Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Matthew A. Lauder
Published By:
The Guelph and District Multicultural Centre
214 Speedvale Ave. West, Unit 7
Guelph, Ontario Canada N1H 1C4
www.gdmc.org
http://carn.topcities.com
F The Centre hopes that you will find the report of use,
Matthew A. Lauder
Hi Director, Research and Education
Tel. 519.836.2222
Fax. 519.837.2884
pet
"iiit 7-214 Speedvale Ave. W., Guelph, Ontario N1H 1C4 Tel: (519) 836-2222 Fax: (519) 837-2884
E-mail: mailbox&gclmc.org
pw
I would also like to thank Warren Kinsella, Stanley Barrett, and Robert Segal
for sharing their views and providing insight into the topics of organised racism, anti-
,ipi|
Semitism, and research methods.
The views expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect those of the Department
of Canadian Heritage.
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Table of Contents
Chapter 1.
False Perceptions of an Inclusive Society: A Century of Racism and Hate in
Canada-p. 1.
Chapter 2.
r
The Social Dynamic of Involvement in Far Right Extremism - p. 9.
Chapter 3.
The Importance of Websites to the Extreme Rightwing - p. 21.
Chapter 4.
From the KKK to the Heritage Front: The History of National Socialism in
P Canada - p. 28.
Chapter 5.
'** From Webmaster to Extremist Leader: Is Marc Lemire the Next Shining-star of the
| Radical Right?-p. 52.
r C h a p t e rThe Neo-Nazi
6 . Skinhead Movement in Southwest Ontario - p. 61.
■j p Chapter 7.
J The New Generation of Organised Racialism in Canada - p. 74.
ir ■ TheC Hidden
h a p t eRacism
r 8of. the Canadian Heritage Alliance - p. 84.
„ Chapters
From White Pride to Straight Pride: Bergmann Redefines Himself - p. 92.
i p
iipii
r
CHAPTER 1. eliminating hate and encouraging
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respect for diversity, many Canadians
False Perceptions of an Inclusive continue to think along racial lines and
Society: A Century of Racism and manifest hate and discrimination in a
Hate in Canada1 variety of forms.
,pft
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in the early twentieth century that Jews were not the only group to
either excluded certain racial groups suffer widespread discrimination in
from entering or demanded the Canada during this period; Asians were
payment of a head tax as well as also the victims of exclusionary orders
policies that limited the employment of and discriminatory business practices.
visible minorities. For the most part, Asian groups were
only permitted to reside in Canada for I
Many scholars note that anti- labour-oriented positions (such as the
£■
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*
Semitism was pervasive in Canada building of railway lines) and were
during the first half of the twentieth also subjected to a discriminatory head
century.10 Physical assaults of Eastern tax. During the Second World War,
European Jews, exclusionary business Japanese-Canadians were labelled as
and employment practices, and the "enemy aliens" and stripped of their
stereotyping of Jews as a threat to rights, placed in internment camps, and
Christian society were not uncommon had their property and businesses
during this period; and this hostility confiscated. Although the internments
towards Jews only increased as the were meant to derail any attempt by the
Depression worsened. The Ku Klux Japanese to establish a subversive
Klan was also very popular in the movement in Canada, no evidence was
1920s, with chapters in both uiban ever found to substantiate the
centres and rural towns across Canada. concern.12 Nelson and Fleras argue that
In the early 1930s, Jews were the the "suppression of basic human rights
targets of intimidation and violence at was caused by racist antipathy" and a
a beach in Toronto by large groups of lack of political leadership.13 It should
young people (some wearing the also be noted that Chinese and Sikh
swastika) and a full-riot broke out in immigrants were also victims of human
Christie Pits in Toronto when a largely rights violations during this period.
Jewish baseball team played an Anglo-
Saxon team. Adding to Jewish Organised Racism and Hate in the
concerns was the development of Contemporary Period: 1960-2000
fascist groups across Canada that
included the Toronto Swastika Club, Although anti-Semitism
the Swastika Association of Canada, declined slightly in the immediate post
the National Social Christian Party, war period, organised racist groups re
Deutsche Bund, and the Canadian appeared in Canada in the 1960s.
Union of Fascists. The development of During this period, and likely
the fascist and National Socialist mirroring the developments in
movement in Canada resulted in extremist politics in the United States
widespread and open discrimination of that included the appearance of George
Jews. While many Canadians did not Lincoln Rockwell's American Nazi
condone anti-Semitism during this Party, there was a surge of far right
period, many did not publicly condemn activity in Canada. In addition, the
it. This indifference to anti-Semitism is appearance of anti-democratic and far
epitomised in the unwillingness of right groups marks a period of change
Canadians to challenge the in the political and social climate in
government's refusal to permit Jewish Canada towards public acceptance of
refugees fleeing from Nazi persecution rightwing radicalism. Peter Li notes:
on the St. Louis to land in June 1939. A
change in attitude did not occur until The persistence of racial
war was officially declared. supremacist groups in Canada
pp)
.ip
spiritual and
18 cultural rebirth of
and John Metzger of the US-based
White Aryan Resistance) spoke to
i
our people. f*SI|
crowds of more than 200 supporters.
However, the legal system The Heritage Front also organised a
finally caught up to the leader of the number of private celebrations,
Western Guard. In 1976, Andrews was including an annual Martyr's Day rally
arrested in connection with a terrorist commemorating the death of Robert
plot (he planned to detonate a bomb at Jay Matthews, the leader of The Order
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a soccer match between Canada and (a terrorist offshoot of the Aryan
the Israeli national team at University Nations). The Heritage Front also
of Toronto's Varsity Stadium) and focused on recruiting new members
charged with attempted arson and the from secondary schools and held a
illegal possession of firearms and number of racist rock concerts to
explosives. Soon after, the leadership increase interest among young people.
of the Western Guard was handed over m
^
to John Ross Taylor and Andrews went Conflict between the Heritage
on to form the Nationalist Party of Front, anti-racist activists, and the
Canada. Taylor, however, lacked
Andrews' leadership skills and the
Western Guard finally disbanded in
police was not unusual in the early
1 9 9 0 s . O n e o f t h e fi e r c e s t
confrontations took place on 29 May
l
1983. 1993 in Ottawa after a large group of
youth members, led by Droege and
After a series of setbacks, a George Burdi, marched on Parliament
number of members from the Hill.21 Following impromptu speeches,
Nationalist Party of Canada decided to the neo-Nazis attacked both anti-racist
form their own group. Led by protestors and innocent bystanders.
Similar incidents took place on a
Wolfgang Droege, the Heritage Front
came into existence on 25 September number of occasions in Toronto. In
1989 and went public in November at a addition to street fights, a number of
meeting held by the Northern Heritage Front members were involved
Foundation in Ottawa.19 Although the in assaults, drug trafficking, and armed
Heritage Front had many goals, r o b b e r y. F o r e x a m p l e , o n 2 7
including aspirations to gain political September 1993, two Heritage Front
office, the primary purpose of the members, one armed with a sawed-off
group was to unite the various far right shotgun, robbed a coffee shop in
organisations in Canada under a single Toronto. Apparently, the men grew
banner to advance the cause of white tired of an overall lack of direct action
nationalism. According to a report by to advance white nationalism and
the Security Intelligence Review decided to take things into their own
Committee, the advancement of the hands.22
nationalist movement under the
Heritage Front included the plan to After 12 years as leader,
ffi^i
purchase land in rural Ontario in order Droege finally retired from the far right
to create a whites-only enclave. movement in January 2001, leaving
Marc Lemire, the web-master of the
Between 1989 and 1994, the Freedomsite and close associate of
Heritage Front grew to more than Paul Fromm, in control of the Heritage
1,800 members and held a number of Front. Although the Heritage Front
public and semi-public meetings at continues to exist in a number of cities
which high profile racists (such as Tom across Canada, the group is fraught
F
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with internal disputes and a lack of they are reported at all) in a non-
overall commitment and is on the standardised fashion. However, recent
ip
verge of collapse. reports from police agencies indicate
that most hate crime perpetrators are
However, there are a number of young males between the ages of 18
■p other well-established white and 29 and that most incidents occur in
supremacist or extremist groups ready urban settings.23
to assume the role as national leader.
For example, the US-based National A 1995 report by the
Alliance has established a foothold in Department of Justice estimates that
Alberta and the Canada First there were more than 60,000 incidents
Jpt
Immigration Reform Committee and of hate in Canada in 1994 and that, of
the Canadian Association for Free the 1000 incidents reported by a select
Expression has more than 2,500 group of law enforcement agencies,
members and regularly holds meetings 61% were directed at racial
across Canada. In addition, new racist minorities.24 In addition, a national
organisations, such as the Canadian survey of Anti-Semitic incidents in
Heritage Alliance and the Canadian Canada by the League for Human
Ethnic Cleansing Team, have not only Rights in 1994 states that there were
established a following across Canada 146 reports in Toronto, 55 in Montreal,
(in less than a year of operation), but and 36 in Ottawa.25 Another study by
have also developed significant links to the League for Human Rights indicates
several US-based racist groups, that, on a national level, there were 210
IIB) indicating a capacity for networking incidents of anti-Semitism in 1990, 251
and organisational expansion. The in 1991, 196 in 1992, 256 in 1993, and
concern is that increasing levels of 290 in 1994.26 In addition, the Ottawa
unemployment, combined with the Police Service reports that, in 1994, a
anxiety that followed the September 11 total of 295 hate incidents were
terrorist attacks in the United States, reported, and that 215 of the incidents
will encourage more Canadians to seek were racially motivated. 27
out and join the far right movement.
