DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS :

1. SERVO MOTOR

What is Servo Motor?

This is nothing however a straightforward electrical motor, controlled with the assistance
of control system. If the motor as controlled device, related to control system is DC motor, then
it's usually illustrious DC Servo Motor. If the controlled motor is operated by AC, it's referred to
as AC Servo Motor.

Servo Motor Theory

There are some special sorts of application of electrical motor wherever rotation of the
motor is needed for simply a definite angle not ceaselessly for long amount of your time. For
these applications some special sorts of motor are needed with some special arrangement that
makes the motor to rotate a definite angle for a given electrical input (signal). For this purpose
servo motor comes into image. This is often unremarkably a straightforward DC motor that is
management for specific angular rotation with facilitate of extra control system (a typical closed-
loop system feedback control system). currently day’s servo system has immense industrial
applications. Servo motor india applications additionally|also are usually seen in remote
controlled toy cars for dominant direction of motion and it's also terribly usually used because
the motor that moves the receptacle of a CD or videodisc player. Beside these there are
alternative many servo motor applications we have a tendency to see in our way of life. The most
reason behind employing a servo is that it provides angular exactness, i.e. it'll solely rotate the
maximum amount we would like so stop and watch for next signal to require more action. this is
often in contrast to a traditional electrical motor that starts rotating as and once power is applied
there to and therefore the rotation continues till we have a tendency to cut the facility. we have a
tendency to cannot management the movement progress of electrical motor; however we are able
to solely management the speed of rotation and might flip it ON and OFF.
Servo Motor Working Principle
Before understanding the working principle of servo motor we should understand first the
basic of servomechanism.

Servomechanism
A servo system mainly consists of three basic components - a controlled device, a output sensor,
a feedback system. This is an automatic closed loop control system. Here instead of controlling a
device by applying the variable input signal, the device is controlled by a feedback signal
generated by comparing output signal and reference input signal. When reference input signal or
command signal is applied to the system, it is compared with output reference signal of the
system produced by output sensor, and a third signal produced by a feedback system. This third
signal acts as an input signal of controlled device.

This input signal to the device presents as long as there is a logical difference between reference
input signal and the output signal of the system. After the device achieves its desired output,
there will be no longer the logical difference between reference input signal and reference output
signal of the system. Then, the third signal produced by comparing theses above said signals will
not remain enough to operate the device further and to produce a further output of the system
until the next reference input signal or command signal is applied to the system. Hence, the
primary task of a servomechanism is to maintain the output of a system at the desired value in
the presence of disturbances.

Working Principle of Servo Motor

A servo motor is basically a DC motor(in some special cases it is AC motor) along with some
other special purpose components that make a DC motor a servo. In a servo unit, you will find a
small DC motor, a potentiometer, gear arrangement and an intelligent circuitry. The intelligent
circuitry along with the potentiometer makes the servo to rotate according to our wishes. As we
know, a small DC motor will rotate with high speed but the torque generated by its rotation will
not be enough to move even a light load. This is where the gear system inside a servomechanism
comes into the picture. The gear mechanism will take high input speed of the motor (fast) and at
the output, we will get an output speed which is slower than original input speed but more
practical and widely applicable.

Say at initial position of servo motor shaft, the position of the potentiometer knob is such that
there is no electrical signal generated at the output port of the potentiometer. This output port of
the potentiometer is connected with one of the input terminals of the error detector amplifier.
Now an electrical signal is given to another input terminal of the error detector amplifier. Now
difference between these two signals, one comes from potentiometer and another comes from
external source, will be amplified in the error detector amplifier and feeds the DC motor. This
amplified error signal acts as the input power of the DC motor and the motor starts rotating in
desired direction. As the motor shaft progresses the potentiometer knob also rotates as it is
coupled with motor shaft with help of gear arrangement. As the position of the potentiometer
knob changes there will be an electrical signal produced at the potentiometer port. As the angular
position of the potentiometer knob progresses the output or feedback signal increases. After
desired angular position of motor shaft the potentiometer knob is reaches at such position the
electrical signal generated in the potentiometer becomes same as of external electrical signal
given to amplifier. At this condition, there will be no output signal from the amplifier to the
motor input as there is no difference between external applied signal and the signal generated at
potentiometer . As the input signal to the motor is nil at that position, the motor stops rotating.
This is how a simple conceptual servo motor works.

