Red

Red is the color at the end of the visible spectrum of light, next to orange and
Red
opposite violet. It has a dominant wavelength of approximately 625–740
nanometres.[1] It is a primary color in theRGB color model and the CMYK color
model, and is the complementary color of cyan. Reds range from the brilliant
yellow-tinged scarlet and vermillion to bluish-red crimson, and vary in shade
from the pale red pink to the dark red burgundy.[2] The red sky at sunset results
from Rayleigh scattering, while the red color of the Grand Canyon and other
geological features is caused by hematite or red ochre, both forms of iron oxide.
Iron oxide also gives the red color to the planet Mars. The red colour of blood
comes from protein hemoglobin, while ripe strawberries, red apples and reddish
autumn leaves are colored by anthocyanins.[3]

Red pigment made from ochre was one of the first colors used in prehistoric art.
The Ancient Egytians and Mayans colored their faces red in ceremonies; Roman
generals had their bodies colored red to celebrate victories. It was also an
important color in China, where it was used to colour early pottery and later the
gates and walls of palaces.[4] In the Renaissance, the brilliant red costumes for
the nobility and wealthy were dyed with kermes and cochineal. The 19th century
brought the introduction of the first synthetic red dyes, which replaced the
traditional dyes. Red also became the color of revolution; Soviet Russia adopted
a red flag following the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917, later followed by China,
Vietnam, and other communist countries. Heraldic Gules
tincture
Since red is the color of blood, it has historically been associated with sacrifice,
danger and courage. Modern surveys in Europe and the United States show red is Spectral coordinates
also the color most commonly associated with heat, activity, passion, sexuality, Wavelength approx. 625–740 [1]
anger, love and joy. In China, India and many other Asian countries it is the color nm
of symbolizing happiness and good fortune.[5] Frequency ~480–400 THz
Color coordinates
Hex triplet #FF0000
Contents sRGBB (r, g, b) (255, 0, 0)
Shades and variations Source X11
In science and nature
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
Seeing red
In color theory and on a computer screen
Why the sunset is red
Lasers
Astronomy
Fire
Pigments and dyes
Red lac, red lake and crimson lake
Food coloring
Autumn leaves
Blood and other reds in nature
Hair color
 In animal and human behavior
History and art
Prehistory
Ancient history
Postclassical history
In Europe
In Asia
Modern history
In the 16th and 17th centuries
In the 18th and 19th centuries
In the 20th and 21st centuries

Symbolism
Courage and sacrifice
Courtly love, the red rose, and Saint Valentine's Day
Happiness, celebration and ceremony
Hatred, anger, aggression, passion, heat andwar
Warning and danger
The color that attracts attention
Seduction, sexuality and sin
In different cultures and traditions
Wedding dresses
In religion
Military uses
The red uniform
In sports
On flags
Red flag and revolution
Use by political movements
Social and special interest groups
Idioms
Superstition
In film
See also
References
Notes and citations
Bibliography
External links

Shades and variations

 Scarlet is one quarter The cardinal takes its name from the colour
of the way between worn by Catholic cardinals.
the colors red and
orange. It is the
colour worn by a
cardinal of the
Catholic Church.

Pink is a pale shade of red. Cherry blossoms in the Vermilion is similar to scarlet, but slightly
Tsutsujigaoka Park, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan. more orange. This is sindoor, a red cosmetic
powder used in India; Some Hindu women
put a stripe of sindoor in their hair to show
they are married.
 Maple tree with red leaves in the morning mist Crimson is a strong, deep
Estonia red containing a little blue.
The emblem of Harvard
University.

Maroon is a dark brownish red. Its name Ruby is the colour of a cut and Burgundy, claret,
comes from marron, the French word for polished ruby gemstone. or Wine red, is a
chestnut.[6] very dark red
containing a little
blue. In France
this colour is
known as
Bordeaux.

(Lists of shades of red and shades of pink are found at the end of this article.)

In science and nature

Seeing red
The human eye sees red when it looks at light with a wavelength between approximately 625 and 740 nanometers.[1] It is a primary
color in the RGB color model and the light just past this range is called infrared, or below red, and cannot be seen by human eyes,
although it can be sensed as heat.[7] In the language of optics, red is the color evoked by light that stimulates neither the S or the M
[8]
(short and medium wavelength) cone cells of the retina, combined with a fading stimulation of the L (long-wavelength) cone cells.

Primates can distinguish the full range of the colors of the spectrum visible to humans, but many kinds of mammals, such as dogs and
cattle, have dichromacy, which means they can see blues and yellows, but cannot distinguish red and green (both are seen as gray).
, but they are agitated by itsmovement.[9] (See color vision).
Bulls, for instance, cannot see the red color of the cape of a bullfighter
One theory for why primates developed sensitivity to red is that it allowed ripe fruit
to be distinguished from unripe fruit and inedible vegetation.[10] This may have
driven further adaptations by species taking advantage of this new ability, such as
the emergence of red faces.[11]

Red light is used to help adaptnight vision in low-light or night time, as the rod cells
in the human eye are not sensitive to red.[12][13]

Red illumination was (and sometimes still is) used as a safelight while working in a
Bulls, like dogs and many other
darkroom as it does not expose most photographic paper and some films.[14] Today animals, have dichromacy, which
modern darkrooms usually use anamber safelight. means they cannot distinguish the
color red. They charge the matador's
cape because of its motion, not its
In color theory and on a computer screen color.
On the color wheel long used by painters, and in traditional color theory, red is one
of the three primary colors, along with blue and yellow. Painters in the Renaissance
mixed red and blue to make violet: Cennino Cennini, in his 15th-century manual on painting, wrote, "If you want to make a lovely
violet colour, take fine lac [red lake], ultramarine blue (the same amount of the one as of the other) with a binder" he noted that it
could also be made by mixing blueindigo and red hematite.[15]

In modern color theory, also known as the RGB color model, red, green and blue are additive primary colors. Red, green and blue
light combined together makes white light, and these three colors, combined in dif
ferent mixtures, can produce nearly any other color
.
This is the principle that is used to make all of the colors on your computer screen and your television. For example, magenta on a
computer screen is made by a similar formula to that used by Cennino Cennini in the Renaissance to make violet, but using additive
colors and light instead of pigment: it is created by combining red and blue light at equal intensity on a black screen. Violet is made
[16]
on a computer screen in a similar way, but with a greater amount of blue light and less red light.

So that the maximum number of colors can be accurately reproduced on your computer screen, each color has been given a code
number, or sRGB, which tells your computer the intensity of the red, green and blue components of that color. The intensity of each
component is measured on a scale of zero to 255, which means the complete list includes 16,777,216 distinct colors and shades. The
sRGB number of pure red, for example, is 255, 00, 00, which means the red component is at its maximum intensity, and there is no
green or blue. The sRGB number for crimson is 220, 20, 60, which means that the red is slightly less intense and therefore darker,
there is some green, which leans it toward orange; and there is a lar [16]
ger amount of blue, which makes it slightly blue-violet.

(See Web colors and RGB color model)

 In a traditional color wheel from In modern color theory, red, Tiny Red, green and blue sub-
1708, red, yellow and blue are green and blue are the additive pixels (enlarged on left side of
primary colors. Red and yellow primary colors, and together they image) create the colors you
make orange, red and blue make white. A combination of see on your computer screen
make violet. red, green and blue light in and TV.
varying proportions makes all the
colors on your computer screen
and television screen.

Why the sunset is red

As a ray of white sunlight travels through the atmosphere to the eye, some of the
colors are scattered out of the beam by air molecules and airborne particles due to
Rayleigh scattering, changing the final color of the beam that is seen. Colors with a
shorter wavelength, such as blue and green, scatter more strongly, and are removed
from the light that finally reaches the eye.[17] At sunrise and sunset, when the path of
the sunlight through the atmosphere to the eye is longest, the blue and green
components are removed almost completely, leaving the longer wavelength orange
and red light. The remaining reddened sunlight can also be scattered by cloud
droplets and other relatively large particles, which give the sky above the horizon its Sunsets and sunrises are often red
red glow.[18] because of an optical effect called
Rayleigh scattering.

Lasers
Lasers emitting in the red region of the spectrum have been available since the invention of the ruby laser in 1960. In 1962 the red
helium–neon laser was invented,[19] and these two types of lasers were widely used in many scientific applications including
holography, and in education. Red helium–neon lasers were used commercially in LaserDisc players. The use of red laser diodes
became widespread with the commercial success of modern DVD players, which use a 660 nm laser diode technology. Today, red
and red-orange laser diodes are widely available to the public in the form of extremely inexpensive laser pointers. Portable, high-
powered versions are also available for various applications.[20] More recently, 671 nm diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) lasers have
been introduced to the market for all-DPSS laser display systems, particle image velocimetry, Raman spectroscopy, and
holography.[21]

Red's wavelength has been an important factor in laser technologies; red lasers, used in early compact disc technologies, are being
replaced by blue lasers, as red's longer wavelength causes the laser's recordings to take up more space on the disc than would blue-
laser recordings.[22]

Astronomy
Mars is called the Red Planet because of the reddish color imparted to its surface by the abundant
iron oxide present
there.[23]
 Astronomical objects that are moving away from the observer exhibit a Doppler
red shift.
Jupiter's surface displays a Great Red Spot caused by an oval-shaped mega storm south of the planet'sequator.[24]
Red giants are stars that have exhausted the supply ofhydrogen in their cores and switched tothermonuclear fusion
of hydrogen in a shell that surrounds its core. They have radii tens to hundreds of times larger than that of the
Sun.
However, their outer envelope is much lowerin temperature, giving them an orange hue. Despite the lower energy
density of their envelope, red giants are many times more luminous than the Sun due to their large size.
Red supergiants like Betelgeuse, Antares and UY Scuti, the biggest star in the Universe, are the biggest variety of
red giants, They are huge in size, with radii 200 to 800 times greater than our Sun, but relatively cool in temperature
(3500–4500 K), causing their distinct red tint. Because they are shrinking rapidly in size, they are surrounded by an
envelope or skin much bigger than the star itself. The envelope of Betelgeuse is 250 times bigger than the star
inside.
A red dwarf is a small and relativelycool star, which has a mass of less than half that of theSun and a surface
temperature of less than 4,000K. Red dwarfs are by far the most common type of star in the Galaxy , but due to their
low luminosity, from Earth, none is visible to ht e naked eye.[25]

Mars appears to be The red giant called Artist's impression of a red dwarf,
red because of iron Mira, a star which is a small, relatively cool star that
oxide on its surface. glowing from appears red instead of white
thermonuclear fusion. because of its lower temperature.

