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Moore
LEGRAND
ISI
LEGRAND
NIHMS41338
What information is needed to study oxygen transport in the microcirculation? First, one
must know the level of oxygen at several key sites along the pathway. In the blood
knowledge of the oxygen tension or PO2 is needed, along with the degree to which the
hemoglobin binding sites are saturated with oxygen (hemoglobin oxygen saturation, SO2).
The interstitial fluid (ISF) represents the interface between the vascular system which
supplies oxygen and the parenchymal cells which consume it. The PO2 in the ISF can be
thought of as reporting the balance between oxygen supply and oxygen demand. Thus, when
PO2 in the ISF increases, this indicates that the oxygen supply has increased relative to its
demand and vice versa. While it would be useful to know the PO2 within the parenchymal
cells, currently there are no microcirculatory techniques to provide that key piece of
information in real time. However, a recent development is the capability to determine PO2
in the mitochondria, the end user of oxygen for cellular metabolism. Detailed descriptions of
these methods and how they work are presented in a subsequent section on how oxygen is
measured in the microcirculation.
In addition to information on oxygen levels in and around the microvessels, there are other
key data needed for a more complete understanding of oxygen transport. Detailed
information about the geometry (i.e., diameter, length and luminal shape) of microvascular
networks, as well as their angioarchitecture (i.e., the connections or topology within and between
the networks), are needed. Data on microvascular hemodynamics, including RBC
velocity, blood flow and hematocrit, are also critical elements in understanding the delivery
of oxygen by the blood. Although the individual data mentioned above are interesting and
useful in and of themselves, by incorporating these various types of data into a mathematical
model of oxygen transport, much more powerful conclusions can be drawn regarding the
integrative nature of the oxygen transport system
JACOB
KET GAMBAR 2
The conceptual research strategy for integrative resuscitation of the macrocirculation followed by the resuscitation of microcirculation.
Macrocirculatory resuscitation initially targets goal-directed hypovolemia, low perfusion pressure, and low cardiac output by fluid therapy,
vasopressors, and inotropes if cardiac dysfunction is detected. If there is hemodynamic coherence between the macro- and microcirculation
then resuscitation is complete. If, however, microcirculation alterations persist, microcirculatory targeted resuscitation may be initiated. Signs
of hypoperfusion in the presence of normalized macrocirculatory variables require possibly vasodilator agents, heterogeneous follow indicating
the presence of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction requiring tissue protective agents (TPA) such as anti-inflammatory or anti-apoptotic
agents and anemic microcirculatory shock identified by a small amount of capillaries filled with red blood cells would require red blood cell
transfusion (BTx) or a newly developed Hb-based oxygen carrier. By analyzing the type of microcirculatory alterations the intervention might be
tailored. A low vascular density with normal flow (diffusion limitation) would indicate hemodilution, requiring diuretics or red blood cell
transfusion. On the other hand a normal density with low flow can indicate heart failure (convection limitation) where as a therapy the heart
could be supported, e.g., with a cardiac assist device. Of course, although the above concept makes physiologically sense, it remains highly
theoretical and would have to be tested in clinical trials with suitable diagnostics and therapeutic modalities
KET GAMBAR 1
Schematic diagram illustrating interactions between factors involved in regulation of blood flow. Blunt-ended
lines denote negative effects. Bold lines and
arrows show the primary effects in the system. Vertical arrows show the effects of increasing metabolic
demand on the indicated quantities in the presence of
metabolic, shear-dependent, and myogenic responses. Pathway A shows the vasodilatory effect of the
metabolic response resulting from increased metabolic
demand. Pathway B highlights the increase in tone attributable to net reduction in shear stress in the system
because of an increased vascular diameter. This
effect is partly opposed by the simultaneous increase in blood flow. Pathway C shows the vasoconstriction
caused by increased diameter and vessel wall
tension. (Adapted from Arciero and colleagues,3 with permission from The American Physiological Society.)