2015 FY13CE Detailed Solutions Chemistry Paper 1

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
FIJI YEAR 13 CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION 2015
CHEMISTRY PAPER 1
QUESTIONS
AND
DETAILED SOLUTIONS
WITH ADDITIONAL NOTES
© MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FY13CE 2015: CHEMISTRY.

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SECTION A [20 marks]
1. In a given electron shell, all of the orbitals have the same value of the ____________ quantum
number.
A. spin
B. principal
C. magnetic
D. angular momentum
Additional Notes
 In a given electron shell it is the principal quantum number(n) which remains the same
since it describes the main energy level.
 The angular momentum value(azimuthal quantum number- l)- describes the subshell
(s=0, p=1, d=2, f=3)
 Magnetic quantum number describes the orientation of orbitals and it ranges from
(2l +1) for a given l value.
 Spin quantum values are either (+½) or (-½). Each orbital has a capacity to hold a
maximum of two electrons.
2. In Group VII of the periodic table, the least electronegative element is
A. iodine.
B. fluorine.
C. chlorine.
D. bromine.
Additional Notes
 Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract the shared pair of electrons in a chemical
bond.
 Electronegativity increases across the period due to an increase in the nuclear charge while
the orbital size remains the same. Therefore, electrons are held tightly by the nucleus.
 Electronegativity decreases down the group due to an increase in the atomic size since more
shells are added. Shielding effect masks the influence of increased nuclear charge. Shielding
effect is the repelling of the valence electrons by the electrons from the inner shell.
 Iodine being placed at the bottom right hand side of the periodic table will be the least
electronegative atom [ F > Cl > Br > I ]

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3. The VSEPR Theory can be used to predict the

Note: For an animation on the VSEPR
A. size of atoms. theory. See:
B. size of molecules. http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/
animations/chang_7e_esp/bom3s2_7.swf
C. mass of molecules.
D. shape of molecules.
Additional Notes
 VSEPR Theory- Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory: states that lone pair-
lone pair repulsion is greater than lone pair-bond pair repulsion which is greater than bond
pair-bond pair repulsion.
[Lone pair-Lone pair > Lone pair-Bond pair > Bond pair-Bond pair]
 Using this theory it is very easy to predict the shape of a molecule.
Example: Ammonia (NH3)

In ammonia the lone pair-bond pair repulsion is greater than bond pair-bond pair repulsion.
This pushes the hydrogen’s below the plane forming a trigonal pyramidal shape.
4. Charles’s Law can be mathematically expressed as
A. P1V1  P2V2
B. PTotal  PA  PB  ...
V1 T1
C. 
V2 T2
P1V1 P2V2
D. 
T1 T2

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Additional Notes
 Charles Law is a temperature – volume relationship. It states that as the temperature of a
given sample of gas increases, its volume will also increase at constant pressure. In this
relationship temperature and volume is directly proportional to each other.
Charles Law can be written as:
V∞T [For a fixed amount of gas at constant pressure]
OR
V = kT [where k is a constant] Note: For demonstration of this Law see:
http://www.wikihow.com/Demonstrate-
=k Charles%27s-Law
=k= [Change in temperature results in change in volume]
5. Which of the following could be a possible unit for molality?
A. mol L-1
B. mg kg-1
C. mol kg-1
D. g mol-1
Additional Notes
 Molality of a solution is defined as the amount of substance dissolved per kilogram of
solvent.
m = mol kg-1
 Molarity of a solution is defined as the amount of substance dissolved per unit volume.
M= mol L-1 or mol dm-3
 Trace concentration (0.01% of sample) are measured in ppm (parts per million): mg kg-1 is
for solids and ml m-3 for liquids.
 The standard unit for molar mass is g mol-1.

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6. According to the kinetic molecular theory, how does a gas expand?
A. Its temperature rises.

B. Its particles become larger.
C. Its particles move greater distances.
D. Collisions between particles become slower.
Additional Notes
 Heat causes the molecules to move faster, making them move far apart and occupy a greater
volume. Thus, making the gas expand. Expansion of a gas is directly related to particles
occupying more space and this can only happen with increase in temperature.
 The volume of a gas increases more than the volume of a solid or liquid. However, gases
that are contained in a fixed volume cannot expand - and so increases in temperature result
in increase in pressure.
 Collision between particles and to the walls of container is related to pressure. The greater
the collision between particles and the walls of a container, the higher the pressure. This
happens when there is an increase in temperature. The particles gain energy and move faster
leading to more collisions. It is assumed that this happens in a closed container since volume
is kept constant.
7. What happens to the value of ∆H for a thermochemical reaction if the reaction is reversed?
A. ∆H has the same numerical value, and the sign changes.

B. ∆H has the same numerical value, and the sign remains the same.
C. ∆H is the reciprocal of the original value, and the sign changes.
D. ∆H is the reciprocal of the original value, and the sign remains the same.
Additional Notes
 In a thermochemical reaction if the reaction is reversed, the size of ∆H will remain the same
but the sign changes. Reversing the reaction means an endothermic reaction becomes an
exothermic reaction and vice-versa.
 If thermochemical equations are multiplied by a numerical value, then the value of ∆H also
needs to be multiplied by the same value.

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8. The oxides of alkali metals react with water to produce
A. metal hydrides.
B. a basic solution.
C. metal carbonates.
D. an acidic solution.
Additional Notes
 Most familiar oxides of alkali metals include Li2O, Na2O and K2O. All are basic and react
with water to form the respective basic hydroxide.
 Reaction equation:
Li2O(s) + H2O(l) → 2LiOH(aq)
Na2O(s) + H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq)
K2O(s) + H2O(l) → 2KOH(aq)
(highly basic hydroxides)
9. The bonding character changes from ionic to covalent in the chlorides of Period 3.
This is due to the decreasing difference in the ____________ between that of the Period 3
element and chlorine.
A. atomic radii
B. melting points
C. electronegativity
D. first ionization energy
Additional Notes
 The type of bond in a compound is directly related to the electronegativity difference of the
bonding atoms.
 The greater the electronegativity difference, the higher the ionic character. The smaller the
electronegativity difference, the higher the covalent character. Non-polar compounds have
zero to very little electronegativity difference between constituent atoms.

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10. In the periodic table, as the atomic number of elements in Group IV increases,
A. the element becomes more electronegative.

