1 Oracle Architectural Components

Objectives 1-2
Overview of Primary Componenets 1-3
Oracle Server 1-5
Oracle Instance 1-6
Establishing a Connection and Creating a Session 1-7
Oracle Database 1-9
Physical Structure 1-10
Memory Structure 1-11
System Global Area (SGA) 1-12
Shared Pool 1-15
Library Cache 1-16
Data Dictionary Cache 1-17
Database Buffer Cache 1-18
Redo Log Buffer Cache 1-21
Large Pool 1-22
Java Pool 1-23
Program Global Area (PGA) 1-24
Process Structure 1-25
User Process 1-26
Sever Process 1-27
Background Processes 1-28
Database Writer (DBWn) 1-29
Log Writer (LGWR) 1-30
System Monitor (SMON) 1-31
Process Monitor (PMON) 1-32
Checkpoint (CKPT) 1-33
Archiver (ARCn) 1-35
Logical Structure 1-37
Processing a SQL Statement 1-38
Summary 1-40
Practice 1 Overview 1-41

2 Getting Started With the Oracle Server

Objectives 2-2
Database Administration Tools 2-3
Contents
iii
Oracle Universal Installer 2-4
Interactive Installation 2-5
Non-Interactive Installation Using Response Files 2-6
Oracle Database Configuration Assistant 2-9
Optimal Flexible Architecture (OFA) 2-10
Oracle Software and File Locations 2-11
Database Administrator Users 2-12
Authentication Methods for Database Administrators 2-13
Using Password File Authentication 2-14
SQL* Plus 2-16
Oracle Enterprise Manager 2-17
Oracle Enterprise Manager Architecture: Java-Based Console and
Applications 2-18
Oracle Enterprise Manager Architecture: Managed Nodes 2-19
Oracle Enterprise Manager Console 2-20
DBA Tools 2-22
Summary 2-24
Practice 2 Overview 2-25

3 Managing an Oracle Instance

Objectives 3-2
Initialization Parameter Files 3-3
PFILE initSID.ora 3-5
PFILE Example 3-6
SPFILE spfileSID.ora 3-7
Creating an SPFILE 3-8
SPFILE Example 3-10
Oracle Managed Files 3-12
Oracle Managed File Example 3-14
Starting UP a Database 3-15
STARTUP Command 3-18
The ALTER DATABASE Comand 3-20
Opening a Database in Restricted Mode 3-21
Opening a Database in Read-Only Mode 3-23
Shutting Down the Database 3-24
Shutdown Options 3-25
Managing an Instance by Monitoring Diagnostic Files 3-29
Alert Log File 3-30
Background Trace Files 3-32
User Trace File 3-33
iv
Enabling or Disabling User Tracing 3-34
Summary 3-35
Practice 3 Overview 3-38

4 Creating a Database
Objectives 4-2
Managing and Organizing a Database 4-3
Creation Prerequisites 4-4
Planning Database Files Locations 4-5
Creating a Database 4-7
Operating System Environment 4-8
Using the Database Configuration Assistant 4-9
Create a Database 4-11
Database Information 4-12
Typical or Custom Install 4-13
Other Parameters 4-15
Complete Database Creation 4-16
Creating a Database Manually 4-17
Preparing the Parameter File 4-18
Creating SPFILE 4-19
Starting the Instance 4-20
Creating the Database 4-21
Creating a Database Using OMF 4-24
Troubleshooting 4-25
After Database Creation 4-26
Summary 4-27
5 Data Dictionary Contents and Usage
Objectives 5-2
Data Dictionary 5-3
Data Dictionary Contents 5-5
How the Data Dictionary Is Used 5-6
Data Dictionary View Categories 5-7
Dynamic Performance Tables 5-9
Querying the Data Dictionary and Dynamic Performance Views 5-10
Data Dictionary Examples 5-11
Summary 5-12
Practice 5 Overview 5-13

6 Maintaining the Control File

Objectives 6-2
Control File 6-3
v
Control File Contents 6-5
Multiplexing the Control File Using SPFILE 6-7
Multiplexing the Control File Using init.ora 6-8
Managing Control Files with OMF 6-9
Obtaining Control File Information 6-10
Summary 6-13
Practice 6 Overview 6-14

7 Maintaining Redo Log Files

Objectives 7-2
Using Redo Log Files 7-3
Structure of Redo Log Files 7-4
How Redo LogsWork 7-6
Forcing Log Switches and Checkpoints 7-8
Adding Online Redo Log Groups 7-9
Adding Online Redo Log Members 7-10
Dropping Online Redo Log Groups 7-12
Dropping Online Redo Log Members 7-13
Clearing, Relocating, or Renaming Online Redo Log Files 7-15
Online Redo Log Configuration 7-17
Managing Online Redo Logs with OMF 7-19
Obtaining Group and Member Information 7-20
Archived Redo Log Files 7-22
Summary 7-26
Practice 7 Overview 7-28

