Using simple present and progressive to

export
 Tabla de contenido

Introducción ................................................................................................................... 1

Mapa conceptual ........................................................................................................... 1

1. Foreign trade process vocabulary ........................................................................... 2

2. Simple present and present progressive ................................................................ 8

Simple present ............................................................................................................ 8
Affirmative form ........................................................................................................... 9
Negative form ............................................................................................................ 12
Present progressive .................................................................................................. 13

Referencias .................................................................................................................. 18
 Introducción

Colombia ha incrementado el número de tratados con otros países de habla inglesa, por
esta razón, este idioma se convierte en la herramienta más útil para procesos que
involucran la exportación de productos.

También, es importante saber utilizar las estructuras para comprender y comunicar los
mensajes, entre los exportadores colombianos y los compradores que hablan inglés. En
este material de formación se muestra un vocabulario sobre el proceso de negocio
internacional y la estructura de los tiempos presente simple y presente progresivo en
inglés.

Mapa conceptual

En el mapa conceptual que se comparte a continuación, se evidencia la interrelación

temática del contenido que se plantea en este material de formación.

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 1. Foreign trade process vocabulary

Trade agreements are important in nowadays Colombian economy and businesses.

Important agreements have been signed with English language countries and it is
necessary to study and learn the key words to manage these processes in the right way.

The next chart contains important words in English referring to foreign trade processes
and their corresponding meaning.

Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) have proved

to be one of the best ways to open up foreign
markets to U.S. exporters. Trade Agreements
reduce barriers to U.S. exports, and protect
U.S. interests and enhance the rule of law in
the FTA partner country.

The reduction of trade barriers and the

Free Trade Tratado de creation of a more stable and transparent
Agreement Libre Comercio trading and investment environment make it
(FTA). (TLC). easier and cheaper for U.S. companies to
export their products and services to trading
partner markets. Forty-one percent of U.S.
goods exports went to FTA partner countries
in 2010, with exports to those countries
growing at a faster rate than exports to the
rest of the world from 2009 to 2010, 23% vs.
20%.

(Also called an agriculturer) is a person

engaged in agriculture, raising living
organisms for food or raw materials. The term
usually applies to people who do some
Agricultores,
combination of raising field crops, orchards,
Farmers. granjeros y
vineyards, poultry, or other livestock.
campesinos.
A farmer might own the farmed land or might
work as a labourer on land owned by others,
but in advanced economies, a farmer is

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 usually a farm owner, while employees of the
farm are farm workers, farmhands, among
others.

The flow of cash or cash-equivalents received

Income. Ingresos. from work (wage or salary), capital (interest or
profit), or land (rent).

A negative difference between retail price and

Loss. Pérdida.
cost of production.

Denied. Denegado. Word used when a process is refuse.

Published list of fares, freight charges, prices,

Tariff. Tarifa.
rates, among others.

To send goods or services across national

Export. Exportar. frontiers for the purpose of selling and
realizing foreign exchange. See also exports.

Ethical, legal, or moral accountability, owed

always or for a certain period, specially to
Duties. Deberes.
someone who has a corresponding right to
demand satisfaction of an obligation.

Bargaining (give and take) process between

two or more parties (each with its own aims,
needs, and viewpoints) seeking to discover a
Negociation. Negociación.
common ground and reach an agreement to
settle a matter of mutual concern or resolve a
conflict. Noun form of the verb negotiate.

Encarar de
Deal. Trade.
manera, tratar.

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 Products that have strong finalcial support
Heavily- Los productos
from a party. A subsidy is a grant or other
subsidized fuertemente
financial assistance given by one party for the
products. subsidiados.
support or development of another.

Expensive. Costoso. Costing a lot of money.

Agriculture, also called farming or husbandry,

is the cultivation of animals, plants, fungi, and
Agricultural El sector
other life forms for food, fiber, biofuel, drugs
sector. agrícola.
and other products used to sustain and
enhance human life.

Commercial transaction involving the sale

Trade. Comercio. and purchase of a good, service, or
information.

To give, provide, or allow. “Amy granted her

Granted. Concesión. daughter the right to act on her behalf if she
becomes incompetent due to her illness”.

Merchandise on which import duty is not

charged because it is sold only to departing
passengers in an airport's or port's departure
loungen (which are bonded areas). Non-
Libre de
Duty-free. residents can buy it outside of bonded areas
impuestos.
on presentation of valid travel documents
(such as a passport and travel ticket) but can
collect the purchased item only at the
departing point.