B. the oxides of the elements becomes more acidic.
C. the +4 oxidation state of the element becomes more stable.
D. the chlorides of the elements has increasing ionic character.
Additional Notes
As the atomic number of elements in group IV increases:
 The element becomes less electronegative: remember electronegativity decreases down the
group.
 Their oxides become less acidic. The oxides of the elements at the top of Group 4 are acidic,
but this acidity decreases down the Group. Towards the bottom of the group the oxides are
more basic, but do not lose their acidic character completely. A compound with both acidic
and basic properties is called amphoteric. The trend, therefore, ranges from acidic oxides at
the top of the group toward amphoteric oxides at the bottom.
 The stability of +4 oxidation state decreases and +2 increases down the group. The typical
oxidation state shown by elements in Group 4 is +4, found in compounds like CCl4, SiCl4
and SnO2. However, as you go down the Group, there are more and more examples where
the oxidation state is +2, such as SnCl2 and PbO. With tin, the +4 state is still more stable
than the +2, but by the time you get to lead, the +2 state becomes more stable and dominates
the chemistry of lead.
 The ionic character would increase for the chlorides of Group IV. As we move down the
group, the elements become less electronegative. The electronegativity difference between
these elements and Chlorine would increase down the group, leading to increased ionic
character. The greater the electronegativity difference, the higher the ionic character.
11. The following compound will show optical isomerism because it
Cl
H3C C H
OH
A. is saturated.
B. has polar bonds.
More information on optical isomerism can be found on:
C. has a tetrahedral structure. www.mwiseman.com/courses/chem_ib/notes
D. has an asymmetric carbon

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Additional Notes
 For compounds to show optical isomerism, it should have a chiral (asymmetric) carbon
centre.
 A chiral carbon has four different groups attached. For this reason it is also called an
asymmetric carbon.
 Optical isomers (enantiomers) are stereoisomers whose molecules are mirror reflections
of each other.
For the organic molecule given in the question above, the optical isomers are:
Cl Cl
H3C H H CH3
OH HO
12. What type of reaction is represented by the following equation?
CH3CH3 + Cl2 CH3CH2Cl + HCl
A. An addition reaction.
To see an interesting animated video on substitution
B. A substitution reaction. and addition reactions go to:
http://study.com/academy/lesson/organic-
C. A fermentation reaction.
chemical-reactions-addition-substitution-
D. An esterification reaction. oxidation-more.html
Additional Notes
 CH3CH3 is the formula of ethane (alkane). A substitution reaction takes place between an
alkane and chlorine. In a substitution reaction one atom is replaced by another atom. For
the reaction above chlorine substitutes a hydrogen atom.
 Alkenes and alkynes undergo addition reaction with Cl2. In this reaction the double and
triple bonds are broken making room for addition of other atoms. The rate of addition
reaction is faster with alkynes since triple bonds are more reactive than double bonds.
 In a fermentation reaction, sucrose is broken down into glucose and fructose. These
products are further broken into ethanol and carbon dioxide. Fermentation is an anaerobic
process. It is the basis of the baking, wine and beer industry.
 Esterification reaction- occurs between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. It is an example

of a condensation reaction where one molecule of water is lost. Esters are used as
synthetic flavours and perfumes.

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13. The boiling point of straight chain alkanes increases as the number of carbons increases. This is
because
A. larger molecules can pack tightly together.

B. the larger the molecule, the greater the dipole moment.
C. larger molecules usually can form hydrogen bonding better.
D. larger molecules have stronger van der Waals forces among them.
Additional Notes
 Alkanes are non-polar molecules. The van der Waals forces are created due to induced
(instantaneous) dipoles. These molecules do not have permanent dipoles. The larger the
alkanes, the greater their molecular mass and the stronger the van dar Waals forces.
 Larger molecules have more electrons, and are affected by van der Waals forces more
than smaller molecules with fewer electrons. With more electrons and more atoms, for
those electrons to be distributed over, there is a greater chance for frequent or large
instantaneous dipoles, increasing the overall van der Waals forces.
14. What type of reaction has taken place if chlorobenzene (C6H5Cl) has been synthesised from
benzene (C6H6) and chlorine (Cl2)?
A. Addition
B. Hydration
C. Substitution
D. Polymerisation
Additional Notes
 Benzene is a very highly stable aromatic compound. The reaction between benzene and
chlorine to produce chlorobenzene is an example a of substitution reaction. Similar
reaction of benzene with bromine is shown in Section C [Q1: d (iii)-Page 31]. Read the
additional notes on the reason for the high stability of benzene.
15. In the titration of a strong acid by a strong base, an equivalence point is exactly reached when the
A. titrant is finished in the burette.

B. pH of the solution becomes basic.
C. pH of the solution becomes acidic.
D. acid has been completely neutralised.

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Additional Notes
 Equivalence point of a titration is a point at which all the acid has reacted with the base
or vice - versa. It does not mean that the titrant would finish at the equivalence point.
The table below summarises the pH of solutions for different titrations.
Type of Titration Approximate pH at

Equivalence Point
Strong acid- strong base 7
Strong acid-weak base 5-6
Weak acid-strong base 8-9
Weak acid-weak base 7
16. What is the role of a buffer in a solution?
A. It keeps the pH of a solution constant.

B. It keeps the salt concentration of a solution constant.
C. It keeps the anion concentration of a solution constant.
D. It keeps the cation concentration of a solution constant.
Additional Notes
 A buffer solution maintains an approximately constant pH even when significant amount

of strong acid or base is added to it.
 Acidic buffer consists of a weak acid and its conjugate base.
 Basic buffer consists of a weak base and its conjugate acid.
Many processes in nature require carefully controlled pH so there are many natural buffer systems.
In the human body, many complex processes require carefully controlled pH for proper
functioning. Blood has a pH of 7.4. This is maintained by natural buffer system involving
haemoglobin and oxyhaemoglobin (both of which are bases) and their conjugate acids.

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17. The pH indicators are
A. salts of strong acids and bases.

B. either weak acids or weak bases.
C. either strong acids or strong bases.
D. salts of weak acids and weak bases.
Additional Notes
 pH indicators are made up of either weak acids or weak bases.
18. In an electrochemical cell, electrons travel from the

Note: For an interesting
A. cathode to the anode through the salt bridge. animation on this, see:
B. cathode to the anode through the external circuit. http://www.mhhe.com/phy
ssci/chemistry/animations/
C. anode to the cathode through the salt bridge. chang_2e/galvanic_cell.swf
D. anode to the cathode through the external circuit.
Additional Notes
 Oxidation occurs at the anode and reduction occurs at the cathode. Oxidation is the loss of
electrons so at the anode, electrons are produced. At the cathode these electrons are used in
reduction.
 Electrons produced at the anode moves to the cathode through the salt bridge.
19. What does the reducing agent do in an oxidation-reduction reaction?
A. It is always reduced.
B. It is reduced by the oxidising agent.
C. It loses electrons to the oxidising agent.
D. It gains electrons from the oxidising agent.
Additional Notes
 Oxidising agent is a substance which causes oxidation to take place but itself gets reduced.
An oxidising agent gains electrons.
 Reducing agent is a substance which causes reduction to take place but itself gets oxidised.
A reducing agent loses electrons.

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20. The limiting reagent is the reactant that ____________ in a chemical reaction.
A. is not used
B. is in excess
C. has the smallest mass
D. is completely used up
Additional Notes
 In any chemical reaction, one of the reactant will determine when the reaction is going to
stop. Upon comparison of mole ratio, a limiting reagent will have the limiting moles.
Example
Question
Determine the limiting reagent when 12 g of carbon reacts with 8 g of oxygen.
Answer
C(s) + O2 (g) CO2 (g) [Obtain balanced equation]
C : O2 [Relate mole ratio]

1:1 [Simplest ratio]
12 g/12 g mol-1 : 8 g/32 g mol-1 [Calculate moles of each reactant= m/M]
1 mol : 0.25 mol [ Actual moles]
According to the balanced chemical equation, 1 mole of C reacts with 1 mole of O2 to give 1 mole
of carbon dioxide; this means that 1 mole of C requires 1 mole of O2. However, according to our
calculation, we have 0.25 moles of O2 only. Therefore, O2 becomes the limiting reagent.

