Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Станиловская
CIVIL
ENGINEERING
Учебное пособие
Часть 2
Москва
Российский университет дружбы народов
2009
1
Утверждено
РИС Ученого совета
Российского университета
дружбы народов
Станиловская Т.Н.
Civil engineering: Учебное пособие.- М.: РУДН, 2009. - с.
2
CONTENTS
UNIT 2
3
UNIT 1
BIOCLIMATIC ARCHITECTURE
Pre-reading discussion
Text 1 Scan the text below and find information on the impact of building on the environment
and integrated bioclimatic architecture. What is the topic and the main idea of the text?
Bioclimatic Architecture
4
reason, be it their client’s lack of interest or their own lack of conviction. In fact, most architects
ignore the issue altogether, preferring to regard architecture as fashion. This is a terribly
irresponsible view, because in terms of energy use and visual pollution, buildings have had an
increasingly severe and damaging impact on the environment, this makes the issue of sustainable
architecture not only an important consideration but also a necessary one. As for a building
philosophy for national parks, which were created to conserve nature for future generations, it
seems that sustainable architecture, or “ integrated bioclimatic architecture”, is the only logical
and responsible approach.
What is integrated bioclimatic architecture? It is the architecture that arises out of the
landscape, with the site determining the orientation and construction of a building, not just
aesthetically, but also mechanically, determining its heating, cooling, and lighting too. Thus, it is
an architecture that respects nature and its resources and provides its occupants with the most
comfortable and pleasing environment possible. However, this architectural approach need not
be a restrictive one for imaginative practitioners. As integrated bioclimatic architecture
encompasses examples of vernacular architecture, like the typical “white stucco Mediterranean
fishing village”, as well as mimetic architecture, which draws on materials, textures, even the
plants of the surrounding landscape for its inspiration. Indeed, good integrated bioclimatic
architecture should exist in harmony with the site.
5
As public awareness of environmental issues increases,- по мере того как растет
осведомленность общественности во вопросам окружающей среды.
…who profess interest in the concept of sustainable architecture- которые открыто
интересуются концепцией поддерживающей архитектуры.
… buildings have had an increasingly severe and damaging impact on the environment – здания
оказывают все более разрушающее воздействие на окружающую среду.
Task 4.1 Translate the following words keeping in mind the meaning of prefix re-
Rethink, reheat, refuel, reread, reform, restructure, remake, refocus, re-establish, re-examination,
recycling, renew.
Task 5 Find in the text all synonyms to the phrase “green building”.
1. environmentally friendly –
2. bioclimatic architecture –
3. more efficient energy consumption –
4. to promote resource conservation –
5. an irresponsible view –
6
6. to exist in harmony with the site or nature –
7. public awareness of environmental issues –
8. resource-efficient buildings –
9. the environmental impact of the building –
Task 8
Add the missing parts from the text
Task 10 Read the text and tell what the main concerns of environmentalists are.
7
ecological principles. They think the goal of marketing system should be to maximize life quality
of the environment. They require business to invest in antipollution device, taxing non-returnable
bottles, and banning high – phosphate detergents. These measures are as necessary to induce
business and consumers to act in environmentally sound ways.
Task 11 Translate the following sentences with Subjunctive mood into Russian:
1. It is curious that the Mexican Indians should have employed concrete in their buildings.
2. But for timber piles, the Romans couldn’t have built roads.
3. The company insisted that the construction of the plant should be continued.
4. The owner of the house wished it would be protected by several coats of paint.
5. It is necessary that workers should protect the thumb and the fingers with leather pads.
6. It is time your company create a new turnkey project.
7. Your laminated floor looks as if it were parquet.
8. The plan was that the specialists should provide air-conditioning of the building.
9. As a rule the contractor provides with spare parts so that the project could normally
operate during the maintenance guarantee.
10. The heating or air-conditioning apparatus would have been able to maintain good
conditions inside the house but for the fault in its system.
B
1. … that the material designed for modern buildings be practical and cheap.
2. …the ancient Romans shouldn’t have learnt to bake lime in the kilns.
3. ….but we insisted on their finishing the work.
4. ……otherwise they would have prepared a better draft.
5. …..that the vertical “blinds” on the façade of the building were mobile.
6. ….you had used marble for decoration of my house.
