Remote infeed and arc resistance effects on distance relays settings for 9 bus WSCC

system
Irshad Ulla, M. S. Radwan, M. N. R. Baharom, H. Ahmad, H. M. Luqman, and Zainab Zainal

Citation: AIP Conference Proceedings 1883, 020047 (2017); doi: 10.1063/1.5002065

View online: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5002065
View Table of Contents: http://aip.scitation.org/toc/apc/1883/1
Published by the American Institute of Physics

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 Remote Infeed and Arc Resistance Effects on Distance
Relays Settings for 9 Bus Wscc System
Irshad Ulla1,a), M S Radwan1,b), MNR Baharom1,c), H. Ahmad1,d), H.M. Luqman1,e),
Zainab Zainal1,f)
1
University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Power Department, Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
86400, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia.

a)
irshadullah95@yahoo.com
b)
radhwansaleem@gmail.com
c)
ramdon@uthm.edu.my
d)
hussein@uthm.edu.my
e)
luqman_h317@yahoo.com
f)
zaib87@gmail.com

Abstract—This paper introduce the effects of the remote infeed and arc resistance on the distance relays settings
coordination for IEEE 9-bus system and the approach to including this effect on the setting using four zones quadrilateral
characteristic, the simulation has been done using MATLAB/SIMULINK program which is helpful in constricting the
power system and the distance relays.

INTRODUCTION
Distance protection relay is the mainly protection to protect transmission lines, the basic principle of this relay is
the measurement of the voltage and current, then the relay deduce the value of the impedance between the relay
terminal and the fault location [1]. There are many setting rules for the distance relay for calculating the setting
values of the different protection zones [2]. The overlap problems and under reach problem have been raised for
most of these rules especially in the second and third protection zone due to the remote infeed, the high resistance
fault especially in earth fault causes inability to detect the fault although the fault might happen in zone 1. This paper
aims at overcoming this problem by taking in consideration the effect of remote infeed and arc resistance by
including this effect in the zones settings calculations.

OPERATION PRINCIPLES
Distance relay has fault detector zone, which is used to discriminate between the healthy and fault conditions, if
the apparent impedance seen by the relay is outside the zone of operation then the relay will not send trip to the C.B
whereas when the impedance is inside the zones of operation the relay operate.The distance relays used are numerical,
which is of four stepped distance protection zone, with zone 1, 2&3 in forward direction [2].

There are many setting rules for calculating the setting values of the different protection zones, in this paper rule 1
have been used [2], the setting calculation for relay_1 in figure 1 can be determinant by the following equations’;

(80% to 85%) ͳ (1)

Advances in Electrical and Electronic Engineering: From Theory to Applications

AIP Conf. Proc. 1883, 020047-1–020047-11; doi: 10.1063/1.5002065
Published by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-1563-8/$30.00

020047-1
 ͳ +50% ʹ (2)

ͳ +ʹ +25% ͵ (3)

Where
ͳ : The impedance of the protected line.

ʹ : The impedance of the second line.

͵ : The impedance of the third line.

ʹ : The impedance of the second shortest line.

ʹ : The impedance of the second longest line.

͵ : The impedance of the third shortest line.

In this paper quadrilateral characteristic have been used, a quadrilateral relay is suitable for long lines and as well as
for short lines [3]. This relay characteristics would allow the ground fault resistive reach to be increased or decreased
independently of the forward reach and source impedance behind relay so that the required ground fault resistive
coverage can be achieved. It is therefore provides better resistive coverage than any mho type characteristic for short
lines. To avoid excessive errors in the zone reach accuracy, it is common to impose a maximum resistive reach in
terms of the zone impedance reach. Obviously, the characteristic needs to have a shape and be wide enough to
provide this coverage. At the same time the characteristic should have a shape and be narrow enough so that the
dynamically changing load impedance does not enter inside the characteristic, which will result in undesired tripping
of the protected line at the time fault. The characteristics are shown in Fig. 1 [4]:

FIGURE 1: Distance relay Characteristics

THE CASE UNDER STUDY

The study has been done on WSCC IEEE 9-BUS system which is 230kV as shown in Fig. 2 [9].