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SECTION B [30 marks]

QUESTION 1
(a) What does the Pauli Exclusion Principle state? (1 mark)
Answer
 It states that no two electrons in an atom can have the same values for the four
quantum numbers, or;
 Each electron in an atom has a unique set quantum numbers, or;
 No two electrons in an atom can be in the same quantum state.
Additional Notes
Two electrons can have same principal (n), azimuthal (l) and magnetic (2l + n) quantum number.
However, they will differ in the spin quantum number. An orbital can contain a maximum of only
two electrons and the two electrons must have opposite spin.
(b) Each electron in an atom can be described using four different quantum numbers.
What does the magnetic quantum number of an atom indicate? (1 mark)
Answer
 The direction/orientation of an orbital in space.
Additional Notes
The magnetic quantum number (ml) specifies the orientation an orbital in space for a given energy
(n) and shape (l). This number divides the subshell into individual orbitals which hold the
electrons. There are 2l + 1 orbitals in each subshell.

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(c) The first ionisation energy of magnesium is 737 kJ mol-1.

Define the term ionisation energy. (1 mark)
Answer
 It is the energy needed to remove an electron from a gaseous atom or ion.
Additional Notes
737 kJ of energy is required to remove the first electron from one mole of magnesium atoms. More
energy is required when the electrons are closer to the nucleus since the electrons are held strongly
by the nucleus. For this reason, small size atoms have high ionisation energy. For larger atoms, the
electrons are held weakly by the nucleus and are more shielded.
Fully filled shells are highly stable and require large amount of energy for the removal of the first
electron. For these atoms, the second ionisation energy would be lower.
QUESTION 2
(a) Diamond is mostly used to make jewelleries because it is hard and durable.
Briefly explain the reason for the hardness in diamond in terms of its structure
and bonding. (1 mark)
Answer
 The carbon atom is covalently bonded to four other carbon atoms in a three
dimensional network structure.
Additional Notes
Diamond is a macromolecular solid due to the giant structure. It is extremely hard and has high
boiling point due to the giant network of covalent bonds. However, it is a non-conductor of
electricity since all the valence electrons are used in bonding.
Note: For an animation on this, see:

http://www.tutorvista.com/chemistry/
animations/structure-of-diamond-
and-graphite-animation
Source: http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/intermediate2/chemistry/building_blocks

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(b) Gases behave differently when exposed to different conditions such as changes
in pressure and temperature.
(i) State Boyle’s Law of gases. (1 mark)
Answer
 At constant temperature, the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure.
 P1V1 = P2V2 OR PV = k OR P 1/V at constant temperature.
Additional Notes
As the volume decreases, the pressure increases since there would be more collisions taking place
inside the container. This occurs at a constant temperature. A simple demonstration of it is shown
below.
Diagram 1 Diagram 2
Source: www.passmyexams.co.uk
Graphical Analysis
Source: www.passmyexams.co.uk
Diagram 1 shows a sealed cylinder that contains a fixed mass of a gas at constant temperature. The
gas pressure is created by collision of particles with one another and with the walls of the cylinder.
In Diagram 2, a force is exerted on the piston to compress the gas. The pressure and volumes are
recorded for different applied forces. A decrease in volume causes an increase in pressure. The
Graphical Analysis shows that pressure is inversely proportional to volume.
Note: For an animation on Boyles law; see

http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-12/airplane/aboyle.html
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(ii) When the pressure is kept constant, how does the volume of a given
sample of gas change as the temperature is increased? (1 mark)
Answer
Note: For a good illustration on Charles law, see:
 It increases.
http://www.tutorvista.com/chemistry/animations/
charles-law-animation
Additional Notes
This is the Charles Law, where an increase in temperature causes an increase in volume at constant
pressure. With increase in temperature, the particles gain energy and they move further apart. This
happens in an open container.
QUESTION 3
(a) Electronegativity is the strength of an atoms attraction for the shared pair of
electrons. Give the trend in electronegativity of elements across the periodic
table. (1 mark)
Answer
 It increases from left to right.
This has been thoroughly discussed in Question 2 of Multiple Choice.
(b) Describe the trend of electrical conductivity of the Period 3 element oxides
(in molten state) from left to right across the periodic table. (1 mark)
Answer
 Changes from high to non-conductivity OR Good, very poor to non-conductor.
Additional Notes
Na2O, MgO and Al2O3 are ionic solids. In their molten state, they are perfect electrical conductors.
SiO2 is a poor conductor and the oxides of sulphur are even worse. Cl2O and Cl2O7 are non-
conductors. In the molten state, ionic solids have mobile ions which move and conduct electricity.
The conductivity of the covalent oxides of Period 3 changes from poor to non-conductors because
they do not have delocalised electrons.

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Table Showing the Oxides of Period 3 and Their Properties
Source: ibslandhlchemistry.blogspot.com
(c) Polyester is an example of a polymer. Which two chemicals are used to form
polyesters? (1 mark)
Answer
 A dicarboxylic acid and a diol.
Additional Notes
Polyesters are long chain synthetic polymers that have ester linkages. Polyester materials are used
as fibers, plastics, and films. They are truly versatile materials. A dicarboxylic acid is a
carboxylic acid with two carboxylic acid groups and a diol is an alcohol with two hydroxyl
groups. These are the monomers that make up polyester.
The equation below shows the synthesis of polyester (Dacron). It is a man-made fiber used in
curtains, dress fabrics, high-pressure fire hoses and shirts.
Source: chemwiki.ucdavis.edu

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QUESTION 4
(a) Carbon is known for its catenation properties. Define the term catenation. (1 mark)
Answer
 Ability of atoms of the same element to form long chains or ring or;
 Self-linking of atoms of an element to form long chains or rings or;
 The linking of identical atoms to form long chains or rings.
Additional Notes
Carbon has a greater ability to catenate since carbon-to-carbon bond is stronger, thus making
oxidation of carbon compounds difficult. Due to this reason, carbon can form long chain
compounds. As we move down Group IV, the strength of bonds between the atoms decreases due
to an increase in atomic size. These elements have lower ability to catenate.
(b) Chromium is a transition metal commonly used in alloys.
(i) What is a transition metal? (1 mark)
Answer
 A metal whose atoms have an incompletely/partially filled d subshell or;

 Have valence electrons in d-subshell.
Additional Notes
They are placed in the middle of the periodic table. Some of its common properties include:
- They are all good conductors of heat and electricity. Since they are metals, they have a
sea of mobile electrons which are delocalised.
- Most transition metals form coloured compounds. The splitting of the d-orbitals into
slightly different energy levels results in absorption of only certain wavelengths of
energy. This produces colours in transition metal compounds.
- Have multiple oxidation states. They have partially filled d-orbitals, so they lose varying
number of electrons resulting in variable oxidation states
- Are used as catalysts, either as the metal itself or as some of their compounds. Their
partially filled d-orbitals enable the donation and acceptance of electrons.
- Many transition metals and their compounds are paramagnetic while others are
diamagnetic. Paramagnetic elements are attracted to the magnet(have lone or unpaired
electrons). Diamagnetic elements are not attracted to a magnet since all their electrons are
paired.

