree with the statement.
However, 35.1% feel it can replace the printed documents.
23. As regards to the accessibility of old print documents in the present electronic
journals age, most of the respondents (42.7%) managed to get their required
information/ document from other libraries. Over 1/5th (22.1%) have their
own arrangement either from departments, individual projects or own
subscription. 17.1% of the respondents get their papers/ resources from the
faculty colleagues or supervisors in case of the research scholars.
24. Orientation programmes and workshops should be organized on a regular
basis to promote, update and evaluate the e-resources. Questionnaire collected
opinions of the respondents to check the status of the university libraries in
conducting awareness programmes etc., it is disheartening to find that over
2/3rd (68.31%) of the respondents not aware of having this kind of
programmes conducted by the library vis-a-vis computer centre. Only 12.6%
replied ‘Aware but average use’ and 11.1% responded ‘Aware and good use’.
25. Like conducting the awareness programmes, similarity found in the alert
medium too for wide circulation of the new additions of e-resources or new
available updates to the existing collections. It is revealed from the data
analysis that close to seventy percent (69.1%) of the respondents is ‘Not
aware’ of receiving any alert notices. Only 11.8% aware through circular

104
 followed by 8.4% received email notification and 7 percent got to know from
the university portal/ library home page.
26. The respondents were asked in a scale of 1-4 about the key constraints which
influenced and prevent effective use of the internet and e-journals. The major
findings in this regard are ‘unreliable network’ i.e. (58.20%) as rank 1, which
affects badly in accessing internet services in the campus. In the second place,
equal each of 32.78% remarked the existing ‘old & unreliable hardware’ &
‘unreliable software’ along with ‘information literacy level’ among the
research scholars and teachers as a major cause. However, unlike other study,
54.28% of the respondents viewed ‘insufficient connecting nodes’ as second
most ‘least influencing factor’ followed by ‘suitable time slot’ and ‘low
bandwidth’ stood at 3rd (50.84%) and 4th place (50.00%) respectively.
Connectivity cost referred by the respondents as the ‘most least influencing
factor’.
27. An assessment of articles/ papers contributed from the three universities
namely Berhampur University, Sambalpur University and Utkal University
reflected in SCOPUS bibliographic and indexing database in blocks of five
years starting from 1994 to 2013. It shows that overall the Utkal University
ranked first with 1444 papers, followed by Berhampur University with 732
papers placed in 2nd position and Sambalpur University with 695 papers in the
3rd position. However in the block year 2004-08, Sambalpur University’s
contribution was slightly better with 155 papers and placed at 2nd position. It
is also clearly observed that there is a sharp increase in the number of
publications after the implementation of UGC-Infonet in 2004.

105
5.1 Testing of Hypothesis
To test a hypothesis means to tell on the basis of the data collected from the study
whether or not the hypothesis is valid. The research work is incomplete if it is not tested
statistically either significant or insignificant. To test this kind of research, testing of
hypothesis is an integral part of research methodology. In hypothesis testing the main
question is whether to accept the null hypothesis or to reject the null hypothesis.
Null Hypothesis
It is an assumption about a population in research and is denoted as H0.
Alternative Hypothesis
If the null hypothesis is rejected then the opposite of the null hypothesis must be true
which is called as alternative hypothesis. This is denoted as H1.
Significance level
The significance level is the probability with which the null hypothesis (H0) will be
rejected due to sampling error, though H0 is true.
Formulated hypothesis are:
Hypothesis-1: A significant causal relation exists between the UGC-Infonet use and
access of internet.
Hypothesis-2: A significant causal relation exists among use of internet and a set of
variables influencing the use of internet.
Hypothesis-3: Whether the internet use and the frequency of internet access has a
significant impact on assess of E-journals under UGC-Infonet.
Hypothesis-4: Whether the internet connecting nodes and alert services from the library
has a significant impact on the access of e journals.

5.2 Interpretation of results: Hypothesis – 1

The hypotheses formed for the study is mentioned as under:
Hypothesis – 1 A significant causal relation exists between the UGC-Infonet use
and access of internet.
In order to test the significant relation as specified in Hypothesis 1, a suitable statistical
techniques Pearson Correlation Coefficient was applied using the SPSS for windows to
find out the Correlation Coefficient between the variables ‘INFNT’ (UGC-Infonet) and

106
‘USE’ Internet access per day. The result of Pearson Correlations fore ‘Use of Internet’
with ‘Use of UGC-Infonet’ is presented in Table 5.1.

Variable Pearson ( r ) Sig. (2-tailed)

Use of UGC-Infonet .163** .008
__________________________________________________________________
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Number of observations=262

Table. 5.1: Pearson Correlations of ‘Internet Access’ with ‘UGC-Infonet’

From the table 5.1 Pearson Correlations result, it is enumerated that the relationship
between the INFNT (UGC-Infonet) and USE (Internet Use), the value of Pearson (r ) is
(.163 ) and the significant probability is (.008). It indicates that the two variables
Correlations were significant at the 0.01 level. It was revealed and tested from the study
that, more the access of internet by the faculty members and research scholars the
probability of chances of using e-journals under UGC-Infonet is high.
This shows that the formulated Hypothesis -1, i.e. “A significant causal relation exists
between the UGC-Infonet use and access of internet” is relevant in the context of the
present study.
5.2.1 Pearson Correlation Coefficient
Pearson Correlation Coefficient is a statistical tool used to measure the causal
relationship between two variables. It shows, how strongly the two variables (x and y) are
related to one another. It is designated in two ways to measure correlation coefficient.
First one is rho ‘ρ’ (in population), second one ‘r’ (in a sample). Sometimes it is called
"Pearson's r."Pearson's correlation reflects the degree of linear relationship between two
variables. It is denoted by r, and r = 1 means that there is 100% association between the
values of x and y. The good correlation means (good r) is as a rule of thumb ‘r’ should be
over 0.7 (or 70%). There are two ways of correlation coefficient relationship one is
positive another one is negative. In a positive relationship, both variables are
simultaneously increasing (or simultaneously decreasing). If it is negative then one

107
variable increases while the other decreases, and vice versa. It ranges from +1 to -1. A
correlation of +1 means that there is a perfect positive linear relationship between
variables.