Hate Incidents: Post-September 11
Quantitative Data: 1990-1995
Since 11 September 01,
While a number of incidents, as incidents of hate and race-based
well as the presence of hate groups, has behaviour have increased dramatically,
■P
served to create a level of public creating an environment of fear and
awareness about hate and racism, there uncertainty for Muslims and those of
is little quantitative data available. In Middle-Eastern decent. Immediately
fact, much of the research to date has following the attacks, Muslims in
either been in the form of qualitative Canada were targeted for abuse. Jehad
analyses or theoretical works dealing Aliweiwi, the executive director for the
with hate group activity, legislative Canadian Arab Federation, stated, "We
alternatives, and general concepts of are seen as the enemy within... [and]
racism or discrimination. At present, are now in a state of siege," noting that
ap Canada does not have a centralised Arab and Muslim communities feel as
reporting system for the collection of though they are now in a "sea of
police reported statistics regarding hate hate."28
incidents (as is legislated in the United
States), rather statistics are reported (if
The increase in hate incidents is Muslims and Arabs, however,
dramatic and varied. For example, are not the only groups to be targeted;
Hamilton-Wentworth police report in fact, Jews, Hindus, and Sikhs have
that, between September 19 and also become targets of hate. In
November 19, 2001, a total of 71 October, more than a dozen Jewish
incidents of hate were reported and groups and leaders in Ontario and
included seven assaults, two arsons, 13 Quebec received a threatening letter
cases of harassment, and seven reports that alluded to anthrax and contained a
of hate-based graffiti. In comparison, a white powder. Although tests indicate
total of 59 incidents were reported in that the powder was non-lethal, it did
all of 2000, representing a 20% result in several buildings being
increase over the previous year's total evacuated. One of the investigating
in just two months. Similar hate officers indicated that the letters
motivated acts have occurred originated from an extremist group
elsewhere in Canada, including based in the Waterloo area. Moreover, fWfSt
the "true extent of the backlash is statement also urges the government to
significantly higher." repeal the policy of multiculturalism,
arguing that "Canada is a democracy,
Christian in its roots, British in its
political traditions and European in its Media Misconceptions About the
culture [and that] only people who can Backlash
fit in and pledge allegiance to this
Dominion with these characteristics While reports indicate that
should be welcome."32 The article hate-motivated acts have increased,
concludes: "Let us show Moslems of some mainstream writers question the
all stripes that we don't wish to meddle extent of the backlash. For example.
in their world but, by God, they'd Christie Blatchford, of the National
better not meddle in ours!"33 In other Post, argues that a backlash against
words, reformist agenda seeks to Muslims has simply not happened,
restrict immigration to Christian noting that, "only a handful of serious
Europeans. so-called 'hate' incidents" have
occurred. Similarly, Lorrie Goldstein,
The use of fear-mongering of the Toronto Sun, points out that
tactics by the far rightwing movement Canada is punishing itself for the "few
is not new. In 1999, the far right used unconscionable but isolated and widely
massive influx of Chinese migrants to condemned attacks on innocent
gain mainstream publicity and market a Muslim/Arab Canadians and others in
subtle racist message. Harry Abrams the wake of Sept. 11." In other words,
notes that the issue of Chinese the critics suggest that the increase in
migrants was used to piggyback a hate incidents, and the ensuing impact
broader xenophobic message. on society, has been negligible.
Likewise, Li argues, that racial
extremist groups "are effective in
providing the means and the rationale
for disgruntled and marginalized
individuals to divert their hostilities
and blames to racial minorities for
what they see as 'paradise lost.'"
Karen Mock, the executive director of
the Canadian Race Relations
Foundation, notes that increased
economic insecurity and anxiety can
lead to the use of immigrants or visible
minorities as scapegoats, noting that "a Above: A Hindu Temple in Hamilton was
set on fire in retaliation for the Sept. 11
recessionary climate leads people to terrorist attacks.
scapegoat others for their problems,
and in that kind of climate there is a However, the critics do a
backlash against immigration and tremendous disservice. By focusing on
racial minorities." the number of hate incidents rather
than the act, the critics neglect to
Other far right groups, such as
comprehend the true impact of hate on
the Canadian Ethnic Cleansing Team, both the individual and the community.
the Canadian Heritage Alliance, and Hate crimes are not victimless crimes
the National Alliance, have also or acts of convenience; rather they are
capitalised on latent expressions of highly personal attacks based on
xenophobia to gain a broad audience fundamental human characteristics
and increase membership.
(race, ethnicity, religious affiliation,
etc.) that provide an individual's sense
of being and can inflict profound
psychological damage. In addition, by
creating an environment of fear and f g fi .
intimidation, hate crimes undermine
the foundations of democracy and
multiculturalism.
Summary
^33fj»
11
activities, he likely would not have Secondly, there does not appear
sought involvement, indicating that the to be a precursor, such as educational
pp
racial extremist movement provided a background, or experiential determent,
sense of direction and connected him such as a personal crisis or family
to "something bigger than humanity." background (i.e. a parent having a
John Schwarzmantel notes that, as a racist mindset) leading to involvement.
result of dramatic social and political For example, members come from a
change, the contemporary political variety of educational backgrounds
pan environment has created a global crisis (including college and university
of ideology and identity, and that graduates) and from both rural and
"nationalism, whether the civic or the urban settings. Moreover, members
ethnic kind, provides a sense of indicate that they come from a variety
community and in times of dislocation of political backgrounds (in terms of
and uncertainty it offers security and parent's political affiliation) that range
personal identity."6 from rightwing to leftwing. One
member indicates that his mother is a
It is important to note two union representative and another
additional aspects: Firstly, that all member indicates that his parents are
respondents indicate that involvement "die-hard liberal supporters." In
in the radical rightwing movement is a addition, some members report that
'conscious decision' and that they experienced a personal crisis, such
deception, regarding the racialist as an altercation with an individual or
objectives or mandate of the group, group (identified as belonging to the
was not used to encourage visible minority community) or a
involvement. This is not to say that the break-up with a girlfriend, prior to
recruit knew of, or was warned about, seeking involvement in the far
the potential for violence (directed at rightwing movement. The findings
perceived enemies of the movement indicate that, contrary to popular belief,
such as visible minorities or state hatred and involvement is not
authority) that exists in the movement, necessarily learned from the parents
rather that the individual was aware (although parents can nurture racists
(prior to involvement) of the attitudes by permitting them to be
and identity) rather than a political involvement, this section will utilise a
movement (although political and Transformational Approach to
racial issues figure prominently in the organisations to analyse the extreme
extreme rightwing worldview). far right movement. The decision to
15
m)
r
positivist and normative (in-group)
analysis of the group's worldview and racialist groups) is the product of the
actions, which is essential to interaction between the leadership and
understanding the motivations and group members; in other words, a
rationale of involvement. group is not the creation of an
individual (i.e. a charismatic leader),
The Transformational Approach but rather it is socially formed.
T h e Tr a n s f o r m a t i o n a l Understanding Organisations
Approach to organisational psychology
is a recent development in which Organisations are defined as the
groups are understood as being a part development of a relationship between
of an interconnected whole, and that two or more people who have a
groups are influenced by, while at the conscious intention to combine
same time influencing, members and abilities or assume specific
other groups. The Transformational responsibilities to achieve an end
(defined goals or objectives). Max
r Approach argues that groups are not
stagnant and that they are in a constant Weber views groups as a "system of
state of flux, effectively changing to legitimate interaction patterns among
nil
accommodate to new environmental organisational members as they engage
circumstances. This approach differs in activities in the pursuit of goals."
from early group theories that argue Groups are human creations that are
established to achieve a given and
16
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Now a kid can sit at the computer and these sites were communities,
type in'Nazi.'"86 and that why the hate groups
have had a hard time increasing
Cvber-Racists Lack Community their numbers through their
(PM^
25
1
27
It is therefore imprudent to
assert that websites are categorically
"less important" than interactive
forums. Rather than understanding the
dynamics of recruitment and
participation as being influenced by
two distinct elements (the static
website and the interactive forum), it
r
28
ftwrffai
30
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there was a virtual explosion of argue that they had no choice but to do
104
right-wing activity, battle with the opposition."106
r
and sentenced to two years in prison (supported by Russia and Canadian
and ordered to terminate all association Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau) for
with the Western Guard. global domination.110 Taylor also
beheved that a secret German army
The Taylor Era was training in a base hidden
underneath the North Pole for the
Taylor, born in 1913 to a eventual global race-war against
i*m
wealthy family, was a long-time Zionism and that white sugar made one
member of the far right. During the a homosexual.
Second World War, he spent 53
months in an internment camp in Although Taylor declared that
Petawawa, Ontario, for his the Western Guard only became a
involvement with the National significant political force under his
Socialist movement in Canada. In leadership, the group was actually in a
Andrews' absence, Taylor quickly state of decline since 1976. By 1978
moved to further radicaUse the Western most of the Western Guard
Guard to focus on fighting Zionism. membership left the organisation to
Taylor viewed the global spread of join Andrews' new group, the
33
NationaUst Party of Canada (the group 1994 in Edmonton, at the age of 81.
was originaUy named the National Shortly before his death, he publicly
Citizens' AlUance). In an attempt to declared that the government had
bolster membership numbers, Taylor engaged in a Ufelong campaign to
changed the name of the Western maUgn his reputation and force him
Guard to Western Guard Universal and from the rightwing movement. In an
continued to publish Straight Talk and obituary that appeared in the Heritage
Aryan. But the newsletters were short- Front's Up Front magazine, Taylor
Uved under Taylor's leadership and by was remembered as a "true gentleman"
1978 neither was published. and for his "lifelong dedication to the
cause."111 According to the article, the
Despite dwindling membership, Heritage Front, CFAR, Ernst Zundel's
Taylor pushed-on and started a Samisdat group, and the Nationalist
telephone hotline to disseminate his Party of Canada held a memorial for
grand anti-Semitic conspiracies. Taylor at his grave in Toronto.
However, the telephone hotline was
also short-Uved. On 22 August 1979, a The Nationalist Party of Canada
Human Rights Tribunal placed a
'cease-and-desist' order against the After his early release from
telephone hotline, which Taylor prison in 1977, Andrews promptly
started the National Citizens Alliance
ignored. In response, a federal court
convicted Taylor of contempt and
sentenced him to a year in jail and a
(changing the name to the Nationalist
Party of Canada in June 1977), which
1
$5,000 fine; an order that he also reportedly grew to more than 300
ignored. members and drew most of its
membership from the former Western
In June 1980 the federal court Guard. The Nationalist Party of
issued a warrant for Taylor's arrest. Canada, like that of many American-
After living underground for nearly a based National Socialist groups, was
year, Taylor finaUy surrendered in organised into cells of 5 to 7 members
1981. After serving 243 days in jail, (this was to avoid infiltration by
Taylor was released from prison in government agents). Similar to that of
March 1982. But it was too late to the Western Guard, the Nationalist
salvage the group. After 25 years in Party of Canada was built on an anti-
existence, the Edmunde Burke immigration, anti-Jewish, anti-
Society/Western Guard/Western Guard abortion, and pro-Christian, white-
Universal ceased operating. European heritage platform. The
difference between the EBS and the
Although Taylor eventually NationaUst Party of Canada was that
teamed-up with John Beattie to form the latter was far more intellectual and
the British People's League, many far sophisticated, most notably in its
right activists considered him too language and content in newsletters
unstable to be value to the movement and brochures. Although a few of its
and avoided contact with his new members painted racist slogan on
group. Taylor once again found buildings, the Nationalist Party of
Canada primarily concerned itself with
himself in trouble with the law. In
1990 he was sentenced to another year
in jail for operating a telephone hotline
writing letters to newspapers and
running for public office:
1
(but was released after 61 days). Alone
and poor, Taylor died in November
r 34
r
effort to contest various
elections. There never was any an early morning raid. Later, four more
delusion that its members Canadians would be arrested, including
would gain pubUc office. The Marion McGuire, James McQuirter,
purpose was to force the Charles Yanover, and Harold Woods.