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(ii) Transition metals are known to have multiple oxidation states and their
ions and compounds are usually coloured. State the colour of Cr3+ and
Cr2O72- ions. (1 mark)
Answer
 Cr3+ green Cr2O72- orange
QUESTION 5
(a) Complete the sentence below by selecting the best options from the word list.
temperature, endothermic, zero, exothermic, negative, positive, neutral
A chemical reaction that absorbs heat from the surrounding is said to be

___________ and has a ___________ enthalpy change at constant pressure. (1 mark)
Answer
 A chemical reaction that absorbs heat from the surrounding is said to be endothermic and
has a positive enthalpy change at constant pressure.
Additional Notes
In an endothermic reaction, the positive enthalpy change indicates that heat energy is absorbed by the
system from the surrounding. In an exothermic, reaction the ∆H value is negative. This indicates that
heat energy is released from the system to the surrounding. In thermochemical experiments heat
energy of the system is measured.
 System- part of the universe we want to study.
 Surrounding- everything else in the universe, except the system.
(b) Consider the equation shown below.
H H H H H H
C C + HCl H C C Cl + Cl C C H
H3C H CH3 H CH3 H
A B

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(i) State the rule which can be used to predict the major product of the
above reaction. (½ mark)
Answer
 Markovnikov’s rule
Additional Notes
In a Markovnikov’s Addition hydrogen will attach to the carbon with the most number of
hydrogens. The more hydrogen-rich carbon will be hydrogen-richer.
In the above reaction students had to make a choice between carbon number 1 and carbon number 2
(from RHS) of the propene molecule. Carbon number 1 has two hydrogens and carbon number 2
has one hydrogen. Since hydrogen attaches to a carbon with the most number of hydrogens,
hydrogen from HCl attaches to carbon number 1 and chlorine attaches to carbon number 2.
(ii) Indicate whether A or B will be the major product. (½ mark)
Answer
 B
Additional Notes
From the explanation in part (i), students can easily decide that the major product is B.
(c) Functional group priority needs to be considered when naming an organic

compound with multiple functional groups. Arrange the following functional
groups in order of increasing priority.
alcohol, alkene, carboxylic acid, ketone (1 mark)
Answer
 Increasing priority order: Alkene, alcohol, ketone, carboxylic acid.
Additional Notes
Priority is determined by the functional group present in a compound. The priority order of organic
molecules is shown in the table on the next page.

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Priority of Functional Groups
Source:www.pinterest.com
QUESTION 6
(a) Hess's law is a relationship in physical chemistry named after Germain Hess, a
Swiss-born Russian chemist and physician.
What does the Hess’s law state? (1 mark)
Answer
 It states that the enthalpy change for a reaction is independent of the way in which a
reaction proceeds or;
 It states that overall enthalpy change in a reaction is equal to the sum of the enthalpy
changes of the individual steps of the process or;
 It states that the enthalpy change of a reaction is same whether the process takes place in
one or in several steps.
Additional Notes
Hess’s law allows us to calculate enthalpy changes for those reactions which are not convenient to
carry out and for those reactions for which ∆H ˚ values are not known or cannot be measured.

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(b) Choose from the word list given, a suitable reactant/reagent/product to answer
the questions which follow.
haloalkane, alkene, alcohol, primary amine, imine, acid chloride
(i) Which can be reacted with hydrogen and platinum catalyst to give the
corresponding alkane?
(ii) Which can be made by reacting an alkyl halide with ammonia (NH3)?
(iii) Which can react with sodium metal to form an alkoxide ion?
(iv) What is made from the condensation reaction of aldehydes with
ammonia (NH3)? (2 marks)
Answers
(i) Alkene
(ii) Primary amine
(iii) Alcohol
(iv) Imine
Additional Notes
(i) An alkene being converted to an alkane is an example of an addition reaction.

Specifically it is a hydrogenation reaction.
Pt
CH2=CH2 + H2 → CH3-CH3
Ethene Ethane
(ii) This is an example of a nucleophilc substitution reaction where NH3 substitutes a halogen
from the alkyl halide.
CH3CH2Cl + NH3 → CH3CH2NH2 + HCl

Alky halide Primary amine
(iii)This is again an example of a substitution reaction. The hydrogen from the (-OH) group of an
alcohol is substituted by the sodium metal.
CH3CH2OH + Na → CH3CH2O-Na+
Ethanol Sodium ethoxide
(iv) Aldehydes and ketones react with ammonia by removing a molecule of water. Elimination
of water gives an imine with ammonia.
H O H NH
H C C H + NH3 H C C H
H H
Aldehyde Imine

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QUESTION 7
(a) Draw the structure of the major product of the following reactions:
(i) O
Cr2 O72-/H+
C
H3C H (1 mark)
Answer
 Structure of product:
O
C
H3C OH
Additional Notes
Oxidation of aldehydes results in a carboxylic acid. Acidified potassium dichromate (Cr2O72-/H+)

is a very excellent oxidising agent. Ethanal is oxidized to ethanoic acid. Aldehydes can be
produced by controlled oxidation of primary alcohols.
(ii) OH
Cr2 O72-/H+
H3C C CH3
H (1 mark)
Answer
 Structure of product:
O
C
H3C CH3
Additional Notes
The structure being oxidized is a secondary alcohol and results in a ketone. Propan-2-ol is oxidized
to propanone.
 Oxidation of a primary alcohol results in a carboxylic acid.

 Tertiary alcohols do not undergo oxidation.

24
(b) There are different categories of acids. What is a Lewis acid? (1 mark)
Answer
 It is any ionic or molecular species that can accept a pair of electrons from another
species.
Additional Notes
A Lewis acid will accept a pair of electrons from a Lewis base.

Example:
H3N: + BCl3 → H3N-BCl3
Lewis Base Lewis Acid
 Lewis base- is a species which donates electrons to a Lewis acid.
QUESTION 8
(a) Give a mathematical expression which describes the relationship between

Ka and pKa. (1 mark)
Answer
 pKa = -log(Ka)
An acid dissociation constant (Ka) is a quantitative measure of the strength of an acid in solution.
The larger the value of Ka, the smaller the value of pKa, the higher the extent of dissociation. A
strong acid has a larger Ka value (small pKa) and a weak acid has a smaller Ka value (larger pKa).
Similarly for Kb and pKb is used for bases.
(b) Acids can be classified as weak or strong acids.

Give the definition of a weak acid. (1 mark)

25
Answer
 An acid which only partially ionises/dissociates in water.
Additional Notes
Example of dissociation of a weak acid:
CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l) CH3COO-(aq) + H3O+(aq)
For a weak acid some of the ions will remain undissociated.
A strong acid is one which fully ionises/dissociates in water.
Example:
HCl(l) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
(c) Identify two oxidising agents from the following list:
Mg, Cl2, Zn, MnO4-, S2O32-, BrO3- (1 mark)
Answer
 Any two out of three: Cl2, MnO4- and BrO3-
Additional Notes
The species above gain electrons (gets reduced). These are oxidizing agents.
Cl2 + 2e- 2Cl-

MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- Mn2+ + 4H2O
BrO3- + 5Br– + 6H+ 3Br2 + 3H2O
These species lose electrons (gets oxidised). These are reducing agents.
Mg Mg2+ + 2e-
Zn Zn2+ + 2e-
2S2O32- S4O62- + 2e-
Oxidation cannot take place without reduction and reduction cannot take place without oxidation.
Electron lost by one species has to be gained by another species.

26
QUESTION 9
Consider the molecular formulas of four different amines below.
(CH3)2NCH2CH3 (CH3)3N CH3CH2NHCH3 NH2CH3
For the list above, identify a
(i) primary amine.

(ii) secondary amine. (1 mark)
Answer
(i) Primary amine: NH2CH3

(ii) Secondary amine: CH3CH2NHCH3
Additional Notes
 Primary amine- nitrogen will have one alkyl group attached.

