Indian J Med Res 131, March 2010, pp 434-439

Adulticidal activity of essential oil of Lantana camara leaves against

mosquitoes

V.K. Dua, A.C. Pandey & A.P. Dash*

National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), Field Unit, Haridwar &*National Institute of Malaria Research
New Delhi, India

Received August 1, 2008

Background & objectives: Development of insect resistance to synthetic pesticides, high operational cost
and environmental pollution have created the need for developing alternative approaches to control
vector-borne diseases. In the present study we have investigated the insecticidal activity of essential oil
isolated from the leaves of Lantana camara against mosquito vectors.
Methods: Essential oil was isolated from the leaves of L. camara using hydro-distillation method. Bioassay
test was carried out by WHO method for determination of adulticidal activity against mosquitoes.
Different compounds were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis.
Results: LD50 values of the oil were 0.06, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05 and 0.06 mg/cm2 while LD90 values were 0.10,
0.10, 0.09, 0.09 and 0.10 mg/cm2 against Ae. aegypti, Cx. quinquefasciatus, An. culicifacies, An. fluvialitis
and An. stephensi respectively. KDT50 of the oil were 20, 18, 15, 12, and 14 min and KDT90 values were
35, 28 25, 18, 23 min against Ae. aegypti, Cx. quinquefasciatus, An. culicifacies, An. fluviatilis and An.
stephensi, respectively on 0.208 mg/cm2 impregnated paper. Studies on persistence of essential oil of
L. camara on impregnated paper revealed that it has more adulticidal activity for longer period at low
storage temperature. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of essential oil showed 45 peaks.
Caryophyllene (16.37%), eucalyptol (10.75%), α-humelene (8.22%) and germacrene (7.41%) were
present in major amounts and contributed 42.75 per cent of the total constituents.
Interpretation &conclusion: Essential oil from the leaves of L. camara possesses adulticidal activity
against different mosquito species that could be utilized for development of oil-based insecticide as
supplementary to synthetic insecticides.

Key words Adulticidal activity - essential oil - gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis - mosquitoes

Mosquitoes constitute a major public health mortality and morbidity among people living in tropical
problem as vectors of serious human diseases like and sub tropical zones. Synthetic pesticides have been
malaria, filariasis, Japanese encephalitis, dengue fever, extensively used for mosquito control by either killing,
chikungunya and yellow fever1 cause substantial preventing adult mosquitoes to bite human beings or