8 Managing Tablespaces and Data files

Objectives 8-2
Overview 8-3
Database Storage Hierarchy 8-4
SYSTEM and Non-SYSTEM Tablespaces 8-7
Creating Tablespaces 8-8
Space Management in Tablespaces 8-11
Locally Managed Tablespaces 8-12
Dictionary Managed Tablespaces 8-14
Changing the Storage Settings 8-15
Undo Tablespace 8-17
Temporary Tablespace 8-18
Default Temporary Tablespace 8-21
Restrictions on Default Temporary Tablespace 8-22
Offline Status 8-23
Read-Only Tablespaces 8-26
Dropping Tablespaces 8-29
vi
Resizing a Tablespace 8-32
Enabling Automatic Extension of Data Files 8-33
Changing the Size of Data Files Manually 8-36
Adding Data files to a Tablespace 8-37
Moving Data Files: ALTER TABLESPACE 8-39
Configuring Oracle Managed Files for Tablespace Creation 8-42
Creating Tablespaces with OMF 8-43
Obtaining Tablespaces Information 8-44
Summary 8-45
Practice 8 Overview 8-47

9 Storage Structure and Relationships

Objectives 9-2
Overview 9-3
Types of Segments 9-4
Storage Clause Precedence 9-8
Extent Allocation and Deallocation 9-9
Used and Free Extents 9-10
Database Block 9-11
Database Block Contents 9-12
Block Space Utilization Parameters 9-13
Data Block Management 9-15
Automatic Segment-Space Management 9-16
Configuring Automatic Segment-Space Management 9-18
Manual Data Block Management 9-19
Block Space Usage 9-20
Data Dictionary Views 9-21
Obtaining Storage Information 9-22
Summary 9-24
Practice 9 Overview 9-26

10 Managing Undo Data

Objectives 10-2
Managing Undo Data Overview 10-3
Undo Segment 10-4
Undo Segments: Purpose 10-5
Read Consistency 10-6
Types of Undo Segments 10-7
Automatic Undo Management: Concepts 10-9
Automatic Undo Management: Configuration 10-10
Automatic Undo Management: Initialization Parameters 10-11
Automatic Undo Management: UNDO Tablespace 10-12
vii
Automatic Undo Management: Altering and UNDO Tablespace 10-14
Automatic Undo Management: Switching UNDO Tablespaces 10-16
Automatic Undo Management: Dropping an UNDO Tablespace 10-18
Automatic Undo Management: Other Parameters 10-21
Undo Data Statistics 10-23
Automatic Undo Management: Sizing an UNDO Tablespaces 10-24
Automatic Undo Management Undo Quota 10-26
Obtaining Undo Segments Information 10-27
Summary 10-29
Practice 10 Overview 10-31

11 Managing Tables
Objectives 11-2
Storing User Data 11-3
Oracle Data Types 11-6
ROWID Format 11-10
Structure of a Row 11-12
Creating a Table 11-13
Creating Temporary Tables 11-17
Creating a Table: Guidelines 11-18
Changing Storage Parameters 11-19
Manually Allocating Extents 11-22
Nonpartitioned Table Reorganization 11-23
Truncating a Table 11-24
Dropping a Table 11-26
Dropping a Column 11-27
Using the UNUSED Option 11-28
Obtaining Table Information 11-30
Summary 11-33
Practice 11 Overview 11-34

12 Managing Indexes
Objectives 12-2
Classification of Indexes 12-3
B-Tree Index 12-5
Bitmap Index 12-7
Comparing B-Tree and Bitmap Indexes 12-9
Creating Normal B-Tree Indexes 12-10
Creating Indexes: Guidelines 12-14
Creating Bitmap Indexes 12-16
Changing Storage Parameters for Indexes 12-19
Allocating and Deallocating Index Space 12-21
viii
Rebuilding Indexes 12-22
Online Rebuild of Indexes 12-24
Coalescing Indexes 12-25
Checking Index Validity 12-26
Dropping Indexes 12-28
Identifying Unused Indexes 12-30
Obtaining Index Information 12-31
Summary 12-32
Practice 12 Overview 12-34

13 Maintaining Data Integrity

Objectives 13-2
Data Integrity 13-3
Types of Constraints 13-5
Constraint States 13-6
Constraint Checking 13-8
Defining Constraints as Immediate or Deferred 13-9
Primary and Unique Key Enforcement 13-10
Foreign Key Considerations 13-11
Defining ConstraintsWhile Creating a Table 13-13
Guidelines for Defining Constraints 13-18
Enabling Constraints 13-19
Using the EXCEPTIONS Table 13-24
Obtaining Constraint Information 13-27
Summary 13-30
Practice 13 Overview 13-32