 Secondary amine- nitrogen will have two alkyl groups attached.
 Tertiary amine- nitrogen will have three alkyl groups attached.
(CH3)2NCH2CH3 and (CH3)3N are tertiary amines
(b) Standard state conditions are defined by Standard Temperature and Pressure
(STP). What are the values of temperature and pressure for standard state
conditions? (1 mark)
Answer
 STP- Temperature = 0˚C OR 273 K

- Pressure = 1 atm OR 101.3 kPa OR 760 mm Hg
 Standard State Conditions - Temperature = 25 ˚C OR 298 K

-Pressure = 1 atm OR 101.3 kPa OR 760 mm Hg
Additional Notes
Standard conditions of temperature and pressure (STP) have different value of temperature
compared to standard state conditions. For this reason two answers were allowed.

27
(c) State the purpose of a salt bridge in an electrochemical cell. (1 mark)
Answer
 To maintain charge balance in the cell.

 To keep the half cells electrically neutral.
 To keep the ions/charge flowing through the cell.
Additional Notes
Any of the answers is correct for the purpose of a salt bridge.
QUESTION 10
(a) Explain why is the sodium ion (Na+) smaller in size than the sodium atom. (1 mark)
Answer
 Nuclear charge more effective in the ion than the atom.
Additional Notes
Due to the loss of one electron, sodium ion (Na+) has now one less electron held by the protons.
So overall there is a greater attraction between the nucleus and the electron in a sodium ion as
compared to a sodium atom. The protons in the sodium ion holds the electrons more tightly than
the sodium atom.
Sodium atom(Na) Sodium ion(Na+)
+11p 11e- weaker nuclear pull +11p 10e- stronger nuclear pull
(b) An alkyl halide can react with hydroxyl ion (OH-) to give a substituted
product as shown in the example below.
CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 Cl  OH  CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 OH  Cl 
(i) What type of substitution reaction is shown above? (½ mark)

28
Answer
 Nucleophilic substitution.
Additional Notes
A nucleophile is a neutral molecule or negatively charged ion that has a lone pair of electrons
, orcan be donated for bond formation. Some common nucleophiles: OH-,, NH3, H2O, halogens.
which
(ii) What is the role of OH- ion in this reaction? (½ mark)
Answer
 It initiates the nucleophilic substitution reaction,or;

 It donates a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.
(c) An acidic buffer solution can be prepared by combining a weak acid with its
conjugate base. Using this information, describe how a basic buffer solution
can be prepared. (1 mark)
Answer
 By combining a weak base and its with its conjugate acid, or;
 By combining a weak base with its salt.
Additional Notes
A buffer is a solution which can resist drastic changes in its pH upon addition of an acid or a
base.

29
SECTION C [50 marks]
QUESTION 1
(a) Copper occurs naturally in two isotopes, 63Cu and 65Cu.
(i) Account for the difference in the relative atomic masses of the two
isotopes of copper in terms of their atomic composition. (1 mark)
Answer
65
 Cu has two more neutrons than 63Cu, or;
 They have different number of neutrons.
Additional Notes
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with same number of protons but different number of
neutrons.
(ii) If the relative abundance of 63Cu and 65Cu is 27.5% and 72.5%,
respectively, calculate copper's relative atomic mass (Ar). (2 marks)
Answer
 Ar (Cu) =
= 27.5 × 63 + 72.5 × 65
100 100
= 64.46 amu
(b) Real gases violate the postulates of the kinetic molecular theory.
State two situations in which a real gas no longer behaves as an ideal gas. (2 marks)
Answer
 Low temperature
 High pressure
Additional Notes
 Real gas- gases that do not obey the five postulates of the kinetic theory of gases.
 Ideal gas- obeys all of these laws perfectly.

30
Postulates of the kinetic theory of gases:
1. Gases are made up of small particles that are in constant random motion.
2. Volume of gaseous molecules is negligible to the total volume occupied by the gas.
3. Intermolecular forces between the gas molecules are negligible.
4. Collision of particles with each other and the walls of the container are elastic.
5. The average kinetic energy of the particles is directly proportional to the absolute
temperature.
(c) Magnesium oxide and silicon dioxide are two of the oxides of the elements
found in Period 3 of the periodic table.
(i) Compare the bonding types in magnesium oxide and silicon dioxide. (1 mark)
Answer
 Magnesium oxide has ionic bonding (metal and non-metal).
 Silicon dioxide has covalent bonding (both non –metals).
(ii) How would both oxides react with water? (1 mark)
Answer
 Magnesium oxide will react with water to form magnesium hydroxide/ magnesium
oxide gives a basic solution.
MgO(s) + H2O(l) → Mg(OH)2(aq)
 Silicon dioxide will not react.

SiO2(s) + H2O(l) → No reaction
(d) Use the compounds from the following list to identify reactants X, Y and Z in
the equations given below.
CH3CH2COCH3 CH3CH2CH2OH CH3CH2CH2Cl

CH3CHClCH3 CH3CH2Cl CH3CH2OCH3
O
(i) oxidation
X H3C CH2 C
OH

31
Answer
 CH3CH2CH2OH
Additional Notes
A primary alcohol or an aldehyde can be oxidised into a carboxylic acid. Since in the option box
there is no aldehyde so the given primary alcohol (propan-1-ol) is the correct answer.
(ii) Y + NH3 H3C CH2 C CH3 + H2O
NH
Answer
 CH3CH2COCH3
Additional Notes
The product is an imine. Imines can be prepared by reacting aldehydes or ketones with ammonia. If
an imine has two alky groups, it is derived from a ketone. The ketone has to have four carbons in
the chain. Therefore, butanone is chosen rather than propane (CH3CH2OCH3 ).
Br
(iii) Br2 + Z FeBr3 + HBr
(3 marks)
Answer
 C6H6
Additional Notes
C6H6 is an aromatic structure and it is the molecular formula of benzene.
Resonance structure of benzene

All these structures represents the benzene. Benzene only undergoes substitution reaction with
halogens under special conditions.
Benzene is a very stable compound. The extra stability of benzene results from the delocalisation
(electrons not confined to the two carbons that form the double bond but spread within the ring) of
double bond electrons. This results in resonance structures. Due to the extra stability of benzene,
addition reaction with benzene does not take place.

32
QUESTION 2
(a) Transition metals, such as copper (Cu), are capable of forming complex ions.
Answer the following questions with respect to the light blue complex ion,
[Cu(H2O)6]2+.
(i) Name the complex ion. (1 mark)
Answer
 Hexaaquacopper(II) ion OR Hexaaquocopper(II) ion
Additional Notes
Rules of naming complex ions:
1. State number of ligands around the central metal ion [hexa-6]

2. Identify the ligand [ aqua-H2O]
3. Name the cation [copper]
4. Indicate the oxidation number of ion using roman numerical [II]
(ii) What type of bonding is present between the H2O and Cu2+? (½ mark)
Answer
 Coordinate bonding OR Dative covalent bonding OR Dative bonding OR
Coordinate covalent bonding.
Additional Notes
Dative bond - A dative bond is a covalent bond between two atoms where one of the atom
provides both electrons that form the bond.
Ligand - an ion or molecule with lone pair(s) of electron which bind with the central metal ion.
(iii) State the coordination number of the complex ion. (½ mark)

Also Known As: coordination bond, dipolar bond
Answer
 6
Additional Notes
Coordination number is the number of ligands bonded to the central metal ion.