electorate to confront 'the real All of the Canadians and Americans
issues facing Canada today, arrested were members of the far right
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which the phony major parties with the exception of Yanover and
refuse to discuss - sensitive Woods. Yanover is a well-known
issues such as immigration, the mafia crime figure from Toronto while
future of racial composition of Woods was a psychiatric patient
this country and the powerful apparently in love with McQuire who
majority with anti-Canadians was arrested in Dominica when he
iss interests who control the tried to break McQuire out of prison.
finances and economy of In Dominica, Patrick John, the former
Canada.' The latter, obviously, Prime Minister, Major Fred Newton,
ipp^ was a reference to Jews. the commander of the army, three
Nationalist Party members were additional army officers, and two
candidates for the board112of civiUans (including Dennis Joseph, the
education and for alderman. former manager of the Dominican
broadcasting service) were arrested. In
By 1980, Andrews was total, more than 20 people were
ph frustrated with his local activists and convicted of conspiracy charges in
pushed for the development of a Canada, the US, and Dominica.
national rightwing organisation,
r
established in Toronto, Droege and
McQuirter decided to open a new It was during this period that
chapter in Vancouver (Droege was also Duke introduced Droege to Mike
acting as a representative of the Purdue, a long-time Klan member.
i Nationalist Party of Canada). At Purdue, a self-proclaimed mercenary,
Droege's request, Duke returned to outlined his plan to overthrow the
Canada in April of 1978 to officially government of Grenada and to set-up
open the Klan's west coast chapter. several lucrative businesses on the
During his visit, Duke spoke to new island. By the end of the meeting,
members and did several interviews, Droege was committed to the operation
once again providing the Klan with and offered his assistance and arranged
national media exposure. The Canadian a meeting. According to a source,
Ku Klux Klan was on a roU, and poUce while discussing the feasibiUty of the
and media reports indicated that it was operation with Droege and Andrews in
getting larger on the west coast. Toronto, Purdue decided to change the
target from Grenada to Dominica. As a
r White People (NAAWP), which Duke Toronto. Yanover who was ecstatic
tried to market as a civil Uberties with the idea of setting up an island
government, provided Purdue with a captain and Vietnam veteran, and spun
$10,000 advance. In return for the a story of the CIA needing his boat for
investment, Yanover was given the a covert operation. Unconvinced,
right to set-up a gunrunning operation Howell informed the Bureau of
to smuggle weapons into South Africa Alcohol Tobacco and Firearms (ATF)
and Central America. Although of the supposed secret government
Andrews denies any direct operation. To make matters worse,
involvement in the mission, it has been Mcquirter contacted a reporter from
reported that he, too, visited Dominica CFTR Radio (in Toronto) in March
on several occasions and met with 1981 and informed him of the coup.
various business partners, eventually Sources indicate that McQuirter
buying into a coffee manufacturing intended to capitalize on the ensuing
business on the island. media coverage to build his public
image. Suffering an ethical dilemma
In the summer of 1980, Droege between an exclusive-story or allowing
traveUed to Dominica and spent nearly many people to die, the reporter,
two weeks on the island meeting with apparendy against the direction of his
several investors from Las Vegas. The superior at the radio station, contacted
investors, who were connected to the the police.
mafia, invited Droege to Las Vegas to
further discuss the invasion. After In April 1981, Yanover and an Wfl™;i
/Hsjjj
was "too late to turn back," and that prison term while Yanover was
"too much time and money has been sentenced to 6 months. The other
invested in this mission to call it off mercenaries received sentences from a
year to three years. McQuirter.
however, was not charged until a year
On 26 April 1981, Droege and after the failed coup. Apparently,
Purdue met with three suppliers in McQuirter, thinking he was not
New Orleans. Unknown to the culpable of a criminal offence, openly
mercenaries, the three men were bragged about his involvement in the
undercover ATF agents. Purdue told coup to the media. McQuirter was
the undercover agents that the invasion eventually charged with, and convicted
would go ahead the next night and for of, conspiracy to overthrow a foreign
them to meet the mercenaries at a government fraud, and conspiracy to
predetermined location. On the night of commit murder (a charge related to
27 April 1981, the 10 mercenaries, McQuirter planning to kill his
accompanied by three undercover girlfriend's former common-law
government agents, met at a nearby husband) and received two years for
park, put the weapons and ammunition his involvement in the coup and five
in a van, and departed for the marina. more for murder conspiracy and
When they arrived, an emergency task counterfeiting (McQuirter remained in
force team from the FBI was waiting. prison until 1989). John was sentenced
With spotlights in their faces and to 12 years in prison. Polli, the police
surrounded by government agents with informant, and the CFTR reporter both
automatic weapons, the mercenaries escaped criminal prosecution.
were in absolute shock. Purdue and
Droege never thought that they would
get caught. The agents confiscated a
number of automatic weapons,
shotguns, rifles, handguns, dynamite,
over 5000 rounds of ammunition, and a
Nazi flag.
British Columbia, was made interim the late 1980s and early 1990s,
caretaker of the Klan. Farmer remained Andrews met with young skinheads at
in control of the group until Droege's restaurants in Toronto, bought them
release in 1983, but by the then it was food, and distributed racist literature in
too late as membership dwindled and an effort to convince them to join his
protests by community groups aU but
ran the group out of Canada. In the
group. For a short period of time
Andrews' technique was successful
and brought in nearly 50 skinheads;
]
end, McQuirter disappeared from the
rightwing movement, leaving but, with a lack of militant street action
Andrews' Nationalist Party of Canada and the estabUshment of more radical
as the dominant neo-National Socialist skinheads groups in the area, the
group in Canada. organisation again started to wane.
In the faU of 1998, nearly two The 1980s was also difficult
decades after the failed coup, Droege is period for the Ku Klux Klan in
equally committed to the racialist Canada. With Droege and McQuirter
cause. Recalling the invasion plan in prison, control of the organisation
while at a Heritage Front sponsored was handed over the Ann Farmer (the
racialist gathering in Kingston, Klan's provincial spokesperson in
Ontario, Droege argues that the British Columbia and Droege's former
objectives were achievable. "We had girlfriend). However, within a few
the men and the resources," he said, "It months, the Canadian Ku Klux Klan
was just unfortunate that we got soon lost the majority of its
caught." Putting a positive spin on the membership and remained inactive
experience, Droege asserts "But jail until Droege's release from prison and
wasn't that bad. It reaUy put American subsequent takeover in 1983.116 As one
society and the racial issue into of the leaders of the Canadian Ku Klux
perspective. Plus, it gave me an Klan, Droege attended the Aryan
opportunity to network with other Nations Congress in Hayden Lake,
raciaUst leaders, which reaUy helped Idaho, in 1983 and made contact with
me after I got out." several members of the American far
right movement, including Robert
1981-1989: The Decline Miles (Aryan Nations), and Robert
F%)
Mathews and Richard Scutari and was
From 1981 through 1989 the asked to join The Order, a terrorist
NPC went into decline with only offshoot of the Aryan Nations.
r^m
sporadic gestures of rightwing activity
from Andrews. Marc Lemire, now Droege, frustrated with the lack
director of the Heritage Front and close of urgency and commitment shown by
associate of Fromm, recaUs that the
1980s was dedicated to local initiatives
and that Andrews spent much of his
Canadian far right activists, packed his
bags and secretly returned to the
United States in 1984. Between 1984
1
time indoctrinating either economicaUy and 1985, Droege moved from state to I"M^
r
searched Droege as he boarded a plane Resistance). On 21 April 1989, nearly
in Huntsville, Alabama, and was found four years after his arrest, Droege was
to have in his possession a Teflon released from prison and, as a
condition of his probation, told not to
r
dagger and 125 grams of cocaine.
Droege was charged with three counts return to the United States.
of possession, one count of conspiracy
to distribute, and a weapons charge. When Droege returned to
Droege states: Canada he was once again treated like
a hero. In Toronto, Andrews held a
The Teflon knife was given to welcome home party for Droege that
me as a present by a movement was attended by more than a hundred
leader from North Carolina. He supporters, and it was at this party that
just gave it to me. I didn't want he was introduced to Grant Bistow, a
it. The cocaine... WeU, it was relatively new racial activist who was
like the Dominca case. I was fundamental in setting up the Heritage
l o o k i n g t o fi n a n c e t h e Front (Bristow's involvement in the far
movement. I'm not a user or right began in 1986).
anything. Our means are
limited, you know, and I was Several months later, and at
looking for other means to Andrews' urging, Droege accompanied
119
finance us, 17 members of the Nationalist Party of
Canada to Libya in September 1989 to Movement, and the National
celebrate Mu'mmar Qadhafi's Democratic Front from Maryland in
government. The contingent of NPC the United States.123
members included Droege, Max and
June French, Grant Bristow, James Frustrated by the lack of
Dawson, Nicola Polinuk (Andrews' direction offered by Andrews in the
common-law wife), Anne Ladas, Gerry preceding months, several NPC
Lincoln, and Wayne, Donna and John members on the Libyan excursion,
Elliot. According to Warren Kinsella, notably Grant Bristow, Gerry Lincoln.
Andrews' connections with the Libyan James Dawson, and Max French,
government, including sponsorship discussed establishing a more militant
funds sent to the NPC, dates back to organisation. Droege thought that this
1987 when a number of NPC members, was an excellent idea; in fact, he had
including Ian Verner Macdonald (a contemplated the establishment of a
former Canadian diplomat), attended a new, and much more radical, racial
peace conference in that country. In nationalist group since his release from
total, Qadhafi's government provided prison in the spring of 1989. According
two all-expenses paid trips for the to the 1994 SIRC (Security Intelligence
rightwing activists to Libya as well as Review Committee) government
funding for racialist activities including report, Droege was interested in setting
propaganda development and up a group that would "act as a lobby
distribution, the NPC receiving group to protect white rights." Initially,
approximately $700 in 1987 and Droege came up with the name of the
$1,000 in 1989.121 Other sources Society for the Preservation of White
indicate that the amount was as high as People for his group (likely following
$50,000. Regarding the controversial Duke's example of the National
funding from the Libyan government, Alliance for the Advancement of White
Andrews states: People), but by August 1989 he
changed his mind and selected the
In varying degrees varying White Heritage Foundation as the
elements of the white name for his new group.
nationalist movement will have
to agree on some sort of
participation with the Libyan.