434
 Dua et al : Mosquitocidal activity of L. camara essential oil 435
by killing mosquito larvae at the breeding sites of the
vectors2. Development of insect resistance to synthetic
pesticides such as malathion, DDT, deltamethrin and
even bio-pesticides such as Bacillus thuringiensis3,4,
high operational cost and environmental pollution have
created the need for developing alternative approaches
to control vector-borne disease5. Plants products are
emerging as a potential source of mosquito control and
among them essential oils have special interest due to
their insecticidal properties6,7.
Lantana camara Linn. (Verbenaceae) is a hardy,
evergreen, straggling shrub with characteristic odour, it
grows up to 3 m height, with or without minute prickles
on the branches. It is a perennial shrub found growing
up to 2000 m altitude in tropical, sub tropical and
temperate parts of the world. The plant is spread widely
over Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh
and north-eastern States of India8,9. All parts of this
plant have been used traditionally for several ailments
throughout the world. The leaves of this plant were used
as an antitumeral, antibacterial, and antihypertensive
agent10, roots for the treatment of malaria, rheumatism,
and skin rashes11. Several tri- terpenoids, flavonoids,
alkaloids, and glycosides isolated from this plant are
known to exert diverse biological activities9. Extract
from the leaves of L. camara possessed larvicidal
activity12 while extract from flowers of the plant
showed repellent activity against mosquitoes13,14.
In the present study we have investigated the
adulticidal activity of the oil extracted from the leaves
of L. camara against Aedes aegypti Linnaeus, Culex,
quinquefasciatus Say, Anopheles culicifacies Giles, An.
fluviatilis James and An. stephensi Liston mosquitoes.
Material & Methods
Sample preparation: Leaves of L. camara were
collected from the field in district Hardwar, India. The
leaves were washed with distilled water to remove dust
particles and essential oil from the leaves was obtained
by simultaneous hydro-distillation followed by the
extraction of the distillate using n-hexane as organic
phase for five hours14. Solvent was removed by vortex
evaporator.
Test mosquitoes: Laboratory colonies of different
species of mosquitoes were reared continuously for
several generations in a laboratory free of exposure to
pathogens and insecticides. They were maintained at
26 ± 20C and 60-80 per cent relative humidity in the
insectory of the National Institute of Malaria Research,
Field Unit, Haridwar. Larvae were fed on a mixture of
commercial dog biscuit and yeast powder (3:2 ratio) as
nutrient. Adult mosquitoes were reared in humidified
cages and fed with 10 per cent glucose. Female
mosquitoes were periodically blood-fed on rabbits for
egg production.
Adulticidal bioassay: Ae. aegypti, Cx. quinquefasciatus,
An. culicifacies, An. fluviatilis and An. stephensi
mosquitoes were selected for the testing of adulticidal
activities. Adulticidal bioassay was performed by
WHO method15. Appropriate concentrations of the
essential oil of L. camara were dissolved in 2.5 ml of
acetone and applied on Whatman no. 1 filter papers
(size 12 x15 cm2) as described earlier16. Control papers
were treated with acetone under similar conditions.
Adulticidal activity of the oil was evaluated at seven
concentrations (0.01, 0.03, 0.07, 0.13, 0.20, 0.27 and
0.37 mg/cm2) to produce a range of mortality from 10
to 100 per cent along with control.
Twenty female mosquitoes (2-5 days old glucose
fed, blood starved) were collected and gently
transferred into a plastic holding tube. The mosquitoes
were allowed to acclimatize in the holding tube for
1 h and then exposed to test paper for 1 h. At the end
of exposure period, the mosquitoes were transferred
back to the holding tube and kept 24 h for recovery
period. A pad of cotton soaked with 10 per cent glucose
solution was placed on the mesh screen. Mortality of
mosquitoes was determined at the end of 24 h recovery
period. Per cent mortality was corrected by using of
Abbott’s formula17.
% test mortality - % control mortality
% mortality = X100
100 - % control mortality
LD50, LD90 with their 95 per cent confidence limits
of the oil were determined using Log probit analysis
test18.
Further studies on adulticidal activity of the
essential oil was carried out on 0.208 mg/cm2
impregnated paper along with 0.05 per cent
deltamethrin impregnated paper used as positive
control against female Ae. aegypti, Cx. quinquefasciatus,
An. culicifacies, An. fluviatilis and An. stephensi. The
application dose of 0.208 mg/cm2 was determined by
multiplying the LD50 value with a factor of four for