1. Хорошо, что мне привезли обои. Как бы я без них сделала ремонт в квартире?
2. Жаль, что вы не обратили внимание на отделку здания.
3. Его требование состояло в том, чтобы работа была немедленно выполнена.
4. Не может быть, чтобы этот завод производил некачественную продукцию.
5. Он потребовал, чтобы ему срочно показали проект стадиона.
6. Ах, если бы вы видели этот замечательный собор!
7. В этом здании так холодно, как будто бы здесь забыли провести отопление.
8. Нам бы хотелось, чтобы вы использовали дерево, а не фанеру при отделке нашей
квартиры.
9. Мы прочитаем эту статью, чтобы мы знали о современных строительных
материалах.
10. Необходимо, чтобы при строительстве этого комплекса учитывался местный
ландшафт.
8
Task 14 Translate from Russian into English.
9
первом этаже позволяет наиболее эффективно использовать естественное освещение
верхнего рабочего пространства.
Ожидается, что новые требования к строительству будут обязательны для всех
возводящихся домов в Великобритании к 2016 году. Как сообщалось ранее, власти страны
намереваются начать строительство пяти 2эко-городов», которые помогут снизить
дефицит жилья. Около ста тысяч домов планируется оснастить солнечными панелями и
ветряками. Первый из эко-городов будет возведен в Кембриджшире.
Task 15 Skim the text and give your understanding of bio-history and bio-education.
Text 2 Bio-history
Under the influence of our developing civilization the environment has been drastically
changed. These changes have given rise to a new milieu to which humanity itself, which has
caused these changes, has not adapted. However, in order to survive and to protect the
environment, we must now find a way not only to adjust to the changes in the environment, but
also to compensate for the deleterious effects of our activities. By establishing close links
between biological evolution and human history, we can face the challenges of a new era and
create harmonious relations with the environment in order to overcome the serious
environmental problems of our times.
Life has been tested in unlimited varieties for millions of years, and the most viable
species have survived through the powerful selection of evolution. A major direction for bio-
history concerns the interactions between the biosphere and humankind in different historical
eras. It also concerns the ways that the environment has influenced the evolution of human
civilization and has shaped our societies, present and past.
All of human development during the last few thousand years could be interpreted as the
result of the struggle for adaptation to the bio-environment. From the most basic needs of
survival (water, food, shelter, energy) towards the absolute domination of nature, the human
being has been observing, deifying, thinking, understanding, controlling and dominating the
world into which he was born . Out of this bilateral exchange, behavioural patterns, culture,
experience, knowledge and science have resulted.
The consequences of this millennium-long development have had such a great and
sometimes devastating impact on the environment that the conservation and protection of bios
has grown into one of the most acute needs at the dawn of the third millennium.
10
We have to learn from the past, and have to realize that most of the fields of bio-
environmental interaction between man and nature have already occupied the conscious thought
or unconscious knowledge in previous times and other cultures.
Protection of nature, the urge to dominate it and to have the choice of decision upon
natural phenomena, is to be observed in every human society or culture.
The understanding of changing environmental circumstances and of the fluidity of the
concept of environmental protection requires the development of a critical appreciation of the
numerous influences affecting the interactions between humanity and environment.
Bio-history can be seen as a new promising research direction, of interest both to the
scientific community and to the general public. Its aim is to bring history and the sciences close
together, with the intention of constructing long and well-founded perspectives on environmental
issues, past and present. As part of an integrated bio-centric education, the main ideas of bio-
history need to be promoted worldwide.
1. The environment has been drastically changed under the influence of our developing
civilization.
2. Protection of the nature is to be observed in every human society or culture.
3. The environmental protection brings together social, economic, moral and political
considerations.
4. Life comes from and depends on nature.
Task 19 Scan the text below and find the information on urban management principles.
Which sentences contain the information you were looking for? Go back and read the text more
slowly. What other topics are discussed?
The environmental protection brings together social, economic, moral and political
considerations. Urban management must take these considerations into account and incorporate
the following principles:
Environmental limits. Uncertainty about the environmental threshold of the earth’s
carrying capacity requires the adoption of the precautionary principle and calls for demanding
management.
Environmental efficiency. Reducing the use of natural resources, increasing durability
and closing resource loops will contribute o long-range environmentally compatible urban
management.