5.2.2 Formula for Pearson's Correlation Coefficient

Pearson's correlation coefficient can be used to calculate the similarity between two
samples by using the formula

5.3 Interpretation of results: Hypothesis – 2

Hypothesis – 2 A significant causal relations exists among use of internet and a set
of variables influencing the use of internet.
In response to the Hypothesis -2, Pearson's correlation coefficient is again used to
calculate the similarity among the use of internet and a set of variables influencing the
use of internet. In this regard correlation coefficient is generated among ‘USE’ and other
variables i.e. FAM, DUR, INTPC, TRG, HELP, SPEED, AWARE and AVLTY using
SPSS for Windows. The details of the variables are as under:
USE= Use of internet per day
FAM= Familiarity with the internet
DUR= Duration of interval
INTPC= Sufficient internet connected personal computers
TRG= Internet training
HELP= External help
SPEED= High satisfactory bandwidth internet speed
AWARE= Creating awareness programmes for popularizing the e-resources
AVLTY= Availability of sufficient required journals and databases

108
The result is presented in table 5.2, which revealed that out of the eight set of variables,
four of them shows significant at the 0.01 level. The variable ‘FAM’ Pearson (r) is (.229)
followed by ‘DUR’ Pearson (r ) is (-.374) , where as ‘INTPC’ Pearson (r ) is (-.222) and
‘TRG’ Pearson (r ) is is found at (-.374). The significant probability of these variables
found to be the same at (.000). The rest of the variables tested for Correlation Coefficient
are found to be insignificant. The details are ‘HELP’ Pearson (r ) value is (.009) and
significant probability (.890), ‘SPEED’ Pearson (r ) is found (-.027) and significant
probability (.661), ‘AWARE’ Pearson (r ) value is (-.003) and probability of significant is
(.965) and ‘AVLTY’ the Pearson (r ) value is (.009) and significant probability (.890)
respectively.

Variable Pearson ( r ) Sig. (2-tailed)

Familiar with internet access .229** .000
Duration of Internet use -.374** .000
Sufficient pc for internet -.222** .000
**
Internet training -.459 .000
Library staffs technical support .009 .890
Bandwidth performance -.027 .661
Awareness medium -.003 .965
Sufficient availability of e-journals .073 .237
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Number of observations=262
Table. 5.2: Pearson Correlations of ‘Internet Access’ with other Variables

5.4 Interpretation of results: Hypothesis – 3 and Hypothesis – 4

Hypothesis – 3 Whether the internet use and the frequency of internet access have
a significant impact on assess of E-journals under UGC-Infonet.
Hypothesis – 4 Whether the internet connecting nodes and alert services from the
library has a significant impact on the access of e journals.

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For testing hypothesis-3 and hypothesis-4 to find out the significant impact of internet
use (USE), frequency of internet access (DUR), sufficient internet connecting nodes
(INTPC) and alert services (ALERT) used by the universities, a statistical model called
‘logit’ regression is developed using STATA (Data Analysis and Statistical Software).
The details are presented as under:

5.4.1 Logit Regression

In statistics, ‘logit regression’ is a type of probabilistic dummy dependent model. It is
also used to predict a binary response from a class of predictor, used for predicting the
outcome of a categorical dependent variable (i.e., a class label) based on one or more
predictor variables (features). The ‘logit regression’ technique is used for estimating
empirical values of the parameters in a qualitative response model. The probabilities
describing the possible outcomes of a single trial are modelled, as a function of the
explanatory (predictor) variables, using a logistic function. Frequently ‘logit regression’
is used to refer specifically to the problem in which the dependent variable is binary that
is, the number of available categories is two and problems with more than two categories
are referred to as multinomial logit regression. In the present case it is a binary logit
regression.
5.4.2 Determinants of UGC-Infonet use in the university libraries of Odisha
The ‘UGC-Infonet use’ of the universities is expected to influence by various logical
supportive internet variables such as use of internet per day, duration of the interval in
using the internet, familiarity with the internet, sufficient internet connected personal
computers, high bandwidth speed, sufficient availability of online journals/databases,
creating awareness and alertness medium etc. To identify various determinants
influencing the ‘use of UGC-Infonet’ of the university libraries of Odisha, a logit
regression model has been used. The ‘logit’ model assumes that the probability
distribution of the error term follows a logistic probability distribution. The functional
form of ‘logit’ model adopted for the present study can be
1
pi = -------------------------(1)
1 + e −Ti
Where Pi is the probability of UGC-Infonet use and

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 Ti = βX + ui
The probability that the university libraries are not using the UGC-Infonet can be
written as
1
1 − Pi = ---------------------------(2)
1 + e Ti
Taking the ratio of equation (1) and (2) that is the probability that the university
libraries in Odisha use UGC-Infonet against probability that the university libraries which
are not using the UGC-Infonet can be written as
Pi 1 + e Ti
= −Ti
= e Ti --------------------(3)
1 − Pi 1 + e
The Pi/1-Pi is the odds ratio in favour of use of UGC-Infonet. Taking log to the
above equation we will get
 P 
Li = log i  = Z i = βX i + U i -----------------(4)
 1 − Pi 
The above equation (4) which is log of odds ratio is a linear function of β
coefficients and variable Xs. So Li is the logit. The functional form of the variables used
for this study is:-
INFNT= f (USE, DUR, FAM, INTPC, SPEED, AVLTY, AWARE, ALERT)
Where, INFNT is Use of UGC-Infonet supported by the use of internet per day, duration
of intervals in using the internet, familiarity with internet access etc., which can takes the
value of either 0 or 1. Here 0 refers to ‘No’ whereas 1 refers to ‘Yes’ to the following
variables.
USE= Use of internet per day
DUR= Duration of interval
FAM= Familiarity with the internet
INTPC= Sufficient internet connected personal computers
SPEED= High satisfactory bandwidth internet speed
AVLTY= Availability of sufficient required journals and databases
AWARE= Creating awareness programmes for popularizing the e-resources
ALERT= Required alert services for circulation and notification of new updates

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 The estimated result for the logit model is given in the table 5.2.
Independent INFNT
variable Coefficient Z Statistics Standard Error P-value
Constant 1.04 0.55 1.87 0.579
USE 0.58** 2.59 0.22 0.010
DUR -0.95** -2.10 0.45 0.036
FAM -1.10 -0.83 1.32 0.406
INTPC 1.36* 3.63 0.37 0.000
SPEED 0.29 0.96 0.30 0.339
AVLTY -0.14 -0.52 0.28 0.606
AWARE -0.25 -0.79 0.32 0.432
ALERT 1.02** 2.59 0.39 0.010
Pseudo R2 =0.1222

Number of observations=262
Note:*and ** indicate significant at 1% and 5% level respectively
Table 5.3: Logit regression for determinants of UGC-Infonet use

The results given in Table 5.2 representing that USE, DUR, INTPC and ALERT are
statistically significant and have the expected signs. As the ‘USE’ increases, the
probability of ‘INFNT’ increases. The results also state that higher the ‘INTPC’ and
‘DUR’ higher the probability that, UGC-Infonet use increases in the university libraries
of Odisha. Moreover, universities spreading alertness through circular, emails, orientation
programmes and web portal updates regarding the latest new additions of journals and
contents accessible are more likely to use the UGC-Infonet e-journals. It is found from
the logit result using STATA (Data Analysis and Statistical Software) clearly indicates a
significant positive impact through ‘ALERT’ for the maximum use of ‘UGC-Infonet’.
The logit regression test result generated from STATA is presented at figure 5.1.