It's very important not to be an
Archie Bunker-type bigot. That
is a losing philosophy. We want
to preserve our own Aryan
racial identity, and what we are
out to do is represent those who
want to preserve their own
racial identity too. 122
Above: Droege and Bristow in Malta en
The NPC, however, was not the route to Libya in 1989.
only rightwing group to be funded by
the Libyan government. According to Although Droege was serious
Kinsella, the Libyans provided about the idea of a militant white
financial assistance to the National nationalist organisation, it was not until
Front in the United Kingdom, the the return trip from Libya that the new
Canadian-based Aryan Resistance group actually materialised. During the
r 42
flight home, Droege noticed that the In interviews and in the group's
plane was scheduled to fly to Toronto Uterature, Droege and other members
via Chicago. According to his openly criticised third-world
probation agreement with US immigration and race mixing,
authorities, Droege was not allowed to identifying the Heritage Front not as a
19^
re-enter the United States. After first racist or redneck organisation, but
refusing to get off the plane, Droege rather as a group of intellectually-
passed through passport control and minded and socially concerned racial
was promptly arrested by federal nationaUsts dedicated to the creation of
officers. After two days of detainment, an all white national state:
Droege was escorted to the Canadian-
US border and released. Droege was [An] organization of ordinary
upset and immediately suspected Canadian men and women who
Andrews of planning the set-up. In are dedicated to the European
8S|
retaUation, Droege decided to leave the values and traditions upon
NPC and start the new racialist group. which this nation was originally
Within three weeks, and with the founded. We are average
assistance of Bristow, French, Dawson, citizens who have decided that
and Lincoln, the Heritage Front was ENOUGH IS ENOUGH! For
established. speaking out, we have been
smeared with some nasty
The Heritage Front labels. But we beUeve that the
majority of Canadians support
r
Government of Ontario on 2 October preservation and promotion of
1989. IntelUgence reports indicate that European people.1 6
the Heritage Front was initially divided
into two wings: (1) a political wing for In an affidavit to the Federal Court,
lobbying government and supporting Droege further describes the Heritage
legal action and, (2) a direct action Front as a political advocacy group
wing for subversive and militant dedicated to racial separation,
^pb^
activity called the October 2nd combining an anti-immigrant mandate
Committee.124 By November 1989 the with that of non-violence:
Heritage Front leadership started to
recruit members (mostly from existing The goal of the new
far right organisations) and travelled to organization was to be an
Ottawa to unveil the organisation at a advocacy group for white
im^
meeting held by the Northern rights. Bristow and I felt that
Foundation, an Ottawa-based present immigration was
rightwing advocacy group with12ties to detrimental to the interests of
(R^ the white nationalist movement. 5 the country because it would
eventually turn Canada into a
Unlike that of other Canadian non-white nation. And with it,
far right groups, the Heritage Front was our institutions would be
open and explicit about its policies altered in such a way as to
regarding racial separation and its become unrecognisable to the
National SociaUst ideology, often using founding people. This would
the media as a tool to create awareness. lower the quality of life as we
$PSl
43
know it. We oppose equity From 1991 through 1994, the Heritage
hiring as we viewed it as Front focused on public and media
disadvantaging whites who are relations and encouraged television and
essentiaUy the founding people newspaper reporters to attend its
of this nation.... I am not a meetings, a tactic not normaUy used in
white supremacist. We are the Canadian far right. In short, Droege
racial nationaUsts whose established an unprecedented
eventual goal would be the relationship with the media in an
creation of an exclusively white attempt to usurp the efforts of law
state for those wishing to Uve in enforcement agencies and special
an area among their own kind. interest groups to demonise the
Our intention is to lobby legaUy Heritage Front as a coUection of
and pubUcly in achieving our rebeUious rednecks and racist fanatics.
goals without any violence. We The first pubUc meeting held by the
do not wish to dominate or Heritage Front was in Toronto in
subjugate any other race but we September 1991. At that meeting,
do beUeve that separation of the Bristow, Droege, and Fromm spoke to
races is our only way of more than 100 supporters and media
preserving our race which we representatives. Outside of the
beUeve to be the most unique meeting, a collection of Aboriginal,
127
on the face of the planet. Jewish, and anti-racist activists
demonstrated to show their soUdarity
From 1989 through 1991, the against the neo-National Socialists.
Heritage Front primarily operated The next day the Heritage Front
outside of the public realm, holding received national media exposure.
both private and semi-private meetings
for either longstanding members of the To augment the strategic move
far right or invited guests. Although it into mainstream society, the Heritage
was not a secret society, much of the Front pubUshed a series of brochures
Heritage Front membership (in the (many tailored to specific situations or 48| i
exceptional success in
attracting these young people. Although the recruitment
They would caU up the hotline campaign proved effective and
and after listening to several membership increased, things quickly
messages would leave their turned sour for Droege and the
names and addresses. At later Heritage Front. On 25 January 1993,
meetings, HF would attract up Droege and his supporters narrowly
to 200 people, mostiy young escaped an attack by anti-racist
people.13 protestors outside a human rights
hearing in Toronto. Although Droege
In conjunction with the and his supporters avoided a direct
confrontation, due largely to police
1
secondary school campaign, the
Heritage Front sponsored racist rock intervention, they did not escape the
concerts in cities across Ontario Canadian Human Rights Commission
including London, Kitchener, Ottawa, (CHRC). The court ordered Droege
and Toronto. The purpose of the and the Heritage Front to stop
concerts was not only to bring together broadcasting messages until the
racial activists from different groups tribunal ruled on the case, an order that
(such as Aryan Nations, White Aryan Droege ignored and shortly thereafter
Resistance, Church of the Creator, and he was charged with contempt. But in
the Northern Hammerskins) but also to October 1993 the contempt charge was
attract a new and younger generation dismissed on the grounds that the (SSf
After the near-riot, four Front for nearly three months in the fall
Heritage Front members were of 1993. Hategan also testified that she
charged with assault. The eventually left the Heritage Front due
Heritage Front then became to the group's misogynistic attitudes.
more militant as Droege wished
to increase confrontations with Several months later the
his opponents. CSIS routinely Heritage Front finally hit rock bottom.
provided threat assessments to In August 1994 a government
SSfy
the police on the potential for employee leaked information to the
violence arising from media that suggested Grant Bristow,
confrontations between the the second-in-command and security
134
racists and anti-racists. chief of the Heritage Front, was a
government informant working for
The events of early summer CSIS.137 Bristow, according to the
9& 1993 were devastating for the Heritage 1994 SIRC report, was carefully placed
Front. With both Droege and Burdi in the far right in 1986 and that he
facing court proceedings, the Heritage infiltrated Andrews' NPC in 1988,
Front had little direction and which served as an entry point for the
leadership.135 A government employee greater racialist movement. As
identifies the significance of the events Droege's right-hand man, Bristow was
of 1993: given greater access to the far right and
was able to associate with several high-
Things were going very nicely level leaders. It was also revealed that
for these people for a long time. Bristow had provided Droege with the
But then, in the space of about start-up funds for the Heritage Front
three weeks, aU of their senior and that it was his skills and
members and leaders all got knowledge that lead to the harassment
ppn
charged. It is now reality-check campaign against anti-racist activists.
time for these guys. We know In an attempt to defray criticism,
from internal sources that they Droege testified at a government
beginning. In July 1993, EUse Hategan, Not yet recovering from the
a young spokeswoman for the Heritage revelation of government infiltration,
Front, was charged with the promotion the Heritage Front was dealt yet
of hatred after she distributed posters another blow in late 1994 with the
that equated Blacks with apes. To resignation of Elizabeth Moore
avoid going to prison, Hategan (another young spokesperson), a
accepted an offer by the Crown to defection that resulted in the group
testify against the Heritage Front. In going into a two-year period of
her testimony, Hategan provided inactivity. Moore, who had joined the
evidence implicating Droege, Gary Heritage Front in late 1992 as a
Schipper, and Kenneth Barker in the secondary school student, became a
setting up and running of a racist public figure for the group, using her
telephone hotline. According to the writing and interpersonal skills to
article, Hategan spied on the Heritage recruit young people into the group.
Moore's involvement in the Heritage alleviated concerns of further
Front continued through late 1994 government infiltration (although it has
while an undergraduate student at left the group fragmented and without
Queen's University in Kingston: overall direction).
52
sp}
Jasinski became close friends with Ken sword, a police scanner, ammunition, a
Barker (31), a Heritage Front member large amount of money, the disguise
living in Oshawa. After deciding that used in the robbery, and white
the Heritage Front lacked urgency, the nationalist literature. The next
friends decided to take action into their morning, police raided Lemire's house
own hands. Bill Dunphy notes: "All of in Toronto and arrested Grech. In the
them became disillusioned by Droege's end, Grech was sentenced to 18 months
emphasis on talk over action and they in prison for robbery and Barker was
began to pool ideas and resources." convicted of firearms storage offences.
Possibly basing their direct action Although Jasinski confessed to his
approach on the efforts of The Order, involvement in the first robbery during
the terrorist wing of the Aryan Nations, Barker's bail hearing, his statement
Jasinski and Barker entered an Oshawa was deemed inadmissible. However,
donut store on 27 September 1993 with Jasinksi was ordered not to own or
a sawed-off shotgun and robbed it of possess firearms, ammunition, or
$257. Nearly a month later, Grech explosives for the rest of his life.
entered an Oshawa Toronto-Dominion Lemire was never charged with a
bank on 21 October 1993 and managed criminal offence.
to grab nearly $2,000.
A Change of Direction
54
56
Saanich. Later that year, Lemire In addition, Lemire was affiliated with
returned to British Columbia with a web-based group called the White
Fromm for a meeting on 10 September Power Syndicate, which involved a
1999 in Prince George (to protest series of interlinked websites from
Chinese refugees) and a meeting held across North America and included a
•in section caUed the White Power Porno
by the Canada Free Speech League at
the Vancouver Public Library on 30 Pages}55 But the White Power
September 1999. Syndicate was short lived and the site
was closed-down after the group
But not everything went weU received a number of complaints from
for Lemire. Over a three-week period movement leaders.
SB) in the summer of 1991, the Freedomsite
was attacked by a series of email- More Errors
bombs, effectively denying service to
the website. According to Lemire, the Lemire had many contacts in
attack started on 19 June 1999 and the American racialist movement and
lasted for 18 days, originating from the frequently travelled to the United
eventually assumed a leading advisory local residents and that they distributed
159 over 6,000 flyers. Lemire writes:
role in the group.
Conclusion
r
HP
i p
■pi
61
jus!