testing of adulticidal activity against mosquitoes18.
Essential oil (37.5 mg) was dissolved in 2.5 ml acetone
(1.5% w/v) and applied on Whatman no. 1 filter paper
of size (12x15 cm2) and tested for adulticidal activity as
described above. Number of mosquitoes knocked down
436 INDIAN J MED RES, March 2010
in the exposure tube was recorded at 3 min interval
period till the last mosquito was knocked down. At the
end of exposure period, mosquitoes were transferred
to holding tube and kept for 24 h. Knock down time
(KDT50 and KDT90 ) values were determined using log
probit analysis19.
Persistence: Persistence of essential oil on 0.208mg/
cm2 impregnated test paper stored at 4 and 26 ± 20C
was studied at weekly interval for 49 days. Twenty
Ae. aegypti female were exposed to the impregnated
paper (dose 0.208 mg/cm2) and adulticidal activity was
evaluated. Per cent mortality was determined at weekly
intervals. After evaluation, the impregnated papers
were stored at 4 and 26 ± 20C till further evaluation of
adulticidal activity.
Stability: The essential oil was stored at 26 ± 20C
in closed vial up to six months and stability of the
fraction was determined at 0, and 1, 3 and 6 months
time intervals. Whatman no. 1 filter paper (size 12
x 15 cm2) was impregnated with the test fraction at
the concentration of 0.208 mg/cm2 during the study.
Adulticidal activity was evaluated at 26 ± 20C and 60
to 80 per cent relative humidity.
Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS)
analysis: The GC-MS analysis for the separation and
identification of the essential oil was carried using
a Shimadzu GC-2010 gas chromatograph coupled
to a QP 2010 mass selective detector (Simadzu
Corporation, Kyoto, Japan) with capillary column BP-
20 (30 m in length, 0.25 mm internal diam. and 0.25
µm in thickness). Helium was used as a carrier gas (1.1
ml/min). GC oven programme comprised of an initial
temperature 700C (4 min) to 2200C at 40C /min and
held at the final temperatures for 5 min. The essential
oil of L. camara was diluted in 1.0 ml dichloromethane
and 0.25 µl of the resulting solution was injected for
analysis. The identification of the compounds was
Table I. Adulticidal activity of essential oil of Lantana camara against mosquitoes
Mosquito species
LD50
Ae. aegypti 0.06 ± 0.01
Cx. quinquefasciatus 0.05 ± 0.01
An. culicifacies 0.05 ± 0.01
An. fluviatilis 0.05 ± 0.01
An. stephensi 0.06 ± 0.01
CL, Confidence limit; Mosquitoes was exposed for 1 h and mortality was recorded at 24 h recovery period; Values are mean ± SD (No. of
replicates = 5)
performed using a mass spectral data base search
(NIST, WELY and SZTERP software library of mass
spectra) and spectra reported in literature20.
Results
Steam distillation of L. camara leaves yielded
0.4 per cent (w/w) yellow coloured oil with aromatic
smell. LD50 values of the oil were 0.06, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05
and 0.06 mg/cm2 while LD90 values were 0.10, 0.10,
0.09, 0.09 and 0.10 mg/cm2 against Ae. aegypti, Cx.
quinquefasciatus, An. culicifacies, An. fluvialitis and
An. stephensi respectively (Table I).
The essential oil was further investigated against
different mosquitoes species on 0.208 mg/cm2
impregnated papers and results were compared with
0.05 per cent deltamethrin paper. KDT50 and KDT90
values of the essential oil were 20, 18, 15, 12 and 14
min and 35, 28, 25, 18 and 23 min against Ae. aegypti,
Cx. quinquefasciatus, An. culicifacies, An. fluvialitis
and An. stephensi with their per cent mortality of 93.3,
95.2,100, 100 and 100 per cent respectively. KDT50 and
KDT90 values of 0.05 per cent deltamethrin impregnated
papers were 11, 10, 10, 9 and 10 and 16, 25, 18, 15
and 17 against Ae. aegypti, Cx. quinquefasciatus,
An. culicifacies, An. fluviatilis and An. stephensi
respectively with 100 per cent mortality (Table II).
Mortality was 86.4 and 46.4 per cent respectively
at week three, while mortality at week seven was 44.8
and 13.0 per cent respectively. Papers stored at 40C
showed more adulticidal activity for longer period of
time than paper stored at 26 ± 20C (Table III).
Hundred per cent mortality of An. stephensi was
observed during the storage period at 26 ± 20C. KDT50
value was 11 and 13 min at 0 day and 6 months storage
period respectively against An. stephensi (Table IV).
The essential oil stored in closed vial for six months
at room temperature also showed 100 per cent mortality
Adulticidal activity
(mg/cm2)
95% CL LD90 95% CL
0.05 - 0.07 0.10 ± 0.03 0.06 - 0.14
0.04 - 0.06 0.10 ± 0.02 0.07 - 0.12
0.04 - 0.06 0.09 ± 0.02 0.07 - 0.11
0.04 - 0.06 0.09 ± 0.01 0.08 - 0.10
0.05 - 0.07 0.10 ± 0.02 0.08 - 0.12
 Dua et al : Mosquitocidal activity of L. camara essential oil 437