Fire
Fire is often shown as red in art, but flames are usually yellow
, orange or blue. Some elements exhibit a red color
when burned: calcium, for example, produces a brick-red when combusted. [26]

Red is commonly
associated with flames
and fire, but flames are
almost always yellow,
orange or blue

Pigments and dyes

Hematite, or iron ore, is Red ochre cliffs near Roussillon in The mineral cinnabar, the ore of
the source of the red France. Red ochre is composed of mercury, is the source of the color
color of red ochre. clay tinted with hematite. Ochre was vermilion. In Roman times, most
the first pigment used by man in cinnabar came from mines at
prehistoric cave paintings. Almadén in Spain, where the
miners were usually prisoners and
slaves. Mercury is highly toxic, and
working in the mines was often a
death sentence for the miners.

Vermilion pigment, Despite its yellow Red lead, also known as minium,
made from cinnabar. greenish flower, has been used since the time of
This was the pigment the roots of the the ancient Greeks. Chemically it
used in the murals of Rubia tinctorum, is known as lead tetroxide. The
Pompeii and to color or madder plant, Romans prepared it by the
Chinese lacquerware produced the most roasting of lead white pigment. It
beginning in the Song common red dye was commonly used in the
dynasty. used from ancient Middle Ages for the headings and
times until the 19th decoration of illuminated
century. manuscripts.
Dragon's blood is a bright red resin that is The tiny female Extract of The Sappanwood
obtained from different species of a cochineal insect carmine, made tree, native to
number of distinct plant genera: Croton, of Spanish by crushing India, Malaysia
Dracaena, Daemonorops, Calamus Mexico (on the cochineal and and Sri Lanka,
rotang and Pterocarpus. The red resin left), was crushed other scale and later the
was used in ancient times as a medicine, to make the deep insects which related
incense, dye and varnish for making crimson color feed on the sap Brazilwood tree
violins in Italy. used in of live oak trees. (shown here),
Renaissance Also called from the coast of
costumes. kermes, it was South America,
used from the were the source
Middle Ages until of a popular red
the 19th century pigment and dye
to make crimson called brazilin.
dye. Now it is The red wood was
used as a ground to powder
coloring for and mixed with an
yoghurt and alkaline solution.
other food The brazilwood
products. gave its name to
the nation of
Brazil.

Alizarin was the first synthetic red

dye, created by German
chemists in 1868. It duplicated
the colorant in the madder plant,
but was cheaper and longer
lasting. After its introduction, the
production of natural dyes from
the madder plant virtually
ceased.
Red lac, red lake and crimson lake
Red lac, also called red lake, crimson lake or carmine lake, was an important red
pigment in Renaissance and Baroque art. Since it was translucent, thin layers of red
lac were built up or glazed over a more opaque dark color to create a particularly
deep and vivid color.

Unlike vermilion or red ochre, made from minerals, red lake pigments are made by
mixing organic dyes, made from insects or plants, with white chalk or alum. Red lac
was made from the gum lac, the dark red resinous substance secreted by various
scale insects, particularly the Laccifer lacca from India.[27] Carmine lake was made
from the cochineal insect from Central and South America, Kermes lake came from
a different scale insect, kermes vermilio, which thrived on oak trees around the
Mediterranean. Other red lakes were made from the rose madder plant and from the
brazilwood tree. Titian used glazes of red lake to
create the vivid crimson of the robes
Red lake pigments were an important part of the palette of 16th-century Venetian in The Vendramin Family Venerating
painters, particularly Titian, but they were used in all periods.[28] Since the red lakes a Relic of the True Cross, completed
1550–60 (detail).
were made from organic dyes, they tended to be fugitive, becoming unstable and
fading when exposed to sunlight.

Food coloring
The most common synthetic food coloring today is Allura Red AC is a red azo dye that goes by several names including: Allura
Red, Food Red 17, C.I. 16035, FD&C Red 40,[29][30] It was originally manufactured from coal tar, but now is mostly made from
petroleum.

In Europe, Allura Red AC is not recommended for consumption by children. It is banned in Denmark, Belgium, France and
Switzerland, and was also banned in Sweden until the country joined the European Union in 1994.[31] The European Union approves
[32]
Allura Red AC as a food colorant, but EU countries' local laws banning food colorants are preserved.

In the United States, Allura Red AC is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in cosmetics, drugs, and food.
It is used in some tattoo inks and is used in many products, such as soft drinks, children's medications, andcotton candy. On June 30,
2010, the Center for Science in the Public Interest(CSPI) called for the FDA to ban Red 40.[33]

Because of public concerns about possible health risks associated with synthetic dyes, many companies have switched to using
natural pigments such as carmine, made from crushing the tiny female cochineal insect. This insect, originating in Mexico and
Central American, was used to make the brilliantscarlet dyes of the European Renaissance.

Autumn leaves
The red of autumn leaves is produced by pigments called anthocyanins. They are not present in the leaf throughout the growing
season, but are actively produced towards the end of summer.[3] They develop in late summer in the sap of the cells of the leaf, and
this development is the result of complex interactions of many influences—both inside and outside the plant. Their formation
phosphate in the leaf is reduced.[34]
depends on the breakdown of sugars in the presence of bright light as the level of

During the summer growing season, phosphate is at a high level. It has a vital role in the breakdown of the sugars manufactured by
chlorophyll. But in the fall, phosphate, along with the other chemicals and nutrients, moves out of the leaf into the stem of the plant.
When this happens, the sugar-breakdown process changes, leading to the production of anthocyanin pigments. The brighter the light
during this period, the greater the production of anthocyanins and the more brilliant the resulting color display. When the days of
autumn are bright and cool, and the nights are chilly but not freezing, the brightest colorations usually develop.
Anthocyanins temporarily color the edges of some of the very young leaves as they unfold from the buds in early spring. They also
give the familiar color to such common fruits ascranberries, red apples, blueberries, cherries, raspberries, and plums.

Anthocyanins are present in about 10% of tree species in temperate regions, although in certain areas—a famous example being New
England—up to 70% of tree species may produce the pigment.[3] In autumn forests they appear vivid in the maples, oaks, sourwood,
sweetgums, dogwoods, tupelos, cherry trees and persimmons. These same pigments often combine with the carotenoids' colors to
create the deeper orange, fiery reds, and bronzes typical of many hardwood species. (See
Autumn leaf color).

Blood and other reds in nature

Oxygenated blood is red due to the presence of oxygenated hemoglobin that contains iron molecules, with the iron components
reflecting red light.[35][36] Red meat gets its color from the iron found in the myoglobin and hemoglobin in the muscles and residual
blood.[37]

Plants like apples, strawberries, cherries, tomatoes, peppers, and pomegranates are often colored by forms of carotenoids, red
pigments that also assistphotosynthesis.[38]

When used to describe natural animal coloration, "red" usually refers to a brownish, reddish-brown or ginger color . In
this sense it is used to describe coat colors of reddish-brown cattle and dogs, and in the names of various animal
species or breeds such asred fox, red squirrel, red deer, European robin, red grouse, red knot, redstart, redwing,
red setter, Red Devon cattle, etc. This reddish-brown color is also meant when using the terms red ochre and red
hair.
The red herring dragged across a trail to destroy the scent gets its color from the heavy salting and slow smoking of
the fish, which results in a warm, brown color.
When used for flowers, red often refers to purplish (red deadnettle, red clover
, red helleborine) or pink (red campion,
red valerian) colors.

Red blood cell agar. Blood appears red A red setter or Irish setter A pair of European red foxes.
due to the iron molecules in blood cells.

The European A cooked lobster

robin or robin
redbreast

Hair color
Red hair occurs naturally on approximately 1–2% of the human population.[39] It
occurs more frequently (2–6%) in people of northern or western European ancestry,
and less frequently in other populations. Red hair appears in people with two copies
of a recessive gene on chromosome 16 which causes a mutation in the MC1R
protein.

Red hair varies from a deep burgundy through burnt orange to bright copper. It is
characterized by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin (which also
accounts for the red color of the lips) and relatively low levels of the dark pigment
eumelanin. The term redhead (originally redd hede) has been in use since at least
Woman with red hair
1510. Cultural reactions have varied from ridicule to admiration; many common
stereotypes exist regarding redheads and they are often portrayed as fiery-tempered.
(See red hair).