2. SOLENOID VALVE

What is solenoid?
The solenoid is 'a device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy'. The solenoid
generally provides a physical mechanical output about a single axis, either vertical or horizontal
depending on the orientation of the coil of the solenoid.

There are two primary components of a solenoid, the coil and the core, both of which can be seen
in the image adjacent to this text. The function of a solenoid rely on the interaction of the
physical properties of each of these components.

The solenoid consists of a coil of wire with an iron plunger that is allowed to move through the
center of the coil. Above figure shows the solenoid in the un energized state. plunger is being
held about halfway out of the coil by a spring.

When the coil is energized , the resulting magnetic field pulls the plunger to the middle of the
coil. The magnetic force is unidirectional — a spring is required to return the plunger to its un
energized position
Working principle of solenoid valve:
An electric current through the coil creates a magnetic field. The magnetic field exerts a force on
the plunger. As a result, the plunger is pulled toward the centre of the coil so that the orifice
opens. This is the basic principle that is used to open and close solenoid valves.

A solenoid valve is the combination of a basic solenoid and mechanical valve. So a solenoid
valve has two parts namely- Electrical solenoid, mechanical valve.

Solenoid converts electrical energy to mechanical energy and this energy is used to operate a
mechanical valve that is to open, close or to adjust in a position.

Image of – Working procedure of a typical Solenoid valve:

WI-FI MODULE

ESP8266 :

The ESP8266 WiFi Module

The ESP8266 is a WiFi module that costs less than 5 USD. This makes
putting your sensors on the net actually feasible. (Hooking up the $75
Arduino Yun to each of your sensors - not no feasible.) There’s a lot of
excitement about this sensor on the Internet currently, and people have
done an amazing job deciphering the obscure command structure of this
device that comes from China. There seems to be three ways of using
this module, in order of increasing complexity:

1. Sending it AT commands from a computer via an USB to serial

adapter. This is mostly useful for testing and setup.
2. Interfacing with an Arduino or any other microcontoller and using
this board as a peripheral.
3. Programming the module directly and use its GPIO pins to talk to
your sensors, eliminating the need for a second controller.

I’ve explored options #1 and #2 above, and that’s what I’ll be talking
about here. If you are new to this whole thing, I recommend that you
watch this video from Great Scott Labs first.

Setting up the ESP8266

The first thing you want to do with ESP8266 (as with any aliens) is to
establish communication. For this, you hook up a USB to TTL adapter
to the module, and talk to it using a serial port terminal application
like CoolTerm. One thing to be careful about when you hook up this
module is to remember that this module operates at 3.3 V - even the
serial lines should not exceed this voltage. So here is how I hooked up
my ESP8266:

In the above circuit, you can see that I used a 3.3 V regulator to power
the board, and a resistor dividor on the RX line to keep the voltages on
spec. The sessions below use CoolTerm. My board worked with a baud
rate of 9600, since its firmware was already upgraded to 0.9.2.2. You
may need to try other baud rates - 115200, for instance.

þ<.—Ž .þ...‡ ,‡ .(Š – Š ‹ ‡ .‡ ....û.‡ .ÿ

[System Ready, Vendor:www.ai-thinker.com]

Now, you can send it AT commands. You can see the full command
reference here. First let’s send “AT”:

AT

OK

Now let’s get the firmware version:

AT+GMR

0018000902

OK

Now, let’s get the operation mode.

AT+CWMODE?

+CWMODE:3

OK