Table II. Adulticidal activity of essential oil of Lantana camara against mosquitoes on 0.208 mg/cm2 impregnated paper
Test materials Mosquito species Knockdown time* % knock- %
(Mean ± sd) min down mortality at 24 h
KDT50 KDT90 in 1 h
Essential oil Ae. aegypti 20 ± 2 35 ± 3 100 93.3 ± 2.5
Cx. quinquefasciatus 18 ± 1 28 ± 2 100 95.2 ± 3.0
An. culicifacies 15 ± 2 25 ± 2 100 100
An. fluviatilis 12 ± 2 18 ± 2 100 100
An. stephensi 14 ± 2 23 ± 3 100 100

Ae. aegypti 11 ± 1 16 ± 2 100 100

Deltamethrin Cx. quinquefasciatus 10 ± 2 25 ± 3 100 100
An. culicifacies 10 ± 2 18 ± 2 100 100
An. fluviatilis 9±2 15 ± 3 100 100
An. stephensi 10 ± 2 17 ± 2 100 100
*
Number of each replicates: 5; Mosquitoes were exposed for 1 h and mortality was recorded at 24 h recovery period

Table III. Persistence of adulticidal activity of essential oil of present in major amounts and contributed 42.75 per
L. camara against Aedes aegypti on 0.208 mg/cm2 impregnated
cent of the total. Farnesol (5.32%), bicyclogermacrene
paper
(3.65%), sesquilavandulol (3.48%), caryophyllene
Days of Per cent mortality of Ae .aegypti*
observation
oxide (2.98%), 1-H-cycloprop azulen-7-ol, decahydro-
Paper stored at 40C Paper stored at 26 ± 20C 1, 1, 7-trimethyl-4-methylene (2.95%), 3-cyclohexene-
(Mean ± SD) (Mean ± SD)
1ol, 4-mehtyl-1-(1-mehtylehtyl) (2.90%), davanone
0 100 100
(2.88%), contributed in the range of 2.88-5.32 per
7 93.5 ± 4.0 86.0 ± 5.0
cent amounting to 24.16 per cent. Twelve compounds
14 90.0. ± 6.0 63.5 ± 4.0
21 86.4 ± 4.5 46.4 ± 3.0
identified in minor amounts with the range of 1.0-2.45
28 70.0 ± 3.2 40.0 ± 3.5
per cent and contributed 15.78 per cent while another
35 65.6 ± 4.8 38.2 ± 5.0
22 compounds were present in traces (<1.0) and their
42 56.0 ± 5.8 23.0 ± 4.0 total contribution was 17.31 per cent.
49 44.8 ± 5.8 13.0 ± 4.5 Discussion
Number of each replicate: 5; Mosquitoes were exposed for 1 h and
*