Welfare efficiency and equity. Multiple use and social and economic diversity, as well as
a fair distribution of natural resources are key elements to be considered in urban planning.
To reconcile continuing development with environmental limits mankind must choose
certain types of development rather than others. Efficiency has meanings beyond maximizing the
economic output of each human being. Human benefit is not necessarily identical to utility.
11
Quantity of goods should be replaced with quality of life. Environmental protection is closely
connected to social equity.
Adobe – earth and straw that are made into bricks for building houses – кирпич-сырец.
Bale - a large quantity of smth. Such as paper or hay that is tightly tied together especially in
to a block – кипа.
Cohesion - connection in a reasonable way to form a whole –связь, сплоченность.
Equity – a situation in which everybody or everything is treated equally – справедливость.
Further through – to help smth. progress or be successful – содействовать, способствовать.
Hitherto – up to this time – до сих пор.
Loop – a shape like a curve – петля.
Output – the amount of produced goods – продукция, выпуск; производительность.
Reconcile – to find a way for the situations or facts to be acceptable – примирять, улаживать.
Surge – to suddenly move very quickly in a particular direction – возникать.
Threshold – the level at which smth. starts to happen- преддверие, порог.
Wattle and daub- a frame made from sticks woven together and covered with clay- строение,
сплетенное из прутьев, камыша или соломы и обмазанное глиной.
1. ………..requires the adoption of the precautionary principle and calls for demanding
management.
2. …………will contribute to long-range environmentally compatible urban management.
12
3. ………are key elements to be considered in urban planning.
4. Natural materials can provide an alternative……….
5. Most popular natural building techniques and materials include………
6. Architecture and urban planning based on…………….
7. ………..can be furthered through environmentally friendly urban design and
construction.
8. Bio-architecture also promotes………..
9. …………as a model for the harmonious co-evolution of humanity with the bio-
environment.
10. It is based on……………
Task 24 Translate the following words keeping in mind the meaning of prefix semi- полу-
13
1. At our institute there are several subjects (studied, studying) optionally. 2. Students (taken,
taking) exams next week should come to the dean’s office. 3(Making, having made) the
experiment, they discussed the results (obtained, obtaining). 4. (Listening, having listened) to the
lecture, students usually make notes.
For example: reading a book – когда (в то время как) кто-то читает (читал, будет читать),
читая, при чтении;
Having read - после того как (так как) кто-то прочитал , после прочтения
Testing the equipment they……; delivering the lecture the professor…..; decomposing the
substance the students….; having come to the factory the workers…..; having obtained the
results of a tender the manager…..
Task 28 Translate from English into Russian paying attention to ing-forms and ed-forms.
1. Making these experiments we can compare the loads acting on the structural elements.
2. When studying this project the engineer found some mistakes in designing the pipelines.
3. The forces acting between atoms within a molecule are very great.
4. Measuring the length of a ladder steps was necessary to supply required anti-slip
protection covers.
5. The substances tested were described in his report.
6. When asked to identify this substance he found that it was copper.
7. The method recommended was widely used in cement production.
Task 29 Translate the sentences from Russian into English paying attention to the use of
correct forms of Participles.
14
ирригационные системы, которые используют сточную воду из под раковин и душа и
крышу с фотоэлектрическими батареями, которые вырабатывают энергию для ее подачи в
домашние электроцепи. Но некоторые производители строительной продукции говорят,
что стать зеленым не обязательно должно означать новое и сложное. На самом деле
зеленое строительство может означать старое. Действительно старое.
Кирпичные дома используют один из самых старых природных материалов в мире
и создают экологически чистую конструкцию. Каменщики, использовавшие кирпич,
строили «зеленые» здания задолго до того, чтобы знать, что они приобретут популярность
в двадцать первом столетии.
Кирпич производится только из природных материалов – глины, воды и обжига и
не обрабатывается никакими химикатами. Строительство кирпичных стен создает
превосходный барьер, защищая дом от проникновения влаги и навязчивого шума. Кирпич
также усиливает изоляционные свойства дома, удерживая теплый или холодный воздух,
сокращая использование энергии внутри дома.
Домовладельцы, которые хотят присоединиться к «зеленому» движению, должны
осознать, что им не обязательно нужны современные, сложные материалы, чтобы быть
экологически сознательными.
