DIRECTOR NOTES:

OPENING SCENE WILL BE A ZOOMED OUT IMAGE

OF THE TIMELINE OF WHAT WILL BE DISCUSSED IN
THE VIDEO, SHOW THE AUDIENCE THE ENTIRE
OUTLINE OF THE TIMELINE OF THE VIDEO.
INTRO: Visual:
CINEMATOGRAPHY IS AN ESSENTIAL PART OF https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o-ZJxDHDK9c
black horse
FILMMAKING. IT’S ABOUT CREATIVE VISUALS THAT
REINFORCE A NARRATIVE AND GIVE THE AUDIENCE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b6Ppp5902Yg
AN EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCE. IT’S LESS ABOUT THE Train
EQUIPMENT YOU USE AND MORE ABOUT HOW YOU
USE IT, BUT THIS FACT IS OFTEN OVERLOOKED BY
CONTEMPORARY FILMMAKERS.
DIRECTOR NOTES:
SLIDES TO THE NEXT SET OF INFORMATION ABOUT
THE BEGINNING OF FILM.
FILM STARTED IN THE YEAR 1894 WHEN THE LUMIERE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4nj0v
BROTHERS DESIGNED THE FIRST CAMERA THE EO4Q6s
CINÉMATOGRAPHE, THIS CAMERA SET THE FATE OF Play adequate time to how long script will
HOW FILM WOULD PROGRESS THROUGH TIME, take probably 20 seconds max
SINCE THEN WE HAVE HAD 1000’S OF
IMPROVEMENTS TO THE CAMERA AND THE
INDUSTRY OF FILM.

DIRECTOR NOTES:
CONTINUE ONTO THE VIDEO OF THE BLACK HORSE
RUNNING (RUN THROUGH A COUPLE TIMES AS ITS
ONLY 2.11 SECONDS LONG)

SINCE THE LUMIERE BROTHERS CREATED THERE FIRST https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o-ZJxDHDK9c

play whilst talking about black horse
FILM WHICH WAS THE BLACK HORSE RUNNING
AND WAS 2.11 SECONDS LONG. THE FIRST FILMED
FILM WAS THE TRAIN ARRIVING AT THE STATION
WHICH WAS 50 SECONDS LONG, IN COMPARISON
BETWEEN THE TWO THE DEVELOPMENT BETWEEN
THE TWO YEARS OF THE VIDEOS BEING RELEASED https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DEQ
THEY HAVE DEVELOPED CONSIDERABLY. eIRLxaM4
CONSIDERING WHAT TECHNOLOGY WAS
AVAILABLE AT THE TIME AND WHAT THEY HAD TO show photos of the first camera and
DESIGN AND USE IN ORDER TO MAKE THESE FILMS images similar
POSSIBLE.

DIRECTOR NOTES:
ZOOM OUT OF THE LUMIERE BROTHERS AND ZOOM
INTO THE NEXT SECTION OF INFORMATION
INCLUDING THOMAS EDINSON AND THE
KINETOGRAPH.

SINCE THEN THERE HAVE BEEN MANY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sfI0N

TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS INCLUDING VC0hLU
THE TRANSFORMATION TO DIGITAL AND NEW
CAMERA DESIGNS AND TECHNIQUES. 1:03
LET’S TAKE YOU BACK TO THE BEGINNING, JUST
AFTER THE LUMIERE BROTHERS THERE WAS THOMAS
EDISON WHO IN 1909, JOINED FORCES WITH OTHER
FILMMAKERS TO CREATE THE MOTION PICTURES
PATENTS COMPANY, AN ORGANISATION DEVOTED
TO PROTECTING PATENTS AND KEEPING OTHER
PLAYERS FROM ENTERING THE FILM INDUSTRY.
THOMAS EDISON’S INVENTIONS INCLUDED THE
TELEGRAPH, THE UNIVERSAL STOCK TICKER, THE
PHONOGRAPH, THE FIRST COMMERCIALLY
PRACTICAL INCANDESCENT ELECTRIC LIGHT BULB,
ALKALINE STORAGE BATTERIES AND THE
KINETOGRAPH A CAMERA FOR MOTION PICTURES.