mortality was recorded at 24 h recovery period Insecticidal properties of essential oils against adult
mosquitoes have been reported by many workers3,21,22.
Table IV. Stability test of essential oil of L. camara against An. L. camara is reported to possess insecticidal activity
stephensi against stored grain pest, vegetable crops pest, mosquito
Months of Knockdown Knockdown Mortality at larvae and antifungal, repellent, and other biological
extraction time (Mean ± SD) in 24 h activities9-14. In the present study the oil extracted
min hour 1 recovery
exposure period from L. camara leaves showed adulticidal activity
KDT50 KDT90
(%) (%) against different mosquitoes. Adulticidal activity of
the oil was highest against An. fluviatilis followed by
0 11 ± 1 16 ± 2 100 100
1 11 ± 1 17 ± 1 100 100 An. culicifacies, Cx. quinquefasciatus, An. stephensi
3 12 ± 2 17 ± 3 100 100 and Ae. aegypti. Cedar wood oils possessed potential
6 13 ± 1 18 ± 3 100 100 insecticidal activity against An. stephensi with KDT50
Number of each replicate 3; Storage temperature 26 ± 20C value of 0.44 per cent23.
Yang and co-workers3 have evaluated adulticidal
of An. stephensi which implies that the essential oil was activity of five essential oils against Cx. quinquefasciatus.
stable at room temperature.
Ethanol extract of Apium graveolence exhibited
GC-MS analysis of the essential oil showed 45 adulticidal activity against Ae. aegypti with LD50 and
peaks. Caryophyllene (16.37%), eucalyptol (10.75%), LD90 values of 6.6 mg/cm2 and 66.4 mg/cm2,24. Essential
α-humelene (8.22%), and germacrene-D (7.41%) were oil of L. camara leaves showed more adulticidal activity
438 INDIAN J MED RES, March 2010
against mosquitoes compared to earlier reports3,23,24
and almost all mosquitoes showed signs of paralysis at
exposure to 0.208 mg/cm2 impregnated paper within 10
to 15 min, and at the end of 1 h exposure all mosquitoes
become inactive. At 24 h holding period per cent
mortality ranged from 93 to 100 per cent against all test
mosquitoes. The symptoms observed in adult mosquitoes
were similar to those caused by nerve poisons i.e.,
excitation, convulsion, paralysis and death24.
Studies on persistence of essential oil of L. camara
on impregnated paper revealed that it possessed more
adulticidal activity for longer period stored at low
temperature. This may be due to low volatile nature
of oil. Panella and co-workers22 evaluated adulticidal
activity of 15 natural products isolated from essential
oils of yellow cedar against Ae. aegypti, five of which
demonstrated residual activity for up to six weeks.
Stability test of essential oil against An. stephensi
during six months observation revealed that the oil was
stable at room temperature.
Sundufu and co-workers25 have identified
germacrene-D (15.85%), β-caryophyllene (12.35%),
α-humelene (9.31%) and germecrene (6.19%) as major
constituents in the essential oils of leaves of Lantana
camara in South China. In the present study we have
identified caryophyllene (16.37), eucalyptol (10.75%),
α-humelene (8.22%) and germecrene (7.11%) as major
constituents. Chemical variations in the composition of
the essential oil of L. camara has been also reported
earlier25-28.
Some of the major components of essential oil of L.
camara identified in the present study have been reported
to exhibit insecticidal properties. β-caryophyllene isolated
from the plant Thymus capitatus showed good adulticidal
activity against Cx. pipiens21. Essential oil of Ocimum
americanus and 0. ratissium contains caryophyllene as
main constituent possessed larvicidal activity against Ae.
aegypti29. Farnesol and germacrene-D have been reported
to have pesticidal activity30. Eucalyptol is the main
constituent (15-57%) of essential oil of eucalyptus, which
exhibited pesticidal activity31.
Essential oils are usually safe to humans and the
environment3. Insecticides of plant origin are expected
to be target selective and biodegradable leading to
fewer harmful effects on human and other animals
and are environmentally safe as compared to synthetic
compounds32,33.
In the present investigation, essential oil obtained
from the leaves of L. camara showed adulticidal activity
against important vectors of malaria (An. culicifacies,
An. stephensi), filariasis (Cx. quinquefasciatus)
dengue, dengue haemorrhagic fever, yellow fever and
chikungunya (Ae. aegypti). The present finding may be
utilized for the development of plant-based pesticides
as supplementary to synthetic insecticides.
Acknowledgment
The authors acknowledge the financial support from the
Integrated Disease Vector Control of Malaria Project to perform
this study.
References
1. Jang YS, Kim MK, Ahn YS, Lee HS. Larvicidal activity
of Brazilian plant against Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens
(Diptera: Culicidae). Agric Chem Biotechnol 2002; 4 : 131-4.
2. Joshep CC, Ndoils MM, Malima RC, Nkuniya NHM.
Larvicidal and mosquitocidal extracts, a coumrin, isoflavonoids
and petrocarpans from Neorautanenia mitis. Trans R Soc Trop
Med Hyg 2004; 98 : 451-5.
3. Yang P, Yajun MA, Shuiqing Z. Adulticidal activity of five
essential oils against Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus. J Pestic
Sci 2005; 30 : 84-9.