To attempt or intend to reach a certain goal. “I

Aims. Objetivos. am to finish this project in a week or less”. A
specific goal or purpose.

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 Legal regimen of a country consisting of (1)
a written or oral constitution, (2) primary
legislation (statutes) enacted by the
legislative body established by the
constitution, (3) subsidiary legislation
Legal system. Sistema legal. (bylaws) made by person or bodies
authorized by the primary legislation to do
so, customs applied by the courts on the
basis of traditional practices, and (5)
principles or practices of civil, common,
Roman, or other code of law.

For customs purposes, the party who makes

(or on whose behalf an agent or broker
Exporters. Exportadores. makes) the export declaration. The exporter
sells its goods to someone in another country,
known as the importer.

Ability of a firm or a nation to offer products

and services that meet the quality standards
of the local and world markets at prices that
Competitiveness. Competitividad.
are competitive and provide adequate returns
on the resources employed or consumed in
producing them.

Increase in a country's productive capacity,

as measured by comparing gross national
product (GNP) in a year with the GNP in the
previous year. Increase in the capital stock,
advances in technology, and improvement in
Economic Desarrollo the quality and level of literacy are considered
growth. económico. to be the principal causes of economic
growth. In recent years, the idea of
sustainable development has brought in
additional factors such as environmentally
sound processes that must be taken into
account in growing an economy.

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 Money committed or property acquired for
Investment. Inversión.
future income.

Voluntarily arrangement in which two or more

entities engage in a mutually beneficial
exchange instead of competing. Cooperation
Cooperation. Cooperación.
can happen where resources adequate for
both parties exist or are created by their
interaction.

Process of converting scientific and

Technology Transferencia
technological advances into marketable
transfer. de tecnología.
goods or services.

The part of national economy made up of

private enterprises. It includes the personal
sector (households) and corporate sector
Private sector. Sector privado.
(companies), and is responsible for allocating
most of the resources within an economy.
See also public sector.

An individual who commits money to

investment products with the expectation of
financial return. Generally, the primary
concern of an investor is to minimize risk
Investors. Los inversores.
while maximizing return, as opposed to a
speculator, who is willing to accept a higher
level of risk in the hopes of collecting higher-
than-average profits.

An agreement between states, regions, or

countries, to reduce barriers to trade between
Los bloques
Trade blocs. the participating regions. The most well
regionales.
known trade bloc is NAFTA, between the
United States, Canada, and Mexico. Some
opponents of trade blocs believe that such

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 agreements are detrimental to global free
trade.

Stage in an economic cycle in which

conditions of relatively low- unemployment
Prosperity. Prosperidad. and high total income prevail, leading to high
purchasing power (if the inflation rate is kept
low).

It is a document summarizing the

Technical data / performance and other technical
specification Ficha técnica. characteristics of a product, machine,
sheet. component, material, a subsystem or
software in sufficient detail to be used.

A duty rate typically refers to the amount of

money owed to the customs collectors for
Tarifas
Duty rates. each unit of imported goods, such as dollars
arancelarias.
per pound of fruit, or per hundred tires, or per
unit.

The method by which a customs officer

Custom Valoración determines the customs value. When this
valuation. aduanera. method is biased against importing, it
becomes an NTB.

Partida The descriptive name attached to a tariff line,

Tariff heading.
arancelaria. indicating the product to which it applies.

It is when customs, an authority or agency in

a country responsible for collecting and
Liquidation. Liquidación. safeguarding customs duties, determines the
final computation or ascertainment of the
duties or drawback accruing on an entry.

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 Nontariff barrier: Any policy that interferes
Barreras no with exports or imports other than a simple
NTB.
arancelarias. tariff, prominently including quotas and
volontary export restraints.

2. Simple present and present progressive

Simple present

This tense is commonly used for habits, routines and for things that always happen:

 I go to the laboratory at 8:00 a.m.

 She prefers to eat oatmeal for breakfast.

 The sun rises everyday.

There are some verbs which are commonly used in simple present:

 Believe.
I believe in God.

 Know.
She knows everything about cars.

 Cost.
This product costs $2000.

 Like.
We like classic music.

 Understand.
He doesn’t understand Math.

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Also, there are some key words to say that the sentence is written in simple present:

 Always.

 Never.

 Usually.

 Sometimes.

 Often.

 Rarely/seldom.

 Occasionally.

 Frequently.

 Every day/year among others.

 Once a week.

 In the morning, evening, among others.

 At night.

 All the time.

 Regularly.

 Normally.

Affirmative form

Pronuon/noun Verb Complement

We produce shoes.