Кирпич обжигается в печи при чрезвычайно высоких температурах, создавая
твердую глину, которая не подвержена влиянию термитов и гниению. Цвет кирпича не
тускнеет, так как цвет определяется содержанием минералов, а не искусственными
добавками. Размер и прочность кирпича также делают его стойким к воздействию ветра и
огня.
Task 34 Read the text and find the information where wood is pretty well the safest
material. Is the function of the text to teach the subject, to give new information or something
else? Which information was familiar to you before reading the text and which facts are new?
Before looking in detail at the technical and architectural opportunities at our disposal when using
wood as a building material, let us ask ourselves: why is it that we choose this material in
particular?
Let us begin with what is most obvious.
Building in wood offers unusually extensive opportunities, and yet it is less tolerant than any
other material of the taking of liberties - at every stage of building, from the initial architectural
design, the planning of details and systems, right up to implementation.
If a long-lasting type of wood is selected, worked in the right way, and if the requirements that
this wood imposes (good natural ventilation, an overhanging roof that protects from direct rainfall,
the absence of places where moisture can collect and linger) are complied with, then buildings
made from it can stand for hundreds of years.
15
It has long sinсe been established that for building in regions with high seismic activity, wood is
pretty well the safest material.
At the same time, in spite of what is commonly thought, wood's low density does not imply lack of
strength. If a 3-metre beam capable of withstanding a load of 20 tons weighs 60 kg when made
from spruce, the same beam made of steel will weigh 80 kg, and, made of reinforced concrete, will
weigh all of 300 kg.
Wood is a good insulator. It has a thermal conductivity coefficient λ of 0,12 W/m°C - which is
400 times less than that of steel, 15 times less than that of reinforced concrete, and four times less
than that of plaster.
Everyone says wood is a fire hazard. Yes, wood burns. But in the space of 15 minutes flame
penetrates it to a depth of only 8 mm.
This means that, if used in a properly designed structure, it can protect a public building from
combustion during the course of an entire hour or more.
Sheet metal has a fire resistance of no more than several minutes.
Another quality that makes wood attractive as a construction material - especially in Europe
and America - is its ecological purity.
Wood is the only renewable building material which both absorbs carbon dioxide and produces
oxygen as it grows.
One cubic meter of timber represents one ton of absorbed carbon dioxide.
Expenditure of energy on use of wood to make elements for construction is less than when the
same elements are prepared using other materials.
The drive towards ecological purity finds expression in the way we build today not just in the
use of timber, but also in the appearance of ever more new 'ecological' materials and in
revaluation of construction technologies.
This trend is most clearly to be seen in the use of a great variety of kinds of wooden boarding
and facade linings.
From the 1960s onwards, all over the world, thousands of tons of timber for use in faсades and
external work (planking, boarding, fencing) were processed in an autoclave using salts of copper,
chrome, and arsenic.
Such protective treatment, which gives the timber a greenish hue, keeps the wood from spoiling
for decades to come.
However, research carried out in the European Union has found that materials subjected to this
kind of chemical processing are highly toxic and environmentally harmful.
The investigation led to a European law forbidding the use of salts of copper, chrome, and
arsenic in the timber industry starting from June 2004 (with the exception of for manufacture of
elements used in load-bearing structures, for the processing of which no alternative has yet been
found).
The ban on using chemical treatments for construction timber has helped the development of
'ecological' technologies aimed at making wood longer-lasting.
There has been steadily growing interest in thermal processing.
This technology takes its inspiration from the practices of our ancestors, who used to bake piles
prior to their installation, and consists of heating timber in special kilns to a temperature of 200-
240°C under an inert gas (such as nitrogen).
In this way, without recourse to chemicals, the internal structure of the timber is modified,
becoming much more resistant to deformation of whatever kind (wood shrinkage, for instance, is
reduced by almost 100%) and longer-lasting. Thermal processing is accompanied by changes in
16
the colour of the wood - from light yellow or honey coloured to shades of dark brown - and by a
lessening of the material's bending strength.
Interesting examples of the use of thermally treated wood are the headquarters of McDonald's
in Helsinki and the spa at Cransac in France.
Overhanging roof – the roof that hangs over smth else – навесная крыша.
Linger – to continue to exist for longer than usual or desirable – скапливаться.
To withstand a load – to be strong enough to remain unharmed by pressure – выдерживать
нагрузку.