In animal and human behavior

Red is associated with dominance in a number of animal species.[40] For example, in mandrills, red coloration of the face is greatest
in alpha males, increasingly less prominent in lower ranking subordinates, and directly correlated with levels of testosterone.[41] Red
can also affect the perception of dominance by others, leading to significant differences in mortality, reproductive success and
parental investment between individuals displaying red and those not.[42] In humans, wearing red has been linked with increased
performance in competitions, including professional sport[43][44] and multiplayer video games.[45] Controlled tests have
demonstrated that wearing red does not increase performance or levels of testosterone during exercise, so the effect is likely to be
produced by perceived rather than actual performance.[46] Judges of tae kwon do have been shown to favor competitors wearing red
protective gear over blue,[47] and, when asked, a significant majority of people say that red abstract shapes are more "dominant",
"aggressive", and "likely to win a physical competition" than blue shapes.[40] In contrast to its positive effect in physical competition
and dominance behavior, exposure to red decreases performance in cognitive tasks[48] and elicits aversion in psychological tests
where subjects are placed in an "achievement" context (e.g. taking anIQ test).[49]

History and art

Prehistory
Inside cave 13B at Pinnacle Point, an archeological site found on the coast of South Africa, paleoanthropologists in 2000 found
evidence that, between 170,000 and 40,000 years ago,Late Stone Age people were scraping and grindingochre, a clay colored red by
[50]
iron oxide, probably with the intention of using it to color their bodies.

Red hematite powder was also found scattered around the remains at a grave site in a Zhoukoudian cave complex near Beijing. The
site has evidence of habitation as early as 700,000 years ago. The hematite might have been used to symbolize blood in an offering to
the dead.[51]

Red, black and white were the first colors used by artists in the Upper Paleolithic age, probably because natural pigments such as red
ochre and iron oxide were readily available where early people lived. Madder, a plant whose root could be made into a red dye, grew
widely in Europe, Africa and Asia.[52] The cave of Altamira in Spain has a painting of a bison colored with red ochre that dates to
between 15,000 and 16,500 BC.

A red dye called Kermes was made beginning in the Neolithic Period by drying and then crushing the bodies of the females of a tiny
scale insect in the genus Kermes, primarily Kermes vermilio. The insects live on the sap of certain trees, especially Kermes oak trees
near the Mediterranean region. Jars of kermes have been found in a Neolithic cave-burial at Adaoutse, Bouches-du-Rhône.[53]
Kermes from oak trees was later used by Romans, who imported it from Spain. A different variety of dye was made from
Porphyrophora hamelii (Armenian cochineal) scale insects that lived on the roots and stems of certain herbs. It was mentioned in
[54]
texts as early as the 8th century BC, and it was used by the ancient Assyrians and Persians.

Kermes is also mentioned in the Bible. In the Book of Exodus, God instructs Moses to have the Israelites bring him an offering
including cloth "of blue, and purple, and scarlet."[55] The term used for scarlet in the 4th-century Latin Vulgate version of the Bible
passage is coccumque bis tinctum, meaning "colored twice with coccus." Coccus, from the ancient Greek Kokkos, means a tiny grain
and is the term that was used in ancient times for the Kermes vermilio insect used to make the Kermes dye.[56] This was also the
origin of the expression "dyed in the grain."[57]

Ancient history
In ancient Egypt, red was associated with life, health, and victory. Egyptians would color themselves with red ochre during
celebrations.[58] Egyptian women used red ochre as a cosmetic to redden cheeks and lips[59] and also used henna to color their hair
and paint their nails.[60]

But, like many colors, it also had a negative association, with heat, destruction and evil. A prayer to god Isis states: "Oh Isis, protect
me from all things evil and red."[61] The ancient Egyptians began manufacturing pigments in about 4000 BC. Red ochre was widely
used as a pigment for wall paintings, particularly as the skin color of men. An ivory painter's palette found inside the tomb of King
Tutankhamun had small compartments with pigments of red ochre and five other colors. The Egyptians used the root of the rubia, or
madder plant, to make a dye, later known as alizarin, and also used it as a pigment, which became known as madder lake, alizarin or
alizarin crimson.[62]

In Ancient China, artisans were making red and black painted pottery as early as the Yangshao Culture period (5000–3000 BC). A
red-painted wooden bowl was found at a Neolithic site in Yuyao, Zhejiang. Other red-painted ceremonial objects have been found at
other sites dating to theSpring and Autumn period(770–221 BC).[4]

During the Han dynasty (200 BC–200 AD) Chinese craftsmen made a red pigment, lead tetroxide, which they called ch-ien tan, by
heating lead white pigment. Like the Egyptians, they made a red dye from the madder plant to color silk fabric for gowns and used
pigments colored with madder to make red lacquerware.

Red lead or Lead tetroxide pigment was widely used as the red in Persian and Indian miniature paintings as well as in European art,
where it was called minium.[62]

In India, the rubia plant has been used to make dye since ancient times. A piece of cotton dyed with rubia dated to the third
millennium BC was found at an archaeological site at Mohenjo-daro.[63] It has been used by Indian monks and hermits for centuries
to dye their robes.

The early inhabitants of America had their own vivid crimson dye, made from the cochineal, an insect of the same family as the
Kermes of Europe and the Middle East, which feeds on the Opuntia, or prickly pear cactus plant. Red-dyed textiles from the Paracas
culture (800–100 BC) have been found in tombs inPeru.

Red also featured in the burials of royalty in the Maya city-states. In the Tomb of the Red Queen inside Temple XIII in the ruined
Maya city of Palenque (600–700 AD), the skeleton and ceremonial items of a noble woman were completely covered with bright red
powder made from cinnabar.[64]
 Image of a Image of a bison from thecave Painted statues Painted red and black bowl from
human hand of Altamira in Spain, painted of the ruler the Yangshao culture period in
created with red with red ochre between 15,000 Akhenaten and China (4500 BC), in the National
ochre in Pech and 16.500 BC. Queen Nefertiti Museum of Beijing
Merle cave, (1345 BC)
France
(Gravettian era,
25,000 BC).

Chinese lacquerware from the Textiles dyed red from

Han Dynasty (200 BC–200 AD) the Paracas culture of
Peru (about 200 BC), in
the British Museum

In ancient Greece and the Minoan civilization of ancient Crete, red was widely used in murals and in the polychrome decoration of
temples and palaces. The Greeks began usingred lead as a pigment.

In Ancient Rome, Tyrian purple was the color of the Emperor, but red had an important religious symbolism. Romans wore togas
with red stripes on holidays, and the bride at a wedding wore a red shawl, called a flammeum.[65] Red was used to color statues and
the skin of gladiators. Red was also the color associated with army; Roman soldiers wore red tunics, and officers wore a cloak called
a paludamentum which, depending upon the quality of the dye, could be crimson, scarlet or purple. In Roman mythology red is
associated with the god of war, Mars.[66] The vexilloid of the Roman Empire had a red background with the letters SPQR in gold. A
[67]
Roman general receiving atriumph had his entire body painted red in honor of his achievement.

The Romans liked bright colors, and many Roman villas were decorated with vivid red murals. The pigment used for many of the
murals was called vermilion, and it came from the mineral cinnabar, a common ore of mercury. It was one of the finest reds of
ancient times – the paintings have retained their brightness for more than twenty centuries. The source of cinnabar for the Romans
was a group of mines nearAlmadén, southwest of Madrid, in Spain. Working in the mines was extremely dangerous, since mercury is
[68]
highly toxic; the miners were slaves or prisoners, and being sent to the cinnabar mines was a virtual death sentence.
 A restored Etruscan dancers in the Tomb of A fresco in the Roman wall painting
mural, called the Triclinium (470 BC) House of the showing a dye shop,
The Prince of Vettii in Pompeii, Pompeii (40 BC).
Lilies, from the from about 62 Dyed fabrics have
Bronze Age AD. It was been hung up to dry.
Palace of Minos buried by the
at Knossos on eruption of
Crete Vesuvius in 79
AD and
preserved.

Postclassical history

In Europe
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, red was adopted as a color of majesty and authority by the Byzantine Empire, the
princes of Europe, and the Roman Catholic Church. It also played an important part in the rituals of the Catholic Church – it
symbolized the blood of Christ and the Christian martyrs – and it associated the power of the kings with the sacred rituals of the
Church.

Red was the color of the banner of the Byzantine emperors. In Western Europe, Emperor Charlemagne painted his palace red as a
very visible symbol of his authority, and wore red shoes at his coronation.[69] Kings, princes and, beginning in 1295, Roman Catholic
cardinals began to wear red colored habitus. When Abbe Suger rebuilt Saint Denis Basilica outside Paris in the early 12th century, he
added stained glass windows colored blue cobalt glass and red glass tinted with copper. Together they flooded the basilica with a
mystical light. Soon stained glass windows were being added to cathedrals all across France, England and Germany. In medieval
painting red was used to attract attention to the most important figures; both Christ and the Virgin Mary were commonly painted
wearing red mantles.

Red clothing was a sign of status and wealth. It was worn not only by cardinals and princes, but also by merchants, artisans and
townspeople, particularly on holidays or special occasions. Red dye for the clothing of ordinary people was made from the roots of
the rubia tinctorum, the madder plant. This color leaned toward brick-red, and faded easily in the sun or during washing. The wealthy
and aristocrats wore scarlet clothing dyed with kermes, or carmine, made from the carminic acid in tiny female scale insects, which
lived on the leaves of oak trees in Eastern Europe and around the Mediterranean. The insects were gathered, dried, crushed, and
[70]
boiled with different ingredients in a long and complicated process, which produced a brilliant scarlet.

Brazilin was another popular red dye in the Middle Ages. It came from the sapanwood tree, which grew in India, Malaysia and Sri
Lanka. A similar tree, brazilwood, grew on the coast of South America. The red wood was ground into sawdust and mixed with an
alkaline solution to make dye and pigment. It became one of the most profitable exports from the New World, and gave its name to
the nation of Brazil.[70]
 The crimson coronation mantle of Roger II of Interior of a The Annunciation King Richard II of
Sicily (1133–4), dyed with Kermes, the most Byzantine church, scene in stained England (1390s)
prestigious red of the Middle Ages. the Cathedral of glass, from the Saint dressed in red
Monreale in Sicily, Denis Basilica (early
with a mosaic 12th century). Abbe
portrait of Christ Suger himself, the
dressed in red builder of the church,
(12th century) is pictured at the feet
of the Virgin Mary, at
right. She wears red
with a green cloak.