020047-2
 FIGURE 2. WSCC 9 bus system
load A is (125 MW, 50 MVAR), load B is (90 MW, 30 MVAR), load C is (100 MW, 35 MVAR), generator one is
swing (16.5 kV/80 MVA), generator two is voltage control (18kv/80 MVA), generator three is voltage control (13.8
kV /110 MVA)
The load currents during normal condition ( load flow) are shown in the table 1 which is used to determine the
normal current In and the C.Ts ratio, the C.Ts ratio had been selected based on IEEE C57.13 [8], taking in
consideration the maximum value of the load current which is 399 A, therefore the CTs ratio is 600/5.

TABLE 1. Load Current Of The System In Normal Condition

Line Current (A)
7-2 399.5
7-5 212.9
5-4 114.2
4-1 184.1
4-6 75
7-8 186.9
6-9 151.2

SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

The calculation of short-circuit currents is essential to the selection of adequately rated protective devices. By
using the ETAP software, it can be easily to determine the values of faulty current at the particular buses.
There are many types of faults in the power system that can be determined, such as a single line to ground, line to
line, double line to ground and 3-phase balanced faults. In this project, the fault analysis was determining different
faults locations at the buses.
In the ETAP simulator, the value of the fault can be determined by selecting the faulted bus from the study case
and in the information window, the place of the fault can be selected, as shown in Fig. 3.

020047-3
 FIGURE 3. Short circuit analysis by the ETAP

The results deduced for the line-to-line fault, line-to-ground were listed in Table 2 and Table 3 respectively

TABLE 2: Line-To-Line Fault Currents

Total fault
Bus
current (A)
4 2627
5 1910
6 1816
7 2635
8 2082
9 2370
From bus Fault current (A)
5 552
6 497
1 1579
4 1128
7 782
4 1100
9 716
5 550
8 654
2 1433
9 905
7 1177
6 533
8 721
3 1118

020047-4
 TABLE 3: Line-To-Ground Fault Currents
Total fault
Bus
current (A)
4 3419
5 1765
6 1564
7 1346
8 1247
9 1269
From bus Fault current (A)
5 447
6 430
1 2514
4 1217
7 548
4 1073
9 491
5 463
8 394
2 489
9 522
7 725
6 423
8 446
3 400

EFFECT OF REMOTE INFEED

A distance relay is in under-reach condition when the impedance measured is apparently greater than the
impedance to the fault location, the percentage value of the under reach is defining in the following equation [4]:

ZR  ZF (4)
*100 %
ZR
Where:
ZR = intended relay reach (relay reach setting)
ZF = effective reach

The main cause of under reaching is the effect of fault current infeed at remote bus bars. Fig.3 illustrated an
example of this case.
IB
ZC
IA+IB
A
xZC
IA

F
Z<

FIGURE 4: Effect on distance relays of infeed at the remote busbar

the relay at A will not measure the correct impedance for a fault on line section ZC due to current infeed IB.
Consider a relay setting of ZA+ZC.
The effective reach is

§ IA ·
Z A  ¨¨ ¸¸ * Z C (5)
© I A  IB ¹

The ratio between I A and I B can be included in the zones 2& 3 calculations.
The following calculations are related to the percentage of the current infeed from remote bus bar, it had been
calculated for each relay in the network when the faults subjected in the end of each zones. The following calculations
had conducted for relay 2, table 3.11 shows the value of the other relays.

020047-5
 The single line to ground fault had been subjected at 50% of line 2, the fault current fed from bus bars 4 and 5 was
(360 and 671) A respectively, based on the currents ratio in equation (5) the ratio that should be added to impedance
of zone 2 is 2.8.