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 Figure 5.1: Logit regression test result

5.5 Inferences of the Hypothesis

The inferences drawn from the hypothesis tested is presented below:
Hypothesis-1
H0 There is no significant causal relation exists between the UGC-Infonet use and
access of internet.
H1. A significant causal relation exists between the UGC-Infonet use and access of
internet.
The hypothesis-1 test result found that the relation between UGC-Infonet use
(INFNT) and internet use (USE) is significant so it can reject the null hypothesis.

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Hypothesis-2
H0 There is no significant causal relation exists among use of internet and a set of
variables influencing the use of internet.
H1 A significant causal relation exists among use of internet and a set of variables
influencing the use of internet.
Pearson Correlation Coefficient test was conducted to test the hypothesis - 2 for
obtaining the significant relation among use of internet (USE) with a set of
variable (i.e. FAM, DUR, INTPC, TRG, HELP, SPEED, AWARE and AVLTY).
It is found that use of internet (USE) is significant at 1 % level with FAM, DUR,
INTPC and TRG. Hence the null hypothesis mentioned above can be rejected.

Hypothesis-3
H0 There is no significant impact among the internet use and the frequency of
internet access on assess of E-journals under UGC-Infonet.

H1 Whether the internet use and the frequency of internet access has a significant
impact on assess of E-journals under UGC-Infonet.
An analysis made out of the logit regression model for testing the hypothesis -3 to
study the significant impact of use of internet (USE) and duration of interval use
(DUR) on UGC-Infonet use (INFNT) is significant at 5% level. Therefore the null
hypothesis for hypothesis-3 can be rejected.
Hypothesis-4
H0. There is no significant impact among the internet connecting nodes and alert
services from the library on the access of e journals.

H1. Whether the internet connecting nodes and alert services from the library has a
significant impact on the access of e journals.
Analysis of the logit regression model revealed on testing the hypothesis-4 that
the significant impact of internet connecting personal computers (INTPC) and

114
 alert services (ALERT) on use of UGC-Infonet e-journals (INFNT) are significant
at 1% and 5% level respectively. Hence, there is sufficient evidence to reject the
null hypothesis – 4.

5.6 References

1. Cunningham, J. B., & Aldrich, J. O. (2012). Using SPSS: An interactive hands-on

approach. New Delhi, India: Sage Publication.

2. Gaur, A. S., & Gaur, S. S. (2009). Statistical methods for practice and research:
A guide to data analysis using SPSS 16.0. New Delhi, India: Response Books.

3. Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research methodology: Methods & techniques (2nd ed.).

New Delhi, India: New Age International (P) Ltd.
4. Panneerselvam, R. (2004). Research methodology. New Delhi, India: Prentice-
Hall of India.
5. StataCorp LP (n.d.). Why use Stata statistical software? Retrieved January 12,
2014, from http://www.stata.com/why-use-stata

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 Chapter-VI

SUGGESTIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS,
AREAS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
AND CONCLUSION
 Chapter-VI
SUGGESTIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS, AREAS
FOR FUTURE RESEARCH AND CONCLUSION
6.0 Views & Suggestions of the respondents
6.1 Librarian’s Views & Suggestion
6.2 Recommendations
6.2.1 Campus Networking and Internet Speed
6.2.2 Awareness and Alert Services
6.2.3 Web Portal for E-resource Mangement
6.2.4 Dedicated E-journals Access Centres
6.2.5 Information Literacy Programme
6.2.6 Availability of E-journals
6.3 Suggestions for Future Research
6.4 Conclusion
Chapter-VI
SUGGESTIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS, AREAS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
AND CONCLUSION
6.0 Views & Suggestions of the respondents
Some of the comments drawn from the respondents for improvement for the use of
internet and e-journals facility in the university campus are mentioned as under:
1. Dedicated internet access should be provided to all potential users in the
university campus.
2. Availability of Internet facility is poor. So, question does not arise for choice of e-
journals.
3. The INFLIBNET and other facilities for e-journals should be available to each
researcher without much problem. Each department should be provided with more
internet connectivity for students, teachers and researchers.
4. Internet connectivity should be provided to the hostels, so that students can have
easy access facilitating for optimum use of e-journals.
5. No computer awareness/ e-learning programmes are being conducted in the
university.
6. The library and the concerned authority should play a proactive role to popularize
and make familiar the UGC –Infonet project in its proper implementation.
7. Each department should have e-journals facility for facilitating research.
8. The institute/ organization should provide internet connections to each department
and in particular to each faculty members so that they can make use of e-journals
provided by UGC. Moreover, the connections should be available 24hrs of the
day.
9. E-awareness programmes should be conducted by the library or computer centre
for the faculty members.
10. There should not be any time frame to supply the internet to the faculty members
and research staffs. This hampers significantly the efficiency to do the work
productively.
11. Internet speed should be fast. Journals which are related with the subject should
be available free of cost or there should be any connectivity with other libraries

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 from where students can get important journals. Availability of old and new
journals should be easy. E-books should be available on UGC site or should be
any other facility to get them.
12. Information literacy programme should be conducted by the libraries, librarian or
HOD, Lib. & Inf. Sc. must take the lead role. In this ICT era each and every one
should have the knowledge of computer and web literacy. Without information
literacy, people can not update their knowledge in their respected areas.
13. Central computing facility may be provided and Libraries should be
computerized.
14. Training programmes in operation of library software, internet tools and
applications as well as use of internet and electronic resources/ databases etc.
may be imparted to the library staffs.
15. Increasing number of terminals with good internet connection and the
INFLIBNET facility should also be available at Hostels. Availability of Elsevier
Journals is (or) highly needed.
16. All the journals listed under UGC-Infonet should be available in full text.
17. All other e-journals as needed by the researchers should be accessed and also all
old computers should be replaced by modern fastest computers.
18. Must be used for a productive way i.e. searching or publishing article as far as
science is concerned.
19. High speed internet with multiple connections of LAN having wi-fi facility for
laptops and subscriptions to multiple electronic journals with 24x7 hr access
should be provided.
20. Internet connectivity on high bandwidth to be provided to each individual teacher.
21. To create awareness about INFLIBNET by the Library/ Computer Centre.
22. Steps should be taken to provide more accessibility of important e-papers, e-
journal facility like Springer Link, Nature, JSTOR, Elsevier Science Direct
subscriptions to all universities will be useful for research programmes and also
useful more research scholar to get more information about their current research
programme.