Spruce – a tree that grows in northern countries and has short leaves shaped like needles – ель.
Thermal conductivity –ability to conduct heat – теплопроводность.
Combustion – the process of burning – сгорание, воспламенение.
Fire resistance –the ability of a substance to slow down fire propagation- огнестойкость.
Renewable- replaceable naturally or easily – возобновляемый.
Drive- a strong natural need or desire – сильное желание, движущая сила.
Wooden boarding – narrow pieces of wood that are fixed side by side –деревянная обшивка.
Façade lining- a piece of material that covers the front part of a building – облицовка фасада.
Planking –wood that has been cut into planks, especially when it is used to make a floor, bridge
or fence – дощатый настил.
Thermal processing – treatment with heat – теплообработка.
Task 36 Find missing information for the sentences from the text.
1. ………………. then buildings made from it can stand for hundreds of years.
2. But in the space of 15 minutes ……………………………………………….
3. Another quality that makes wood attractive………………………………….
4. …………………..which both absorbs carbon dioxide and produces oxygen as it grows.
5. This trend is most clearly to be seen in…………………………………………………..
6. …………………..were processed in an autoclave using salts of copper, chrome and
arsenic.
7. However, research carried out in the European Union has found that……………………
8. The ban on using chemical treatments for construction timber…………………………..
9. This technology takes its inspiration from the practices………………………………….
10. …………….becoming much more resistant to deformation of whatever kind and longer-
lasting.
1. Building in wood offers unusually extensive opportunities, and yet it is more tolerant than
any other material of the taking of liberties - at every stage of building.
2. If the requirements that this wood imposes (good natural ventilation, an overhanging roof
that protects from direct rainfall, the absence of places where moisture can collect and
linger) are complied with, then buildings made from it can stand for twenty years.
3. Wood's low density implies lack of strength.
4. A 3-metre beam can withstand a load of 20 tons.
5. Wood is a bad insulator.
6. Wood can’t protect a public building from combustion during the course of an entire hour
or more.
7. Sheet metal has a fire resistance of more than several hours.
8. Wood produces carbon dioxide.
17
9. However, research carried out in the European Union has found that materials subjected to
this kind of chemical processing are highly toxic and environmentally harmful.
10. Thermal processing makes wood more resistant to deformation of any kind.
1. The body lifted, the energy possessed, the body possessing, the body acted upon, the
condition achieved, the goods stored, the system accepted, the force measured.
2. Determining the action, multiplying, acquiring equipment, speeding the process, having
obtained the condition, having measured the load, having determined the parameters, the
force acting, the body acted, acting upon the body, having acted the force, the force
destroying, the reaction obtained, identifying the element, having received the results.
1.You can measure the wind force (acted, acting) upon the building.
2. The force (applied, applying) to the body was measured.
3. When an (unbalanced, unbalancing) force is applied to a free body, the body will start into
uniformly (accelerating, accelerated) motion.
4. The following equation gives the potential energy of a (lifting, lifted ) body.
5. A (lifting, lifted) weight possesses potential energy.
6. Scientists (transforming, transformed) the nature of this region work for the benefit of
humanity.
7. The energy (transforming, transformed) in this experiment was thermal energy.
8. (Having graduated, graduating) from the institute, he began to work in the office.
Task 41 Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the participles.
1. Solid bodies offering resistance to a change in form or size exhibit the property of
recovery.
2. While rubbing two pieces of metal we may produce heat.
3. When compressing a gas heat may be developed.
18
4. When strained beyond the elastic limit a body may not recover completely if strained
for a long time.
5. When acted upon by an external force a body will change its state of rest to a state of
motion.
6. A piece of vulcanized rubber stretched exhibited better properties of elasticity when
tested.
7. The engine tested required no further improvement.
8. The equipment improved resulted in higher labour productivity.
9. The results obtained showed that the tested material possessed the property of
recovering its original state.
10. The experiments carried out differed in the data obtained when analyzed.
19
тонирование окон для блокировки солнечной радиации в дневные часы, ограниченное
количество внутренних стен, блестящие каменные полы, выделяющие тепло зимой и
поглощающие летом, а также естественная система увлажнения и прохлады – 3-х
этажный водопад.