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 She writes poems.

For she, he, it, the - s is added.

 For verbs ending in - sh, - ch, - x, - ss, - o, - z:

Go. Goes.

Catch. Catches.

Wash. Washes.

Fix. Fixes.

Kiss. Kisses.

Buzz. Buzzes.

 For verbs ending in consonant + y:

Marry. Marries.

Carry. Carries.

Study. Studies.

Worry. Worries.

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 For verbs ending in vowel + y:

Play. Plays.

Enjoy. Enjoys.

Say. Says.

 Other verbs:

Take. Takes.

Come. Comes.

Hit. Hits.

Read. Reads.

Examples:

 I study the budget for the company.

 He studies the budget for this year.

 We plan to buy a new brand car.

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Negative form

Noun – pronoun Auxiliary + neg Verb Complement

She/He/It does not work for us.

We/You/They do not produce toys.

Examples:

 He doesn’t speak Chinese.

 You don’t speak Chinese.

 We don’t speak Chinese.

 I don’t speak Chinese.

 She doesn’t speak Chinese.

 They don’t speak Chinese.

Important: The – s is only added in the affirmative form.

Interrogative form

Auxiliary Noun – pronoun Verb Complement

Do You/I/We/They speak Chinese?

Does She/He/It work here?

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Examples:

 Do you organize the meetings?

Yes, I do/No I don’t.

 Do they organize the meetings?

Yes, they do/No, they don’t.

 Do we organize the meetings?

Yes, we do/No, we don’t.

 Does he organize the meetings?

Yes, he does/No, he doesn’t.

 Does she organize the meetings?

Yes, she does/No, she doesn’t.

Present progressive

This tense is used for action happening at the moment someone is speaking.

 In this moment, employees are having lunch.

 Now she is working in the lab.

 Look! The sun is rising!

Key words for present progressive.

 Now.

 At the moment.

 At present.

 This morning/evening, among others.

 Today/tonight.

 Nowadays.
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 Look! Listen! (At the time of speaking).

This tense has the next structure:

Noun – pronoun To be Verb – ing Complement

She/He/It is working at home.

I am living in USA.

We/They/You are producing cookies.

There are some rules to add the – ing

 The basic rule is just adding the – ing:

Work. Working.

Play. Playing.

Assist. Assisting.

Be. Being.

 Verbs ending in consonant + stressed vowel + consonant:

Stop. Stopping.

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 Run. Running.

Begin. Beginning.

 When the last syllable is not stressed, the last rule does not apply:

Open. Opening.

 Verbs ending in – ie:

Lie. Lying.

Die. Dying.

 Verbs ending in – e:

Come. Coming.

Produce. Producing.

Mistake. Mistaking.

Have. Having.

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Affirmative form

Noun – pronoun To be Verb + ing Complement

She is playing tennis.

We are packing shoes.

Examples:

 I am writing letters.

 You are writing letters.

 We are writing letters.

 They are writing letters.

 She is writing letters.

 He is writing letters.

Negative form

Noun – pronoun To be + neg Verb Complement

She is not/isn’t playing tennis.

We are not/aren’t packing shoes.

Examples:

 I’m not/am not writing letters.

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 You aren’t/are not writing letters.

 We aren’t/are not writing letters.

 They aren’t/are not writing letters.

 She isn’t/is not writing letters.

 He isn’t/is not writing letters.

Interrogative form

To be Noun – pronoun Verb Complement

Is she playing tennis.

Are we packing shoes.

Examples:

 Are you writing letters?

Yes, I am/No I’m not.

 Are we writing letters?

Yes, we are/No, we aren’t.

 Are they writing letters?

Yes, they are/No they aren’t.

 Is she writing letters?

Yes, she is/No, she isn’t.

 Is he writing letters?
Yes, he is/No, he isn’t.

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 Referencias

 Alexander, L. (1990). Longman english grammar practice. Nueva York, Estados

Unidos: Logman Group UK Limited.

 Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje (SENA). (s.f.). Vocabulary foreign trade process.

Bogotá, Colombia: Autor.

 Zandvoort, R. (1976). A handbook of english grammar. Londres, Inglaterra: Logman

Group UK Limited.

Control del documento

Nombre Cargo Dependencia Fecha

Centro de Servicios
Ismari Herrera Experta Empresariales y Julio de
Autor
Jerez Técnica Turísticos 2016
Regional Santander

Guionista -
Leydi Johana Centro Agroindustrial Octubre
Adaptación Línea de
Navarro Ríos Regional Quindío de 2016
producción

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