64
four in Canada. The Canadian chapters but became an overtly racist group
include Alberta, Nova Scotia, Ontario, operating in the public forum because
and Saskatchewan. the leaders could not resist the
spotlight.
The association with the CECT
now permits the NSF to further Another section of the website
develop and maintain a presence in declares that the CECT is a "privately
Canada. The relationship will also owned and operated organization that's
aUow the CECT to network with NSF main goal is helping and supporting all
chapters and unaffihated skinhead white racialists in Canada." It further
groups in the US as weU as securing states that it seeks to work with other
additional resources and funds for groups to "achieve one common goal,
recruitment and development purposes. the preservation of the 'WHITE' race
through aU means necessary."
Since April 2001, the CECT
has attempted to solidify its presence Under the section entitled
by establishing a mailing address and a "Unity," the CECT website calls for a
telephone number. The CECT's white power association with the
official address is: PO BOX 1061, 31 racialist groups in Canada. The racist
Adelaide St. East, Toronto Ontario undertone of the organisation is clearly
M5C 2K4. The telephone number is expressed:
(416)389-6778.
We need to come together as a
In an on-line brochure entitled team to fight our enemies.
"What is the Canadian Ethnic Niggers kill each other steal
Cleansing Team," the organisation and rape from their own kind
declares itself to be a legitimate lobby spreading their filth upon our
group that aims to fight drugs, streets.... They bring their
prostitution, reintegrate "family and drugs, diseases and disseption
moral values," "resurrect true free [sic] to our land and it spreads
speech," alter tax spending, and work rapidly through our cities,
with law enforcement agencies. diluting the minds of our youth
and turning our woman [sic]
However, the true goals of the into race traitors and
organisation are much more nefarious. mudslingers.
Certainly, the aggressive and violent
connotation of the CECT name (i.e.
ethno-cultural genocide) is indicative
of the organisation's true intentions. In
The article also expresses common
anti-Semitic themes, most notably that
of the government being under Zionist
i
fact, the group proclaims its goal to be control:
the unification of "all white racialist
groups in Canada [and to] mend cracks For those of us who stand up
and form a United Front against our for our rights we are considered f^!l
PSffl
Pfp
65
IP
67
pp^
fr3$fiS%S*r
mmh '.i
Gallant also reduced his involvement States including Marc Lemire, Matt
in the WCOTC (starting in January Hale (leader of the WCOTC), and
several members of the CECT (both
2001), commenting that the
organisation was not marketable in Richardson and Kulbashian) and the
Canada. Gallant wrote in an email: Toronto Skinheads. Gallant also travels
■n to London to attend raciaUst meetings
Being associated with the with skinheads involved in the CECT.
WCOTC as a member was a In fact, Gallant's racialist contacts
w
p helped him secure a position on the
mistake, I think, especially
because of where I am and it CHA executive in late January 2001.
does need to be corrected. I was
< pi
a step away from being a While Gallant argues that the
completely public CECT is "too extreme" in its approach,
representative, but I think that much of his material reflects an anti-
pm would not be a wise course of Semitic worldview. An email from
action. Gallant indicates his anti-Semitic
tendencies:
In another email, Gallant wrote:
Any lukewarm groups that rise
The WCOTC is too extreme to of the Jew created sewer we
live in are only providing
publicly support at this time. I
think we need a more subtie people with false hope that
there is a political solution to
approach. I consider Creativity
ip to be my religion, but officially our problems and are another
being a member of the Church, scheme to shaft our race and
as an institution, no longer shackle it further to the Jewish
seems to be a good approach. menace that plagues our world.
The Jews are neither "left" or
However, Gallant has not taken "right". The are communists
down his Canadian WCOTC website when it serves their purpose
(frontl4.org/bud88) nor has he publicly and Capitalists when they are
denounced his participation in the the ones in a position to reap
it's hollow rewards. The Jewish
group.186 In fact, Gallant's website
(which officially went up in 1999) still problem must be solved if we
- 1 8 7
contains many anti-Semitic phrases are to survive.
that reflect the greater WCOTC
worldview, identifying Jews as In several online articles, such
as "The 'Trenchcoat Mafia' and the
parasites (although the site has not
been updated since late January 2001). media," Gallant uses the traditional
pi anti-Semitic theme of a Zionist
Although young, approximately conspiracy against white society and
21 years old in 2001, Gallant has made declares that Jews control the media
a name for himself in the white power and the government. Gallant, who
movement. In an email, Gallant argues that the killing in Columbine
comments that one of his close was a Jewish conspiracy, states: "[T]he
fPI
personal advisors is Tom Metzger of Jews are taking away the future of
White Aryan Resistance (WAR). countless White children who will
According to Gallant, he is also in grow up in this corrupt and disgusting
close contact with a number of leading world of Jewish created filth. That is
racialists in Canada and the United our genocide in the making."
people are actively monitored because
Although it is highly unlikely they "subscribe to white supremacist
that the group will expand, what is of ideology."188
concern is Gallant's intense anti-
Semitism and commitment to the
WCOTC worldview while being
involved (on the executive level) in the
CHA. By acting as a liaison between
the WCOTC and the CECT and CHA,
Gallant may be able to forge a concrete
alliance between the organisations. The
result would not only be increased
funding for the CHA or CECT from
the WCOTC in the US, but may also
Above: Racist skinheads in London protest
lead to the broad distribution of
the 2000 Pride Parade.1"9
WCOTC propaganda via the local
skinhead and nationalist groups.
During early 2001, Hamilton
had a series of far right incidents
Racist Skinheads in London,
involving skinheads. For example, on
Brantford. and Hamilton 13 February 2001, Marc Lemire, along
with approximately 10 skinheads from
The skinhead movement in
the Hamilton area, distributed
London, Brantford, and Guelph
pamphlets near the Henderson
appears to be flourishing. However, Hospital. On 20 February 2001,
these local skinhead groups largely
approximately 10 racist skinheads
operate informally and are usually part assaulted and robbed three men after
of larger organisations such as the
leaving the Corktown Tavern. It was
Heritage Front or linked to the CECT also reported that a group of racist
or the TCS.
skinheads were planning to hold a
racist rock concert on March 2001.
Since the collapse of the
Other incidents in the area include the
Northern Alliance in 1999, skinheads distribution of NSDAP-AO (a US-
in the London area have been operating
based neo-Nazi group) stickers and
in association with other groups such other racist-oriented literature in area
as CECT and the Heritage Front. For
secondary schools.
two consecutive years (2000 and 2001)
local skinheads have protested the Gay
Although racist activity has
Pride Parade by holding placards and been limited in Guelph in recent
following the route. Other activities
years,190 there are signs that racist
include vandalism, graffiti, and
organisations are planning to recruit
literature distribution at area secondary members and form a group in the area.
schools. In late August 2000, A source reported that in January 2001,
approximately 10 people ran along a approximately ten racist skinheads
street in London yelling "white power" from Brantford appeared in Guelph to
and assaulted two black men before recruit new members. In addition,
police intervened. Arrested were sources indicate that the TCS is
Timothy Baker (27), Michael O'Brien associated with the Guelph-based
(26), Szczepam Swiatek (20), and Jesse Royal City Skins (a non-racist group)
Dubriel (20). According to the London and that this may lead to the
Police Services, approximately 25
establishment of a racist skinhead
group in the area.
74
i^si
75
United States, along with former KKK tax, or free speech) without supporting,
leaders David Duke and Don Black, whether publicly or otherwise, a
about racial conflict and a lack of free racialist ideology or having
speech and was touted as "Canada's connections to radical groups. Crypto-
leading Nationalist." The groups that radical groups are those that, although
comprised Barrett's fringe right,
therefore, have become increasingly
they do not pubUcly support a racist
ideology, disguise a racialist ideology
behind seemingly legitimate political
]
radicaUsed, effectively contributing to
overt forms of raciaUsm by or social issues, operate largely in
camouflaging a radical message behind semi-private or private, and attempt to
a seemingly moderate facade and influence mainstream poUtical groups
working with extremist groups behind while maintaining an association with
the scenes. Ebata argues: extremist groups. Lastly, radical
rightwing (or the extremist rightwing)
Within the seemingly poUtical groups are those that openly espouse a trrcRSj
ranks of the extreme right, raciaUst ideology and may use violence
violence is an intrinsic element or questionable means, including
encouraged and manipulated by terrorism or subversion, to achieve fSBSi
PSjH
p
m
78
517
to our basest emotions and fear." r e p l a c e d . . . . We n e e d a
Christopher Flood notes that similar far m i n i m u m fi v e r - y e a r
right organisations in Europe, in moratorium - that's a complete
particular the National Front in France, halt - an all intake of
have made immigration the immigrants or refugees. During
"centrepiece of their poUtical that time, we must have a full
platforms" and have linked national debate to craft a new
immigration with a range of social and Canada first immigration policy
economic problems.218 In addition, Li which will then be submitted to
argues: "In reaUty, these groups are the electorate in a binding
effective in providing the means and national referendum/ ~
the rationale for disgruntied and
marginalized individuals to divert their The newsletter further states that the
hostilities and blames to racial group must raise $50,000 in order to
minorities for what they see as a develop a series of advertisements to
'paradise lost.'"219 inform other Canadians of "the New
World Order strategy behind our
One of the most significant nation's immigration poUcy," and "the
anti-immigration campaigns co ultimate goal - the gentie genocide of
ordinated by CFIRC was in 1999, after European Canadians." In addition,
a number of Chinese migrants sought university-based academics are invited
refugee status in Canada. Harry to speak at CAFE and C-FAR
Abrams, a B.C. representative of the meetings, which serves to legitimise
B'nai Brith who monitors the activities the beUef structure as well as to
of Fromm and CFIRC, noted that the reinforce the moderate image of the
issue of illegal immigrants is being groups. (See Table 1 for a Ust of
used to "piggyback" a broader Fromm's recent activities in the area.)
xenophobic campaign.220 The theory of
replacement is identified in a C-FAR There are two other groups,
newsletter: Straight-pride Incorporated and the
Canadian Heritage AUiance, currently
There's no doubt about it, our advancing raciaUsm through a non-
poUtical masters mean to direct platform. Straight-pride protests
replace the European founders started in London, Ontario, in 1998 and
and settlers and builders of this were organised by Raphael Bergmann,
country. By 2050, Canadians of in conjunction with several members
European origin may well be a from a racist skinhead group called the
minority in their own land.... Northern Alliance, to protest the
Most politicians and almost the annual gay pride parade. Bergmann,
entire press profess to see no however, publicly denies any
problem in our being connection to organised racism and
replaced.... The mindset is argues that his anti-gay protests are a
being created for the willing forum to fight political correctness, not
a c c e p t a n221
ce of our own to promote racism. Bergmann argues:
destruction.