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23. Full text articles of more resources will help in formulating further research ideas,
speed of downloading e-journals should be taken care of, accessing internet and e-
journals should be easy user friendly, a training seminar should be conducted
regarding internet use and e-journal facility in the institute.
24. Networking connectivity to the department and desktop of the faculty should
reach at the earliest for UGC-Infonet access.
25. More number of facilities, 24hrs opens for university student and staff, awareness
programme within department about e-journals and their usefulness must be
elaborated.
26. It can be suggested that the face lifter of the department are done to be mandated
for the use of internet. Secondly, a primary training, imparting students as well as
faculties, will be the most effective factor in improving the facility. And, mostly,
huge number of computers should be available & existing software should be
updated time to time so that students or users will be benefited
27. In each department there should be availability of large no of PCs, so that each
and every student can get facility to use Internet and can improve their
knowledge. A large no of e-journals should be available, so that each student can
get it easily and not dependent on other research institutions.
28. Each department should have a well equipped internet laboratory with broad band
connectivity and dedicated trained staff should be assigned to solve operational
issues.
29. Regular awareness program should be organized. Care should be taken to inform
the students and researchers regarding new additions of journals and databases.
30. Library staff should update themselves regarding new publications and journals of
different domain and development of UGC-Infonet features.
31. Library should identify the need of the users through representatives from
different departments and match that to the resources available to make best
utilization of it. Additional short fall of resources may be arranged to fill the gap
with alternative subscriptions.

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 32. Central Library should take a total quality management approach. Due to lack of
financial assistance, print journals have been dropped and the researchers unable
to access it, hence it should be borne by the organization.
33. In case of fund crunch, the concept of Public Private Partnership (PPP) for
managing and arranging the additional journals should be implemented.
34. Need for a system reform to take throughout the campus for a robust network and
high speed internet access.

6.1 Librarian’s Views & Suggestion

1. As UGC-Infonet journals are available to the departments, only research scholars
coming from outside could not access the INFONET Journals. It would be helpful
to all the Scholars, Teachers and Students if sufficient access points are given in
the Library.
2. Orientation and User awareness programme should be organized and funded by
the INFLIBNET and UGC at regular interval.
3. Continuous system and network support is highly necessary.
4. Separate budget for computerization and digitization is needed.
5. More e-books and e-journals under UGC-Infonet Digital Library Consortium
should be included.
6. Computer and internet literacy to the library staffs is required for updating their
skills for better management of internet and e-resources.
7. Coordination between library and computer centre is highly essential.
8. It is felt that appointments of Information Scientist and System Administrator to
look after the management issues related to Internet, e-journals and computer
network in a smooth manner.
9. Timely support from INFLIBNET/UGC is highly required.
10. Extending the network facility to hostels and residences of Research Scholars and
Faculty members respective would be very useful.
11. 24x7 hr internet facility in the campus should be made available.
12. INFLIBNET/ UGC should ensure the continuity for access of the journals and
timely renewal is of high priority.

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 13. Physical environment of the e-journal and internet access points in the library
should be more comfortable to the users in terms of lighting, air-conditioning,
furniture and timings.

6.2 Recommendations
On the basis of the survey findings, the investigator has made some concrete, feasible and
practicable recommendations to improve the use of internet and UGC-Infonet e-journals
services in the university libraries of Odisha which are discussed as under:
6.2.1 Campus Networking and Internet Speed
It is revealed from the study that the internet based services are terribly affected by
unreliable networking system in the universities of Odisha. Even though in some
universities, the campus networking is in place, the level of operation is not satisfactory.
Hence it is strongly recommended that a robust network set up which is highly essential
in the campus including the faculty residence and the researcher’s hostels. Also
university should ensure high speed internet connectivity in the campus.
6.2.2 Awareness and Alert Services
The findings of the study indicates that there is not enough steps taken by the university
library/ computer centre to conduct the information literacy programme or e-journal
awareness programme through orientation, workshops and product demonstrations etc.
for the faculty members and research scholars. Also new updates of e-journals and
databases should be circulated through e-mail alert, circulars and notices. In this regard, it
is recommended to undertake regular user awareness programmes and routine alert
services for popularizing the e-resources for effective use, as well as to evaluate the
resources judicially.
6.2.3 Web Portal for E-resource Management
Currently, one of the important features of the alert services is to design and manage a
better library portal by which the members of the library can know the day to day updated
status of the e-resources. In addition, the interface of the portals should be designed and
managed in such a way that it should be searchable by keywords, publishers, subjects,
authors etc. with an option to find the information within the library WebOPAC,
subscribed UGC-Infonet e-resources and Global search separately along with the web
links of the full text resources as desired by the users. For information, it may be noted

120
that there are many commercial solutions available in the market such as EBSCO
Discovery, Proquest Summons 2.0, Knovel and Knimbus etc., on subscription mode
which also enables auto e-mail alert services and send the desired information to the
member concerned on their subject interest. Thus, it is highly recommended that the
universities should take effective measures to design a well structured library portal of its
own or through the commercial solutions.
6.2.4 Dedicated E-journals Access Centres
The study revealed that due to the old and unreliable hardware and software in the
existing internet connected systems, smooth and effective services of internet and UGC-
Infonet e-journals is highly influenced and is one of the prime key constraints. Looking
into this, the universities should take initiative to establish a dedicated 24X7 e-journal
access centre in the libraries and individual departments with the latest available
hardware and software. In addition, the universities should provide print facility on
nominal charges to the faculty members and scholars for downloading their articles along
with some latest tools for quick download process. Also it must ensure availability of the
popular software like Adobe Reader, MS-Office, Browsers of latest released, USB drives,
CD/DVD drives with rewriting facility etc. Moreover, trained manpower should be
available to sort out the problems during the access of internet and e-journals.
6.2.5 Information Literacy Programme
A thorough knowledge on computers and internet operation can boost the usage of
internet and e-journals services. Hence, information literacy programmes should be
conducted periodically by the libraries or the computer centre on basic operation of
computer and internet tools to update the computer literacy and web literacy among the
researchers. Also, the universities should take necessary steps to train the library staffs/
computer technician on priority basis as revealed from the study. If necessary, they may
be deputed to INFLIBNET, NISCAIR, NCSI and Other agencies who carry out regular
training programmes for skill development of the librarians.
6.2.6 Availability of E-journals
Universities must assess their existing e-resources basing on the demands of the users and
accordingly necessary steps should be taken to ensure that the faculty members and
research scholars are getting their desired e-resources. In this regard, usage statistics must

121
be reviewed periodically and if necessary may recommend to INFLIBNET/UGC for
dropping of least used resources and request an alternative access as per the demands of
the users. For information, INFLIBNET has facilitated with a login ID and Password to
all librarians of these universities and technical contact persons to download the usage
statistics of the concerned university. For further requirements, concerned librarian
should contact the INFLIBNET Centre. It is also important to note that there should be
good cordial relations between the INFLIBNET-UGC and the University Libraries for
the effective utilization of e-journals under the UGC-infonet.