Pope Innocent IV Dyeing wool, England

(1400–10) dressed in (1482), from the
red, the symbol of the British Museum
blood of Christ

In Asia
Red has been an important color in Chinese culture, religion, industry, fashion and court ritual since ancient times. Silk was woven
and dyed as early as theHan Dynasty (25–220 BC). China had a monopoly on the manufacture of silk until the 6th century AD, when
, it was introduced into Europe.[71]
it was introduced into the Byzantine Empire. In the 12th century

At the time of the Han Dynasty, Chinese red was a light red, but during the Tang dynasty new dyes and pigments were discovered.
The Chinese used several different plants to make red dyes, including the flowers of the safflour (Carthamus tinctorius), the thorns
and stems of a variety of sorghum plant called Kao-liang, and the wood of the sappanwood tree. For pigments, they used cinnabar,
which produced the famous vermillion or "Chinese red" of Chineselacquerware.[71]

Red played an important role in Chinese philosophy. It was believed that the world was composed of five elements: metal, wood,
water, fire and earth, and that each had a color. Red was associated with fire. Each Emperor chose the color that his fortune-tellers
believed would bring the most prosperity and good fortune to his reign. During the Zhou, Han, Jin, Song and Ming Dynasties, red
ficial offerings, and weddings.[72]
was considered a noble color, and it was featured in all court ceremonies, from coronations to sacri
Red was also a badge of rank. During the Song dynasty (906–1279), officials of the top three ranks wore purple clothes; those of the
fourth and fifth wore bright red; those of the sixth and seventh wore green; and the eighth and ninth wore blue. Red was the color
worn by the royal guards of honor, and the color of the carriages of the imperial family. When the imperial family traveled, their
servants and accompanying officials carried red and purple umbrellas. Of an official who had talent and ambition, it was said "he is
so red he becomes purple."[72]

Red was also featured in Chinese Imperial architecture. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, gates of palaces were usually painted red,
and nobles often painted their entire mansion red. One of the most famous works of Chinese literature, A Dream of Red Mansions by
Cao Xueqin (1715–63), was about the lives of noble women who passed their lives out of public sight within the walls of such
mansions. In later dynasties red was reserved for the walls of temples and imperial residences. When the Manchu rulers of the Qing
Dynasty conquered the Ming and took over the Forbidden City and Imperial Palace in Beijing, all the walls, gates, beams and pillars
were painted in red and gold.[73]

Red is not often used in traditional Chinese paintings, which are usually black ink on white paper with a little green sometimes added
for trees or plants; but the round or square seals which contain the name of the artist are traditionally red.

Woven silk from the Western Han Dynasty, 2nd century BC. the Emperor
Gaozong of
Song (1127–62
AD), wearing
red, the color
his astrologers
considered
most
auspicious for
his reign

The Meridan Gate of the Forbidden City in A red lacquerware tray with The red coach of the Ming
Beijing. Walls, columns, windows and gates engraved gold foil decoration dynasty's Xuande Emperor
of palaces and temples were traditionally (12–13th century), from the (1425–1435), pulled by
painted red. Song dynasty elephants
 Dancer of
the Tang
dynasty,
from the
Astana
Tombs

Modern history

In the 16th and 17th centuries

In Renaissance painting, red was used to draw the attention of the viewer; it was often used as the color of the cloak or costume of
Christ, the Virgin Mary, or another central figure. In Venice, Titian was the master of fine reds, particularly vermilion; he used many
layers of pigment mixed with a semi-transparent glaze, which let the light pass through, to create a more luminous color
.

During the Renaissance trade routes were opened to the New World, to Asia and the Middle East, and new varieties of red pigment
and dye were imported into Europe, usually through Venice, Genoa or Seville, and Marseille. Venice was the major depot importing
and manufacturing pigments for artists and dyers from the end of the 15th century; the catalog of a Venetian Vendecolori, or pigment
seller, from 1534 included vermilion andkermes.[74][75]

There were guilds of dyers who specialized in red in Venice and other large Europeans cities. The Rubia plant was used to make the
most common dye; it produced an orange-red or brick red color used to dye the clothes of merchants and artisans. For the wealthy,
the dye used was kermes, made from a tiny scale insect which fed on the branches and leaves of the oak tree. For those with even
more money there was Polish Cochineal; also known as Kermes vermilio or "Blood of Saint John", which was made from a related
insect, the Margodes polonicus. It made a more vivid red than ordinary Kermes. The finest and most expensive variety of red made
from insects was the "Kermes" of Armenia (Armenian cochineal, also known as Persian kirmiz), made by collecting and crushing
Porphyophora hamelii, an insect which lived on the roots and stems of certain grasses. The pigment and dye merchants of Venice
imported and sold all of these products and also manufactured their own color, called Venetian red, which was considered the most
expensive and finest red in Europe. Its secret ingredient wasarsenic, which brightened the color.[76]

But early in the 16th century, a brilliant new red appeared in Europe.[77] When the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés and his
soldiers conquered the Aztec Empire in 1519–21, they discovered slowly that the Aztecs had another treasure beside silver and gold;
they had the tiny cochineal, a parasitic scale insect which lived on cactus plants, which, when dried and crushed, made a magnificent
red. The cochineal in Mexico was closely related to the Kermes varieties of Europe, but unlike European Kermes, it could be
harvested several times a year, and it was ten times stronger than the Kermes of Poland. It worked particularly well on silk, satin and
other luxury textiles. In 1523 Cortes sent the first shipment to Spain. Soon cochineal began to arrive in European ports aboard
convoys of Spanish galleons.[77]
At first the guilds of dyers in Venice and other cities banned cochineal to protect their local products, but the superior quality of
cochineal dye made it impossible to resist. By the beginning of the 17th century it was the preferred luxury red for the clothing of
cardinals, bankers, courtesans and aristocrats.[76]

The painters of the early Renaissance used two traditional lake pigments, made from mixing dye with either chalk or alum, kermes
lake, made from kermes insects, and madder lake, made from the rubia tinctorum plant. With the arrival of cochineal, they had a
third, carmine, which made a very fine crimson, though it had a tendency to change color if not used carefully. It was used by almost
all the great painters of the 15th and 16th centuries, including Rembrandt, Vermeer, Rubens, Anthony van Dyck, Diego Velázquez
and Tintoretto. Later it was used by Thomas Gainsborough, Seurat and J.M.W. Turner.[78]
 The The young Queen The Wedding Dance (1566), by Pieter Woman with a wine
Assumption, by Elizabeth I (here in Bruegel the Elder. In Renaissance glass, by Johannes
Titian (1516– about 1563) liked to Flanders, people of all social classes Vermeer (1659–60).
18). The figures wear bright reds, wore red at celebrations. The dye Vermeer used different
of God, the before she adopted came from the root of the madder shades and tints of
Virgin Mary and the more sober plant, which tended toward orange. vermilion to paint the red
two apostles image of the "Virgin skirt, then glazed it with
are highlighted Queen". Her satin madder lake to make a
by their gown was probably more luminous color.
vermilion red dyed with kermes.
costumes.

Dyed feather headdress from the Aztec A native of Central Rembrandt used carmine lake, made of
people of Mexico and Central America. For America collecting cochineal, to paint the skirt of the bride in
red they used cochineal, a brilliant scarlet dye cochineal insects the painting known as The Jewish bride
made from insects. from a cactus to (1665–69).
make red dye
(1777). From the
16th until the 19th
century, it was a
highly profitable
export from
Spanish Mexico to
Europe.
 The red heels of the
shoes of King Louis
XIV of France were
discreet symbols of
his royal status.

In the 18th and 19th centuries

During the French Revolution, the Jacobins and other more radical parties adopted the red flag; it was taken from red flags hoisted by
the French government to declare a state of siege or emergency. Many of them wore a red Phrygian cap, or liberty cap, modeled after
the caps worn by freed slaves in Ancient Rome. During the height of the Reign of Terror, Women wearing red caps gathered around
the guillotine to celebrate each execution. They were called the "Furies of the guillotine". The guillotines used during the Reign of
Terror in 1792 and 1793 were painted red, or made of red wood. During the Reign of Terror a statue of a woman titled liberty, painted
red, was placed in the square in front of the guillotine. After the end of the Reign of Terror, France went back to the blue, white and
red tricolor, whose red was taken from the red and blue colors of the city of Paris, and was the traditional color of Saint Denis, the
Christian martyr and patron saint of Paris.

In the mid-19th century, red became the color of a new political and social movement, socialism. It became the most common banner
of the worker's movement, of the French Revolution of 1848, of the Paris Commune in 1870, and of socialist parties across Europe.
(see red flags and revolution section below).

As the Industrial Revolution spread across Europe, chemists and manufacturers sought new red dyes that could be used for large-
scale manufacture of textiles. One popular color imported into Europe from Turkey and India in the 18th and early 19th century was
Turkey red, known in France as rouge d'Adrinople. Beginning in the 1740s, this bright red color was used to dye or print cotton
textiles in England, the Netherlands and France. Turkey red used madder as the colorant, but the process was longer and more
complicated, involving multiple soaking of the fabrics in lye, olive oil, sheep's dung, and other ingredients. The fabric was more
expensive but resulted in a fine bright and lasting red, similar to carmine, perfectly suited to cotton. The fabric was widely exported
from Europe to Africa, the Middle East and America. In 19th-century America, it was widely used in making the traditional
patchwork quilt.[79]

In 1826, the French chemist Pierre-Jean Robiquet discovered the organic compound alizarin, the powerful coloring ingredient of the
madder root, the most popular red dye of the time. In 1868, German chemists Carl Graebe and Liebermann were able to synthesize
alizarin, and to produce it from coal tar. The synthetic red was cheaper and more lasting than the natural dye, and the plantation of
madder in Europe and import of cochineal from Latin America soon almost completely ceased.