14 Managing Password Security and Resources

Objectives 14-2
Profiles 14-3
Password Management 14-5
Enabling Password Management 14-6
Password Account Locking 14-7
Password Expiration and Aging 14-8
Password History 14-9
Password Verification 14-10
User-Provided Password Function 14-11
Password Verification Function VERIFY_FUNCTION 14-12
Creating a Profile: Password Settings 14-13
Altering a Profile: Password Setting 14-17
Dropping a Profile: Password Setting 14-19
Resource Management 14-21
ix
Enabling Resource Limits 14-22
Setting Resource Limits at Session Level 14-23
Setting Resource Limits at Call Level 14-24
Creating a Profile: Resource Limit 14-25
Managing Resource Using the Database Resource Manager 14-28
Resource Plan Directives 14-30
Obtaining Password and Resource Limits Information 14-32
Summary 14-34
Practice Overview 14-36

15 Managing Users
Objectives 15-2
Users and Security 15-3
Database Schema 15-5
Checklist for Creating Users 15-6
Creating a New User: Database Authentication 15-7
Creating a New User: Operating System Authentication 15-10
Changing User Quota on Tablespace 15-12
Dropping a User 15-14
Obtaining User Information 15-15
Summary 15-16
Practice 15 Overview 15-17

16 Managing Privileges
Objectives 16-2
Managing Privileges 16-3
System Privileges 16-4
System Privileges: Examples 16-5
Granting System Privileges 16-6
SYSDBA and SYSOPER Privileges 16-9
System Privilege Restrictions 16-10
Revoking System Privileges 16-11
Revoking System Privileges WITH ADMIN OPTION 16-12
Object Privileges 16-13
Granting Object Privileges 16-14
Revoking Object Privileges 16-17
Revoking Object Privileges WITH GRANT OPTION 16-20
Obtaining Privileges Information 16-21
Auditing 16-22
Auditing Guidelines 16-23
Auditing Categories 16-25
x
Database Auditing 16-27
Auditing Options 16-29
Viewing Auditing Options 16-31
Obtaining Audit Records 16-32
Summary 16-33
Practice 16 Overview 16-35

17 Managing Roles
Objectives 17-2
Roles 17-3
Benefits of Roles 17-4
Creating Roles 17-5
Predefined Roles 17-8
Modifying Roles 17-9
Assigning Roles 17-11
Establishing Default Roles 17-13
Application Roles 17-16
Enabling and Disabling Roles 17-17
Removing Roles from Users 17-21
Removing Roles 17-23
Guidelines for Creating Roles 17-25
Guidelines for Using Passwords and Default Roles 17-26
Displaying Role Information 17-27
Summary 17-28
Practice 17 Overview 17-30