6.3 Suggestions for Future Research

The present research work is not totally a comprehensive but a descriptive study. One of
the primary objectives of this study is to uncover the areas for future research. This study
confined to only Berhampur University, Sambalpur University and Utkal University.
This study investigated overall the use of internet and UGC-Infonet e-journals by
the faculty members and research scholars in university libraries of Odisha and their
usage patterns, time spent on internet, preferred choices of search engines, browsers,
download patterns and storage media used etc. Follow up studies could explore the use of
Internet and UGC-Infonet separately within the campus of the individual universities.
The present study also represented the purpose of internet use, use of e-journals
under UGC-Infonet and influencing factors which affects enormously the internet
services and e-journals access. Future studies could be conducted to find out more
problems on the access electronic information needs of the users at the department level
consisting small group.
The positive effects and misuse of Internet and UGC-Infonet on the academic
progress like the research publications, research output such as the number of PhD’s
awarded and the faculty developments etc. may be assessed and the research work should
be carried out for the individual universities.

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6.4 Conclusion
The Indian universities particularly the universities in Odisha are fortunate to have access
to large number of e-resources provided by the INFLIBNET/ UGC through its mega
project UGC -INFONET Digital Library Consortium free of cost in a time when the state
funding to these universities is very minimal. In this regard, it is high time that the
universities should take appropriate measures to use the internet and the UGC-Infonet e-
resource services up to its maximum potentiality. The number of e- journals being
published steadily and day will come when there would be no journals in the printed
medium. The present study indicates growing acceptance of the internet based services
and journals in electronic format. Faculty members and research scholars are increasingly
using these new publications and citing them in their research papers. Libraries are
serving their role in the research process by providing access through their online
catalouges. The move to an electronic format for journals has affected serials
management practices in libraries. This study only attempted to examine the use pattern
and preferred choices of academic faculty and research scholars of the three universities
of Odisha on internet and e-journals under UGC -INFONET Digital Library Consortium.
The study brought forth several interesting attitudinal patterns in the usage of e-journals.
This, however, is much generalized and gives us only a general idea. The study revealed
that more than 4/5th of the researchers use the internet on daily basis and most of them
spent their time more than 2 hours. It is also clearly evident from the present research that
some of the faculty members are not using the UGC-Infonet services upto its maximum
possible use, even though the majority of research scholars and faculties use the e-
resources under UGC-Infonet. In the present study, it is seen that the e-resources
accessible in the universities of Odisha are not sufficient and hence the university
authority in collaboration with the INFLIBNET/ UGC need to evaluate the resources
available and accordingly new addition or dropping of existing resources may be done to
fulfill the requirements of all the faculties and research scholars.

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APPENDICES
 APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1 Covering Letter to the respondents
APPENDIX 2 Questionnaire for Faculty and Research Scholars
APPENDIX 3 Questionnaire for Librarians
APPENDIX 4 Data Variables used in SPSS for Windows
 APPENDIX 1
COVERING LETTER TO THE RESPONDENTS

Date. 04.01. 2011

From,
Sushanta Kumar Pathy,
Central Library, IIT Bhubaneswar,
Toshali Bhavan, Satyangar,
Bhubaneswar, Odisha-751013
Tel: 8895084197 (M)
E-mail:pathysushanta@gmail.com
skpathy@rediffmail.com

Sub.: Questionnaire for Research Work

Sir/ Madam,
I am pursuing Ph.D. in Library Science on the topic “USE OF INTERNET AND
E-JOURNALS (UNDER UGC INFONET) IN UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES OF ORISSA:
A STUDY” under the guidance of Prof. B. K. Choudhury, (Professor, Retd.), P. G.
Department of Library & Information Science, Sambalpur University. In this regard a
questionnaire has been designed to collect the data for the research work undertaken and
attached for your kind response. Therefore, I request your kind co-operation to complete
the questionnaire with valuable comments for successful outcome of the research topic.
Questionnaire may be returned by e-mail or to the above cited address at an earliest.
The research work undertaken is purely for academic purpose and information
provided by you will be treated as confidential.
Thanking you.

Yours faithfully,

(Sushanta Kumar Pathy)

144
 APPENDIX 2

(QUESTIONNAIRE FOR FACULTY MEMBERS AND RESEARCH SCHOLARS)

USE OF INTERNET AND E-JOURNALS (UNDER UGC INFONET) IN UNIVERSITY

LIBRARIES OF ORISSA: A STUDY”

Note: Please√ wherever necessary

Please try to answer the complete questionnaire.
Information provided by you will be treated as confidential.

1. Name: ___________________________________

E-mail____________________

2. Name of University :______________________________________

Department: ____________________________________________

3. Specialization: _________________________________________

4. Type of user Research Scholar [ ] Lecturer [ ]

Reader [ ] Professor [ ]
Other (please specify)_________________________

5. Internet use per day in hours 0.30 to 1 [ ] 2 to 3 [ ] More than 3 [ ]

6. Duration of Internet use? Daily [ ] Weekly [ ]

Fortnightly [ ] Monthly [ ]

7. Are you familiar with internet access? Yes [ ] No [ ]

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8. For what purpose you are using the Internet?

Please rate the indicators to show how much you are using the services of
Internet on the scale of 1-4, where 1 is 'least usage ' and 4 is 'high usage”.
1 – least usage 2 – average use 3 – good use 4– high usage.

E-mail [ ] E-Chat [ ]
E-Learning/E-Education [ ] E-databases [ ]
Bibliographic Service [ ] E-books, [ ]
E-journal [ ] Web OPAC [ ]
UGC-Infonet resources [ ] Other Please specify [ ]

_________________________________________________

9. What type of browser you are using for accessing the Internet
a) Internet Explorer [ ] b) Google Chrome [ ] c) Mozilla
[ ]
d) Other (please specify)____________________________ [ ]

10. Why that particular browser? Please tick

(i) speed [ ] (ii) convenient [ ] (iii) availability [ ]
(iv)Other (please specify)__________________

11. What type of resources accessing through the Internet

___________________________________

12. Do you take print out directly from the net or download the information?

Yes [ ] No [ ]

13. If downloading, what type of storage media you are using to download the
data/information?
a) External disk [ ] b) Hard disks [ ]
c) Removal Pen drive [ ] g) Other (please specify) [ ]

14. Whether your library has sufficient internet connected systems? Yes [ ] No [ ]

146
 15. You are familiar with what type of operating system? a) Windows [ ]

b) Linux [ ] c) Macintosh [ ] d) Other (please specify with reason) [ ]