Такой подход к зеленому строительству распространяется за пределы
использования нетоксичных, экологически чистых материалов, увеличивает размах
зеленого строительства. «Зеленая революция» - это частое сотрудничество дизайнеров,
инженеров и инженеров-механиков. Профессионалы по дизайну работают вместе, чтобы
установить звукоизолирующие системы благоприятные для окружающей среды ( также
как и системы с условно чистой водой и электрогенерирующие ветровые системы) и
изменить представление о зеленых материалах. В то время как приветствуются новые
подходы, старые понятия, как например переработка, также остаются популярными В
Нью Йорке компания WastMatch занялась переработкой на новом уровне. С начала
существования (1997г) компания переработала 25000 тонн материала с мусорных свалок
и принесла акционерам 4 млн. долларов в сбережениях и годовом доходе.
Task 43 Make the text “Why choose wood” shorter at least by half leaving out all
supporting facts and secondary ideas.
Task 46 Read the text and find general information, supporting facts and secondary ideas
in the text.
Innovations in wood materials
Let us return to the innovations which today are being introduced on a large scale on the market in
construction materials and technologies.
Among the most popular are combined wood-and-concrete floor/ceiling panels.
The bottom layer of these panels is assembled at the factory or building site from solid wooden
beams; concrete is then laid on top.
The concrete is not simply poured onto the wooden base, but bound to it using special metal or
plastic connectors or wooden fixings.
This kind of structure makes it possible to make the most of the advantages of both components:
when the panel is subjected to a load, its concrete 'superstructure' compresses, while the wooden
bottom layer stretches; the connectors absorb transfer pressure arising in the area where the
wood makes contact with the concrete.
Ceiling/floor panels of this type are lighter than reinforced-concrete panels of similar load-
bearing capacity and stronger than wooden beam-and-floor structures.
In addition, they have magnificent sound- and heat-insulatory qualities.
The wooden basis of the panel absorbs ceiling reverberations, while, thanks to its mass, the
upper concrete layer provides effective sound insulation.
Furthermore, structures of this type make it possible to span large widths and are much more
thermally stable than concrete panels or wooden planks.
20
In short, this kind of floor/ceiling structure has many merits and only one disadvantage: the
considerable time that must be spent on its assembly.
The other main trend in the development of wooden house building and the associated market
in products and materials is the use of increasingly 'natural' insulation materials. 'Traditional'
insulators such as mineral wool and polystyrene no longer satisfy many clients, who now look to
wooden houses as the ideal type of healthy, natural construction.
When we talk of 'natural' insulation materials, we mean meerschaum (in semi-hard slabs or
rolls), linen fibre, sheep's wool, cellulose wool; cork (in flakes or pressed), wood fibre,
duckdown (rolls), etc.
Although known as 'natural', these materials are nevertheless treated with chemicals - usually
boron salts, whose insecticidal and fire-resistant qualities improve a material's hygiene and
service life.
One of the latest trends on the market is a surge in sales of composite wood-plastic materials.
Such materials are a mix of synthetic resin and woodchips or wood-fibre, and are the 'children'
of all the various types of chipboard that owe their existence to a desire to avoid wastage in use
of timber.
The main virtues of these products are flexible form and ease of re-processing and re-use -
especially when they have a polythene or polypropylene base.
Depending on the material's intended use and required performance characteristics, the
proportion of wood to synthetic may vary from 1/4 to 4/1.
The main wood-plastic products available at the moment include various kinds of flooring,
railings, doors, mouldings, cartouches and picture frames for interior decoration, and
windowsills.
Even this by no means exhaustive list is sufficient to show that the range of wood-plastic
products is extremely broad.
Other new sub-products may therefore be expected to make their appearance before long.
Such structures require not just external wails and internal partition walls, but also-beams and
roof structures.
The disadvantages of such a system are the inevitable difficulties that occur with transporting
enormous panels, the need to use a lorry and crane on the building site, and, last but not least, the
fact that the entire structure, when assembled, has to be covered in exterior facing.
These diverse examples will, I hope, give you some understanding of why it is that Europeans
increasingly choose wood, and of why, when you set out to build something today, it is almost
impossible to avoid encountering this 'precious' material in some form or another.