TABLE 4: Remote Infeed Ratio

Relay Correction value for Correction value for
Z2 Z3
1 - -
2 2.864 3
3 - 1.8
4 3.1 2.9
5 2.32 2.32
6 - 2.6
7 2.8 2.85
8 - 3.32
9 - 1.68
10 2.38 2.33
11 1.68 1.6
12 - 3.1

EFFECT OF ARC RESISTANCE

The arcing fault can occur at overhead lines. As for overhead lines, the most common fault relating to the
existence of arc is single line to ground fault. This type of fault especially related to high impedance arcing fault
making the conventional relay face difficulties in detected the fault current due to the high impedance present in the
current path. However, in order to overcome this problem the arc resistance can be added to zone measuring elements
setting by calculate its value [5]. The following equations used to calculate arc resistance during the fault.
V arc 2500 * l arc (6)
Varc
Rarc (7)
I arc
Where larc is the length of the arc.
The length of the arc is greater than the spacing between the conductors (ph-ph) and (ph-e), because the arc is
blown into a curve due to thermal and magnetic forces. For estimation purposes, it is assumed that ݈௔௥௖ is twice the
conductor spacing [5]. The dimension of the tower in 230kv is shown in Figure 4, the space between the conductors is
7 meters and between the conductor and the earth is 3 meters [10].
As well as the arc impedance the foot tower resistance (approximately 10 Ω in this type of voltage level tower)
can be add in case of earth resistance calculations [6].

020047-6
 FIGURE 5: Dimensions of 230 kV Tower

RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

Distance relays have been connected to the each end of transmission lines by means of cts and vts and the trip
signal has been sent to cb. the following impedance table 5 measured by the relays during normal condition and by
comparing these values with relays zones settings it can be seen that it’s out of zones settings and there are no
tripping signals.

TABLE 5: Impedances Measured By Relays In Normal System Condition

Line Relay Secondary X(Ω) Secondary R(Ω)
1 15.9 33.14
1
2 13 32
3 18.11 50.32
2
4 31.4 83.05
5 22.56 67.76
3
6 27.45 68.76
7 31.4 83.05
4
8 36.56 84.23
9 17.85 46
5
10 15.66 45.74
11 15.6 45.74
6
12 26.96 66.53

The maximum relay 1 zones reach is shown in flipchart Fig. 9; all types of faults are applied to ensure that the
relay settings achieved the maximum distance reach or not according to the flow chart Fig.9.

ZONE 1( Using the first and second setup)

The maximum expected reach for zone one is 80% of line one, with 0.025 second time delay. The fault was applied
at 80% L1; the impedance measured by the distance relay is (0.237+j2.013)Ω, that means the fault is in zone 1 when
compare the value with the zone 1 setting (1.3+j2.06)Ω, the relay sent a tripping signal to circuit breaker 5 at 0.025.
The breaker breaks the circuit at 0.03s, so the current at transmission line becomes zero and the bus 4 voltage
returned to the normal value.

020047-7
 The following waveforms show the above scenario recorded for line to ground fault.

Fault clearances

FIGURE 6: Three phase voltages and currents waveforms at busbar 4

Fault clearances

Fault clearances

FIGURE 7: Three phase voltages and currents waveforms at busbar 4

ZONE 2
Using the first settings
The maximum expected reach for zone two is 50% of line 3, with 0.4 second time delay. The actual maximum reach
was40% of line 3 instead, as shown in Figure 4.22. This is because the effect of remote infeed (bus bar 7). The
impedance measured by the distance relay is (0.8+j4.5) Ω, which means the fault was in zone 2 when compared with
the zone 1 setting (0.8+j5.1) Ω, the relay sent a tripping signal to circuit breaker 7 at 0.4 seconds. The breaker
interrupted the circuit at 0.43 seconds, so the current at transmission line down to zero and bus 4 voltages returned to
the normal value. Figure 4.23 shows the voltages and currents waveforms of line A to ground fault at 5% of line 3.
Figure 4.24 shows a relay tripping signal at 0.4 seconds, whereas Figure4.25 shows a trajectory of impedance and
move to zone 3 and 2 of distance relay 1

