En.

 Muhammad 
En. Muhammad Hanafi
Hanafi Bin Asril
Bin Asril Rajo
j
Mantari

Hanafi,JKM,PPD,2015 1
 INTRODUCTION
• Basic pprocedure for material selection is establishingg the link between
material and function (Figure 1).

• A material has attributes (density,

(density strength,
strength cost
cost, resistance to corrosion
etc.). Refer to Figure 2

• The selection is done by:

a) Screening & Ranking
b) Supporting Information
c) Property Limits
d) Material Indices

2
 Figure 1: Material selection is
determined by function. Shape
sometimes influences the
selection. ((M.F. Ashby,
y, 1999))

3
 MATERIALS ATTRIBUTES
Kingdom Family Class Sub-class
Sub class Member Attributes

Density
1000 5005-O Modulus
Ceramics
i l
Steels 2000 5005-H4 h
Strength
Glasses Cu-alloys 3000 5005-H6 Toughness
Metals Al alloys 4000 5083-O T-conductivity
Material
Polymers Ti-alloys 5000 5083-H2 T-expansion
Elastomers Ni-alloys 6000 5083-H4 Resistivity
Composites Zn-alloys 7000 5154-O Cost
8000 5154-H2 Corrosion
oxidation

Figure 2: Taxonomy of the kingdom of materials and their attributes 
(M.F. Ashby, 1999) 

Materials Selection Hanafi,JKM,PPD,2013 4
 Strategy for
f Selection
l i off Material
i l
a) Screening & Ranking
• Screening
– elimination of candidates materials which cannot do the
job at all because one or more of their attributes lies
outside the limits imposed by the design.
design

• Ranking
– listing of materials according to their capability to give
the best performance for certain application.

• Property limits help to separate the suitable materials.

• Materials Index identifies the best materials among a group

of the suitable materials.

• Refer Figure 3
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 All Materials

SScreening: apply property limits
i l t li it
(Eliminates candidates which can’t do the job)

Ranking: apply material indices
(Find candidates which can do the job well)

Subset of Materials

SSupporting Information:
ti I f ti
Handbooks, specialized software, expert systems, CD‐ROMS, WWW
(Search “family history” of candidates)

Prime Candidates

Local conditions
(Does the choice match local needs expertise?)
(Does the choice match local needs, expertise?)

Final Material Choice

Figure 3: The strategy for materials selection. The main steps are enclosed in
colored boxes (M.F. Ashby, 1999)
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b) Supporting Information
• The outcome of the screening step is a shortlist of
candidates
did which
hi h satisfy
i f the
h quantifiable
ifi bl requirements
i off
the design.

• Need
N d details
d t il profile
fil for
f each
h materials
t i l (properties,
( ti graphic,
hi
price etc.)

• Information can be found in handbooks

handbooks, supplier
supplier’s
s data
sheets, CD-based data sources and the worldwide web.

• All materials information will be compared in order to be

able to carry out details selection.

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c)Local Conditions

• The final choice between competing candidates will often

depend on local conditions e.g.
- i h
in-house expertise,
ti
- equipment,
- availability of suppliers etc.

• There is no specific procedure for this part expect totally

d
depends
d on the
th local
l l conditions.
diti

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d) Derivation of Property Limits and Material
Indices
• Design requirements for a component defines to prescription
of materials through observation on
- f
function
ti off componentt
- design constraints
- design objective
which is determined by designer in order to optimize the
component performance.

• Function, objective and constraints define the boundary

conditions for selecting a material.

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F
Function,
ti Objective
Obj ti & Constraint
C t i t (design
requirements)

Function What does component do?

Objective What is to be maximized or
minimized?
Constraints * What non-negotiable conditions
must be met?
Wh negotiable
What i bl b
but desirable
d i bl
conditions?

* It is sometimes useful to distinguish between ‘hard’
It is sometimes useful to distinguish between ‘hard’ and ‘soft’
and ‘soft’
constraints.  Stiffness and strength might be absolute requirements 
(hard constraints); cost might be negotiable (a soft constraint).