DRONES: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LKbB
THE FIRST QUAD COPTER WAS INVENTED IN 1920 ratqPNs
BY ETIENNE OMNICHEN, IT WAS LATER ON WHEN
THE CIA ADDED A CAMERA TO IT AND USED IT FIRST select multiple clips (majority)
ON A PREDATOR DRONE IN AFGHANISTAN.
BEFORE IT WAS ADDED TO THE DRONE THE FILM
INDUSTRY HAD TO USE HELICOPTERS TO GET AERIAL
SHOTS WHICH WERE VERY EXPENSIVE AND TIME
CONSUMING.
LATER THE FILM INDUSTRY DECIDED TO SHRINK THE
SIZE OF A HELICOPTER AND USE A SMALL VERSION
OF A HELICOPTER AND EQUIP A VIDEO CAMERA
TO IT TO FILM IN HIGH DEFINITION, WHICH WAS
SIGNIFICANTLY CHEAPER AND MORE RELIABLE AS
THEY HAVE PROFESSIONAL CAMERA CREW THAT
CAN OPERATE IT 24/7.
THE WAY THAT THESE DRONES HAVE ADVANCED
THROUGH TIME IS SIGNIFICANT AS THEY HAVE
GOTTEN SMALLER, FASTER, CHEAPER, AND MORE
SUSTAINABLE WHICH IS VITAL IN THE FILM INDUSTRY
DIRECTOR NOTES:
MOVE ONTO SIR ALFRED HITCHCOCK AND START
DISCUSSING HIS FILMS AND HOW HE
REVOLUTIONISED THE FILM INDUSTRY
WHEN ALFRED HITCHCOCK ENTERED THE MOVIE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZQB
BUSINESS WITH THE MAN WHO KNEW TOO HzvWZvZ0
MUCH (1934), IT WAS HIS FIRST INTERNATIONAL
SUCCESS. first 30 seoonds and if needed use
WHEN IT WAS MADE THEY HAD TO USE THE
HASELEBLAD 500 WHICH WAS EXCEPTIONAL FOR https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9OO
ITS TIME BUT COMPARED TO MODERN CAMERAS QC_mE0Jc
WHICH FILM IN DIGITAL COMPARED TO FILM THAT 2:17
THEY USED IN THE 1950'S, IT HAS BEEN DEVELOPED
SINCE AND NOW CONTINUES TO BE USED IN
MODERN SOCIETY.
IN THE BEGINNING OF MOVIES IN THE 1940S, A https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xbG
CINEMATOGRAPHIC BREAKTHROUGH WAS bqRWwC_Q
PROCLAIMED: DEEP FOCUS. MOST FAMOUSLY
PIONEERED BY CINEMATOGRAPHER GREG
TOLLAND IN ORSON WELLES' CITIZEN KANE. DEEP
FOCUS MEANT EVERYTHING ON THE FILM SET
COULD BE IN FOCUS AT ONCE. NO LONGER DID
THE FILMMAKER HAVE TO DECIDE WHAT WAS IN
FOCUS AND WHAT WAS NOT. EVERYTHING WAS
CLEAR AND SHARP FOR THE EYE TO DISCOVER.
THE STEADICAM WAS INVENTED IN 1975 BY GARRET https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QKK
BROWN WHO WAS WANTING TO MAKE A DEVISE GzRIr7A8
THAT COULD BE USED TO MAKE A SHOT OF whole video
SOMETHING OR SOMEONE PERFECTLY STILL AND
NOT BE SHAKY LIKE THE FOOTAGE FILMED BEFORE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cy7z
AND THE RESULT IS THE ACADEMY AWARD- tJ3NUMI
WINNING STEADICAM, WHICH MADE ITS FEATURE whole clip
FILM DEBUT ON THE MOVIE “BOUND FOR
GLORY,” AND ROSE TO PROMINENCE IN THE FILMS
“ROCKY” AND “THE SHINING.”
THE WAY IT HAS ADVANCED SINCE THE DEBUT IN
BOUND OF GLORY AND ROCKY IS SIGNIFICANT
AND IT HAS BEEN DESIGNED TO BE SMALLER,
LIGHTER, AND EASIER TO CARRY, AS SEEN IN THE
PHOTOGRAPHS WITH SYLVESTER STALLONE AND
THEN THE SIMPLE PHOTO OF A MODERN
STEADICAM. THE COST HAS ALSO DECREASED
SINCE THERE ISN’T AS MANY COMPONENTS
NEEDED, MEANING THAT THEY DON’T NEED TO
HAVE SO MANY WIRES AND COMPARTMENTS.
DIRECTOR NOTES:
SWITCH FROM BLACK AND WHITE TO COLOUR AS
YOU START TALKING ABOUT ROGER DEAKIN’S AND
HOW HE MODERNISED TECHNOLOGY.
ONE OF ROGER DEAKIN'S FIRST FILMS WAS THE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8jRRZ
INCREDIBLE THE SHAWSHANK REDEMPTION WHICH PGa3fU
REVOLUTIONISED THE FILM INDUSTRY. WHAT WAS 2:47
SURPRISING TO LEARN, WAS THAT IT IS MORE
POPULAR TODAY THAN IT WAS WHEN IT WAS
RELEASED IN 1994, SINCE ROGER DEAKIN’S MADE
SHAWSHANK THE TYPES OF FILMS THAT HAVE BEEN
RELEASED AFTER, SUCH AS CASINO WHICH WAS
ONE OF THE BEST FILMS THAT YEAR AND FOR ITS
TIME, STARRING JOE PESCI AND ROBERT DENIRRO.
SINCE THE FILM SHAWSHANK WAS RELEASED THE
QUALITY OF FILMS PRODUCED HAS INCREASED https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gEX
DRAMATICALLY AND HAS RAISED THE BAR ON dIxl3m54
WHAT AN AMAZING FILM IS. 0:48
BIRD'S EYE
THE BIRDS EYE SCENE IS SHOWN FROM DIRECTLY https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_c
ABOVE. THIS IS A COMPLETELY DIFFERENT AND ontinue=12&v=Drp_ex9z6SM
SOMEWHAT UNNATURAL POINT OF VIEW WHICH
CAN BE USED FOR DRAMATIC EFFECT OR FOR
SHOWING A DIFFERENT SPATIAL PERSPECTIVE.