The 19th century also saw the use of red in art to create specific emotions, not just to imitate nature.[80] It saw the systematic study of
color theory, and particularly the study of how complementary colors such as red and green reinforced each other when they were
placed next to each other. These studies were avidly followed by artists such asVincent van Gogh. Describing his painting, The Night
Cafe, to his brother Theo in 1888, Van Gogh wrote: "I sought to express with red and green the terrible human passions. The hall is
blood red and pale yellow, with a green billiard table in the center, and four lamps of lemon yellow, with rays of orange and green.
ferent reds and greens."[81]
Everywhere it is a battle and antithesis of the most dif
 A Phrygian cap, or During the Reign Red flag over a barricade on The Night Cafe, (1888), by
liberty cap, was worn of Terror during Rue Soufflot in Paris during the Vincent van Gogh, used red and
by the supporters of the later French French Revolution of 1848. green to express what Van
the French Revolution Revolution, the Gogh called "the terrible human
of 1789. "Furies of the passions."
Guillotine"
cheered on each
execution.

In the 20th and 21st centuries

In the 20th century, red was the color of Revolution; it was the color of the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 and of the Chinese
Revolution of 1949, and later of the Cultural Revolution. Red was the color of Communist Parties from Eastern Europe to Cuba to
Vietnam.

In the late 19th and early 20th century, the German chemical industry invented two new synthetic red pigments: cadmium red, which
was the color of natural vermilion, and mars red, which was a synthetic red ochre, the color of the very first natural red pigment.

The French painter Henri Matisse (1869–1954) was one of the first prominent painters to use the new cadmium red. He even tried,
without success, to persuade the older and more traditional Renoir, his neighbor in the south of France, to switch from vermilion to
cadmium red.[82]

Matisse was also one of the first 20th-century artists to make color the central element of the painting, chosen to evoke emotions. "A
certain blue penetrates your soul", he wrote. "A certain red affects your blood pressure."[83] He also was familiar with the way that
complementary colors, such as red and green, strengthened each other when they were placed next to each other. He wrote, "My
choice of colors is not based on scientific theory; it is based on observation, upon feelings, upon the real nature of each experience ...
[84]
I just try to find a color which corresponds to my feelings."

Later in the century, the American artist Mark Rothko (1903–70) also used red, in even simpler form, in blocks of dark, somber color
on large canvases, to inspire deep emotions. Rothko observed that color was "only an instrument;" his interest was "in expressing
human emotions tragedy, ecstasy, doom, and so on."[85]

Rothko also began using the new synthetic pigments, but not always with happy results. In 1962 he donated to Harvard University a
series of large murals of the Passion of Christ whose predominant colors were dark pink and deep crimson. He mixed mostly
traditional colors to make the pink and crimson; synthetic ultramarine, cerulean blue, and titanium white, but he also used two new
organic reds, Naphtol and Lithol. The Naphtol did well, but the Lithol slowly changed color when exposed to light. Within five years
[86]
the deep pinks and reds had begun to turn light blue, and by 1979 the paintings were ruined and had to be taken down.
 Bathing of a Red Horse, by Four Darks in Red by Mark
the Russian symbolist Rothko (1958). The somber
painter Kuzma Petrov- dark reds were chosen to
Vodkin (1912), used a bright inspire deep human
red horse to surprise and emotions.
shock viewers. It provoked a
furious discussion among
Russian critics.

Symbolism

Courage and sacrifice

Surveys show that red is the color most associated with courage.[87] In western countries red is a symbol of martyrs and sacrifice,
particularly because of its association with blood.[66] Beginning in the Middle Ages, the Pope and Cardinals of the Roman Catholic
Church wore red to symbolize the blood of Christ and the Christian martyrs. The banner of the Christian soldiers in the First Crusade
was a red cross on a white field, the St. George's Cross. According to Christian tradition, Saint George was a Roman soldier who was
a member of the guards of the Emperor Diocletian, who refused to renounce his Christian faith and was martyred. The Saint George's
Cross became the Flag of England in the 16th century, and now is part of the Union Flag of the United Kingdom, as well as the Flag
of the Republic of Georgia.[88]

In 1587, Mary, Queen of Scots, accused of treason against Queen Elizabeth I, wore a red shirt at her execution, to proclaim that she
was an innocent martyr.[89]

The Thin Red Line was a famous incident in the Battle of Balaclava (1854) during the Crimean War, when a thin line of Scottish
Highlander infantry, assisted by Royal Marines and Turkish infantrymen, repulsed a Russian cavalry char
ge. It was widely reported in
the British press as an example of courage in the face of overwhelming odds and became a British military legend.

In the 19th-century novelThe Red Badge of Courageby Stephen Crane, a story about the American Civil War, the red badge was the
[90]
blood from a wound, by which a soldier could prove his courage.
 The Crucified Martyr (Saint Julia) Roman Catholic Popes Saint George and the Dragon, by Paolo Uccello
by the Dutch artist Hieronymus wear red as the symbol (1456–60). He wears the Saint George's Cross as a
Bosch. Saint Julia wears red, the of the blood of Christ. cape, which was also the banner ofMilan.
traditional color of Christian This is Pope Innocent
martyrs. III, in about 1219.

Robert Gibb's 1881 painting, The Thin Red Line, depicting The red poppy flower
The Thin Red Line at the Battle of Balaclava (1854), when a is worn on
line of the Scottish Highland infantry repulsed a Russian Remembrance Day in
cavalry charge. The name was given by the British press as a Commonwealth
symbol of courage against the odds. countries to honor
soldiers who died in
the First World War.

Courtly love, the red rose, and Saint Valentine's Day

Red is the color most commonly associated with love, followed at a great distance by pink.[91] It the symbolic color of the heart and
the red rose, is closely associated with romantic love or courtly love and Saint Valentine's Day. Both the Greeks and the Hebrews
[92]
considered red a symbol of love as well as sacrifice.

The Roman de la Rose, the Romance of the Rose, a thirteenth-century French poem, was one of the most popular works of literature
of the Middle Ages. It was the allegorical search by the author for a red rose in an enclosed garden, symbolizing the woman he loved,
and was a description of love in all of its aspects.[93] Later, in the 19th century, British and French authors described a specific
language of flowers – giving a single red rose meant 'I love you'.[94]

Saint Valentine, a Roman Catholic Bishop or priest who was martyred in about 296 AD, seems to have had no known connection
with romantic love, but the day of his martyrdom on the Roman Catholic calendar, Saint Valentine's Day (February 14), became, in
the 14th century, an occasion for lovers to send messages to each other. In recent years the celebration of Saint Valentine' s day has
spread beyond Christian countries to Japan and China and other parts of the world. The celebration of Saint Valentine's Day is
forbidden or strongly condemned in many Islamic countries, including Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and Iran. In Saudi Arabia, in 2002 and
2011, religious police banned the sale of all Valentine's Day items, telling shop workers to remove any red items, as the day is
considered a Christian holiday.[95]

The Codex Fifteenth-century A valentine God Speed!, a

Manesse, a Illustration from from 1909. Victorian era
14th-century the Roman de la The tradition of painting by
collection of Rose, a sending Edmund Leighton
love songs. Red thirteenth-century messages of of a Lady giving a
roses were French poem love on red token of love
symbol of about a search February 14, to her knight.
courtly love. for a red rose Valentine's
symbolizing the Day, dates
poet's love. back to the
14th century.

Happiness, celebration and ceremony

Red is the color most commonly associated with joy and well being.[96] It is the color of celebration and ceremony. A red carpet is
often used to welcome distinguished guests. Red is also the traditional color of seats in opera houses and theaters. Scarlet academic
gowns are worn by new Doctors of Philosophy at degree ceremonies at Oxford University and other schools. In China, it is
considered the color of good fortune and prosperity, and it is the color traditionally worn by brides. In Christian countries, it is the
color traditionally worn at Christmas by Santa Claus, because in the 4th century the historic Saint Nicholas was the Greek Christian
Bishop of Myra, in modern-day Turkey, and bishops then dressed in red.[97]
 President Barack Obama and Prime Seats in opera houses and theaters Scarlet academic gowns are
Minister Manmohan Singh of India on are traditionally red. This is the Opera worn by new Doctors of
a red carpet at the White House. House in Vienna. Philosophy at a degree ceremony
at Oxford University.

In China, red is the color of Santa Claus

happiness and celebration. The traditionally
Lantern Festival in Shanghai. wears red,
because the
original Saint
Nicholas was a
bishop of the
Greek Christian
church in the 4th
century.

Hatred, anger, aggression, passion, heat and war

While red is the color most associated with love, it also the color most frequently associated with hatred, anger, aggression and war.
People who are angry are said to "see red." Red is the color most commonly associated with passion and heat. In ancient Rome, red
was the color of Mars, the god of war—the planet Mars was named for him because of its red color.[98]

Warning and danger

Red is the traditional color of warning and danger. In the Middle Ages, a red flag announced that the defenders of a town or castle
would fight to defend it, and a red flag hoisted by a warship meant they would show no mercy to their enemy. In Britain, in the early
days of motoring, motor cars had to follow a man with a red flag who would warn horse-drawn vehicles, before the Locomotives on
Highways Act 1896 abolished this law. In automobile races, the red flag is raised if there is danger to the drivers. In international
penalty card and ejected from the game.[99]
football, a player who has made a serious violation of the rules is shown a red

Several studies have indicated that red carries the strongest reaction of all the colors, with the level of reaction decreasing gradually
with the colors orange, yellow, and white, respectively.[100][101] For this reason, red is generally used as the highest level of warning,
such as threat level of terrorist attack in the United States. In fact, teachers at a primary school in the UK have been told not to mark
[102]
children's work in red ink because it encourages a "negative approach".
Red is the international color of stop signs and stop lights on highways and intersections. It was standardized as the international
color at the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals of 1968. It was chosen partly because red is the brightest color in daytime
(next to orange), though it is less visible at twilight, when green is the most visible color. Red also stands out more clearly against a
cool natural backdrop of blue sky, green trees or gray buildings. But it was mostly chosen as the color for stoplights and stop signs
[103]
because of its universal association with danger and warning.

The standard A stop sign in Iran Footballer Nemanja Vidić is shown a

international stop sign, red card and ejected from a soccer
following the Vienna match
Convention on Road
Signs and Signals of
1968

A red Chinese typhoon alert Red is the color Red is the color of a severe fire
sign of a severe danger in Australia; new black/red
terrorist threat stripes are an even more catastrophic
level in the hazard.
United States,
under the
Homeland
Security
Advisory
System.
 Red is the color of a UK Railway
"Home" signal; the white stripe helps
recognition against dark backgrounds.

The color that attracts attention

Red is the color that most attracts attention. Surveys show it is the color most frequently
associated with visibility, proximity, and extroverts. It is also the color most associated with
dynamism and activity.[104]

Red is used in modern fashion much as it was used in Medieval painting; to attract the eyes of the
viewer to the person who is supposed to be the center of attention. People wearing red seem to be
closer than those dressed in other colors, even if they are actually the same distance away.[104]
Monarchs, wives of presidential candidates and other celebrities often wear red to be visible from
a distance in a crowd. It is also commonly worn by lifeguards and others whose job requires them
to be easily found.

Because red attracts attention, it is frequently used in advertising, though studies show that people
are less likely to read something printed in red because they know it is advertising, and because it Fashion model
is more difficult visually to read than black and white text.[105] Magdalena Frackowiak
at Paris Fashion Week
(Fall 2011)
Seduction, sexuality and sin
Red by a large margin is the color most commonly associated with seduction, sexuality,
eroticism and immorality, possibly because of its close connection with passion and with
danger.[107]

Red was long seen as having a dark side, particularly in Christian theology. It was
associated with sexual passion, anger, sin, and the devil.[108] In the Old Testament of the
Bible, the Book of Isaiah said: "Though your sins be as scarlet, they shall be white as
snow."[109] In the New Testament, in the Book of Revelation, the Antichrist appears as a
red monster, ridden by a woman dressed in scarlet, known as theWhore of Babylon: De Wallen, Amsterdam's red-light
district; red is the sex industry's
"So he carried me away in the spirit into the wilderness: and I saw a woman sit upon a preferred color in many cultures,
scarlet coloured beast, full of names of blasphemy, having seven heads and ten horns. due to being strongly associated
"And the woman was arrayed in purple and scarlet colour, and decked with gold and with passion, love and
precious stones and pearls, having a golden cup in her hand full of abominations and sexuality.[106]
filthiness of her fornication: "And upon her forehead was a name written a mystery:
Babylon the Great, the Mother of Harlots and of all the abominations of the earth: And I
.[110]
saw the woman drunken with the blood of the saints, and with the blood of the martyrs of Jesus
Satan is often depicted as colored red and/or wearing a red costume in both iconography and popular culture.[111] By the 20th
century, the devil in red had become a folk character in legends and stories. In 1915, Irving Berlin wrote a song, At the Devil's Ball,
and the devil in red appeared more often in cartoons and movies than in religious art.

In 17th-century New England, red was associated with adultery. In the 1850 novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Scarlet Letter, set in
a Puritan New England community, a woman is punished for adultery with ostracism, her sin represented by a red letter 'A' sewn onto
her clothes.[112]

Red is still commonly associated with prostitution. Prostitutes in many cities were required to wear red to announce their profession,
and houses of prostitution displayed a red light. Beginning in the early 20th century, houses of prostitution were allowed only in
certain specified neighborhoods, which became known as red-light districts. Large red-light districts are found today in Bangkok and
Amsterdam.

In Roman Catholicism, red represents wrath, one of theseven deadly sins.

In both Christian and Hebrew tradition, red is also sometimes associated with murder or guilt, with "having blood on one's hands", or
"being caught red-handed.

The Whore of Babylon, Reine de joie, Sheet music for "At The red-light district in
depicted in a 14th-century (Queen of Joy), the Devil's Ball", by Amsterdam (2003).
French illuminated a book cover Irving Berlin, United
manuscript. The woman illustration by States, 1915.
appears attractive, but is Henri de
wearing red under her Toulouse-
blue garment. Lautrec (1892)
about a Paris
prostitute

Red lipstick has been worn

by women as a cosmetic
since ancient times. It was
worn by Cleopatra, Queen
Elizabeth I, and films stars
such as Elizabeth Taylor and
Marilyn Monroe.
In different cultures and traditions
In China, red (simplified Chinese: 红; traditional Chinese: 紅; pinyin: hóng) is the symbol of fire and the south (both south in general
and Southern China specifically). It carries a largely positive connotation, being associated with courage, loyalty, honor, success,
fortune, fertility, happiness, passion, and summer.[113][114] In Chinese cultural traditions, red is associated with weddings (where
brides traditionally wear red dresses) and red paper is frequently used to wrap gifts of money or other objects. Special red packets
(simplified Chinese: 红包; traditional Chinese: 紅包; pinyin: hóng bāo in Mandarin or lai see in Cantonese) are specifically used
during Chinese New Year celebrations for giving monetary gifts. On the more negative side, obituaries are traditionally written in red
ink, and to write someone's name in red signals either cutting them out of one's life, or that they have died.[114] Red is also associated
with either the feminine or the masculine (yin and yang respectively), depending on the source.[114][115] The Little Red Book, a
collection of quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-Tung, founding father of the People's Republic of China (PRC), was published in
1966 and widely distributed thereafter.

In Japan, red is a traditional color for a heroic figure.[116] In the Indian subcontinent, red is the traditional color of bridal dresses, and
[117] The color is associated with purity
is frequently represented in the media as a symbolic color for married women. , as well as with
sexuality in marital relationships through its connection to heat and fertility.[118] It is also the color of wealth, beauty, and the
goddess Lakshmi.[66]

In Central Africa, Ndembu warriors rub themselves with red paint during celebrations. Since their culture sees the color as a symbol
of life and health, sick people are also painted with it. Like most Central African cultures, the Ndembu see red as ambivalent, better
than black but not as good as white.[119] In other parts of Africa, however, red is a color of mourning, representing death.[120]
Because red bears are associated with death in many parts of Africa, the Red Cross has changed its colors to green and white in parts
of the continent.[121]

The early Ottoman Turks led by the first Ottoman Sultan, Osman I, carried red banners symbolizing sovereignty, Ghazis and Sufism,
until, according to legend, he saw a new red flag in his dream inlaid with crescent.
a

Wedding dresses
In many Asian countries, red is the traditional color for awedding dress today, symbolizing joy and good fortune.

In India, brides traditionally wear a red sari, called the sari of blood, of
fered by their father, signifying that his duties
as a father are transferred to the new husband, and as a symbol of his wish for her to have children. Once married,
the bride will wear a sari with a red border, changing it to a white sari if her husband dies. In Pakistan and India,
some brides traditionally also have their hands and feet painted red with henna by the family of their new spouse, to
bring happiness and signify their new status. [122]
 The bride at a Wedding dress in Wedding A red wedding
traditional Chinese Rajput, India. dress from kimono, or
wedding dresses in Vietnam. uchikake, from
red, the color of Japan. Brides in
happiness and Japan can wear
good fortune. either a white
kimono or bright
colors.

In India and Pakistan, brides traditionally

have their hands and feet decorated with
red henna.

In religion
In Christianity, red is associated with the blood of Christ and the sacrifice ofmartyrs. In the Roman Catholic Churchit
is also associated withpentecost and the Holy Spirit. Since 1295, it is the color worn by Cardinals, the senior clergy
of the Roman Catholic Church. Red is theliturgical color for the feasts of martyrs, representing the blood of those
who suffered death for their faith. It is sometimes used as the liturgical color forHoly Week, including Palm Sunday
and Good Friday, although this is a modern (20th-century) development. In Catholic practice, it is also the liturgical
color used to commemorate the Holy Spirit (for this reason it is worn at Pentecost and during Confirmation masses).
Because of its association with martyrdom and the Spirit, it is also the color used to commemorate the Apostles
(except for the Apostle St. John, who was not martyred, where white is used), and as such, it is used to
commemorate bishops, who are the successors of the Apostles (for this reason, when funeral masses are held for
bishops, cardinals, or popes, red is used instead of the white that would ordinarily be used).
In Buddhism, red is one of the five colors which are said to have emanated from the Buddha when he attained
enlightenment, or nirvana. It is particularly associated with the benefits of the practice of Buddhism; achievement,
wisdom, virtue, fortune and dignity. It was also believed to have the power to resist evil. In China red was commonly
used for the walls, pillars, and gates of temples.
In the Shinto religion of Japan, the gateways of temples, calledtorii, are traditionally painted vermilion red and black.
The torii symbolizes the passage from the profane world to a sacred place. The bridges in the gardens of Japanese
temples are also painted red (and usually only temple bridges are red, not bridges in ordinary gardens), since they
are also passages to sacred places.Red was also considered a color which could expel evil and disease.
 A Shinto torii at Itsukushima, Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Buddhist monks in In Hinduism, red
Japan Church at the funeral of Pope Tibet is associated
John Paul II with Lakshmi,
the goddess of
wealth and
embodiment of
beauty.