Our event [Straight-pride] was
Similarly, a CFIRC newsletter states: less about local contentions
over gay/straight relations than
There is not much time left to about the much broader aspect
reverse the trend to our being of greater government
ffi5
r 80
i v)
r
terrorists,"224 and has expressed
interest in re-starting the Northern with ties to established hate groups.2"
Alliance, given the proper political Melissa Guille, one of the leaders of
climate.225 In early 2000, Bergmann the group, rejects the label, preferring
■m
81
including Paul Fromm and Marc things he said made a lot of sense. I
Lemire (the director of the Heritage think he offered some good
232
Front) suggestions for changing the
immigration system."235 Fromm's
Lemire had a definite impact on attempt to influence the political
the formation of the group's mainstream via immigration reform is
ideological structure, and many of his not a new tactic. According to Barrett,
suggestions were implemented. For Fromm considered immigration to be a
example, CHA poUcy states that, more "volatile issue to raise with MPs
"immigration will only be permitted on than foreign aid."236 In 1999, Fromm
the basis of skiU and academic booked a hospitality suite at a
quaUfication." Moreover, the poUcy conservative poUtical conference in
argues: "AU immigrants and refugees Ottawa at which he invited "young
must apply from abroad and will be tories and reformers" to join him to
vetted abroad ... [and] Canada's discuss immigration and free speech
'occupational' needs Ust will be issues. 237
eliminated and funding to "immigrant
aid" groups wiU be reduced." Lastly, Leon Benoit is not the only
the policy declares that Canada is to Canadian AUiance member to have
pull out of the UN and NATO and wiU contact with the far right; apparently,
only participate in foreign affairs if it is Raphael Bergmann contacted Rob
in Canada's interests and that only Anders, the Canadian AlUance member
"Canadian citizens wiU be allowed to who voted against granting Nelson
access social programs such as Social Mandela honorary Canadian
Services, Legal Aid, etc."233 citizenship, regarding his Straight-
pride protests.23
The CHA also estabUshed links
with a number of other radical groups, The connection to the Canadian
including the Kitchener-based Tri-City AUiance by the far right is much
Skins and the Canadian Ethnic deeper than merely advising on policy.
Cleansing Team, to organise In a conversation with Fromm, it was
recruitment campaigns and pubUc suggested that his group was contacted
protests. by members of the Canadian Alliance
to collect information that would
The Far Right and Mainstream publicly damage Warran Kinsella, a )
Politics Liberal Party advisor and author, in
retaliation for articles critical of the
One of Fromm's primary Canadian AUiance.239 Indicating that
objectives is to lobby mainstream contact may have occurred between the
politicians in order to influence Canadian Alliance and the far right, {""^ i
82
r
Alliance would also like to Party wrote several letters on
know the answers.... If this is Bergmann's behalf, criticising the
the road the Canadian AlUance poUce service. In addition, Paul Blair,
now chooses to go down, it is the Executive Officer of the Freedom
HP?
not a party which I agree with Party, handed out business cards and
and it is not a cause I would party brochures to Straight-pride
243
chose to dedicate my time to. protestors, including racist skinheads,
in Toronto in June 2000.
On 17 October 2000, the Centre-
Rosedale riding association held an Summary
PW)
emergency executive meeting to
discuss the expulsion. Unlike the far right movement
in the 1970s and 1980s in which two
Certainly, involvement in the separate forms of organised racism
Canadian Alliance by the far right is existed, the contemporary far right is
not new. In a detailed report by the marked by the emergence of the new
Security Intelligence Review generation of subtle racism, a
Committee (SIRC) in 1994, it was movement that strategically
revealed that several members of the manipulates legitimate issues to market
far right, in particular the Heritage racism to a mass audience while
Front, had become members of the maintaining links with violence-prone
f5#j
83
[$$m\
i
84
CHAPTER 8.
Before proceeding with a critical
r
the CHA's leaders, Melissa Guille, was
quoted in the media declaring that the describe a group or individual does not
organisation is not racist (i.e. not a minimise the level of racism, but rather
"hate group"),247 she confirmed that it it elucidates the true racist nature of the
is a "nationalist" organisation and that subject.
it does appeal to those who believe in
white supremacy and that they are The CHA came into existence
welcome to join the organisation. during the final months of the summer
of 2000, taking its place among the
While the spokesperson for the cyber-based racialist groups in late
CHA provides a seemingly October. But, before the CHA made its
contradictory message (i.e. we are not appearance, Melissa Guille (28) and
a hate group but racists are allowed to her brother Chris (26) (the two
join), the truth about the group (its founding members of the CHA) threw
mandate of raciahsm) is revealed by around several ideas for the
closely examining the policies and development of a racialist organisation
statements of the group and its links to in the area. In fact, Melissa and Chris
established raciaUst organisations such were seeking to set up their own
as the Heritage Front (HF), the Tri-City raciaUst organisation as early as July
85
primary email contact and developing place for control of the organisation.
the website. Again, in a conversation at As a result, Livingston urged that the
a Tim Horton's, MeUssa and Chris re HF label not be used and contact with
asserted their interest in starting a local Marc Lemire and Paul Fromm be
chapter of the HF. Chris also limited until the new group was
mentioned that he had been leaving formed. Apparently, Lemire and
white power brochures and pamphlets Fromm were not to be trusted as they
(with his email address) around had plans to take-over the HF. It was
Kitchener-Waterloo for a number of finaUy decided that Melissa and Chris
months. were to continue planning the
development of a group independent of
By August, the GuiUe's were in the HF, but one that had a direct link F9$i
contact with BiU Livingston, the leader with Livingston's HF Niagara Chapter.
of HF Niagara, and it appeared as
though Melissa and Chris were on their Within two weeks, however,
way to set-up a local chapter of the HF. the idea of an organisation with a
According to Melissa, Livingston formal association with the HF Niagara
provided information to start their own chapter completely fell apart. After (Spf
chapter, suggesting that they develop weighing the options, Melissa and
propaganda and set up a local post Chris decided to develop their own
office box (12 August 2000). In an raciaUst organisation outside of
email, Livingston suggested that Livingston (although he would
MeUssa "take it slow" and not to make continue to provide advice regarding
a "big splash before your ready." policies). It seemed as though the
GuiUe's were concerned about getting
The idea of a local HF chapter locked into a power struggle and
seemed to be the logical choice for the wanted to avoid the conflict by
GuiUe's since all three (MeUssa, Chris, developing a group independent of the
and Andrew) were either current or HF. By 17 September 2000, Melissa
former members of the organisation. had set up at CHA email address
According to an email from Melissa (c_h__a@canada.com) and started to
(26 July 2000), she noted that her two contact Canadian and American
249
brothers had been members "for years" raciaUsts seeking web-space.
but that her membership had been lost
"due to recent changes in the HF." By late September, the GuiUe's
Melissa further stated that she called were on their way to establishing the
and was "assured that everything is CHA. In Kitchener-Waterloo, both
coming together now." Melissa and Chris were distributing
86
($P)
87
89
R$i
met a number of members from the groups: "CECT is in contact with me,
Kitchener-based Tri-City Skins (tri- and Tri-City are in direct contact with
cityskins.com) at Club Abstract, an Chris and I." P5$|
_
(.
92
■sp
Services Board, and Hank Daniszewski notion that the movement needed a
and Brodie Fenlon (reporters, London younger, more diplomatic leader, and a
Free Press), on January 11 and 12, more marketable approach - and
2000. The letter argues that the Bergmann argued that the Straight
defamatory statements stem from two Pride events were the perfect method
articles published in the London Free to gain respectability and momentum.
Press on December 3 and 4, 1999, in
which Bergmann is named the leader To further develop the Straight
of the Northern Alliance and that the Pride concept Bergmann needed an
group is potentially violent. The letter infusion of funds, and he would
further states, "The defamatory words achieve this by marketing Straight
underlined in the articles are malicious, Pride clothing and other products to the
false and libellous. Because of the Christian rightwing. Bergmann also
publication of these defamatory words, stated that he was attempting to secure
Mr. Bergmann's personal reputation funds from US-based Christian groups,
has been severely damaged." but he did not provide further
details.276 Bergmann also admitted that
By March 2000, Bergmann was Fromm had set him up with several
instructed by his lawyer to 'lay low/ sponsors.
He was also told to "play down the
racialist aspect of the 'Northern On 25 June 2000, Bergmann
Alliance' to kosher level," indicating appeared at Queen's Park for a
that the lawsuit is in the "millions" and demonstration, but this time he was
that he does not want to jeopardise his dressed in a tight-blue superhero outfit,
274
chance for success and referred to himself as Straightman.
According to the Straight Pride
By the time I met with website, the demonstration was to be
Bergmann on 11 March 2000, the broadcast live on the Internet by
situation changed. At the meeting, Lemire, that several speakers were
Bergmann stated that his real plan was scheduled, that a Jamaican vacation
to make it look as though the Northern was to be given away, and that the
Alliance "faded away" in order to protestors were to go on a Stride 2K
avoid police scrutiny. He also march in the direction of the Gay Pride
mentioned that Tyler Chilcott was to event on Church Street. In the end,
take over the group as an interim leader only Bergmann would speak and the
and operate it in secret, but that this Jamaican vacation was never given
part of the plan had not worked out. As away - at least there was no public
a result, Bergmann decided that he announcement that someone won the
wanted to re-start the Northern trip.
Alliance once the lawsuit was finished.
Bergmann later stated: "The Northern Contrary to Bergmann's
Alliance must advisedly stay dead, as estimated "several thousand"
275
long as the lawsuit is engaged." protestors,277 only 40 people showed
up at the protest. And while several
Although his lawyers advised politicians were invited to attend the
him against any public appearances, Straight Pride event, the only person of
Bergmann eventually decided to political significance at the event was
organise two more protests in 2000, Paul Blair, the Executive Officer of the
one in Toronto and the other in Freedom Party of Ontario, who handed
London. Motivating Bergmann was the out party brochures and his card to
protestors. The police, who were also
on the scene, told Bergmann (as he Later in July Bergmann left for
appeared to be the organiser of the Russia. On 26 July 2000, he said that
event) to stay within the boundaries of he was going to promote Straight Pride
Queen's Park, or that he, and the Incorporated and his Freedom Fighter
protestors, would be arrested. The website.278 Bergmann also remarked
protestors co-operated and, after a that he wanted to get a photograph of
quick march around the park, went himself urinating on the tomb of Lenin
home. It should also be noted that and that he was worried about getting
several of the skinheads in attendance arrested.
were carrying concealed weapons,
including knives, and were looking for In late January 2001, the
a fight. Straight Pride website featured
photographs of Bergmann dressed as
Straightman in Moscow. According to
the website, Bergmann was invited to
Russia to participate in the World
Peace Conference to promote family
culture.