18 Using Globalization Support

Objectives 18-2
Globalization Support Features 18-3
Different Types of Encoding Schemes 18-5
Database Character Sets and National Character Sets 18-8
Guidelines for Choosing an Oracle Database Character Set 18-9
Guidelines for Choosing an Oracle National Character Set 18-11
Choosing a Unicode Solution Unicode Database 18-12
Choosing a Unicode Solution Unicode Datatype 18-13
Specifying Language-Dependent Behavior 18-14
Specifying Language-Dependent Behavior for the Server 18-15
Dependent Language and Territory Default Values 18-16
Specifying Language-Dependent Behavior for the Session 18-18
Character Sets in Client-Server Architecture 18-19
Specifying Language-Dependent Behavior for the Session 18-21
xi
Linguistic Sorting 18-22
NLS Sorting 18-23
Using NLS Parameters in SQL Functions 18-26
Linguistic Index Support 18-30
Import and Loading Data Using NLS 18-31
Obtaining Information About Character Sets 18-32
Obtaining Information About NLS Settings 18-33
Globalization Support Utilities 18-37
1 Networking Overview
Objectives 1-2
Network Environment Challenges 1-3
Simple Network: Two-Tier 1-5
Simple to Complex Network: N-Tier 1-6
Complex Network 1-7
Oracle9i Networking Solutions 1-8
Connectivity: Oracle Net Services 1-9
Connectivity: Database Connectivity With IIOP and HTTP 1-11
Directory Naming 1-12
Directory Services: Oracle Internet Directory 1-13
Scalability: Oracle Shared Server 1-14
Scalability: Connection Manager 1-15
Security: Advanced Security 1-17
Advanced Security Encryption 1-18
Security: Oracle Net and Firewalls 1-19
Accessibility: Heterogeneous Services 1-20
Accessibility: External Procedures 1-21
Summary 1-22
2 Basic Oracle Net Architecture
Objectives 2-2
Oracle Net Connections 2-3
Client-Server Application Connection: No Middle-Tier 2-4
Web Client Application Connections 2-6
Web Client Application Connection: Java Application Client 2-7
Web Client Application Connection: Java Applet Client 2-8
Web Client Application Connection: Web Server Middle-Tier 2-9
Web Client Application Connection: No Middle-Tier 2-10
Summary 2-12
3 Basic Oracle Net Server-Side Configuration
Objectives 3-2
Overview: The Listener Process 3-3
The Listener Responses 3-4
Configuring the Listener 3-5
Bequeath Session 3-7
Redirect Session 3-9
Static Service Registration: The listener.ora File 3-10
Static Service Registration: Create a Listener 3-14
Configure Services 3-15
Logging and Tracing 3-16
Dynamic Service Registration: Configure Registration 3-17
Dynamic Service Registration: Configure PMON 3-18
Configure the Listener for Oracle9i JVM: IIOP and HTTP 3-19
Contents
iii
Listener Control Utility (LSNRCTL) 3-21
LSNRCTL Commands 3-22
LSNRCTL SET and SHOW Modifiers 3-24
Summary 3-26
Practice 3 Overview 3-27
4 Basic Oracle Net Services Client-Side Configuration
Objectives 4-2
Host Naming 4-3
Host Naming Client Side 4-4
Host Naming Server Side 4-5
Select Host Name Method 4-6
Host Naming Method 4-7
Local Naming 4-8
Oracle Net Configuration Assistant 4-9
Choosing Local Naming 4-10
Configuring Local Net Service Names 4-11
Working with Net Service Names 4-12
Specify the Oracle Database Version 4-13
Database Service Name 4-14
Network Protocol 4-15
Host Name and Listener Port 4-16
Testing the Connection 4-17
Connection Test Result 4-18
Net Service Name 4-19
Save the Net Service Name 4-20
tnsnames.ora 4-21
sqlnet.ora 4-22
Troubleshooting the Client Side 4-23
Summary 4-25
Practice 4 Overview 4-26
5 Usage and Configuration of the Oracle Shared Server
Objectives 5-2
Server Configurations 5-3
Dedicated Server Processes 5-4
Oracle Shared Server 5-5
Benefits of Oracle Shared Server 5-7
Connecting 5-9
Processing a Request 5-10
The SGA and PGA 5-12
Configuring Oracle Shared Server 5-13
DISPATCHERS 5-14
SHARED_SERVERS 5-16
MAX_DISPATCHERS 5-18
iv
MAX_SHARED_SERVERS 5-20
CIRCUITS 5-21
SHARED_SERVER_SESSIONS 5-22
Related Parameters 5-23
Verifying Setup 5-24
Data Dictionary Views 5-26
Summary 5-27
Practice 5 Overview 5-28
6 Backup and Recovery Overview
Objectives 6-2
Backup and Recovery Issues 6-3
Categories of Failures 6-4
Causes of Statement Failures 6-5
Resolutions for Statement Failures 6-6
Causes of User Process Failures 6-7
Resolution of User Process Failures 6-8
Possible User Errors 6-9
Resolution of User Errors 6-10
Causes of Instance Failure 6-11
Recovery from Instance Failure 6-12
Causes of Media Failures 6-14
Resolutions for Media Failures 6-15
Defining a Backup and Recovery Strategy 6-16
Business Requirements 6-17
Operational Requirements 6-18
Technical Considerations 6-20
Disaster Recovery Issues 6-22
Summary 6-24
7 Instance and Media Recovery Structures