16. If you don’t know the URL (website address) which search engine you prefer.
a) Google [ ] b) Yahoo [ ] c) AltaVista [ ]
d) Other (please specify) [ ]

17. What are the tools you are using?

i. Discussion forum Yes [ ] No [ ]

ii. Search Engine Yes [ ] No [ ]
iii. Web OPAC Yes [ ] No [ ]

18. Whether the library staffs are expertise in solving your problems related to
internet use? Yes [ ] No [ ]

19. Have you undergone any Internet related training Yes [ ] No [ ]

20. Have you faced any difficulties in accessing the internet? Yes [ ] No [ ]

21. If yes, how do you solve the problem then?

a) Library Staff [ ] b) Colleagues [ ]
c) Other (please specify) [ ] ____________________

22. Are you happy with the internet speed (bandwidth) Yes [ ] No [ ]

23. Are you using UGC-Infonet databases/ electronic journals for your research
work?
Yes [ ] No [ ]

147
24. If yes, please specify the preferred choice of following edatabases/ e-journals on
the scale of 1-4, where 1 – least usage 2 – average use 3 – good use
4– high usage. Use “NA’ for Not Applicable.

Publisher (s) Scale Publisher (s) Scale

American Chemical Society JSTOR
(ACS)
American Institute of Nature
Physics (AIP)
American Physical Society Oxford University Press
(APS) (OUP)
Annual Reviews (AR) Project Muse
Cambridge University Press Royal Society of
(CUP) Chemistry (RSC)
Elsevier Science Direct Springer Link
Emerald Database Taylor & Francis Online
Institute of Physics (IOP) Any other (please specify)

25. Have you spent money for purchase of article/information from the Internet?
Yes [ ] No [ ]

If yes, from which source?

26. What type of file formats you prefer to download/access?

a) DOC [ ] b) PDF [ ] c) HTML [ ]

d) Others_____________[ ]

27. How do you manage your downloaded information?

a) Print outs [ ] b) Storing in removal disk [ ]

c) Storing in PC [ ] d) Other [ ]

28. Do you use internet for entertainment? Yes [ ] No [ ]

If so, please specify?

29. Do you feel that the internet resources can replace the print materials?
Yes [ ] No [ ]

30. Whether the Internet facility is available in your department?

148
 Yes [ ] No [ ]

31. If not, how do you manage it?

a) Library [ ] b) Cyber cafe [ ] c) Any other pl. specify. [ ]

32. Are you a member of any other organization to access Internet Information?
Yes [ ] No [ ]

33. Do you use the online education facility on Internet? Yes [ ] No [ ]

If yes, please specify?

34. From the options provided below, please identify the factors inhibiting the
effective use of the internet by your organization on the scale of 1-4 (where 1 –
least influence, 2 – average influence, 3 – good influence, 4– high influence).

(i) Lack of insufficient connectivity terminals

(ii) Old and unreliable local hardware
(iii) Outdated and unreliable software
(iv) Unreliable networks or virus problems
(v)Organizational limits e.g. budgetary constraints
(vi) Connectivity costs
(vii)Low bandwidth
(viii) Level of info literacy required for effective use
(ix) Time allotted does not suit your convenience
(x) Other –Please specify

35. How do you find the source of information on the internet?

Response Percentage
i. Using publishers Website [ ]
ii. Using a search engine [ ]
iii. Asking the library staff for help [ ]

36. Are you satisfied with the electronic journals/ databases of your interest
accessible to your university through UGC-Infonet Digital Library Consortium?
Yes [ ] No [ ]

37. If No, whom do you convey the same?

i. Librarian [ ] iii. Publisher/ Aggregator [ ]

149
ii. H.O.D [ ] IV. INFLIBNET/UGC [ ]

38. Are all the electronic journals available which you were getting earlier in print
form. If not, how do you manage?

i. From other library [ ]

ii. From Faculty [ ]
iii. From own subscription [ ]

39. Does your Library or INFLIBNET/ UGC conduct user awareness programme for
effective utilization and guiding electronic journals?
Yes [ ] No [ ]
40. If yes, how useful the programmes were?

a) least useful [ ] b) average use [ ]

c) good use [ ] d) highly useful [ ]

41. Does the library notify the new electronic journals receiving from time to time?
Yes [ ] No [ ]

42. If yes how do they create awareness?

a) Circular [ ] b) Subject Portals [ ] c) Orientation [ ] d) Email alert [ ]

43. Please suggest for improvement for the use of Internet and E-journals facility:
(Please use back of page, if necessary)

(Signature)

THANK YOU for sparing your valuable time and completing the questionnaire!!

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 APPENDIX 3
QUESTIONNAIRE FOR LIBRARIANS
“USE OF INTERNET AND E-JOURNALS (UNDER UGC INFONET) IN
UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES OF ORISSA: A STUDY”
Note:
1. Please mark (√) your answer in an appropriate box “[ ]”.
2. Please try to answer the complete questionnaire.
3. Information provided by you will be treated as confidential.
4. If necessary please enclose separate list

A. GENERAL INFORMATION:

1. Name of the institution & address:__________________________________________

________________________________________________________PIN:____________
Phone: ________________________________FAX:_____________________________

E-mail: _____________________________ University Website: ___________________

2. Name of the Library: ______________________________________________

3. Year of Establishment of Library: __________________________

4. Name of the Librarian: ___________________________________________

5. E-mail of Librarian: ____________________________________________

6. Phone No. of Librarian: Off. ____________________ Mob. ___________________
7. Whether your library is automated? Yes/No
Not Automated [ ] Partially Automated [ ]
Fully Automated [ ] Other Please Specify__________ [ ]

8. Do you specify the Internet access timing for the Department? Yes/No,
If yes, please specify the timing?

9. Is your library member of UGC-Infonet Digital Library Consortia? Yes/No,

Year of launching of UGC-Infonet in your library:________________

B. LIBRARY STAFF (Personnel)

1. How many staffs available in the internet laboratory?________________

2. How many of your staffs are trained in using the Internet & E-journal Access?______

151
3. Have you conducted any type of Internet/E-journal related awareness program in your
University/Library? Yes/No
If yes, what type of program? And number of program with year.

Types of Program Period National International Other

Training Program
Workshop
Conferences
Seminar
Orientation Program
Other please specify

C. USER INFORMATION
Please give the total number of registered user category in the library as under:
Teachers: M.Phil Scholars:
Research Scholars: P.G. Students:

D. INFRASTRUCTURE

Please provide the data about 1) Hardware2) Software and Other accessories.

Hardware

Name No. of Items Specification, if any

Pentium- IV
Pentium Dual Core/ Core 2 Dual
Work Stations
Celeron processor Systems
Laptops
Multimedia Work Station
Inkjet Printer
DeskJet Printer
Laser Printer
Fax cum Printer cum Photocopier
UPS (online/Offline)
Inverter
CVT stabilizers
Scanner
Other (please specify)

152
Storage Devices
Floppy Disk
Optical Medias
Magnetic tapes
CDs/ DVDs
Pen Drives
Mirror backup
CD-Writer
External Hard Disk
Other (please specify)

Networking
Modem
Radio Link
VSAT
Hub
Router
Bridge
Switches
Cabling: Types of cable (please specify)

Any other (please specify)

Software
Please indicate the availability of operating systems and other software’s being used in
the library with specification. You may please attach a separate sheet, if necessary.

Operating Systems Yes / No No. of Specifications, if

systems any
Windows NT
UNIX (SCO / SVR etc)
LINUX
Windows ME
Windows 2000/Professional
Windows 2003 Advanced Server
Windows 2007
Windows XP
Windows Vista
Other (please specify)

153
Servers

Server name Yes / No If yes, No. Specifications, if

of systems any
Library Automation Server
Web Server
Database Server
Mail Server
Proxy/Firewall
Other Please Specify

Browsers
Browser Yes / No No. of Specifications, if
systems any
Internet Explorer
Netscape Navigator
Mozilla
Other (please specify)

Other Tools
Other Tools Yes / No No. of Specifications, if
systems any
Library Management Software
File Download Software
File uploading Software
Search Engine Software
Any other (please specify)

System Up-gradation
Is there, a need for up gradation of existing hardware/software? Yes [ ] No [ ]

If yes, what plans do you have for up-gradation of hardware/software with the objective
of providing access to electronic journals over the Internet? Please describe as below:
a) New Purchase [ ] c) Upgrading the existing H/W & S/W [ ]
b) Buy back Offer [ ] d) Other (please specify) [ ]

154
3. Networking/Internet

1. Is your library system work under network environment? Yes [ ] No [ ]

If yes, check which type of network you have?
a. Wide Area Network (WAN) [ ]
b. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) [ ]
c. Local Area Network (LAN) [ ]
or
Wire Less Line (WLL)
2. Do you have Internet connection in your library? Yes [ ] No [ ]
If yes what type of Internet connectivity do you have?

Dial-up [ ]
Leased line [ ]
Radio link [ ]
VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) [ ]
DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) [ ]
ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscribers Line) [ ]
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) [ ]
Other Specify____________________________ [ ]

3. What is your Internet connectivity speed (bandwidth rate)?

a. 128K [ ] b. 256 K [ ]
c. 512K [ ] d. 2 MB [ ]
e. 1 GB [ ] f. Other___________ [ ]

4. Does the present bandwidth fulfill your comfortability, reliability and convenience?
Yes/ No, If No, what steps you have taken
a) Request for upgradation [ ]
b) Alternative arrangement [ ]
c) Distributing the access time [ ]

5. Who are the Internet Service Providers?

Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited (VSNL) [ ]
Education and Research Network (ERNET) [ ]
National Information Centre Network (NICNET) [ ]
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) [ ]
Other (Please Specify)_______________________ [ ]

6. How many computers does your organization possess?_________________

7. How many are accessible with Internet? _____________________

155
E. LIBRARY BUDGET FOR INTERNET/ E-JOURNAL ACCESS PURPOSE

1. Do you have a separate Budget for Information Technology Application/Internet?

Yes [ ] No [ ]
If yes, Please give the budget allocation along with the funding sources.

2. Does your organization have a specific budget in place for the maintenance and
improvement of computer and / or Internet facilities?
Hardware Procurement Average [ ] Good [ ] Very Good [ ]
Hardware Maintenance Average [ ] Good [ ] Very Good [ ]
Software Procurement Average [ ] Good [ ] Very Good [ ]
Software Maintenance Average [ ] Good [ ] Very Good [ ]
Accessories Average [ ] Good [ ] Very Good [ ]
(Printer, network, etc)

3. Approximately how much amount (per annum) cost your organization on

Internet access? ________

4. Purpose of use of the Internet?

To access E-journals
To send and receive Email
To Subscribe to newsgroups, forums, list servers etc.
To access Online e-resources/ E-database/ E -books
Other (Specify below)

F. LIBRARY COLLECTION and ELECTRONIC RESOURCES

1. Size of your library collection

Print Collection Total E-Collection Total
No. No.
Books E-Databases
Journals E-Journals
Back Volumes- Journals E-Bibliographical Tools
Theses CD-CVDs
Reports and Standards etc. Audio- visuals
News papers E-learning tools
Magazines E-Encyclopedias/
Directories
Any other (please specify) Any other (please specify)

2. How long have you been facilitating the Internet/E-journal in you library?

2 to 4 years [ ]4 to 6 years [ ] 6 to 8 years [ ] More than 8 years [ ]

156
G. LIBRARY SERVICES THROUGH INTERNET
1. No of E-journals and sources subscribed or received under UGC-Infonet,
Please specify (Enclosed separate sheet, if necessary)

2. Do you have internet access in each sections of the library?

Acquisition [ ] Cataloguing [ ]
Circulation [ ] Periodical [ ]
Reference [ ] Technical [ ]
Administration [ ] OPAC terminals [ ]
Other Please Specify___________________________ [ ]

H. MISCELLANEOUS
1. Does your library have facility for downloading or printing? Yes [ ] No [ ]
If yes, please describe the facilities provided.
a. Downloading and Printing [ ] Limited copy [ ] Unlimited Copy [ ]
b. Downloading only [ ] Limited copy [ ] Unlimited Copy [ ]
c. Printing only [ ] Limited copy [ ] Unlimited Copy [ ]
d. Not available [ ]

2. Do you have CD-ROM Access facilities? Yes [ ] No [ ]

3. Do you have CD-ROM network? Yes [ ] No [ ]

4. Do you feel the impact of E-resources on collection development? Yes/ No

5. Is your library, member of any other Library Network / Consortia to acquire

the electronic journals / electronic publications or any other services?
FORSA [ ] INDEST-AICTE [ ]
DELNET [ ] Local / Regional network [ ]
Any other (Please specify) _________________________________________

Total number of department attached to the University library ____________

Please enclose a separate list

I. Please suggest for better utilization of Internet and facility of E-journals by the
Faculty
and Research Scholars in your library: (Please use back page if necessary)

(Signature)

THANK YOU for sparing your valuable time and completing the questionnaire!

157
 APPENDIX 4
Data variables used in SPSS

Description Code Values Options

Name of the University UNIV 1 BU
2 SU
3 UU
Field Groups STREAM 0 BS
1 HSSM
Teacher or Scholar TERS 0 Scholar
1 Teacher
Research
Category CAT 1 scholar
2 Lecturer
3 Reader
4 Professor
Use of internet per day USE 1 0.30 to 1
2 2 to 3
3 More than 3
Duration of interval period DUR 1 Daily
2 Weekly
3 Fortnightly
4 Monthly
Familiarity with internet access FAM 0 No
1 Yes
Internet
Preferred Browser BROW 1 explorer
2 Google chromes
3 Mozilla
All or some of
4 these
5 Others
Reason of using browser BRWHY 1 Speed
2 Convenient
3 Availability
All or some of
4 these
5 Other
Type of e-resources TYPRES 1 Ejls
2 Academic study

158
 3 No responses
Print out PROUT 0 No
1 Yes
External disk
(floppy, cds,
Storage medium STM 1 dvds,tapes)
2 Hard disks
3 Pen drive
All or some of
4 these
5 Others
Sufficient internet connected
personal computers INTPC 0 No
1 Yes
Operating system OS 1 Windows
2 Linux
3 Macintosh
Windows &
4 linux
All other
5 combination
Search engine SE 1 Google
2 Yahoo
3 Altavista
Google &
4 Yahoo
All other
5 combination
Discussion
Internet tools TOOLS 1 forum
2 Search engine
3 Web OPAC
All other
4 combinations
Expertise of library staff EXPT 0 No
1 Yes
Free internet access INTFR 0 No
1 Yes
Internet rate per hour INTRS 1 Rs 1-5
2 Rs 6-10
3 Rs 11-15
4 Others

159
Internet training TRG 0 No
1 Yes
External help during
encountering problems HELP 1 Lib staff
2 Colleagues
All other
3 combination
Internet speed SPEED 0 No
1 Yes
Use of UGC-Infonet INFNT 0 No
1 Yes
Money spent personally SPEND 0 No
1 Yes
Download format DFT 1 Doc
2 Pdf
3 HTML
Multiple
4 combination
5 No response
Managing downloading
information DIF 1 Prints
Storing in
2 removal disk
3 Storing in pc
Multiple
4 combination
5 No response
Internet for entertainment ENTN 0 No
1 Yes
Whether internet can replace
print REPL 0 No
1 Yes
Internet facility in departments INTDEP 0 No
1 Yes
Internet location ITL 1 Library
2 Cyber cafe
Multiple
3 combination
4 No response
Internet subscription INTSUB 0 No
1 Yes
Online education OEDU 0 No

160
 1 Yes
Source of information SIR 1 Publisher site
2 Search engine
3 Help of lib staff
Multiple
4 combination
5 No response
Sufficient availibility of e-
journals AVLTY 0 No
1 Yes
Complaining agency COMPLN 1 Librarian
2 HOD
3 Publisher
INFLIBNET-
4 UGC
Multiple
5 combination
Satisfied with
current e-
Managing old print journals PRT 1 journals
From other
2 library
3 From faculty
From own
4 subscription
5 No response
Creating awareness
programmes AWARE 0 No
1 Yes
Usefullness of awareness
programmes USEFUL 1 Least useful
2 Average use
3 Good use
4 Highly useful
Alert received ALERT 0 No
1 Yes
Preferred alert medium CIR 1 Circular
2 Sub portal
3 Orientation
4 Email alert

161
Curriculum Vitae
 Sushanta Kumar Pathy

CONTACT INFORMATION
Central Library,
Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar
Toshali Bhavan, Satya Nagar
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
Mobile-08895084197
Email: pathysushanta@gmail.com

Personal Details
Date of Birth: 15th April 1971
Fathers Name Basudeb Pathy
Permanent Address: Vil. : Darlipali, PO. Bharasuja,
Dist. Balangir, Odisha-767061 (India)
Marital Status: Married, wife and only son aged 11yrs.
Languages known English, Hindi and Oriya

Educational Background
2014 Submitted PhD on topic “Use of Internet and E-Journals (UNDER UGC
INFONET) in University Libraries of Orissa: A Study” under the Guidance of
Prof. B.K. Choudhury, Retd., Dept. of Lib. & Inf. Sc., Sambalpur University
2013 Qualified UGC-NET in Library & Information Science
1999 Master Degree in Library & Information Science (M. Lib. & Inf. Sc.) from
Sambalpur University in First division with 2nd Rank in University.
1997 Post Graduate Diploma in Computer Application (PGDCA) from Dept. of
Computer Sciences, Sambalpur University.
1995 Bachelor in Library Science (B. Lib. & Inf. Sc.) Dept. of Lib. & Inf. Sc.,
Sambalpur University
1991 Bachelor in Science (B.Sc.) with Physics Hons. from Sambalpur University

Merit Certificate
Hold First division with 2nd Rank in M. Lib. & Inf. Sc., Sambalpur University

Areas of Interest
Internet, Electronic Journals, E-resources Management and Digital Library Software
Professional Experience (13 yr 5 months)
March, 2010 to present IIT Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha
Sr. Library & Information Assistant
Nov, 2005 to Feb. 2010 NIFT, Gandhinagar, Gujarat
Research Assistant & Head Resource Centre I/c
Aug, 2002 to Nov, 2005 Sambalpur University, Odisha
Information Scientist
June 2001 to Aug. 2002 K. D.A. V. (Reliance Group), Jamnagar, Gujarat
Librarian
Nov. 2000 to April 2001 Centre for Environment Education, Ahmedabad
Training in Librarianship and Documentation
Project Works
1. Creation of Earthquake Web Directory using CDS/ISIS (1 month).
2. Creation of LIS Books Database in the Central Library using CDS/ISIS (3
month).
3. Public Grievance Petition Monitoring System of District Collect-orate Bargarh,
Orissa developed in FoxPro (3 month).

Publications
• Pathy, S.K et al. (2005). Institutional E-Print Repositories for Scholarly
Communication: Issues and Implications. International CALIBRE, Kochi, p.580-588.)
• Pathy, S.K (2008). Building Up Digital Library of Visual Resources in VRA Core 3.0
Metadata Standards: an experimental approach using GSDL . International
Conference Building Knowledge Repositories: Cross-Sectoral Collaborations, New
Delhi.
• Pathy, S.K. (2011). Digitization of Fashion Collection in NIFT, Gandhinagar: A
Practical Study, ICDK, MDI Gurgaon, 2011
• Pathy, S. K. (2011). Growth, Development and Best Practices adopted at NIFT
Resource Centre in the Digital Era: An overview of NIFT Gandhinagar, ICLAM,
IIC, New Delhi, p.369-375.
• Pathy, S.K, Thaty, R.K. and Choudhury B.K. (2013). Usage of E-resources under
UGC-Infonet in Sambalpur University Library: An IP-level analysis,
International Journal of Information Library and Society, .2 (2), p.5-10

Others
Delivered lectures in the conferences and acted as resource persons in many workshops,
training and seminars. Also attended good numbers of library automation, digital library,
e-resource management trainings and workshops.