108 Although Droege only joined the rightwing 138 Adrian Humphreys, "A life once soured by
PS! movement in 1972, he quickly became a hate finds sweet understanding," National
leading figure of group, travelling across Post, 29 July 1999.
139 One of the most successful concerts was
Canada and the United States as an official
representative. organised by Raphael Bergmann, a Heritage
■n 109 Barrett, 93-94. Front member and leader of the Northern
m Ibid, 95. Alliance, in London in 1996.
1,1 Up Front, April 1995. 140 Renee Huang, "White supremacist literature
ordinator for the Heritage Front. decision to give groups and outlet for material
133 Kinsella, 1995,289. branded racist," Penticton Herald, 23 July
psi 134 The Heritage Front Affair: Report to the 1996.
150 Declan McCullagh, "The great white
Solicitor General of Canada 9 December 1994,
Security Intelligence Review Committee File # north," Hotwired, 29 July 1996.
151 Michael Newman, "Hate Capital of
2800-54.
135 Less than a month later Burdi was charged Canada," The Oliver Chronicle, 24 July 1996.
152 "Neo-Fascists defeated in Ontario election,"
with assault and spent nearly a year in jail upon
his conviction in 1995. on-line: Bethune Institute Homepage
136 Kinsella, 1995, 292-293. <http://www.bethuneinstitute.org> (date
■m 137 Anonymous, "The mess leaks out," Covert accessed: 18 December 2001).
Action, Winter 1994-1995, Number 51.
^pPfy
103
1
153 "Freedom-site beats massive DOS attack," 171 The NSF website is located at:
on-line: Freedomsite Homepage www.whitevictory.com.
172 The database is located at: www.ara-
<http://www.freedomsite.org/text/freedomsite_
db.com.
dos_attack.html> (date accessed: 18 December 173 RAHOWA is an abbreviation for Racial
2001).
154 The Right Turn for Nova Scotia website is Holy War.
174 Richardson was arrested in the fall of 2001.
owned by a group called the Halifax Citizen
League and is located at http://nsright.cjb.net. The TCS held a fundraiser to assist in his legal
Currently, the site domain points to the costs.
175 Affordable-space.com hosts a number of
Freedomsite homepage.
155 The White Power Porno Pages was a page white power websites including: tri-
containing a small collection of naked women. cityskins.com, whitepower.ws,
156 Jonathan Gatehouse, "Anti-immigrant tommetzger.net, resistcom, micetrap.net,
extremist has good ideas, MP says," National whitepride.com, till-attack.com,
Post, 18 June 2001. torontoskins.com, wp-personals.com,
157 Free Speech Monitor, October 2000. racehate.com,
158 Free Speech Monitor, October 2000. http://canadianhooligans.whitepride.com, vox-
159 Guille and Lemire started dating shortly candidi.com, whitevictory.com,
after meeting in October. The relationship nsfcanada.com, hatecore88.com,
ended abruptly in December 2000. hatecentral.net, toronto-police.com,
160 David Duke also moved his base of torontoskinheads.com, ara-db.com,
vinlandvoice.com, cnfront.org, wpcect.com,
operations to Russia during the same period
and Raphael Bergmann visited the country in eannews.com, combatl8.com,
1
late summer 2000. whitepower.com, racerecords.com,
161 Henderson Hospital was chosen for the nocturnalfear.com, toowhiteforyou.com,
psychobitchl488.com, 88rockandroll.com,
flyer drop because a Congolese visitor was
taken there after she became ill on a flight to anpforum.org, americannazipaity.org, and
Canada. aryankindred.com. This is not
176 James Scott Richardson a complete
used list.of
the aliases
162 "Heritage Front warns Hamilton residents
of health threat posed by immigration," on James Scott, White Power, and Cox88.
177 Anonymous, "Racist death threats cited
line: Freedomsite Homepage
<http://www.freedomsite.org> (date accessed vigilance urged after London man charged,"
12 February 2001). London Free Press, 2 October 2001.
163 One of the individuals distributing the 178 A news release from Alex Krause on 16
December 2002 indicated that he was leaving
pamphlet later revealed that the group only
the CECT to form the North American Culture
distributed 1000 to 1500 flyers.
164 The temporary website is located at: and Heritage Party.
179 "Vinland Voice Issue 14," on-line: CECT
www.freedomsite.org/test.
165 "Clueless, wacky neo-Nazis rip off CWD," Homepage <http://www.wpcect.com> (date fR-ji
188 From the London Free Press, 30 August France," in Fascism's Return: Scandal,
2000. Revision, and Ideology since 1980, (Lincoln:
189 It should be noted that Marc Lemire can be University of Nebraska Press, 1998).
211 Barrett, 1987, 11.
seen (with a video camera) in the background. 212 Ebata, 17.
Lemire was present to videotape Bergmann's 213 Barrett, 1987, 75-77.
planned disturbance of the parade. 2.4 Ibid., 199.
190 Guelph is not immune to racist activities. In
2.5 Ibid, 190.
1990, George Burdi, then leader of the Church 2.6 Ibid, 194.
of the Creator, organised a meeting featuring 217 Editorial, Times Colonist, 1 September
Paul Fromm at the Albion Hotel. In addition, a
1999.
prominent leader of the Heritage Front owned 218
a store in downtown Guelph in the mid-1990s, Flood, 19.
219
effectively using it as a contact point for local Li, 3.
220 John Gray, "Far right using Web to whip up
skinheads.
191 This chapter was originally published online hostility to Chinese migrants," The Globe and
by Canadian Content in March 2002. Mail, 30 August 1999.
m 192 Anthony H. Richmond, "Refugees and 221 Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform
Now: Comparative Reflections on the Rival of from 1997 through early 1999. The group
the Radical Right in Europe," in The Revival of eventually halted activity after it was
the Right-Wing Extremism in the Nineties, eds. discovered that law enforcement agencies were
P. Merkl and Leonard Weinberg (London: monitoring their activities. Raphael Bergmann,
Frank Cass, 1997). personal communication, 12 April 2000.
196 Li, 2. 226 Raphael Bergmann, personal
197 IbULA. communication, 11 March 2000.
198 Stanley Barrett, 1987,29-30. 227 Raphael Bergmann, personal
199 Ibid, 29-31. communication, 20 April 2000.
228 Canadian Heritage Alliance, "Canadian
200/^.,33.
201 Ibid, 11. Heritage Alliance Statement," online:
AH-I 202 Ibid, 30-33. Canadian Heritage Alliance
203 Ibid, 30. <http://www.canadianheritagealliance.com/abo
204 Ibid, 28. ut/statement.html> (date accessed: 30 October
205 Stephen Scheinberg, "Canada: Right-Wing 2001).
■P
I 229 Brian Caldwell, "White supremacists active
Extremism in the Peacable Kingdom," in The
Extreme Rrright: Freedom and Security at in K-W," The Record, 24 February 2001.
230 Brian Caldwell, "'Not promoting hate,'"
Risk, eds. A. Braun and S. Scheinberg
(Boulder: Westview, 1997). The Record, 27 February 2001.
206 Barrett, 1987, 35. 231
Ibid.
207 Kinsella, 1995, 272. 232 Marc Lemire took over from Wolfgang
208 Ebata, 17.
Droege as National Director of the Heritage
2091 find the use of the term fringe to describe Front on 1 January 2001.
ISP 233 Canadian Heritage Alliance, "Canadian
a portion of a counter-cultural movement
already on the margins (i.e. fringe) of society Heritage Alliance Statement," online:
lacking in accuracy and clarity. Canadian Heritage Alliance
2,0 Christopher uses the term "national
i PI <http://www.canadianheritagealliance.com/abo
populist" to describe the neo-fascist movement ut/policies.html> (date accessed: 30 October
in Europe that uses immigration and economic 2001).
234 Jonathon Gatehouse, "Anti-immigrant
issues to encourage discrimination and
■HI extremist has good ideas, MP says," The
racism. See Christopher Flood, "Organizing
Fear and Indignation: The National Front in National Post, 18 June 2001.
ip
105
Paul Fromm has been involved in the far rightwing movement since 1967
UP
when he started the Edmunde Burke Society with Leigh Smith and Don Andrews. In
the 1990s, Fromm spoke at a number of Heritage Front meetings in Toronto. Fromm
currently serves as the director of a number of related groups, including the Canada
First Immigration Reform Committee (CFIRC), the Canadian Association for the
Freedom of Expression (CAFE), and the Canadian for Foreign Aid Reform (C-FAR),
and hosts meetings across Canada (usually under the banner of Alternative Forum).
IP
PP
TABLE 2 - The Far Rightwing Movement: Area of Operation
rm9§t
The following is a list of formal groups (i.e. groups that operate under a name
and that express specific goals and an ideology). Informal groups, in particular racial
extremist and skinhead groups, do operate across Southwest Ontario but are not listed.
Note: This list is not exhaustive and that groups may have a membership base or
chapters outside of Southwest Ontario.
Scarborough Skinheads
Northern Foundation
nationally
Scarborough.
London (group disbanded in
Less than 10.
Approximately 30.
1
1999)
Based on London but with a NA (approximately 7 core
Straightpride Incorporated
widespread members and organisers).
affiliates.
P*S
pw
p
m
TABLE 3 - Relevant Sections of the Canadian Human Rights Act and the
The following are the relevant sections of the Canadian Human Rights Act
(Sections 12, 13, and 14) and the Canada Criminal Code (Offences Against the
f Person- S. 318, 319, and 320) as of November 2001. Please note that in December
- 2001, the Anti-Terrorism Act, which contained revisions to the relevant sections of the
Canadian Human Rights Act and the Canada Criminal Code, received Royal Ascent
ipn
and will be amended in the near future.
The legislation also revises the Canadian Human Rights Act, in particular
Section 13, to prohibit the spreading of repeated hate messages by telephonic
I communications including all telecommunication technologies. This revision
eliminates any concern regarding whether the Internet, and messages posted on a
r
m website, falls under the seemingly limited purview of telephonic communications.
5 to 11 or in section
r engaged in, be a discriminatory practice14. described in any of sections
Exception (2) Subsection (1) does not apply in respect of any matter that is
communicated in whole or in part by means of the facilities of a
broadcasting undertaking.
1980-81-82-83, c. 143, s. 7.
tHI |
ifm
ADVOCATING GENOCIDE
318. (1) Every one who advocates or promotes genocide is guilty of an indictable
offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years.
ftp
(2) In this section, "genocide" means any of the following acts committed with intent
to destroy in whole or in part any identifiable group, namely
(3) No proceeding for an offence under this section shall be instituted without the
consent of the Attorney General.