4. Tabashnik BE. Evolution of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis.
Anu Rev Entomol 1994; 39 : 47-79.
5. Mittal PK, Subbarao SK. Prospects of using herbal products in
the control of mosquito vectors. ICMR Bull 2003; 33 : 1-10.
6. Cheng SS, Chang HT, Chang ST, Tsai KH, Chen WJ.
Bioactivity of selected plant essential oils against yellow fever
mosquitoes Aedes aegypti larvae. Biores Technol 2003; 89 :
99-102.
7. Sukumar K, Perich MJ, Boobar LR. Botanical derivatives in
mosquito control: a review. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1991; 7
: 210-37.
8. Gaur RD. Flora of the district Garhwal North -West Himalaya
(with ethnobotanical notes) Srinagar (Garhwal), India: Trans
Media; 1999. p. 548-9.
9. Sharma OP, Makkar HPS, Dawara RK. A review of the
noxious plant of Lantana camara. Toxicon 1988; 26 : 975-
87.
10. Taoubi K, Fauvel MT, Gley J, Moulis C. Phenylepropanoid
glycosides from Lantana camara and Lippia multoflora.
Planta Med 1997; 63 : 192-3.
11. Chharba SC, Mahunnah RLA, Mshiu EN. Plants used in
traditional medicine in eastern Tanzania. J Ethnopharmacol
1993; 39 : 83-103.
12. Chavan SR, Nikam ST. Investigation of Lantana camara Linn
(Verbenaceae) leaves for larvicidal activity. Bull Haffkin Inst
1982; 10 : 21-2.
13. Dua VK, Gupta NC, Pandey AC, Sharma VP. Repellency
of Lantana camara (Verbenaceae) flowers against Aedes
mosquitoes. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1996; 12 : 406-8.
14. Dua VK, Pandey AC, Singh R, Sharma VP, Subbarao SK.
Isolation of repellent ingredients from Lantana camara
(Verbenaceae) flowers and their repellency against Aedes
mosquitoes. J Appl Entmol 2003; 127 : 509-11.
 Dua et al : Mosquitocidal activity of L. camara essential oil 439
15. World Health Organization. Instructions for determining
the susceptibility or resistance of adult mosquitoes to
organochlorine, organophosphate and carbamate insecticides:
diagnostic test. Geneva: WHO. 1981; WHO/VBC/81.807.
16. Dua VK, Alam MF, Pandey AC, Rai S, Chopra AK, Kaul VK,
et al. Insecticidal activity of Valeriana jatamansi (Verbenaceae)
against mosquitoes. J Am Mosq Contol Assoc 2008; 24 :
315-8.
17. Abbott WS. A method of computing the effectiveness of an
insecticide. J Econ Entomol 1925; 18 : 265-6.
18. National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR). Protocols for
uniform evaluation of insecticides for use in vector control.
New Delhi: NIMR; 2008. p. 57-63.
19. Finney DJ. Probit analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press; 1971.
20. Adam RP. Identification of essential oil components by gas
chromatography/ mass spectrometry. Illinois, USA: Allured
Publishing Corp.; 1995.
21. Mansour SA, Messeha SS, el Gengaihi SE. Boatanical
biocides. 4. Mosquitocidal activity of certain Thymus cpitatus
constituents. J Nat Toxins 2000; 9 : 49-62.
22. Panella MA, Dolan MC, Karchesy JJ, Xiong Y, Peralta-cruz J,
Khaswneh M, et al. Use of novel compounds for pest control:
Insecticidal and acaricidal activity of essential oil components
from heartwood of Alaska yellow cedar. J Med Entomol 2005;
42 : 352-8.
23. Singh D, Rao SM, Tripathi AK. Cedar wood oil as a potential
insecticidal agent against mosquitoes. Naturwissenschaften
1984; 71 : 265-6.
24. Choochote W, Tuetun B, Kanjanapothi D, Rattanachanpichai
E, Chaithong U, Chaiwong P, et al. Potential of crude seed
extract of celery, Apium graveolens L., against the mosquito
Reprint requests: Dr V.K. Dua, Scientist F & Officer-in-Charge, National Institute of Malaria Research, Industrial Malaria Unit
Health Centre, Sector III, BHEL, Ranipur, Haridwar 249 403, Uttaranchal, India
e-mail: vkdua51@gmail.com
Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae). J Vector Ecol 2004;
29 : 340-6.
25. Sundufu AJ, Shoushan H. Chemical composition of the
essential oils of Lantana camara L occurring in South China.
Flavour Fragr J 2004; 19 : 229-32.
26. da Silva MH, Andrade EHA, Zoghbi MB, Luz AR, da Silva JD,
Mala JS. The essential oils of Lantana camara L. occurring in
north Brazil. Flavour Fragr J 1999; 14 : 208-10.
27. Pino JA. Chemical composition of the essential oils of Lantana
camara from Cuba. J Essential Oil Res 2004; May/June.
28. Addel-Hady NM, Addel Halim AS, A-Ghadban AA. Chemical
composition and insecticidal activity of volatile oils of leaves
and flowers of Lantana camara L cultivated in Egypt. J Egypt
Soc Parasitol 2005; 35 : 687-98.
29. Cavalcanti ESB, de Morais SM, Lima MAA, Santana EWP.
Larvicidal activity of essential oils from Barazilian plants
against Aedes aegypti L. Mem Inst Oswaldo Rio de Janeiro
2004; 99 : 551-4.
30. Duke JA. Handbook of phytohemical constituents of GRAS
herbs and other economical plants. Boca Ratan, FL: CRC
Press; 1992.
31. Adhikari SR, Shakya R, Shrestha HD, Shakya DM, Shrivastava
D. Variation of essential oil and eucalyptol content of randomly
selected Eucalyptus camaldulensis trees. Banko Janakari
1992; 3 : 3-7.
32. Jeyabalan D, Arul N, Thangamathi P. Studies on effects of
Pelargonium citrosa leaf extracts on malarial vector Anopheles
stephensi Liston. Biores Technol 2003; 89 : 185-9.
33. Prabhakar K, Jebanesan A. Larvicidal efficacy of
some cucurbitaceous plant leaf extracts against Culex
quinquefasciatus (Say). Biores Technol 2004; 95 : 113-4.