Objectives 7-2
Overview 7-3
Large Pool 7-6
Database Buffer Cache, DBWn, and Datafiles 7-8
Redo Log Buffer, LGWR, and Redo Log Files 7-10
Multiplexed Redo Log Files 7-13
CKPT Process 7-15
Multiplexed Control Files 7-17
ARCn Process and Archived Log Files 7-19
Database Synchronization 7-21
Phases for Instance Recovery 7-22
Tuning Instance Recovery Performance 7-24
Tuning the Duration of Instance and Crash Recovery 7-25
v
Initialization Parameters Influencing Checkpoints 7-26
Tuning the Phases of Instance Recovery 7-28
Tuning the Rolling Forward Phase 7-29
Tuning the Rolling Back Phase 7-30
Fast-Start On-Demand Rollback 7-31
Fast-Start Parallel Rollback 7-32
Controlling Fast-Start Parallel Rollback 7-33
Monitoring Parallel Rollback 7-34
Summary 7-35
Practice 7 Overview 7-36
8 Configuring the Database Archiving Mode
Objectives 8-2
Redo Log History 8-3
Noarchivelog Mode 8-4
Archivelog Mode 8-6
Changing the Archiving Mode 8-8
Automatic and Manual Archiving 8-10
Specifying Multiple ARCn Processes 8-12
Stop or Start Additional Archive Processes 8-13
Enabling Automatic Archiving at Instance Startup 8-14
Enabling Automatic Archiving After Instance Startup 8-15
Disabling Automatic Archiving 8-16
Manually Archiving Online Redo Log Files 8-17
Specifying the Archive Log Destination 8-19
Specifying Multiple Archive Log Destinations 8-20
LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_n Options 8-21
Specifying a Minimum Number of Local Destinations 8-22
Controlling Archiving to a Destination 8-24
Specifying the File Name Format 8-25
Obtaining Archive Log Information 8-26
Summary 8-29
Practice 8 Overview 8-30
9 Oracle Recovery Manager Overview and Configuration
Objectives 9-2
Recovery Manager Features 9-3
Recovery Manager Components 9-5
RMAN Repository: Using the Control File 9-7
Channel Allocation 9-8
Manual Channel Allocation 9-10
Automatic Channel Allocation 9-12
Media Management 9-13
Types of Connections with RMAN 9-15
Connecting Without a Recovery Catalog 9-16
vi
Recovery Manager Modes 9-18
RMAN Commands 9-20
RMAN Configuration Settings 9-22
The CONFIGURE Command 9-23
The SHOW Command 9-25
LIST Command Operations 9-26
The LIST Command 9-27
The REPORT Command 9-28
The REPORT NEED BACKUP Command 9-29
Recovery Manager Packages 9-30
RMAN Usage Considerations 9-31
Summary 9-33
Practice 9 Overview 9-34
10 User-Managed Backups
Objectives 10-2
Terminology 10-3
User-Managed Backup and Recovery 10-5
Querying Views to Obtain Database File Information 10-6
Backup Methods 10-8
Consistent Whole Database Backup (Closed Database Backup) 10-9
Advantages of Making Consistent Whole Database Backups 10-10
Making a Consistent Whole Database Backup 10-12
Open Database Backup 10-14
Advantages of Making Open Database Backups 10-15
Open Database Backup Requirements 10-16
Open Database Backup Options 10-17
Making a Backup of an Online Tablespace 10-18
Ending the Online Tablespace Backup 10-19
Backup Status Information 10-20
Failure During Online Tablespace Backup 10-22
Read-Only Tablespace Backup 10-24
Read-Only Tablespace Backup Issues 10-25
Backup Issues with Logging and Nologging Options 10-26
Manual Control File Backups 10-27
Backing Up the Initialization Parameter File 10-29
Verifying Backups Using the DBVERIFY Utility 10-30
DBVERIFY Command-Line Interface 10-31
Summary 10-33
Practice 10 Overview 10-34
11 RMAN Backups
Objectives 11-2
RMAN Backup Concepts 11-3
Recovery Manager Backups 11-4
vii
Backup Sets 11-5
Characteristics of Backup Sets 11-6
Backup Piece 11-7
The BACKUP Command 11-8
Backup Piece Size 11-11
Parallelization of Backup Sets 11-12
Multiplexed Backup Sets 11-15
Duplexed Backup Sets 11-16
Backups of Backup Sets 11-17
Archived Redo Log File Backups 11-18
Archived Redo Log Backup Sets 11-19
Datafile Backup Set Processing 11-20
Backup Constraints 11-21
Image Copies 11-22
Characteristics of an Image Copy 11-23
Image Copies 11-24
The COPY Command 11-25
Image Copy Parallelization 11-26
Copying the Whole Database 11-27
Making Incremental Backups 11-28
Differential Incremental Backup Example 11-29
Cumulative Incremental Backup Example 11-31
Backup in Noarchivelog Mode 11-32
RMAN Control File Autobackups 11-33
Tags for Backups and Image Copies 11-34
RMAN Dynamic Views 11-35
Monitoring RMAN Backups 11-36
Miscellaneous RMAN Issues 11-38
Summary 11-40
Practice 11 Overview 11-41
12 User-Managed Complete Recovery
Objectives 12-2
Media Recovery 12-3
Recovery Steps 12-4
Restoration and Datafile Media Recovery with User-Managed Procedures 12-5
Archivelog and Noarchivelog Modes 12-6
Recovery in Noarchivelog Mode 12-7
Recovery in Noarchivelog Mode With Redo Log File Backups 12-9