33
(iv) Briefly explain the reason for the light blue colour of the complex ion. (1 mark)
Answer
 Due to the energy difference from the splitting of d-orbitals of copper, or;
 Due to energy being absorbed and emitted by the d-orbital electrons of copper.
(b) Given the following two reactions and the respective heat of reactions (ΔH):
S(s) + O2(g) SO2(g) ∆H = -297 kJ mol-1
SO3(g) SO2(g) + ½O2(g) ∆H = +141 kJ mol-1
calculate the ΔH for the following reaction:
S( s )  3
2 O 2( g ) SO 3(g ) (2 marks)
Answer
S(s) + O2 (g) → SO2 (g) ΔH = -297 kJ mol-1 [No change to this equation]
SO2 (g) + O2 (g) → SO3(g) ΔH = -141 kJ mol-1 [ Equation reversed-sign reversed]
S(s) + O2(g) → SO3(g) (½ mark) ΔH = -438 kJ mol-1
Additional Notes
This question is the application of the Hess’s Law.
(c) 2-butene (CH3CH=CHCH3) can exist as different isomers.
(i) Name the two geometrical isomers of 2-butene. (2 marks)
Answer
 cis-2-butene OR cis-but-2-ene and trans-2-butene OR trans-but-2-ene
Additional Notes
 Cis-but-2-ene: similar groups on the same side of the double bond.

 Trans-but-2-ene: similar groups on different sides of the double bond.
 Geometrical Isomers-stereoisomers that are not mirror reflections of each other.

34
(ii) How do the boiling points of the two isomers in (i) above compare? (1 mark)
Answer
 The boiling point of cis isomer would be higher than the trans isomer.
Additional Notes
Cis isomers are polar and therefore it requires more heat to break the stronger intermolecular
force so higher boiling point.
(d) Write the equilibrium constant expression (Kc ) for the following reaction:
5O2(g) + 4NH3(g) 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g) (1 mark)
Answer
Additional Notes
Dissociation constant is written as the concentration of products over reactants.
(e) What does the term standard cell potential mean? (1 mark)
Answer
 It is the potential of a cell measured at 1 mol L-1 concentration, 298 K / 25 ˚C and 1
atm pressure.
QUESTION 3
(a) A saponification reaction, such as the one given below, involves the hydrolysis
of a triglyceride under basic conditions.
H2C O C (CH2)14 ‒ CH3

O O
HC O C (CH2)14 ‒ CH3 + 3NaOH A + 3Na+ ‒ O C (CH2)14 ‒ CH3

O
H2C O C (CH2)14 ‒ CH3

35
(i) Draw the structure of the missing product, A. (1 mark)
Answer
(i) Draw the structure of the missing product, A. (1 mark)
H 2C OH
HC OH
H 2C OH
Additional Notes
This molecule is glycerol. The reaction shows the basic hydrolysis of an ester.
(ii) To which general class of organic molecules do triglycerides belong to? (½ mark)
Answer
 Esters
Esters are categorised by the [ ] functional group.
(iii) Name an industry which would use the above reaction for manufacturing a product.
(½ mark)
Answer
 Soap industry/manufacturing or glycerol manufacturing.
(b) A 25.0 mL of 1.4 x 10-9 mol L-1 NaI solution and a 35.0 mL of 7.9 x 10-7
mol L-1 AgNO3 solution are mixed together at 25 °C.
(i) Calculate the concentration of the silver ions (Ag+) in the mixture. (1 mark)
Answer
Concentration of Ag+ ions

[Ag+] = n/V
= (35.0 × 10-3 L) × (7.90 × 10-7 mol L-1) (moles = c x v)
(35.0 × 10-3 L + 25.0 × 10-3 L) (volume = total volume)
= 4.61 × 10-7 mol L-1

36
(ii) Calculate the concentration of the iodide ions (I-) in the mixture. (1 mark)
Answer
Concentration of I- ions
[I-] = n/V
= (25.0 × 10-3 L) × (1.40 × 10-9 mol L-1)
(25.0 × 10-3 L + 35.0 × 10-3 L) (volume = total volume)
= 5.83 × 10-10 mol L-1
(ii) Determine the ionic product of silver iodide (AgI) in the mixture. (1 mark)
Answer
Ionic product of AgI

IP (AgI) = [Ag+] × [I-]
= 5.83 × 10-10 mol L-1 × 4.61 × 10-7 mol L-1
= 2.69 × 10-16 mol2 L-2
(iii) If the Ksp of silver iodide (AgI) at 25 oC is 8.5 x 10-17, predict whether a
silver iodide precipitate will form or not. (1 mark)
Answer
Prediction
If IP > Ksp, a precipitate will form and if IP ≤ Ksp, a precipitate will not form
Since IP (2.69 x 10-16mol2 L-2) is greater than Ksp (8.5 x 10-17mol2 L-2) a precipitate forms.
(c) The following questions are based on the unbalanced equation shown below:
Cr(OH)3 + Br2 CrO42- + Br-

37
(i) Write the balanced reduction half-equation. (1 mark)

(ii) Write the balanced oxidation half-equation. (1 mark)
(iii) Give the overall balanced equation in basic medium. (1 mark)
Answer
(i) Br2 + 2e- → 2Br-
(ii) H2O + Cr(OH)3 → CrO42- + 5H+ + 3e-
(iii) 3Br2 + 2Cr(OH)3 + 2H2O → 6Br- + 2CrO42- + 10H+ [balanced in acidic medium]
3Br2 + 2Cr(OH)3 + 10OH- → 6Br- + 2CrO42- + 8H2O [balanced in basic medium]
Additional Notes
Detailed balancing of the equations above:
(i)
Br2 → Br- [Obtain reduction half equation from the combined equation]
Br2 → 2Br- [Balance atoms on both side by adding 2 on RHS]
Br2 + 2e- → 2Br- [Balance charge by adding 2e- on the LHS]
(ii)
Cr(OH)3 CrO42- [Obtain oxidation half equation from the combined equation]
Cr(OH)3 + H2O CrO42- [ Balance any other atom apart from H and O,
Then balance O by adding one H2O molecule on LHS]
Cr(OH)3 + H2O CrO42- + 5H+ [Balance H by adding 5H+ on RHS]
Cr(OH)3 + H2O + CrO42- + 5H+ + 3e- [Balance charge: LHS has an overall charge of (0) and
RHS has (+3), add 3e- on RHS to balance this]
(iii)
3× (Br2 + 2e- → 2Br-) [Both equation should have equal number of e- , so
2× (Cr(OH)3 + H2O + CrO42- + 5H+ + 3e-) multiply first equation by 3 and second by 2]
3Br2 + 6e- → 6Br-
[Cancel like terms and add the two equations
2Cr(OH)3 + 2H2O 2 CrO42- + 10H+ + 6e- to obtain overall balanced equation]
___________________________________________
3Br2 + 2Cr(OH)3 + 2H2O → 6Br- + 2CrO42- + 10H+ [Overall balanced equation in acidic medium]
_________________________________________________________________
Now balance in basic medium