Red flags in a celebration of

Muharram in Iran.

Military uses
NATO Military Symbols for Land Based Systems uses red to denote hostile forces, hence the terms "red team" and "Red Cell" to
denote challengers during exercises.

The red uniform

The red military uniform was adopted by the English Parliament's New Model Army in 1645, and was still worn as a dress uniform
by the British Army until the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914. Ordinary soldiers wore red coats dyed with madder,
while officers wore scarlet coats dyed with the more expensive cochineal.[123] This led to British soldiers being known asred coats.

In the modern British army, scarlet is still worn by the Foot Guards, the Life Guards, and by some regimental bands or drummers for
ceremonial purposes. Officers and NCOs of those regiments which previously wore red retain scarlet as the color of their "mess" or
formal evening jackets. TheRoyal Gibraltar Regimenthas a scarlet tunic in its winter dress.

Scarlet is worn for some full dress, military band or mess uniforms in the modern armies of a number of the countries that made up
the former British Empire. These include the Australian, Jamaican, New Zealand, Fijian, Canadian, Kenyan, Ghanaian, Indian,
Singaporean, Sri Lankan and Pakistani armies.[124]

The musicians of the United States Marine Corps Band wear red, following an 18th-century military tradition that the uniforms of
band members are the reverse of the uniforms of the other soldiers in their unit. Since the US Marine uniform is blue with red
facings, the band wears the reverse.
Red Serge is the uniform of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, created in 1873 as the North-West Mounted Police, and given its
present name in 1920. The uniform was adapted from the tunic of the British Army. Cadets at the Royal Military College of Canada
also wear red dress uniforms.

The Brazilian Marine Corpswears a red dress uniform.

Officer and The scarlet uniform of Musicians of the United States Officer of the Royal
soldier of the the National Guards Unit Marine Corps Band Canadian Mounted
British Army, of Bulgaria Police
(1815).

The Brazilian Marine Corps wears a Soldiers of the Rajput Regiment of the Indian
dress uniform called A Garança. Army

In sports
The first known team sport to feature red uniforms waschariot racing during the late Roman Empire. The earliest races were between
two chariots, one driver wearing red, the other white. Later, the number of teams was increased to four, including drivers in light
green and sky blue. Twenty-five races were run in a day, with a total of one hundred chariots participating.[125]

Today many sports teams throughout the world feature red on their uniforms. Along with blue, red is the most commonly used non-
white color in sports. Numerous national sports teams wear red, often through association with their national flags. A few of these
teams feature the color as part of their nickname such as Spain (with their association football (soccer) national team nicknamed La
Furia Roja or "The Red Fury") and Belgium (whosefootball team bears the nickname Rode Duivels or "Red Devils").

In club association football (soccer), red is a commonly used color throughout the world. A number of teams' nicknames feature the
color. A red penalty card is issued to a player who commits a serious infraction: the player is immediately disqualified from further
play and his team must continue with one less player for the game's duration.

In rugby union, Ireland's Munster rugby, New Zealand's Canterbury provincial team and the Crusaders Super 14 rugby side wear red
as a major color in their playing strips.

Rosso Corsa is the red international motor racing color of cars entered by teams from Italy. Since the 1920s Italian race cars of Alfa
Romeo, Maserati, Lancia, and later Ferrari and Abarth have been painted with a color known as rosso corsa ("racing red"). National
colors were mostly replaced in Formula One by commercial sponsor liveries in 1968, but unlike most other teams, Ferrari always
kept the traditional red, although the shade of the color varies.

The color is commonly used for professional sports teams in Canada and the United States with eleven Major League Baseballteams,
eleven National Hockey League teams, seven National Football League teams and eleven National Basketball Association teams
prominently featuring some shade of the color. The color is also featured in the league logos of Major League Baseball, the National
Football League and the National Basketball Association.[126] In the National Football League, a red flag is thrown by the head
coach to challenge a referee's decision during the game. During the 1950s when red was strongly associated with communism in the
United States, the modern Cincinnati Reds team was known as the "Redlegs" and the term was used on baseball cards. After the red
[127]
scare faded, the team was known as the "Reds" again.

In boxing, red is often the color used on a fighter's gloves. George Foreman wore the same red trunks he used during his loss to
Muhammad Ali when he defeated Michael Moorer 20 years later to regain the title he lost. Boxers named or nicknamed "red" include
Red Burman, Ernie "Red" Lopez, and his brother Danny "Little Red" Lopez.

Ancient Roman mosaic of Both the Cleveland Indians and the In martial arts, a
the winner of a chariot Boston Red Sox wear red. red belt shows
race, wearing the colors a high degree of
of the red team. proficiency,
second only, in
some schools,
to the black
belt.

An Alfa Romeo Grand Prix car in 1977,

painted Rosso Corsa, ("racing red"), the
traditional racing color of Italy from the
1920s until the late 1960s.

On flags
Red is one of the most common colors used on national flags. The use of red has similar connotations from country to country: the
blood, sacrifice, and courage of those who defended their country; the sun and the hope and warmth it brings; and the sacrifice of
Christ's blood (in some historically Christian nations) are a few examples. Red is the color of the flags of several countries that once
belonged to the British Empire. The British flag bears the colors red, white and blue; it includes the cross of Saint George, patron
saint of England, and the saltire of Saint Patrick, patron saint of Ireland, both of which are red on white.[128] The flag of the United
States bears the colors of Britain,[129] the colors of the French tricolore include red as part of the old Paris coat of arms, and other
countries' flags, such as those ofAustralia, New Zealand, and Fiji, carry a small inset of the British flag in memory of their ties to that
country.[130] Many former colonies of Spain, such as Mexico, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico and
Venezuela, also feature red-one of the colors of the Spanish flag-on their own banners. Red flags are also used to symbolize storms,
bad water conditions, and many other dangers. Navy flags are often red and yellow. Red is prominently featured in the flag of the
United States Marine Corps.

The red on the flag of Nepal represents the floral emblem of the country, the rhododendron.

Red, blue, and white are also the Pan-Slavic colors adopted by the Slavic solidarity movement of the late nineteenth century. Initially
these were the colors of the Russian flag; as the Slavic movement grew
, they were adopted by other Slavic peoples includingSlovaks,
Slovenes, and Serbs. The flags of the Czech Republic and Poland use red for historic heraldic reasons (see Coat of arms of Poland
and Coat of arms of the Czech Republic) & not due to Pan-Slavic connotations. In 2004 Georgia adopted a new white flag, which
consists of four small and one big red cross in the middle touching all four sides.

Red, white, and black were the colors of theGerman Empire from 1870 to 1918, and as such they came to be associated with German
nationalism. In the 1920s they were adopted as the colors of the Nazi flag. In Mein Kampf, Hitler explained that they were "revered
colors expressive of our homage to the glorious past." The red part of the flag was also chosen to attract attention – Hitler wrote: "the
new flag ... should prove effective as a large poster" because "in hundreds of thousands of cases a really striking emblem may be the
first cause of awakening interest in a movement." The red also symbolized the social program of the Nazis, aimed at German
workers.[131] Several designs by a number of different authors were considered, but the one adopted in the end was Hitler's personal
design.[132]

Red, white, green and black are the colors ofPan-Arabism and are used by many Arab countries.[133]

Red, gold, green, and black are the colors of Pan-Africanism. Several African countries thus use the color on their flags, including
South Africa, Ghana, Senegal, Mali, Ethiopia, Togo, Guinea, Benin, and Zimbabwe. The Pan-African colors are borrowed from the
flag of Ethiopia, one of the oldest independent African countries.[133][134] Rwanda, notably, removed red from its flag after the
Rwandan Genocide because of red's association with blood.[135]

The flags of Japan and Bangladesh both have a red circle in the middle of different colored backgrounds. The flag of the Philippines
has a red trapezoid on the bottom signifying blood, courage, and valor (also, if the flag is inverted so that the red trapezoid is on top
and the blue at the bottom, it indicates a state of war). The flag of Singapore has a red rectangle on the top. The field of the flag of
Portugal is green and red. The Ottoman Empire adopted several different red flags during the six centuries of its rule, with the
successor Republic of Turkey continuing the 1844 OttomanFlag.
 The flag of the Byzantine The St George's cross was the banner of The red stripes in the flag of the
Empire from 1260 to its the First Crusade, then, beginning in the United States were adapted from the
fall in 1453 13th century, the flag of England. It is the flag of the British East Indies
red color (along with that of the Cross of Company. This is the Grand Union
Saint Patrick) in the flag of the United Flag, the first U.S. flag established by
Kingdom, and, by adoption, of the red in the Continental Congress.
the flag of the United States.

The Flag of Georgia also features the The maple leaf flag of Canada, adopted in 1965.
Saint George's Cross. It dates back to The red color comes from the Saint George's
the banner of Medieval Georgia in the Cross of England.
5th century.

The national flag of Cambodia in its

present form was originally adopted in
1948 and readopted in 1993, after the
Constituent Assembly election in 1993
and restoration of the monarchy. Red
color in the flag representsbravery.