Recovery in Noarchivelog Mode Without Redo Log File Backups 12-10
Recovery in Archivelog Mode 12-11
Complete Recovery 12-12
Complete Recovery in Archivelog Mode 12-13
Determining Which Files Need Recovery 12-14
viii
User-Managed Recovery Procedures: RECOVER Command 12-16
Using Archived Redo Log Files During Recovery 12-17
Restoring Datafiles to a New Location with User-Managed Procedures 12-19
Complete Recovery Methods 12-20
Complete Recovery of a Closed Database 12-22
Closed Database Recovery Example 12-23
Open Database Recovery When the Database Is Initially Open 12-25
Open Database Recovery Example 12-26
Open Database Recovery When the Database Is Initially Closed 12-28
Open Database Recovery Example 12-29
Recovery of a Datafile Without a Backup 12-32
Recovery Without a Backup Example 12-33
Read-Only Tablespace Recovery 12-35
Read-Only Tablespace Recovery Issues 12-36
Loss of Control Files 12-37
Recovering Control Files 12-38
Summary 12-39
Practices 12-1 and 12-2 Overview 12-40
13 RMAN Complete Recovery
Objectives 13-2
Restoration and Datafile Media Recovery Using RMAN 13-3
Using RMAN to Recover a Database in Noarchivelog Mode 13-4
Using RMAN to Recover a Database in Archivelog Mode 13-6
Using RMAN to Restore Datafiles to a New Location 13-7
Using RMAN to Recover a Tablespace 13-8
Using RMAN to Relocate a Tablespace 13-9
Summary 13-11
Practices 13-1 and 13-2 Overview 13-12
14 User-Managed Incomplete Recovery
Objectives 14-2
Incomplete Recovery Overview 14-3
Reasons for Performing Incomplete Recovery 14-4
Types of Incomplete Recovery 14-5
Incomplete Recovery Guidelines 14-7
Incomplete Recovery and the Alert Log 14-9
User-Managed Procedures for Incomplete Recovery 14-10
RECOVER Command Overview 14-11
Time-Based Recovery Example 14-12
UNTIL TIME Recovery 14-13
Cancel-Based Recovery Example 14-15
Using a Backup Control File During Recovery 14-18
Loss of Current Redo Log Files 14-21
Summary 14-23
Practices 14-1 and 14-2 Overview 14-24
ix
15 RMAN Incomplete Recovery
Objectives 15-2
Incomplete Recovery of a Database Using RMAN 15-3
RMAN Incomplete Recovery UNTIL TIME Example 15-4
RMAN Incomplete Recovery UNTIL SEQUENCE Example 15-6
Summary 15-7
Practice 15 Overview 15-8
16 RMAN Maintenance
Objectives 16-2
Cross Checking Backups and Copies 16-3
The CROSSCHECK Command 16-4
Deleting Backups and Copies 16-5
The DELETE Command 16-6
Deleting Backups and Copies 16-7
Changing the Availability of RMAN Backups and Copies 16-8
Changing the Status to Unavailable 16-9
Exempting a Backup or Copy from the Retention Policy 16-10
The CHANGE … KEEP Command 16-11
Cataloging Archived Redo Log Files and User-Managed Backups 16-12
The CATALOG Command 16-13
Uncataloging RMAN Records 16-14
The CHANGE … UNCATALOG Command 16-15
Summary 16-16
Practice 16 Overview 16-17
17 Recovery Catalog Creation and Maintenance
Objectives 17-2
Overview 17-4
Recovery Catalog Contents 17-5
Benefits of Using a Recovery Catalog 17-7
Additional Features Which Require the Recovery Catalog 17-8
Create Recovery Catalog 17-9
Connecting Using a Recovery Catalog 17-12
Recovery Catalog Maintenance 17-13
Resynchronization of the Recovery Catalog 17-14
Using RESYNC CATALOG for Resynchronization 17-15
Resetting a Database Incarnation 17-16
Recovery Catalog Reporting 17-18
Viewing the Recovery Catalog 17-19
Stored Scripts 17-21
Script Examples 17-22
Managing Scripts 17-23
Backup of Recovery Catalog 17-24
x
Recovering the Recovery Catalog 17-25
Summary 17-26
Practice 17 Overview 17-27
18 Transporting Data Between Databases
Objectives 18-2
Oracle Export and Import Utility Overview 18-3
Methods to Run the Export Utility 18-5
Export Modes 18-6
Command-Line Export 18-7
Direct-Path Export Concepts 18-9
Specifying Direct-Path Export 18-10
Direct-Path Export Features 18-11
Direct-Path Export Restrictions 18-12
Uses of the Import Utility for Recovery 18-13
Import Modes 18-14
Command-Line Import 18-15
Invoking Import as SYSDBA 18-17
Import Process Sequence 18-18
National Language Support Considerations 18-19
Summary 18-20
Practice 18 Overview 18-21
19 Loading Data Into a Database
Objectives 19-2
Data Loading Methods 19-3
Direct-Load INSERT 19-4
Serial Direct-Load Inserts 19-5
Parallel Direct-Load Insert 19-7
SQL*Loader 19-8
Using SQL*Loader 19-9
Conventional and Direct Path Loads 19-10
Comparing Direct and Conventional Path Loads 19-11
Parallel Direct-Path Load 19-12
SQL*Loader Control File 19-13
Control File Syntax Considerations 19-16
Input Data and Datafiles 19-17
Logical Records 19-20
Data Conversion 19-21
Discarded or Rejected Records 19-22
Log File Contents 19-23
SQL*Loader Guidelines 19-25
 New 10g features