IN DRAMA IT CAN BE USED TO SHOW THE

POSITIONS AND MOTIONS OF DIFFERENT
INTERPRTATIONS FROM THE STORY SUCH AS A
DIFFERENT PERSONS POINT OF VIEW INSTEAD OF
THE MAIN CHARACTER.
DIRECTOR NOTES:
START TALKING ABOUT TRANSFORMATION FROM
FILM TO DIGITAL AND WHAT DIFFERENCES WERE
MADE AND WHO MADE THE DIFFERENCES
THE CHANGE FROM FILM TO DIGITAL IS https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EiV9x
SIGNIFICANT, THE FIRST DIGITAL CAMERA WAS 1996 SOVqs4
IN A SHORT FILM CALLED WIND HORSE AND THE
FILM RAINBOW. 0:46
THE MAIN REASON FOR THE CHANGE BETWEEN
FILM TO DIGITAL MEANT THAT IT WAS A LOT https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6lFf
CHEAPER AS THERE WASN'T AS MUCH NEED FOR G13Fsw
CREW, FOR EXAMPLE WITH DIGITAL CAMERAS YOU
ONLY NEED ONE PERSON WHO CAN TAKE CARE 0:36
OF EVERYTHING, WHEREAS WITH FILM YOU NEED TO
HAVE MULTIPLE STAFF SUCH AS FILM KEEPERS, CA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=72nK
SETT KEEPER, FILM OPERATOR AND MANY MORE 7APr6Xs
JOBS THAT TAKE CARE OF THE FILMED FOOTAGE.
SINCE THE FILM INDUSTRY TURNED TO DIGITAL 1:41
THERE HAS BEEN MANY ADVANTAGES SUCH AS
COST, TIME, AND SPEED.
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GEORGE LUCAS AND https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yHfL
QUENTIN TARANTINO IS THAT GEORGE LUCAS USES yMAHrQE
DIGITAL AND TARANTINO USES FILM, ONE OF THE
MAIN REASONS TARANTINO USES FILM IS BECAUSE 2:08
IT IS BETTER QUALITY, BUT GEORGE LUCAS SAYS
THAT IT IS TOO SLOW AND EXPENSIVE. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OJ1J
IN THE PROFESSIONAL WORLD, 4K IS A DIGITAL zYPjcj0
CINEMA STANDARD THAT CALLS FOR A 4096 X
2160 PIXEL RESOLUTION. THAT FIRST NUMBER IS A https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v7O
HORIZONTAL MEASUREMENT, THE SECOND IS VqXm7_Pk
VERTICAL, AND THEY WORK OUT BECAUSE THEY FIT
A 1.85:1 ASPECT RATIO. LOOKING AT THOSE
NUMBERS, IT MAKES SENSE TO USE THE TERM 4K,
BECAUSE THE HORIZONTAL MEASUREMENT IS IN THE
FOUR THOUSAND NEIGHBOURHOOD AND IS
DOUBLE THE PRIOR 2K (2048 X 1080) STANDARD.
DIRECTOR NOTES:
MOVE ONTO TALKING ABOUT THE ADVANTAGES IN
TECHNOLOGY AND WHO DESIGNED THEM
DIRECTOR NOTES:
WHEN TALKING ABOUT THE CRANE THAT’S USED IN
FILM SHOW HOW IT HAS EVOLVED THROUGH TIME
IN