Red flag and revolution

In the Middle Ages, ships in combat hoisted a long red streamer, called the Baucans, to signify a fight to the death.[136] In the 17th
century, a red flag signalled defiance. A besieged castle or city would raise a red flag to tell the attackers that they would not
surrender.[137]
The red flag appeared as a political symbol during the French Revolution, after the fall of Bastille. A law adopted by the new
government on October 20, 1789 authorized the Garde Nationale to raise the red flag in the event of a riot, to signal that the Garde
would imminently intervene. During a demonstration on the Champs de Mars on July 17, 1791, the Garde Nationale fired on the
crowd, killed up to fifty people. The government was denounced by the more radical revolutionaries. In the words of his famous
hymn, the Marseillaise, Rouget de Lisle wrote: "Against us they have raised the bloody flag of tyranny!" (Contre nous de la tyrannie,
l'entendard sanglant est leve). Beginning in 1790, the most radical revolutionaries adopted the red flag themselves, to symbolize the
-revolutionary.[138]
blood of those killed in the demonstrations, and to call for the repression of those they considered counter

During the French Revolution, many in the Paris crowds also wore a red phrygian cap, a symbol of liberty, modeled after the caps
worn in ancient Rome by freed slaves; but the colors of the Revolution finally became blue, white and red. The red in the French flag
was taken from the emblem of the city of Paris, where it represented the city's patron saint,
Saint Denis.

Karl Marx published the Communist Manifesto in February 1848, with little attention. However, a few days later the French
Revolution of 1848 broke out, which replaced the monarchy of Louis Philippe with the Second French Republic. In June 1848, Paris
workers, disenchanted with the new government, built barricades and raised red flags. The new government called in the French
Army to put down the uprising, the first of many such confrontations between the army and the new worker's movements in Europe.

Red was also the color of the movement to unify Italy, led by Giuseppe Garibaldi. His followers were known as the camicie rosse, or
(redshirts) during the fight for ItalianRisorgimento in 1860.

In 1870, following the stunning defeat of the French Army by the Germans in the Franco-Prussian War, French workers and socialist
revolutionaries seized Paris and created the Paris Commune. The Commune lasted for two months before it was crushed by the
French Army, with much bloodshed. The original red banners of the Commune became icons of the socialist revolution; in 1921
members of the French Communist Party came to Moscow and presented the new Soviet government with one of the original
fin.[139]
Commune banners; it was placed (and is still in place) in the tomb of Vladimir Lenin, next to his open cof

With the victory of the Bolsheviks in the Russian Revolution of 1917, the red flag, with a hammer to symbolize the workers and
sickle to symbolize peasants, became the official flag of Russia, and, in 1923, of the Soviet Union. It remained so until the breakup of
the Soviet Union in 1991.

After the Communist Party of China took power in 1949, the flag of China became a red flag with a large star symbolizing the
Communist Party, and smaller stars symbolizing workers, peasants, the urban middle class and rural middle class. The flag of the
Communist Party of China became a red banner with a hammer and sickle, similar to that on the Soviet flag. In the 1950s and 1960s,
other Communist regimes such asVietnam and Laos also adopted red flags. Some Communist countries, such as Cuba, chose to keep
their old flags; and other countries used red flags which had nothing to do with Communism or socialism; the red flag of Nepal, for
instance, represents the national flower.
 A French soldier A poster from the A demonstration in Moscow during Red was the color of the Russian
takes down a red Paris Commune the unsuccessful Russian Revolution Revolution in 1917. The Bolshevik,
flag from the (1871) of 1905, painted by Ilya Repin. painting by Boris Kustodiev (1920).
barricades during
the Paris uprising of
1848.

The flag of the Soviet Union (1923–91). The The Flag of the People's Republic of
hammer symbolized workers, the sickle China. Red symbolizes revolution, the
represented peasants, and the red star symbolized large star is the Communist Party,
the Communist Party. and the smaller stars represent the
working class, the peasants, and the
urban middle class, the rural middle
class, as described byMao Zedong.

Use by political movements

In 18th-century Europe, red was usually
associated with the monarchy and with those in
power. The Pope wore red, as did the Swiss
Guards of the Kings of France, the soldiers of the
British Army and the Danish Army.

The French Revolution saw red used by the

Jacobins as a symbol of the martyrs of the
Revolution. In the nineteenth century, with the
Industrial Revolution and the rise of worker's Honor guard of Chinese Army welcomes U.S. Defense Secretary to
movements, it became the color of socialism Beijing.

(especially the Marxist variant), and, with the

Paris Commune of 1870, of revolution.

In the 20th century, red was the color first of the Russian Bolsheviks and then, after the success of theRussian Revolution of 1917, of
Communist Parties around the world.
Red also became the color of many social democratic parties in Europe, including the Labour Party in Britain (founded 1900); the
Social Democratic Party of Germany (whose roots went back to 1863) and the French Socialist Party, which dated back under
different names, to 1879. The Socialist Party of America (1901–72) and the Communist Party USA (1919) both also chose red as
their color.

Members of the Christian-Social People's Party in Liechtenstein (founded 1918) advocated an expansion of democracy and
[140]
progressive social policies, and were often referred to disparagingly as "Reds" for their social liberal leanings and party colors.

The Communist Party of China, founded in 1920, adopted the red flag and hammer and sickle emblem of the Soviet Union, which
became the national symbols when the Party took power in China in 1949. Under Party leader
Mao Zedong, the Party anthem became
"The East Is Red",[141] and Mao Zedong himself was sometimes referred to as a "red sun".[142] During the Cultural Revolution in
China, Party ideology was enforced by the Red Guards, and the sayings of Mao Zedong were published as a small red book in
hundreds of millions of copies. Today the Communist Party of China claims to be the largest political party in the world, with eighty
million members.[143]

Beginning in the 1960s and the 1970s, paramilitary extremist groups such as the Red Army Faction in Germany, the Japanese Red
Army and the Shining Path Maoist movement in Peru used red as their color. But in the 1980s, some European socialist and social
democratic parties, such as the Labour Party in Britain and the Socialist Party in France, moved away from the symbolism of the far
left, keeping the red color but changing their symbol to a less-threatening red rose.

Red is used around the world by political parties of the left or center-left. In the United States, it is the color of the Communist Party
USA, of the Social Democrats, USA, and in Puerto Rico, of thePopular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico.

In the United States, political commentators often refer to the "red states", which traditionally vote for Republican candidates in
presidential elections, and "blue states", which vote for the Democratic candidate. This convention is relatively recent: before the
2000 presidential election, media outlets assigned red and blue to both parties, sometimes alternating the allocation for each election.
Fixed usage was established during the 39-day recount following the 2000 election, when the media began to discuss the contest in
terms of "red states" versus "blue states".[144]

Logo of the German A map of the U.S.

Social Democratic Party showing the blue states,
which voted for the
Democratic candidate in
all the last four
presidential elections,
and the red states, which
voted for the Republican.

Social and special interest groups

Such names as Red Club (a bar), Red Carpet (a discothèque) or Red Cottbus and Club Red (event locations) suggest liveliness and
excitement. The Red Hat Society is a social group founded in 1998 for women 50 and over. Use of the color red to call attention to an
emergency situation is evident in the names of such organizations as the Red Cross (humanitarian aid), Red Hot Organization (AIDS
support), and the Red List of Threatened Species (of IUCN). In reference to humans, term "red" is often used in the West to describe
the indigenous peoples of the Americas.[145]

Idioms
Many idiomatic expressions exploit the various connotations of red:

Expressing emotion

"to see red" (to be angry or aggressive)

"to have red ears / a red face" (to be embarrassed)
"to paint the town red" (to have an enjoyable evening, usually with a generous amount of eating, drinking, dancing)

Giving warning

"to raise a red flag" (to signal that something is problematic)

"like a red rag to a bull" (to cause someone to be enraged)
"to be in the red" (to be losing money, from the accounting habit of writing deficits and losses in red ink)

Calling attention

"a red letter day" (a special or important event, from the medieval custom of printing the dates of saints' days and
holy days in red ink.)
"to print in red ink" (for emphasis or easy identification)
"to lay out the red carpet" or "give red-carpet treatment" (to treat someone royally as a very special person)
"to catch someone red-handed" (in the act of doing something wrong, such with blood on his hands after a murder or
poaching game)

Other idioms

"to tie up in red tape". In England red tape was used by lawyers and government of ficials to identify important
documents. It became a term for excessive bureaucratic regulation. It was popularized in the 19th century by the
writer Thomas Carlyle, who complained about "red-tapism".[146]
"red herring." A false clue that leads investigators off the track. Refers to the practice of using a fragrant smoked fish
to distract hunting or tracking dogs from the track they are meant to follow .

Superstition
It is a common belief in the United States that red cars are stopped for speeding more often than other color cars.
However, there is no statistical evidence thatthis is true. Many police departments have denied it, saying their
officers stop drivers for their behavior, not the color of their cars. The one survey that was made on this subject in
1990 by a St. Petersburg, Florida newspaper showed that the number of speeding tickets given to drivers of red cars
was about the same as the proportion of red cars on the road in the community .[147]

In film
Many film titles have included the color's name, such as:

The Woman in Red, a 1935 American film

Reds, a 1981 film about Communism in the United States and Russia
The Woman in Red, a 1984 American comedy film
Raise the Red Lantern, a 1991 Chinese film directed byZhang Yimou about a concubine
Three Colors: Red, a French movie from 1994
Red, a Tamil movie from 2002
Red, a 2008 American film
Red and Red 2, American films from 2010 and 2013
Red Dog, a 2011 Australian film
 Red State, a 2011 American film
Red Dawn, 1984 and 2012 American films

See also
Erythrophobia
List of colors
Little Red Riding Hood

References

Notes and citations

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External links
Media related to Red at Wikimedia Commons
The dictionary definition ofred at Wiktionary

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