Installation, Server Configuration, and Database Upgrades__________________4

Comparison Between 10.1 and 10.2____________4
About Grid Computing_______________________4
Installation New Features Support______________4
Performance Enhancements to the Installation Process___________________________________4
Simplified Instance Configuration_______________5
Managing Database Control___________________5
Viewing Database Feature Usage Statistics_______6
Supported Upgrade Paths to Oracle 10g_________6
Using New Utility to Perform Pre-Upgrade Validation Checks___________________________________6
Using the Simplified Upgrade Process___________6
Manual Upgrade Process______________________7
Reverting Upgraded Database_________________7

Loading and Unloading Data___________8

Introduction to the Data Pump Architecture_______8
Using Data Pump Export and Import____________9
Monitoring a Data Pump Job__________________11
Creating External Tables for Data Population_____12
Transporting Tablespaces Across Platforms______12
Transport Tablespace from Backup____________14
Loading Data from Flat Files by Using EM_______14
DML Error Logging Table____________________15
Asynchronous Commit______________________15

Automatic Database Management______15

Using the Automatic Database Diagnostic Monitor (ADDM)__________________________________15
Using Automatic Shared Memory Management (ASMM)__________________________________16
Using Automatic Optimizer Statistics Collection___17
Database and Instance Level Trace____________18
Using Automatic Undo Retention Tuning________18
Automatically Tuned Multiblock Reads__________18
Manageability Infrastructure__________18

Types of Oracle Statistics____________________18

The Automatic Workload Repository (AWR)______19
Active Session History (ASH)_________________19
Server-Generated Alerts_____________________19
Adaptive Thresholds________________________21
The Management Advisory Framework_________22

Application Tuning__________________22
Using the New Optimizer Statistics____________22
Using the SQL Tuning Advisor________________23
Using the SQL Access Advisor________________24
Performance Pages in the Database Control_____24
Indexing Enhancements_____________________24

Space and Storage Management Enhancements_____________________25

Proactive Tablespace Management_____________25
Reclaiming Unused Space____________________25
Object Size Growth Analysis__________________26
Using the Undo and Redo Logfile Size Advisors___27
Rollback Monitoring________________________27
Tablespace Enhancements___________________27
Using Sorted Hash Clusters__________________29
Partitioned IOT Enhancements________________29
Redefine a Partition Online___________________30
Copying Files Using the Database Server________30
Dropping Partitioned Table___________________30
Dropping Empty Datafiles____________________31
Renaming Temporary Files___________________31

Oracle Scheduler and the Database Resource

Manager__________________________31
Simplifying Management Tasks Using the Scheduler________________________________________31
Managing the Basic Scheduler Components______31
Managing Advanced Scheduler Components_____32
Database Resource Manager Enhancements_____36

Backup and Recovery Enhancements___37

Using the Flash Recovery Area________________37
Using Incremental Backups__________________39
Enhancements in RMAN_____________________40
Oracle Secure Backup_______________________42
Cross-Platform Transportable Database_________42
Restore Points____________________________43
Placing All Files in Online Backup Mode_________43
Flashback Technology Enhancements___43
Using the Flashback Technology_______________43
General Flashback Technology________________43
Flashback Database________________________44
Flashback Drop____________________________45
Flashback Table___________________________45
Row Level Flashback Features________________46

Automatic Storage Management_______47

Introduction to Automatic Storage Management__47
ASM Instance Architecture___________________47
Managing the ASM Instance__________________47
Managing ASM Disk Groups__________________48
Managing ASM Files________________________49
Database Instance Parameter Changes_________50
Migrating a Database to ASM_________________50
ASM and Transportable Tablespaces___________51
ASM Command-Line Interface________________51
FTP and HTTP Access_______________________51

Enhancements in Analytical SQL and Materialized Views__________________52

Enhancements in the MERGE Statement_________52

Using Partitioned Outer Joins_________________52

Using the SQL MODEL Clause_________________52
Materialized View Enhancements______________52

Database Security__________________54
XML Audit Trail____________________________54
VPD and Auditing Enhancements______________54
Oracle Transparent Data Encryption (TDE)______56
Secure External Password Store_______________56
Connect Role Privilege Reduction______________57

Miscellaneous New Features__________57

Enhancements in Managing Multitier Environments57
SQL and PL/SQL Enhancements_______________58
Enhancements in SQL*Plus__________________58
Miscellaneous Enhancements_________________58
 New 11g features

Installation, Database Upgrades and Change Management 9

Installation New Features Support______________________________________________________9
Role and Privilege Changes___________________________________________________________9
Deprecated Components____________________________________________________________10
New Initialization Parameters Affecting Database Creation__________________________________10
DBCA Enhancements_______________________________________________________________11
Upgrading to Oracle Database 11g_____________________________________________________11
Database Replay___________________________________________________________________13
The SQL Performance Analyzer_______________________________________________________17
Patching in Oracle Database Control___________________________________________________21

Database Diagnosis and Repair________22

Introducing Automatic Diagnostic Repository (ADR)_______________________________________22
Configuring the ADR________________________________________________________________22
Using adrci Tool___________________________________________________________________22
Using The Support Workbench in the OEM_______________________________________________24
Database Health Monitor____________________________________________________________25
Data Recovery Advisor______________________________________________________________26
SQL Test Case Builder______________________________________________________________27
Data Block Corruption Parameters_____________________________________________________28