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 Property Limits

• Involve the certain level of ability need to be fulfill by

material to carry out the required function.

• Example:
– If the component must operate at 250ºC, then all
materials with a maximum service temperature
l
less than
h this
h are eliminated.
l d

• The screening procedure uses property limits derived

i this
in thi way tot reduce
d the
th kingdom
ki d off materials
t i l tot an
initial shortlist.

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 Exercises :
• Identify design requirements (function, objective and
constraints) for each product in the stated cases studies.

Case 1 :
A design of cylindrical tie-rod of specified length
l to carry a tensile force F without failure; it is
l,
to be of minimum mass.

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 Answers :

Case 1 :

Function Tie‐rod
Objective Minimize the mass
Constraints (a) Length, l specified
(b) Support tensile load F without failing

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Case 2 :
Think of g
golf-club shafts. Consider,, then,, a light
g
beam of square section b x b and length l loaded in
Bending which must meet a constraint on its stiffness
S, meaning that it must not deflect
f more than 
under a load F . F

b A

b l

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 Answers :
Case 2 : 

Function Beam

Objective Minimize the mass
Constraints (a) Length, l specified
(b) Support bending load F without 
deflecting too much

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Case 3 :
Consider the selection of a light beam for a strength
limited application.
pp Deflection is acceptable
p
provided the component does not fail. The
dimensions are the same as the beam in case 2.

Function Beam
Objective Minimize the mass
Constraints (a) Length, l specified
(b) Support bending load F without 
g yy
failing by yield or fracture

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Case 4 :
C
We seek for the cheapest legs of a table (cylindrical
column) of a specified height, l, which will safely
support a load F.

Function Column
Objective Minimize the cost
Constraints (a) Length l specified
(a) Length, l specified
(b) Support compressive load F 
without buckling

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 Case Study 1
Case Study 1
• Materials for table legs
Materials for table legs

• Luigi Tavolino, furniture designer, conceives of a lightweight table of daring

simplicity: a flat sheet of toughened glass supported on slender, unbraced,
cylindrical legs (Figure 1). The legs must be solid (to make them thin) and as
light
g as ppossible (to make the table easier to move). Theyy must support
pp the
table top and whatever is placed upon it without buckling. What materials
could one recommend?

Materials Selection Hanafi,JKM,PPD,2013 18
 Figure 1: A lightweight table with
slender cylindrical legs.
Materials Selection Hanafi,JKM,PPD,2013 19
 Design requirements for table legs

Function Column (supporting compressive loads)
Objective
j a) Minimize the mass
a) Minimize the mass
b) Maximize slenderness
Constraints (a) Length, l specified
(b) Must not buckle under design loads
(c) Must not fracture if accidentally struck

Materials Selection Hanafi,JKM,PPD,2013 20
 M d l
Model 
• This pproblem has two objectives:
j weight
g is to be minimized,, and slenderness
maximized.
• There is one constraint: resistance to buckling. Consider minimizing weight first.
• The weight is minimized by selecting the subset of materials with the greatest
value of the material index.

• The thinnest leg is that made of the material with the largest value of the material
index

Materials Selection Hanafi,JKM,PPD,2013 21
 The selection
• We seek the subset of materials which have high values of E 1/2 /p and E.
Figure 2 shows the appropriate chart:Young's modulus, E, plotted against
density,
y, p.
p
• A guideline of slope 2 is drawn on the diagram; it defines the slope of the grid
of lines for values of of E 1/2 /p. The guideline is displaced upwards (retaining
the slope) until a reasonably small subset of materials is isolated above it;
• it is shown at the position M1= 6GPa1/2/(Mg/m3). Materials above this line
have higher values of M1

Materials Selection Hanafi,JKM,PPD,2013 22
 M1

Materials Selection Hanafi,JKM,PPD,2013 23
M2

M1

Materials Selection Hanafi,JKM,PPD,2013 24
 The selected material is CFRP

Materials Selection Hanafi,JKM,PPD,2013 25
......FINISH ......
THANK YOUY

Hanafi,JKM,PPD,2015 26