MINISTRY OF EDUCATION

FIJI SEVENTH FORM CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION 2012

CHEMISTRY PAPER 2

QUESTIONS
AND
DETAILED SOLUTIONS WITH ADDITIONAL NOTES
QUESTION 1

(a) Given below are four hazard warning symbols that you would have seen or studied during
your practical lessons.
A. B. C. D.

Write the correct description of the hazard symbol you would expect to find on the
following chemicals given in the table below together with the letter it represents on the
spaces provided.

Chemicals hazard symbol description letter

a bottle of hydrogen peroxide
a cylinder of ethene gas
a bottle of concentrated nitric acid

(3 marks)

(b) The following diagrams show the set-up of some Form 7 experiments that you
would have carried out in the course of the year.
A. B. C.

Heat

D. E. F.

Heat Heat
 Match the experimental set-up with their correct descriptions of the experiments given
below.

_________________

_________________

QUESTION 2

(a) The graph given below shows the boiling points of hydrides of elements in
Group VI against their molecular mass.

Explain why H2O with a lower molecular mass, has a higher boiling point than H2Te.

Answer

Water forms hydrogen bonding between its molecules. H2Te does not form H-bonding,
hence a lower boiling point.
.
(b) In terms of electronegativity difference, explain why the bond between hydrogen
and fluorine in a hydrogen fluoride molecule is more polar than the bond between
hydrogen and nitrogen in an ammonia molecule.

Answer

There is a large electronegativity difference between H and F in hydrogen fluoride

than there is between N and H in NH3.

(c) The temperatures of 15 ml samples of ethanol and cyclohexane were recorded

before and after they were mixed. The temperature recorded after mixing was
lower than before mixing.
(i) Is heat evolved or absorbed in this mixing process?

(½ mark)
(ii) Mixing the samples causes a breakdown in hydrogen bonding. Explain
how this caused the observed temperature change.

Additional notes

 Ethanol exhibits hydrogen bonding. When mixed with cyclohexane, the

cyclohexane molecules insert between the ethanol molecules, pushing
them apart and breaking the hydrogen bonds.
 So, when ethanol and cyclohexane are mixed, the following will be
observed:
a) The total volume will be larger than the sum of the individual volumes,
due to volume expansion arising from the decrease in intermolecular
forces.
b) There will be a decrease in temperature, since bond breaking is
endothermic, and H-bonds are being broken.
 Answer

Compound II has a higher melting point because of inter-molecular hydrogen bonding resulting in
polymeric chains of molecules. Compound I has a lower melting point dues to intra-molecular
hydrogen bonding.

Additional notes

 The interactions between molecules are much stronger when there are intermolecular
hydrogen bonds as in para-Nitrophenol (II) because the bonds are formed between
molecules.
 This results in more stability and lower melting and boiling points (which might appear to
be because of stronger bonds) because the molecules prefer to be closer to each other.
 If intramolecular hydrogen bonds are present as in the case of ortho-Nitrophenol (I) the
interactions within individual molecules are greater and so there is less attraction between
molecules.

(ii) ThisName
causestheless
compound
stabilityIand
given above.
higher melting and boiling points because the molecules are
not really attracted to each other much and not because the hydrogen bonds are weaker.

QUESTION 3

(ii) Write the name of the species responsible for the deep-blue colour
observed in the second reaction.
(b) Ammonium vanadate, on treatment with sulphuric acid, gives a yellow colour
due to the VO3- ion. Addition of zinc to the solution causes the solution colour
to change to blue, then green, then violet.

(i) Give the oxidation number of vanadium in the vanadium-containing ions in

each coloured solution.

(1½ marks)

(ii) Explain why vanadium exists in different oxidation states in the

different colored compounds shown above.
(c) A group of students were testing the solubility of small amounts of solutes in
three different solvents namely, water, methanol and carbon tetrachloride.
Choose the correct word from the Key List given below to complete the sentences
the students have written for the conclusion of their report.

Key List

ionic polar covalent methanol

carbon tetrachloride water non-polar covalent

Solutes that dissolve readily in water have ionic or polar covalent bonding. The best
solvent suited to dissolve non-polar solutes is carbon tetrachloride.
(1½ marks)

QUESTION 4

(a) Consider the given process: MgSO4 (s) + 7H2O(l) MgSO4. 7H2O(s) ; ∆H3

Although the heat of reaction for the above process, ∆H3, cannot be measured directly,
it can be calculated by suitable combination of enthalpy changes ; ∆H1 and ∆H2 of
the two processes given below.

1. MgSO4(s) MgSO4(aq) ∆H1 = -84 kJ mol-1

2. MgSO4 . 7H2O(s) MgSO4(aq) + 7H2O(l) ∆H2 = + 16 kJ mol-1

(i) Calculate the heat change, ∆H3, involved in the reaction:

MgSO4 (s) + 7H2O(l) MgSO4. 7H2O(s) by applying Hess's Law.

 (ii) Explain why the heat of reaction , ∆H3 cannot be measured directly.

(b) A group of students measured various properties of a sample of oxygen gas

in order to experimentally determine the value of the Gas Constant, R.

(i) List the four properties with their appropriate units that are measured
in order to determine the value of R.

(ii) Give the value of the gas constant, R with its appropriate unit.

QUESTION 5
(a) During the preparation of 2-chloro-2-methylpropane, a student followed the
procedures given in the laboratory manual by shaking the reagents in an important
apparatus.

(i) Sketch this important apparatus.

 (1 mark)
(ii) The excess buildup of pressure was avoided. Explain how this was done.
 QUESTION 6

(i) What would be observed upon the addition of hydrochloric acid to the
sodium chloride solution?

(ii) Use the equilibrium expression to explain your answer to part (i).
 To carry out the test, add a few drops of the aldehyde or ketone to the freshly prepared tollens
reagent, and warm gently in a hot water bath for a few minutes.

Both Felings and Benedict’s solutions are used in the same way. A few drops of the aldehyde or
ketone are added to the reagent, and the mixture is warmed gently in a hot water bath for a few
minutes.

Answer

Add Lucas reagent (conc.HCl and anhydrous ZnCl2). Test tube containing (CH3)2C (OH) CH3 will
show cloudiness or formation of 2 phases within 5 minutes. No reaction in the other test tube.
OR
Add acidified potassium dichromate or potassium permanganate solution and warm in a water bath.
In the test tube with CH3CH2CH2OH, there will be change in color from orange to green (with
potassium dichromate). If potassium permanganate is used, there will be a change in color from
purple to colorless.

NO change in color in the other test tube.

 1

0
.

There are three methods for measuring pH; a probe and meter, litmus paper, and a field kit.
The most accurate and reliable method is the probe and meter.
QUESTION 8

Consider the standard electrode potentials given below.

Zn2+ / Zn Eo = - 0.76 V Ag+ /

Ag Eo = + 0.80 V

(i) Draw a labelled galvanic cell using the information above.

Show clearly the anode, cathode, the solutions and the direction of
electron flow.

(2 marks)

(ii) Justify the direction of electron flow in your diagram.

(iii) Write the cell notation for the galvanic cell.

Deduce the oxidising and the reducing agents.

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THE END