3Br2 + 2Cr(OH)3 + 2H2O + 10 OH- → 6Br- + 2CrO42- + 10H+ + 10 OH-
[Add 10 OH- on both sides as there are 10H+]
8
3Br2 + 2Cr(OH)3 + 2H2O + 10OH- → 6Br- + 2CrO42- + 10H2O [10 H+ + 10 OH- form 10 H2O]
_____________________________________________ [Cancel water molecule]
- - 2-
3Br2 + 2Cr(OH)3 + 10OH → 6Br + 2CrO4 + 8H2O [Overall balanced equation in basic medium]
_____________________________________________

38
(d) Given the standard reduction potentials of three redox couples below, explain
why Ag+ is easier to reduce as compared to Ni2+ and Cu2+.
E° (Ag+/Ag) = +0.80 V ; E° (Ni2+/Ni) = -0.25 V ; E° (Cu2+/Cu) = +0.34 V (1 mark)
Answer
 Its reduction potential is most positive amongst all the three.
Additional Notes
Standard Reduction Potential (SRP) is a measure of a substance ability to get reduced. The higher
the SRP value the more easily it is reduced.
QUESTION 4
(a) The electron configuration of three elements X, Y and Z are [He]2s1, [Ne]3s1
and [Ar]4s1, respectively.
(i) Write the full electronic configuration of the element Z. (1 mark)
Answer
 1s22s22p63s23p64s1
Z- [Ar]4s1 means element Z has 19 electrons. It has to be filled from the lowest energy level.
(ii) Arrange X, Y and Z in terms of their increasing first ionisation energy. (½ mark)
Answer
 Z, Y, X
(iii) Justify the arrangement in (ii) above. (1½ marks)
Answer
 The outermost electron in Z is farthest away from the nucleus, thus feels the least
attraction from the nuclear charge and hence requires the least energy to remove,
or;

39
 The outermost electron in X is closest to the nucleus, thus feels the most attraction
from the nuclear charge and hence requires the most energy to remove, or;
 As new shells are added down the group, the outermost electron get lesser attraction
from the nucleus due to increased shielding effect and hence require lesser energy to
remove.
(b) Real gases can deviate from ideal behaviour due to attractive forces between gas
molecules. Describe any two types of attractive intermolecular forces that can
be present in real gases. (2 marks)
Answer
 Dipole - dipole attraction

 Dipole - induced dipole attraction(London dispersion forces)
 Induced dipole - induced dipole attraction(van der Waals forces)
Additional Notes
Dipole - dipole attraction

Dipole-dipole forces are attractive forces between the positive end of one polar molecule and the
negative end of another polar molecule. An example of a dipole-dipole interaction can be seen in
hydrogen chloride (HCl).
Source: https://www.boundless.com
Dipole - induced dipole attraction

This attraction is present between a polar and a non-polar molecule. The polar molecule will
distort the charge balance on the non-polar molecule. This temporarily induces a dipole. Induced
dipole forces result when an ion or a dipole induces a dipole in an atom or a molecule with no
dipole. These are weak forces.
Source: http://www.icoachmath.com
In the above example, acetone has a dipole (slightly partial charge due to the carbonyl group.
This induces a dipole on hexane and results in a weak attraction.

40
Induced dipole - induced dipole attraction (van der Waals forces or Dispersion)
Present in non-polar molecules such as H2, Cl2, CO2, etc. It is the weakest of all forces. In all
molecules the electrons are in constant motion. This leads to shifting of electron clouds temporarily
within molecules. The strength of this attraction increases with increase in molecular mass (size).
Molecular Models for Some Common Interactions
Source: http://www.icoachmath.com
(c) Complete the orbital diagram of the chromium (Cr) atom in your Answer Book.
(Atomic number Cr = 24) (1 mark)
Answer
Additional Notes
To complete the orbital diagram, students should first write the electronic configuration:
Cr- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5

Once this is done, then the electrons can be filled into orbitals (s=2, p=6, d=10). Orbitals are filled
from the lowest energy level first. It should be noted that 4s orbital is filled first then 3d orbital since
it is lower in energy.
For chromium the configuration is 4s1 3d5 not 4s23d4. Half filled and fully filled orbitals are more
stable. 4s1 3d5 are half filled orbitals, therefore has extra stability.
Using the Quantum Theory, Hund’s Rule and Pauli Exclusion Principle it is ensured that all
electrons have a unique set of quantum numbers.

41
(d) When a 13.9 g sample of solid sodium hydroxide dissolves in 250.0 g of water
in a coffee-cup calorimeter, the temperature increases from 23.0 ˚C to 37.0 ˚C.
Calculate the amount of heat released in this process. Assume that the solution
has the same specific heat as liquid water, i.e., 4.18 J g-1 ˚C-1. (2 marks)
Answer
Heat released by the solution = mc∆T (½ mark)
= 263.9 g × 4.18 J g-1 ˚C-1 × (37.0 – 23.0) ˚C (1 mark)
= 15443.43 J OR 15.44 × 103 J OR 15.44 kJ (½ mark)
Additional Notes
The quantity of energy released when sodium hydroxide dissolves is equal to the quantity of heat
energy absorbed by the water in the calorimeter. This is because there will be an increase in the
temperature of water when it gains heat energy released by sodium hydroxide upon dissolving in
water. Because sodium hydroxide is dissolved in water the total mass of the solution is taken (250g +
13.9g).
(e) Name the following compounds according to the IUPAC nomenclature.

(i) O (ii) Cl O
H3C CH C CH2 CH3
H3C CH CH2 C
CH3 H (2 marks)
Answer
(i) 2-methyl-3-pentanone OR 2-methylpentan-3-one
(ii) 3-chlorobutanal
Additional Notes
Naming of organic compounds is done by using the IUPAC rules:
Example: for compound (i)
1. Locate the longest chain (parent chain). This determines the parent name.
O
H3C CH C CH2 CH3
CH3
4 carbon chain with carbonyl group (ketone) at carbon number 3: pentan-3-one. (2 marks)
2. Identify the substituents and number the chain so that the substituent gets the lowest number.
When a functional group is present as a substituent, the functional group should be given the
lowest numerical value.
O
1 2 3 4 5
H3C CH C CH2 CH3
CH3
Substituent: methyl
Name: 2-methylpentan-3-one
 If same substituent appearing more than once, use prefix: di, tri, tetra, etc.
 If two functional groups are present, the parent name is assigned to the group of high priority.
42
QUESTION 5
(a) Nitrogen gas was produced by heating ammonium nitrite as follows:
NH4NO2(s) 2H2O(l) + N2(g)
When the products were collected over water at 25 ˚C and 101.3 kPa, the
volume of the dry nitrogen gas observed was 1.043 L.
(i) Determine the partial pressure of nitrogen gas.

(Standard vapour pressure of water at 25 ˚C = 3.2 kPa) (½ mark)
Answer
P (N2) = P (total) – P (water vapour)

= 101.3 kPa - 3.2 kPa
= 98.1 kPa
Additional Notes
Water vapour is present in the atmosphere and exerts a pressure termed as saturated vapour pressure
(SVP). When a gas is collected the total pressure observed is actually the sum of partial pressure of the
gas and the water vapour pressure (SVP). This is the Daltons law of partial pressure.
(ii) What volume would nitrogen gas occupy at STP? (1½ marks)
Answer
;
V2 = (273 K × 98.1 kPa × 1.043 L)

(298 K × 101.3 kPa)
V2 = 0.93 L
Additional Notes
In most experiments with gases it is inconvenient to hold variables such as temperature and pressure
constant. It is common for temperature, pressure and volume to all change in the process. This is the
combined gas law.
At STP the value of temperature (T2) is 273K and pressure (P2) is 101.3kPa.

43
(b) The physical properties of the chloride of hydrogen significantly differ from the
properties of the chlorides of other Group I elements. Explain the reason for this
difference. (1 mark)
Answer
 The intermolecular forces in hydrogen chloride are weaker in comparison to the

stronger ionic bonding in Group I element chlorides, or;
 The dipole-dipole attractions in hydrogen chloride are weaker in comparison to the

ionic bonding in Group I element chloride.
Additional Notes
Hydrogen is the only non-metal in Group I. Hydrogen chloride is a polar covalent molecule and
has dipole-dipole attraction. All other Group I elements are metals and from ionic chloride
(LiCl, NaCl, KCl), so their properties differ.
(c) The reaction sequence in the diagram below shows some reactions of
propene (C3H6). Answer the questions that follow.
Propyl propanoate
conc. H2SO4
C2H5COOH Compound A
+
K2Cr2O7/H
Reagent X
C3H6
HBr
NH3
Compound C Compound B
C3H5NH2 (minor product) (major product)

44
(i) Identify Reagent X. (1 mark)
Answer
H2O/H+
Additional Notes
In order to determine Reagent A, students should first determine Compound A.
(ii) Give the name for Compound A. (1 mark)
Answer
 Propan-1-ol
Additional Notes
Compound A when reacts with C2H5COOH (propanoic acid) forms an ester, propyl propanoate. In
order to prepare an ester, a carboxylic acid should react with an alcohol. Since the propyl
component of the ester comes from the alcohol, compound A is propan-1-ol.
Once this is known students can easily identify reagent X. Since C3H6 is an alkene, H2O/H+ is the
reagent which converts alkene into an alcohol.
(iii) What is the relationship between compounds B and C? (1 mark)
Answer
 They are structural isomers of each other.
Additional Notes
The reaction between C3H6 and HBr is an example of an addition reaction. The equation below
summarises this reaction. Two possible products are 2-bromopropane and 1-bromopropane. In this
type of reaction the Markovnikov’s product becomes the major product (2-bromopropane). Both
are isomers of each other.
H H H H H H H
H C C C H + HBr H C C H + H C C H
H H H H Br H Br H H
[C 3 H6 ] Compound B Compound C
[Markovnikov's Product]
Isomers

45
(d) Calculate the pH of a 0.005 mol L-1 KOH solution. (2 marks)
Answer
pOH = -log[OH-] [Like pH= -log[H+]]
= -log(0.005)
= 2.30
pH + pOH = 14
pH = 14 - 2.30 = 11.70
Additional Notes
Acids For bases the pOH has to be calculated first before the calculation of pH.
o
(e) Calculate the Ecell that would result if the following two half-reactions are
combined for a spontaneous cell reaction.
2e– + I2(s) 2I–(aq) E° = +0.54 V
4e– + Zr4+(aq) Zr(s) E° = –1.53 V

(2 marks)
2e– + I2(s) 2I–(aq) E° = +0.54 V

Answer
4e– + Zr4+ Zr(s) E° = –1.53 V
2e + I2(s) → 2I–(aq)
– (aq)
E° = +0.54 V
(2 marks)
–
Zr(s) → 4e + Zr4+(aq) E° = +1.53 V [The sign changes since the equation is flipped.]
E°cell = 0.54 V + 1.53 V = +2.07 V (1 mark)
OR
E°cell = E°reduction - E°oxidation
= 0.54 V – (-1.53 V)
= +2.07 V
Additional Notes
The half-cell with higher SRP value gets reduced and the half-cell with lower SRP value gets oxidized.
Calculation can be done in two ways:
 If the equation is flipped for oxidation than the SRP value of reduction half-cell is added with
the new value of oxidation half-cell (+1.53) as in the first calculation.
 If no change is done to the oxidation half-equation (-1.53) than the SRP value of oxidation half-
cell is subtracted from the SRP value of reduction half-cell as in the second calculation.
The value of E°cell can be used to predict the spontaneity of an electrochemical reaction. A reaction is
spontaneous if : E°cell is positive and a reaction will not take place if the E°cell is negative. A reaction is
spontaneous if it can occur on its own.
THE END

2015 FY13CE Detailed Solutions Chemistry Paper 1

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1

FIJI YEAR 13 CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION 2015

WITH ADDITIONAL NOTES

© MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FY13CE 2015: CHEMISTRY.

SECTION A [20 marks]

2. In Group VII of the periodic table, the least electronegative element is

© MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FY13CE 2015: CHEMISTRY.

3. The VSEPR Theory can be used to predict the

 Using this theory it is very easy to predict the shape of a molecule.

Example: Ammonia (NH3)

4. Charles’s Law can be mathematically expressed as

© MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FY13CE 2015: CHEMISTRY.

=k= [Change in temperature results in change in volume]

5. Which of the following could be a possible unit for molality?

M= mol L-1 or mol dm-3

 The standard unit for molar mass is g mol-1.

© MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FY13CE 2015: CHEMISTRY.

6. According to the kinetic molecular theory, how does a gas expand?

A. Its temperature rises.

A. ∆H has the same numerical value, and the sign changes.

© MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FY13CE 2015: CHEMISTRY.

8. The oxides of alkali metals react with water to produce

© MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FY13CE 2015: CHEMISTRY.

A. the element becomes more electronegative.

As the atomic number of elements in group IV increases:

11. The following compound will show optical isomerism because it

© MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FY13CE 2015: CHEMISTRY.

12. What type of reaction is represented by the following equation?

CH3CH3 + Cl2 CH3CH2Cl + HCl

 Esterification reaction- occurs between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. It is an example

© MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FY13CE 2015: CHEMISTRY.

A. larger molecules can pack tightly together.

A. titrant is finished in the burette.

© MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FY13CE 2015: CHEMISTRY.

The table below summarises the pH of solutions for different titrations.

Type of Titration Approximate pH at

16. What is the role of a buffer in a solution?

A. It keeps the pH of a solution constant.

 A buffer solution maintains an approximately constant pH even when significant amount

 Acidic buffer consists of a weak acid and its conjugate base.

 Basic buffer consists of a weak base and its conjugate acid.

© MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FY13CE 2015: CHEMISTRY.

17. The pH indicators are

A. salts of strong acids and bases.

 pH indicators are made up of either weak acids or weak bases.

18. In an electrochemical cell, electrons travel from the

19. What does the reducing agent do in an oxidation-reduction reaction?

© MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FY13CE 2015: CHEMISTRY.

C(s) + O2 (g) CO2 (g) [Obtain balanced equation]

C : O2 [Relate mole ratio]

© MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FY13CE 2015: CHEMISTRY.

SECTION B [30 marks]

(a) What does the Pauli Exclusion Principle state? (1 mark)

 Each electron in an atom has a unique set quantum numbers, or;

 No two electrons in an atom can be in the same quantum state.

 The direction/orientation of an orbital in space.

© MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FY13CE 2015: CHEMISTRY.

(c) The first ionisation energy of magnesium is 737 kJ mol-1.

 It is the energy needed to remove an electron from a gaseous atom or ion.

Note: For an animation on this, see:

© MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FY13CE 2015: CHEMISTRY.

(i) State Boyle’s Law of gases. (1 mark)

 At constant temperature, the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure.

 P1V1 = P2V2 OR PV = k OR P 1/V at constant temperature.