21
Bind : to make things stick/ be connected together /связывать/
Fixing : things that are used to hold other things together /крепление/
Load bearing capacity : maximum load which a structure can bear /допустимая нагрузка/
Reverberation : if a room, structure etc. reverberates, it seems to shake because of a loud
sound /реверберация/
Mineral wool : sinter or mineral cotton / шлаковая или минеральная вата/|
Meerschaum : sea hemp /пеньковая трубка, морская пенька/
Slab : a thick flat piece of a hard material, such as stone: a concrete slab, paving
slabs /плита/
Flake : a small thin piece that breaks away easily from smth. else /чешуйка,
комок, хлопья/
Duckdown : the soft fine feathers of a bird /утиный пух/
Boron salt : борная соль
Insecticidal : killing insects / инсектицидный/
Woodchip : a small piece of wood which breaks off accidentally /древесная стружка,
щепа/
Chipboard : a type of board made from small pieces of wood pressed together with
glue / макулатурный картон, древесностружечная плита/
Virtue : an advantage that makes smth. better or more useful than smth. else /
преимущество/
Moulding молдинг, пресс-изделие
Cartouch орнамент в виде свитка, картуш
Pre-fabricated built from parts which are made in standard sizes so that they can be put
together anywhere
Exterior facing : an outer surface of a wall or building made of a different material from
the rest in order to make it look attractive.
Task 49 Find missing information for the sentences from the text.
22
9. …………giving way to panel-assembly or pre-fabricated modular houses.
10. The disadvantages of such a system are……………………………………
Task 53 Point out the sentence where the word “lifted” should be translated as
«поднятый».
1. Having lifted this beam to this height we should fix it up.
2. The beam has been lifted to the necessary height. You may fix it up.
3. The beam had been lifted before it was fixed up.
4. The beam lifted to this height may be fixed up.
Task 54 Translate the following into Russian paying attention to the Absolute Participle
construction.
1. The problem having been solved, the engineers began a new experiment.
2. The plan having been discussed, the meeting was over.
3. This law having been discovered, there are a lot of new possibilities.
23
4. The engineer having come, the experiment began.
5. The strain of the body exceeding a certain value, the body does not recover completely.
6. A body is under hydrostatic stress, the pressure upon it on all sides being the same.
7. A body is under tensile stress, the forces acting upon it tending to increase its length.
8. An external force acting, the body changes its state of rest to a state of motion.
9. The elastic properties of various materials are different, the ratio of stress to strain being
always the same for a given material within the elastic limit.
10. The distorting force removed, elastic bodies exhibit the property of recovering to their
original state.
Task 55 Translate from Russian into English using the Absolute Participle Construction.
Task 56 Read the text and find the English equivalent to the following Russian sentence:
The property of bodies of returning, after unloading, to their initial form is called elasticity. It is
said that the body is perfectly elastic if it recovers its original shape completely after unloading;
it is partially elastic if the deformation, produced by external forces, does not disappear
completely after unloading. In the case of a perfectly elastic body, the work done by the external
forces during deformation will be completely transformed into the potential energy of strain. In
the case of a partially elastic body, part of the work done by the external forces during
deformation will be dissipated in the form of heat which will be developed in the body during the
non-elastic deformation. Experiments show that such structural materials as steel, wood and
stone may be considered as perfectly elastic within certain limits which depend upon the
properties of the material. Assuming that the external forces acting upon the structure are known,
it is a fundamental problem for the designer to establish such proportions of the members of the
structure that it will improve the condition of a perfectly elastic body under all service
conditions. Only under such conditions there will be continued reliable service of the structure
and no permanent set in its members.
Task 57 Point out which of these sentences contains the information from the text.
1. There are three kinds of stress: tensile stress, hydrostatic stress and shearing
stress.
2. A heat engine is a machine for transforming heat into mechanical energy.
3. The body is perfectly elastic if it recovers its original shape completely after
unloading; it is partially elastic if the deformation, produced by external forces,
does not disappear completely after unloading.
24
Task 58 Point out which of the sentences express the main idea of the text.
1. Experiments show that such structural materials as steel, wood and stone may be
considered as perfectly elastic.
2. The body is perfectly elastic if it recovers its original shape completely after unloading.
3. The property of bodies of returning, after unloading, to their initial form is called
elasticity.
4. An example of potential energy accumulation in a strained body is the case of a watch
spring.
Task 61 Make a resume of the text, use your plan and key words.
25