Database Administration_____________29
Automatic Memory Management______________________________________________________29
Automatic Maintenance Tasks________________________________________________________30
Oracle Flashback-Related New Features_________________________________________________32
LogMiner Interface in Oracle Enterprise Manager__________________________________________32
Oracle Flashback Transaction Backout__________________________________________________32
Flashback Data Archive_____________________________________________________________33
Virtual Columns___________________________________________________________________35
New Data Partitioning Schemes_______________________________________________________36
DDL Lock Timeout_________________________________________________________________36
Explicit Locking of Tables____________________________________________________________36
Invisible Indexes__________________________________________________________________36
Read-Only Tables__________________________________________________________________37
Deferred Segment Creation__________________________________________________________37
Shrinking Temporary Tablespaces and Tempfiles__________________________________________37
Creating an Initialization Parameter File from Memory_____________________________________38
Restore Point Enhancements_________________________________________________________38
Database Resident Connection Pooling__________________________________________________38
Comparing and Synchronizing Database Objects_________________________________________40
Page 5 Oracle 11g New Features for Administrators - Summary Sheets
SQL*Plus New Features_____________________________________________________________41
Online Application Maintenance_______________________________________________________42
Oracle Advanced Compression Option__________________________________________________42
Oracle Scheduler New Features_______________________________________________________43
Lightweight Jobs___________________________________________________________________44
Remote External Jobs_______________________________________________________________44
Monitoring Job State with Email Notifications_____________________________________________45
File Watcher______________________________________________________________________47
Finer-grained Dependency Management________________________________________________50
Enhancements in Oracle Database Resource Manager______________________________________50
Enhanced TRUNCATE Statement______________________________________________________51
Dropping Unused Object Storage______________________________________________________52

Performance Tuning_________________53
PL/SQL Native Compilation___________________________________________________________53
Server Result Cache________________________________________________________________54
Client Side Result Cache_____________________________________________________________56
Enhanced Oracle Process Monitoring___________________________________________________57
Subprogram Inlining________________________________________________________________58
SQL Tuning Automation_____________________________________________________________59
SQL Access Advisor Enhancements____________________________________________________60
Changing Statistics Preferences_______________________________________________________63
Enhanced Statistics Maintenance______________________________________________________64
SQL Plan Management______________________________________________________________67
ADDM New Features________________________________________________________________70
AWR New Features_________________________________________________________________73
Setting Metric Thresholds for Baselines_________________________________________________75
Performance-Related Changes in Database Control________________________________________75
Miscellaneous New Performance Tuning Features_________________________________________75
Real-Time SQL Monitoring___________________________________________________________76
Adaptive Cursor Sharing_____________________________________________________________77

Database Security__________________78
Stronger Password Hash Algorithm____________________________________________________78
Security Out of the Box_____________________________________________________________78
Anti Network Attacks Parameters______________________________________________________79
Tablespace Encryption______________________________________________________________80
Fine-Grained Access Control for UTL_* Packages_________________________________________81
Further Security New Features________________________________________________________82

Backup and Recovery New Features____84

Enhanced Block Media Recovery______________________________________________________84
RMAN Substitution Variables_________________________________________________________84
Page 6 Oracle 11g New Features for Administrators - Summary Sheets
New RMAN Configuration Parameters___________________________________________________85
The Multisection Backups____________________________________________________________85
Creating Archival Backups___________________________________________________________86
VALIDATE Command_______________________________________________________________86
Configuring an Archived Redo Log Deletion Policy_________________________________________87
Active Database Duplication__________________________________________________________87
Importing and Moving Recovery Catalogs_______________________________________________89
Virtual Private Catalogs_____________________________________________________________90
Miscellaneous New Features in RMAN___________________________________________________91

Data Pump Utilities_________________92

Compression Enhancement__________________________________________________________92
Encryption Enhancements___________________________________________________________92
Reusing a Dump File________________________________________________________________93
Remapping Data___________________________________________________________________93
Renaming Tables During Export or Import_______________________________________________93
Data Pump and Partitioned Tables_____________________________________________________93
Ignoring Nondeferred Constraints_____________________________________________________94
External Tables Based on Data Pump Driver_____________________________________________94
Enhancement in the Transportable Parameter____________________________________________94

Automatic Storage Management (ASM)__95

SYSASM Privilege and OSASM Group___________________________________________________95
Upgrading ASM using DBUA__________________________________________________________95
Upgrading ASM Manually____________________________________________________________95
ASM Restricted Mode_______________________________________________________________96
Diskgroup Attributes________________________________________________________________96
Checking Diskgroup________________________________________________________________98
asmcmd Utility Commands___________________________________________________________99
Fast Rebalance___________________________________________________________________100
The FORCE option with Drop Diskgroup Command_______________________________________100
Miscellaneous ASM New Features_____________________________________________________100

PL/SQL New Features______________102

PL/SQL New Features______________________________________________________________102

Data Warehousing_________________108
SecureFiles______________________________________________________________________108
Accessing a LOB Using SQL and PL/SQL________________________________________________109
Online Redefinition________________________________________________________________110
Partition Change Tracking (PCT)_____________________________________________________111
Generating SQL Crosstab Report using PIVOT Operator___________________________________111
Partitioning Improvements__________________________________________________________113