020047-8
 Fault clearances

FIGURE 8: Three phase voltages and currents waveforms at busbar 4

Using the second settings

The maximum expected reach for zone two is 50% of line 3, with 0.4 second time delay. The fault was applied at
50% L3; the impedance measured by the distance relay is (0.95+j 4.83)Ω, that means the fault is in zone 2 when
compare the value with the zone 1 setting (1.8+j5.024)Ω, the relay sent a tripping signal to circuit breaker 5 at 0.4.
The breaker breaks the circuit at 0.43s, so the current at transmission line becomes zero and the bus 4 voltage returned
to the normal value.
The following waveforms show the above scenario recorded for line to ground fault.

Fault clearances

FIGURE 9: Three phase voltages and currents waveforms at busbar 4

ZONE 3
Using the first settings
The maximum expected reach for zone three is 20% of line 5, with 0.8 seconds time delay. The actual maximum
reach was 70% of line 3 instead, as shown in Figure 4.26. This is because the effect of remote infeed (bus bar 7). The
impedance measured by the distance relay was (1.3+j5.6) Ω, which means the fault was in zone 3 when compared
with the zone 3 setting (1.33+j8) Ω, the relay sent a tripping signal to the circuit breaker 5 at 0.8 seconds. The breaker
interrupted the circuit at 0.83 seconds, so the current at transmission line becomes zero and the bus 4 voltages
returned to the normal value. Figure 4.27 shows the voltages and currents waveforms of line A to ground fault at 25%
of line 3. Figure 4.28 shows relay tripping signal at 0.8 seconds whereas Figure 4.92 shows a trajectory of impedance
and move to zone 3 of distance relay 1. Therefore, the distance relay was operated at zone 3 and delay time at 0.8
seconds.

020047-9
 FIGURE 10: Three phase voltages and currents waveforms at busbar 4

Using the second settings

The maximum expected reach for zone three is 20% of line 3, with 0.8 second time delay. The fault was applied at
20% L3; the impedance measured by the distance relay is (2.09+j 7.4)Ω, that means the fault is in zone 2 when
compare the value with the zone 3 setting (2.54+j7.905)Ω, the relay sent a tripping signal to circuit breaker 5 at 0.8.
The breaker breaks the circuit at 0.83s, so the current at transmission line becomes zero and the bus 4 voltage returned
to the normal value.
The following waveforms show the above scenario recorded for line to ground fault

Fault clearances

FIGURE 11: Three phase voltages and currents waveforms at busbar 4

CONCLUSION
The distance setting calculation should take in to the account the effect of remote infeed, arc resistance in phase’s
faults, earth faults and the effect of the tower foot resistance in earth fault conditions. The above settings have been
enable the distance relay to cover all the expected reach without any deviation for all the three zones when the fault
subjected within the maximum zones distance.

020047-10
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors would like to thanks UTHM for supporting this research work. ORICC of the UTHM is highly
acknowledged and appreciated for supporting financially under the Grant Contract, vote no. u563. Faculty of
electrical and electronics engineering is also appreciated for the moral support.

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2. H. H. EI-Tamaly, “A New Technique for Setting Calculation of Digital Relays,” IEEE, 2006.
3. Badri Ram, D. N. Vishwakarma, “Power System Protection and Switchgear Book Tata McGraw-Hill
Education”.
4. AREVA, “Protective Relays Application Guide, Transmission and Distribution,” 2006.
5. Siemens PTDE, “Applications for SIPROTEC Protection Relays,” 2005.
6. Emma Grubbstrom, “Grounding of a 230 kV transmissionline over a limestone ridge,”P.H.D. thesis, Uppsala
University, 2011.
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Grounding System for Lighting Propagation Studies,” IX SIPDA, 2007.

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