DISINFECTANT
Novitasari Andriani (5213416002), Izkinal Athar (5213416038), Raditya Virga
A.(5213416049), Fatkhulil Jannah Eva (5213416051), Jovian Triyana Putra (5213416057)
Introduction
Disinfection method is a method that uses
disinfectants that can kill germs or reduce
pathogenic microorganisms (causes of
disease) that exist in liquid waste /
wastewater. Desifectants can be in the
form of certain substances / substances, or
with physical behavior. The process of
disinfection in liquid waste is usually done
after the waste treatment process is
completed, ie after processing primary,
secondary, or tertiary, before the waste is
discharged into the environment.
So that the use of disinfectants is effective,
does not pollute the environment, and does
not make microoganism resistant
(resistant) to a disinfectant, then several
things that need to be considered when
providing disinfectants, among others:
substance toxicity, contact time required,
effectiveness of substances, levels the dose
used, should not be toxic (poison) to
humans and animals, resistant to water and
low cost.
There are several criteria to determine that
the disinfectant is ideal for use. Like,
Working quickly to inactivate
microorganisms at room temperature, their
activity is not affected by organic matter,
pH, temperature and humidity, is not toxic
to animals and humans, is not corrosive,
colorless and leaves stains, odorless /
smells pleasant, is biodegradable / easy to
decompose, stable solution, easy to use
and economical and broad spectrum
activity.
Process Description
• Definition of Chlorination
Chlorination is a form of water treatment
that aims to kill germs and oxidize
chemicals in water. The residual chlorine
content as a chlorination product is
influenced by some reducing agents in
chlorine which results in insufficient
residual chlorine to kill bacteria.
Chlorination is the process of giving
chlorine to the water which has undergone
a filtration process and is an advanced step
in the process of water purification.
Chlorine is widely used in processing
industrial waste, swimming pool water,
and drinking water in developing countries
because as a disinfectant, the cost is
relatively cheap, easy, and effective.
Chlorine compounds commonly used in
the chlorination process include chlorine
gas, hypochlorite compounds, chlorine
dioxide, bromine chloride,
dihydroisosianurate and chloramine.
• How Chlorine Works
Chlorine in water will turn into
hydrochloric acid by following manner
Cl2+H2O H2O+H++Cl- This substance is
then neutralized by the nature of alkaline
and water so that it will break down into
hydrogen ions and hypochlorite ions
HOCl H++OCl- This reaction has
Ka=2,95.10-8 in aqueous solution
Chlorine as dysfectant works mainly in the
form of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and a
small portion in the form of hypochlorite
ion (OCl-). Chlorine can work effectively
so that it disinfects when it is in water with
a pH of around 7. If the water pH value is
more than 8.5, then 90% of the
hypochlorite acid will ionize to
hypochlorite ion. Thus, the disinfectant
properties that have chlorine become weak
or reduced.
 Procedures of disinfection
Before chlorination, wastewater leaves the
home and passes through an advanced
pretreatment system such as an aerobic
treatment unit, sand filter or media filter.
These advanced pretreatment systems
remove most of the organic matter and
suspended solids from the wastewater.
The organic matter and suspended solids
must be removed from the wastewater
first; otherwise, the chlorine will react with
these materials instead of disinfecting the
target organisms. Also, these materials will
provide physical barriers to protect the
pathogens.
Once treated, the effluent collects in a
pump tank, which serves as a reservoir for
the wastewater until it is distributed into
the soil. The tank also is generally where
the chorine is mixed with the effluent.
After chlorination, the treated wastewater
is distributed into the soil periodically in
what are called distribution events.
Distribution events can be activated either
by a float in a demand-controlled system
or by a timer in a timer-controlled or night
distribution system.
 Dechlorination of effluent
Effluent from chlorination need to be
removed from chlorine residual.
Dechlorination done in activated caron bed
, filled with sulfur dioxide or sulfite salts
(i.e., sodium sulfite, sodium bisulfite, or
sodium metabisulfite)
 Chlorination limit and dose
Chlorination was first practiced as a means
of disinfection, and still widely used in the
world as its principal use. However, there
are limits for form and concentration of
chlorine residual. Depending on its pH, at
least 1.0 ppm chloramine residual after 60
min., or 0.2 to 0.8 ppm free residual after
10 min. More than standards will cause
respiratory impairment with extreme
discomfort.
Equipment
Pump Tank:serves as a reservoir for the
wastewater until it is distributed into the
soil. The tank also is generally where the
chorine is mixed with the effluent.
•Storage Container: holds the bleach
until it is dosed into the effluent. This
reservoir usually is made of a plastic
container or PVC piping. It located outside
the pump tank on the ground surface, or
buried in the ground
Powering mechanism :sends a dose of
chlorine to the effluent and mixes it with
the wastewater. When the pump turns on
to distribute the treated effluent, the water
flowing through an aspirator will generally
power the mechanism that doses chlorine
into the wastewater. The water flow
through the aspirator creates a vacuum that
pulls bleach from the reservoir and doses it
into the pump tank.
Metering device: controls the chlorine
dose. The device is placed in the supply
system to restrict the amount of chlorine
delivered to the pump tank. Several types
of metering devices are available. The
meter can restrict the dose to a specific
volume of chlorine, to a specific flow rate,
or to operation for a specific period of
time.
Spray Heads: distribute filtrate into the soil
periodically by a float in a demand-
controlled system or by a timer in a timer-
controlled or night distribution system
•Material
dissolved organic nitrogen or dissolved
organic carbon react with either free
chlorine. They are potentially harmful to
humans and may exist as an intermediate
for other disinfection by-products. The
formation of organic chloramines can only
occur in thepresence of suitable N-
containing precursors (e.g. amino acids)
and therefore improved understanding of
the occurrenceand concentration of
precursors in water systems would help to
predict the formation of organic
chloramines.
• Solution
When adding chlorine as disinfectant
agent, the right dosage of chlorine required
to determined, depending to the properties
of waste water will be treated.

Chlorine

Due to its low cost, high availability and References

easy operation, chlorine has historically
•F.L.I. WATER LTD. (2010): Tertiary
been the disinfectant of choice for treating
Filtration. Kempston: F.L.I. Water
wastewater.
Limited
Chlorine oxidizes organic matter,
including microorganisms and •Heeb, M.B., Kristiana, I., Trogolo, D.,
pathogens.chlorination, but trained Arey, J.S., von Gunten, U.2017. Formation
personel are required to determine the right and reactivity of inorganic and
dosage of chlorine and ensure proper organicchloramines and bromamines
mixing. during oxidative water treatment. Water
Res.
Case Study
•How, Z.T., et al., Organic haloamines in
Organic haloamines in chlorine-based
chlorine-based disinfected water systems:
disinfected water systems
A critical review,J.Environ. Sci. (2017),
The term organic chloramines may refer to http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2017.05.025
anyhalogenated organic compounds
measured as part of combined chlorine (the
differencebetweenthemeasured free and
total chlorine concentrations), andmay
include N-chloramines,N-chloraminoacids,
N-chloraldimines and N-chloramides.
Organic chloramines can form when