(4) In this section, "identifiable group" means any section of the public distinguished
m by colour, race, religion or ethnic origin. [R.S. c. 11 (1 st Supp.), s. 1.]
P (2) Every one who, by communicating statements, other than in private conversation,
L wilfully promotes hatred against and identifiable group is guilty of
OKl
(a) an indictable offence and is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding
two years; or
(b) an offence punishable on summary conviction.
i jp*j
|BP|
fS||
(c) if the statements were relevant to any subject of public interest, the
discussion of which was for the public benefit, and if on reasonable grounds he
believed them to be true; or ^
(d) if, in good faith, he intended to point out, for the purpose of removal,
matters producing or tending to produce feelings of hatred toward an
i d e n t i fi a b l e group in Canada. m
_.
(4) Where a person is convicted of an offence under section 318 or subsection (1) or
(2) of this section, anything by means of or in relation to which the offence was ^
committed, on such convictions, may, in addition to any other punishment imposed,
be ordered by the presiding provincial court judge or judge to be forfeited to Her
Majesty in right of the province in which that person is convicted, for disposal as the m
Attorney General may direct. ]
(5) Subsections 199(6) and (7) apply with such modifications as the circumstances **
require to section 318 or subsection (1) or (2) of this section. I
(6) No proceeding for an offence under subsection (2) shall be instituted without the m
consent of the Attorney General.
"communicating"
includes communicating by telephone, broadcasting or other audible or visible
means; j
"identifiable group"
has the same meaning as in section 318 ;
"public place"
includes any place to which the public have access as a right or by invitation,
express or implied;
"statements"
includes words spoken or written or recorded electronically or 1
electromagnetically or otherwise, and gestures, signs or other visible
representations. [R.S., c.l 1 (1st Supp.), s.l.] T
Note: Although at some of this section infringes the right to freedom of expression, as
guaranteed by section 2(b) of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms , it has been ruled ^
that it constitutes a reasonable limit on that right and is therefore valid legislation: R. J
v. Keegstra (1991), 63 C.C.C. (3d) 110, [1991] 4 W.W.R. 136, 79 Alta. L.R. (2d) 97
F^jji
(C.A.).
WARRANT OF SEIZURE
... / Summons to occupier / Owner and author may appear / Order of forfeiture /
Disposal of matter/ Appeal / Consent / Definitions / "court" / "genocide" / "hate ff^S
propaganda" / "judge".
320. (1) A judge who is satisfied by information on oath that there are reasonable
grounds for believing that any publication, copies of which are kept for sale or
ppl
distribution in premises, within the jurisdiction of the court, is hate propaganda, shall
issue a warrant under his hand authorizing seizure of the copies.
(2) Within seven days of the issue of the warrant under subsection (1), the judge shall
issue a summons to the occupier of the premises requiring him to appear before the
court and show cause why the matter seied should not be forfeited to Her Majesty.
(3) The owner and the author of the matter seized under subsection (1) and alleged to
Mil
be hate propaganda may appear and be represented in the proceedings in order to
oppose the making of an order for the forfeiture of the matter.
■P
(4) If the court is satisfied that the publication referred to in subsection (1) is hate
propaganda, it shall make an order declaring the matter forfeited to Her Majesty in
right of the province in which the proceedings take place, for disposal as the Attorney
m General may direct.
(5) If the court is not satisfied that the publication referred to in subsection (1) is hate
<n* propaganda, it shall order that the matter be restored to the person from whom it was
seized forthwith after the time for final appeal has expired.
(6) An appeal lies from an order made made under subsection (4) or (5) by any person
who appeared int he proceedings
(7) No proceeding under this section shall be instituted without the consent of the
Attorney General.
"court" means
ppi
(a) in the Province of Quebec, the Court of Quebec,
(a.l) in the Province of Ontario, the Ontario Court (General Division),
(b) in the Provinces of New Brunswick, Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta,
the Court of Queen's Bench,
(c) in the Provinces of Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland, the Supreme
Court, Trial Division, and
(c.l) [Repealed. 1992, c.51, s.36.]
(d) in the Provinces of Nova Scotia and British Columbia, the Yukon Territory
and the Northwest Territories, the Supreme Court;
Mjl
NOTE: Definition "court" amended 1993, c.28, s.78 (to come into force April 1, 1999)
by re-enacting para. (d). the text of para, (d), which is not yet in force and therefor
jfPI printed in italics, reads as follows:
r
(d) in the Provinces of Nova Scotia and British Columbia, the Yukon Territory,
the Northwest Territories, and Ununavut, the Supreme Court;
"genocide"
has the same meaning as in section 318;
"hate propaganda"
means any writing, sign or visible representation that advocates or promotes
genocide or the communication of which by any person would constitute an
offence under section 319 ;
"judge"
means a judge of a court. [r.S., c.l 1 (1st Supp.), s.l; 1974-75, c.48, s.25; 1978-
79, c.l 1, s.10; R.S.C. 1985, c.27 (2nd Supp.), s.10; c.40 (4th Supp.), s.2; 1990,
c.16, s.4; 1990, c.17, s.ll; 1992, c.l, s.58.]
fK|
f^Wrt] (
(CS
pris&H |
APPENDIX 1 - Factors of Involvement and Suggestions
ip
What Parents Can Look For
There are a number of factors that may indicate involvement in a far rightwing group,
in particular racial extremist groups such as skinhead organisations. Parents can look for
the following:
• Look for open and subtle conflict between family belief system and the young
person's belief system,
• Identify whether there is a willingness on part of the young person to defend a
belief system as absolute truth,
BjB^
• Identify whether there is a level of intolerance for opposing ideologies, and
• Note feelings of loneliness or alienation.
m Targets of Recruitment
ii'i
Patterns of recruitment and interviews with group leaders reveals that the
p following populations may be targeted for recruitment:
• Young people in urban areas that attend secondary school with an increasing
ft minority population or areas fragmented by ethnically-based conflict,
I • Young people in prison and the military, and
• Economically marginalized young people in urban settings.
•p)
Factors of Recruitment
• Social relationships play a key factor in recruitment. Young people with friends
involved in the far rightwing movement are more likely to become involved,
• Individuals who experienced physical conflict with members of the visible
minority community,
• Young people experiencing dramatic life changes and high a high level of stress,
and
• Although socially alienated young people are not specifically targeted, they
appear to be the most susceptible and willing to become involved in the extreme
$ffljpft
far rightwing movement.
Recruitment Techniques
Bf|
Traditional
New
participation).
Recommended Responses ^
Educate young people about the criminal and social consequences of hate crimes,
how groups recruit, and how to respond to hate group activity in the community -.
(street proof young people at an early age),
Parents must be educated in identifying hate groups, hate groups symbols, and
how they operate and recruit, m
Parents must monitor and supervise the use of the Internet by young people, j
Schools must implement a zero tolerance policy on hate group activity and hate
crimes (a straight forward policy on hate-based activities must be established and ^
made public), J.
Teachers and administrators must be trained to identify hate groups and the
symbols of hate and how to respond to hate group activity and hate crimes, ^
Police must participate in community education campaigns regarding hate crimes J
and hate groups,
Police must establish contact with leaders in the cultural and ethnic communities T
to encourage reporting of hate crimes, -*
Police must establish clear guidelines for investigating hate crimes such as
standards for determining whether an act is hate-motivated, 1
Front-line officers must be trained to recognise and respond to hate crimes and
hate group activity on the street level, ^
Police must take a pro-active approach to hate crimes and hate groups rather than j
reacting to hate crimes (public education is key),
Community leaders and government officials must establish committees and «■
g r o u p s t o d e v e l o p a n t i - r a c i s m p r o j e c t s i n t h e c o m m u n i t y, j
Communities need to encourage youth involvement in anti-racism projects,
Local governments must recognise that fighting racism is not only a 'police issue1 "*'
but a community responsibility,
-
r Local businesses must get involved in community building and assist young
people in becoming community leaders,
Pubs and bars need to react positively to hate groups by developing dress-code
iSH?
standards prohibiting the wearing of gang or hate-based colours or symbols, and
The key is to develop safe and healthy communities by encouraging active
I p ^ participation and developing clear standards and policies.
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Appendix 2 - Literature Review (selected material)
PPI
Is God a Racist? The Far Right in Canada
Stanley R. Barrett
Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1987.
Barrett puts together an effective and extensive analysis of the far right movement in
'IP Canada, examining the movement from its inception in the 1920s through the mid-
1980s Barrett uses a variety of anthropological methods of data collection including
textual analysis, interviews, surveys, and legal documents. This study provides insight
into the racist worldview, group dynamics, and how the movement has involved.
This text offers an insightful collection of articles from Canadian academics analysing
the existence of anti-Semitism in the modem period, ranging from historical themes
and political anti-Semitism through the development of the far rightwing movement.
Of particular interest are the articles examining Nazism in Canada, Keegstra, and
Zundel.
PI A collection of articles written by various experts in the field, this report outlines all
the major facets of the far rightwing movement in Toronto. The report also provides
historical context for modern manifestations of organised racism and provides an
■W excellent overview of the legal and social consequences of involvement in rightwing
extremism. All the major characters are discussed, including Don Andrews, Wolfgang
Droege, Paul Fromm, Marc Lemire, and George Burdi. Of particular interest in the
article written by Elizabeth Moore, a former member of the Heritage Front, m which
she debunks some of the myths and conjecture surrounding the movement.
This popular press book provides a who's who of the modem movement, highlighting
connections between groups, background on leaders, and American influence in the
Canadian movement More recent editions provide an analysis of the impact of the
Internet on organised racism.
Lee offers an insightful and extensive analysis of the history of fascism extending
from the Second World War through to modem manifestations. Although written from J
US perspective, the text analyses the resurgence of the extreme rightwing movement
in Europe and also pays much attention to individuals such as Wolfgang Droege and ^
Ernst Zundel. '
Racism
Robert Miles
London: Routledge, 1989.
This report is an excellent resource for researchers regarding the far rightwing
movement in Canada during the 1980s and the early 1990s. Of particular interest is the
relationship between the Heritage Front and the Reform Party. This report also
provides an uncommon glimpse into the working of the intelligence community. Pay
attention to detail and read between the lines.
•BBS)
A definite must read for those interested in the frequency of hate crimes, how police
record statistics, and the need for a unified system of reporting.
The League offers annual reports on anti-Semitism in Canada for more than 10 years
jP)
and these reports offer some valuable information on the existence of hate groups in
Canada.
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