A CRANE SHOT IS ONE THAT ALLOWS THE CAMERA

TO MOVE THROUGH SPACE IN ANY DIRECTION, UP,
DOWN, LEFT, RIGHT, FORWARD OR BACKWARD.
OVER TIME, THE EQUIPMENT TO ACCOMPLISH
CRANE SHOTS HAS IMPROVED DRAMATICALLY. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-
THOSE FIRST CRANES REQUIRED MANY WRANGLERS m598H0BJJ8
TO ACCOMPLISH A SHOT. NOW, AN OPERATOR
USING A DRONE CAN ACCOMPLISH AMAZING will have to edit around clips
VIEWS THAT MOVE THE CAMERA THROUGH, OVER
AND AROUND OBJECTS LIKE NO CRANE COULD
EVER DO.
CRANES ADOPTED DESIGNS BORN OUT OF A
SPECIFIC PURPOSE – TO SATISFY THE NEED TO
OBTAIN A SHOT THE FILMMAKER HAD IN HIS HEAD.
BY LOOKING AT THE VARIETY OF DESIGNS IN
PRODUCTION STILLS, THE CRANES CAME IN ALL
SHAPES AND SIZES AND WERE UNIQUE IN SOME
WAY. AN EXAMPLE OF THIS IS HITCHCOCK’S
CONTRAPTION TO GET A SHOT FOR HIS FILM
NOTORIOUS.
DIRECTOR NOTES:
SHOW IMAGES OF DIGITAL 4K AND HOW IT HAS
EVOLVED.
IMAX CAMERAS ARE ABLE TO SHOOT MUCH
HIGHER RESOLUTION COMPARED TO NORMAL
(35MM) FILM CAMERAS OR DIGITAL CAMERA. THE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Ml0
APPROXIMATE RESOLUTIONS OF THE RESULTING r-5U3lw
FOOTAGE WHEN SHOT FROM THESE DIFFERENT
CAMERAS ARE :

 DIGITAL (2K): ABOUT 2,000 LINES OR 2K

HORIZONTAL RESOLUTION
 DIGITAL (4K): ABOUT ,000 LINES OR 4K
HORIZONTAL RESOLUTION

 FILM (35MM): ABOUT 6,000 LINES OR 6K

HORIZONTAL RESOLUTION

 IMAX (70MM): ABOUT 12,000 - 18,000 LINES

OR 18K HORIZONTAL RESOLUTION

TRACKING SHOTS: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0pIfy

TXphgE
THE TERM TRACKING SHOT IS WIDELY CONSIDERED
TO BE SYNONYMOUS WITH DOLLY SHOT THAT IS, A
SHOT IN WHICH THE CAMERA IS MOUNTED ON A
CART WHICH TRAVELS ALONG TRACKS.

HOWEVER THERE ARE A FEW VARIATIONS OF BOTH

DEFINITIONS. TRACKING IS OFTEN MORE
NARROWLY DEFINED AS MOVEMENT PARALLEL TO
THE ACTION, OR AT LEAST AT A CONSTANT
DISTANCE (E.G. THE CAMERA WHICH TRAVELS
ALONGSIDE THE RACE TRACK IN TRACK & FIELD
EVENTS). DOLLYING IS OFTEN DEFINED AS MOVING
CLOSER TO OR FURTHER AWAY FROM THE ACTION.

SOME DEFINITIONS SPECIFY THAT TRACKING SHOTS

USE PHYSICAL TRACKS, OTHERS CONSIDER
TRACKING TO INCLUDE HAND-HELD WALKING
SHOTS, STEADICAM SHOTS, ETC.
WIDE/LONG SHOT https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ud1zpHW3i
to
SHOTS INDICATING SUBJECT SIZE
THERE ARE MANY WAYS IN WHICH YOU CAN
FRAME YOUR SUBJECT, FROM SEEING THEIR ENTIRE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hWvZC_iS8i
BODY TO ONLY THEIR EYES. GENERALLY SPEAKING, A
WE CAN BREAK THIS DOWN INTO THREE MAIN SHOT
SIZES: LONG, MEDIUM, AND CLOSE. LONG SHOTS
(ALSO COMMONLY CALLED WIDE SHOTS) SHOW
THE SUBJECT FROM A DISTANCE, EMPHASIZING
PLACE AND LOCATION, WHILE CLOSE SHOTS
REVEAL DETAILS OF THE SUBJECT AND HIGHLIGHT
EMOTIONS OF A CHARACTER. MEDIUM SHOTS FALL
SOMEWHERE IN BETWEEN, PUTTING EMPHASIS ON
THE SUBJECT WHILE STILL SHOWING SOME OF THE
SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT.