LECTURE NOTES

in
HS PHYS 001
GENERAL PHYSICS 1

Name : _______________________________________________________

Section : _______________________________________________________

Professor : _______________________________________________________
 HS PHYS 001 GENERAL PHYSICS 1
Topic: MEASUREMENTS
Intended Learning Outcomes:
1. Distinguish between Fundamental and Derived Quantities
2. Write numbers in Scientific Notations
3. Determine Significant Figures of a given quantity
4. Convert one unit to another

Fundamental Quantities Examples:

- Physical quantities that cannot be defined in terms of other 1000 m = 1 x 103 m = 1 kilometer = 1 km
physical quantities. 5,000,000 g = 5 x 106 g = 5 megagram = 5Mg
0.000007 s = 7 x 10-6 s = 7 microsecond = 7µs
In Mechanics, the three Fundamental Quantities are:
1. Length
2. Mass
3. Time

The SI (Système International) Units

 Meter, m ( for LENGTH)

- distance travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval 1/299 792
458 second.

 Kilogram, kg (for MASS)

- the mass of a specific Platinum-Iridium alloy cylinder kept at the
International Bureau of Weights and Measures at Sevres, France.

 Second, s (for TIME)

- 9 162 631 770 times the period of vibration of radiation from the
Cesium – 133 atom.

Other SI fundamental Units

4. Temperature (Kelvin)
5. Electric Current (Ampere)
6. Luminous Intensity (Candela)
7. Amount of Substance (mole)

Derived Quantities
- Quantities that are based on the result of a systematic equation that
includes any of the seven basic quantities

Examples: Significant Figures

Volume V = length x width x height unit:m3 - express a magnitude to a specified degree of accuracy, rounding up
Density ρ = mass / volume unit: kg/m3 or down the final figure
Area A = length x width unit: m2
Rules:
Prefixes for Powers of Ten 1) All nonzero digits are significant. Ex. 253.167 (6 SF)
103 kilo (K) 10-24 yocto (y) 2) All zeroes between significant digits are significant. Ex. 103.05 (5 SF)
106 mega (M) 10-21 zepto (z) 3) Leading zeros are not significant. Ex. 0.008 (1 SF)
109 giga (G) 10-18 atto (a) 4) Trailing zeros to the right of the decimal point are significant.
1012 tera (T) 10-15 femto (f) Ex. 27.00 (4 SF)
1015 peta (P) 10-12 pico (p) 5) Trailing zeros in a whole number with the decimal point shown are
1018 exa (E) 10-9 nano (n) significant. Ex. 370. (3 SF)
1021 zetta (Z) 10-6 micro (µ) 6) Trailing zeros in a whole number with no decimal point shown are not
1024 yotta (Y) 10-3 milli (m) always significant. Ex. 3700 (2, 3, or 4 SF)
10-2 centi (c) 7) For a scientific notation, the powers of ten is not significant.
10-1 deci (d) Ex. 9.3 x 105 (2 SF)
Examples:
Determine the number of significant figure Conversion of Units
1. 3.1451 9. 0.0008
2. 2.0506 10. 0.0010
3. 254.0 11. 1.2 x 10-5
4. 254.00 12. 3.70 x 107
5. 250.0 13. 3.700 x 107
6. 260. 14. 0.006040
7. 260 15. 4 x 103
8. 2600 16. 10201

Answers:
1. _____ 9. _____
2. _____ 10. _____
3. _____ 11. _____
4. _____ 12. _____
5. _____ 13. _____
6. _____ 14. _____ Unknown = Known x Conversion
7. _____ 15. _____ Quantity Quantity Factor
8. _____ 16. _____

Addition and Subtraction:

1. Perform all the operations Examples:

2. Round off result so that you include only 1 uncertain digit. Covert the following:
1. 15.0 in → cm
Example: 153. ml + 1.8 ml + 9.16 ml = 163.96 ml 2. 38.0 m/s → mi/hr
Answer = 164 ml (3 SF, uncertain digit = ones place) 3. 4.850 kg → lb
4. 3.0 L → cm3
Multiplication and Division: 5. 1.25 gal →ft3
6. A pyramid has a height of 481 ft and its base covers an area of
13.0 acres. The volume of a pyramid is given by the expression
1. Perform all the operations
2. Round off the result so that it has the same number of significant V=1/3 Bh, where B is the area of the base and h is the height.
figure as the least of all those used in calculation. Find the volume of the pyramid in cubic meters. (1 acre = 43
560 ft2)
Example: (2.5 m) x (2.01 m) x (2.755 m) = 13.843875 m3
Answer: 14 m3 (2 sig figs) Solution:
 HS PHYS 001 GENERAL PHYSICS 1
Topic: MEASUREMENTS
Written Work No. ____

Name : _______________________________________ Section: __________________________________ Date: __________________________

I. Write the number of Significant Figures 2. An ore loader moves 1200 tons/hr from a mine to the surface.
1. 2.345 - _____________ Convert this rate to pounds per second, using 1 ton = 2000 lb.
2. 1.20 - _____________
3. 0.005 - _____________
4. 0.40560 - _____________
5. 0.00000170 - _____________
6. 23600 - _____________
7. 1.750 x 106 - _____________
8. 2.0 x 10-7 - _____________
9. 16.00 x 1013 - _____________
10. 8075.2 - _____________

II. Use numbers 1-5 to rank the following, 1 as the largest and 5 as
the smallest. If two of the masses are equal, give them equal rank.

_____ 0.032 kg
_____ 15 g
_____ 2.7 x 105 mg
_____ 4.1 x 10-8Gg 3. A rectangular building lot has a width of 75.0 ft and a length of
_____ 2.7 x 108𝜇g 125 ft. Determine the area of this lot in square meters.

III. Solve the following Problems: (Box all final answers, follow significant
figures, indicate the corresponding units)

1. A solid piece of lead has a mass of 23.94 g and a volume of

2.10 cm3. From these data, calculate the density of lead in SI
units (kilogram per cubic meter).

4. 36.85 kg of starch was added to 12.3 kg of sugar, 86.123 kg of

water and 4.0001 kg of egg. Determine the total mass of the
ingredients.
 HS PHYS 001GENERAL PHYSICS 1
Topic: VECTORS
Intended Learning Outcomes:
1. Differentiate vector and scalar quantities
2. Perform addition of vectors
3. Rewrite a vector in component form
4. Calculate directions and magnitudes of vectors

REVIEW ON TRIGONOMETRY

Pythagorean theorem:

Note: For Right Triangle Only

h 2  ho2  ha2
Oblique Triangle– Triangle with NO 90°-angle

Trigonometric Function:

ho
sin  
h soh  cah  toa

ha
cos  
h cho  sha  cotao

Example 1 ho
tan  
ha

Example 1 Example 3

A building casts a shadow 67.2m away from the building. The angle A bicycle race follows a triangular course. The 3 legs of the race are
of inclination from the ground to the top of the building is 50°. in order, 2.3 km, 5.9 km, and 6.2 km. Find the angle between the
Determine the height of the building. starting leg and the finishing leg, to the nearest degree.

Example 4

Example 2 The sides of a triangular lot are 130 m, 180 m, and 190 m. The lot is to
be divided by a line bisecting the longest side and drawn from the
A runaway dog walks 0.64 km due north. He then runs due west to a opposite vertex. Find the length of the line.
hot dog stand. If the magnitude of the dog's total displacement vector
is 0.91 km, what is the magnitude of the dog's displacement vector in
the due west direction.

SCALARS AND VECTORS

Scalar Quantities
 described by a single number, pertains to magnitude only
Examples:
II. temperature, 98° C
III. speed, 35 m/s
IV. mass, 80 kgs.
Vector Quantities
a physical quantity that inherently with both magnitude and
direction
Examples:
11. velocity, 35 m/s North of East
12. force, 35 N rightward
13. displacement, 40 m from the origin
14. gravitational pull of man to earth

Arrows are used to represent vectors.

The direction of the arrow gives the direction of the vector EXAMPLE 1
while the length of a vector arrow is proportional to the
magnitude of the vector.

4 lb

8 lb

EXAMPLE 2

Resultant Vector

Often it is necessary to add one vector to another. The combined effect

of adding to or more vector is called resultant or resultant vector
denoted by “R”.

Vector Representation:

An arrow is used to represent a vector. The arrowhead gives the

direction and the entire length of the arrow represents the vector’s
magnitude. A scale is necessary to express the vector’s magnitude in
length units.

EXAMPLES:

1. 5km, east Scale: 1km = 1cm

2. 300N, 120° Scale: 50N = 1cm EXAMPLE 2. Solve using triangle method

A = 50 N, 25o N of E
B = 70 N, 80o N
Req’d: Find R = A + B

3. 120KPH, 60° north of east Scale: 60KPH = 1inch

Methods in Finding the Resultant Vector:

II. by Parallelogram Method
5. by Triangle Method
1. The resultant of two forces is the diagonal of the parallelogram
-Two forces are represented by their free vectors placed tip to
formed on the vectors of these forces.
tail, their resultant vectoris the third side of the triangle.
2. Vectors are combined tail-to-tail.
-The direction of the resultantbeing from the tail of the first
vector to the tip of the last vector. 3. It involves properties of parallelogram and can be solved using laws
of sine and cosine.

EXAMPLE 3. Solve using parallelogram method

EXAMPLE 1. Solve using graphical approach
A = 50 N, 25o N of E
A = 50 N, 25o N of E
B = 70 N, 80o N
B = 70 N, 80o N
Req’d: Find R = A + B
Req’d: Find R = A + B
Use Scale: 1 cm : 10 N
III. by Polygon Method

a. The head-to-tail method to calculate a resultant that involves

lining up the head of one vector to the tail of the other

b. The resultant vector is determined using a ruler and

protractor.

EXAMPLE 4. Solve using polygon method

A = 50 km, 0o with respect to X-Axis

B = 80 km, 40o Above X-Axis
C = 40 km, 140o Above X-Axis
D = 30 km, 160o Below X-Axis

Req’d: Find R = A + B + C + D The vector components of

Scale: 1 cm : 10 km ⃗⃗ are two 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 ⏊ vectors ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗𝑨 𝐴𝑥 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑦 that are parallel //to
⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
the x and y axes, and add together so that 𝑨 𝑨𝒙 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑨𝒚 .

  
Ax  A cos  Ay
  tan 1 ( 
)
 
Ay  A sin  Ax

  2  2
A Ax  Ay

IV. by Component Method

EXAMPLE 5. Solve using component method
c. the most accurate way of finding the resultant vector. Each
A = 50 N, 25o N of E
given vector is resolved into its x and y components.
B = 70 N, 80o N
Req’d: Find R = A + B

EXAMPLE 6. Solve using polygon method

A = 50 km, 0o with respect to X-Axis

B = 80 km, 40o Above X-Axis
C = 40 km, 140o Above X-Axis
D = 30 km, 160o Below X-Axis
𝑥⃗ and 𝑦⃗ are called the 𝒙 vector component/horizontal component and
the 𝒚 vector component/vectical component of 𝒓 ⃗⃗ Req’d: Find R = A + B + C + D
 HS PHYS 001 GENERAL PHYSICS 1
Topic: VECTORS
Written Work No. ____

Name : _______________________________________ Section: __________________________________ Date: __________________________

SOLVE EACH PROBLEM.

4. Find the magnitude and direction of resultant of the figure shown
1. A car travels 20.0 km due north and then 35.0 km in a direction below. Also, find its horizontal and vertical component.
60.0° west of north. Find the magnitude and direction of the car’s
resultant displacement.

2. A sailboat leaves a harbor and sails 1.8 km in the direction 65°

south of east, where the captain stops for lunch. A short time
later, the boat sails 1.1 km in the direction 15° north of east. What
is the magnitude of the resultant displacement from the harbor?

5. Use the component method of vector addition to find the

components of the resultant of the four displacements shown in
the figure. The magnitudes of the displacements are: A = 2.25 cm,
B = 6.35 cm, C = 5.47 cm, and D = 4.19 cm.

3. A displacement vector has a magnitude of 175m and points at an

angle of 50.0 degrees relative to the x axis. Find the x and y
components of this vector.
 HS PHYS 001 GENERAL PHYSICS 1
Topic: UNIT VECTOR
Intended Learning Outcomes:
1. Define a unit vector.
2. Distinguish a unit vector from ordinary vector.
3. Solve unit vector problems.

UNIT VECTOR ⃗⃗ = 𝑨
𝑪 ⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗
d. A vector that has a magnitude of 1, with no units. where,
e. It is used to describe a direction in space. ⃗𝑨
⃗⃗ = 𝑨𝒙 𝒊 + 𝑨𝒚 𝒋
f. It is expressed with a caret or “hat” (^) to distinguish it from ⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑩𝒙 𝒊 + 𝑩𝒚 𝒋
𝑩
ordinary vectors.
then,
g. Notation: |𝑢̂|= 1
𝑖̂- unit vector that has a magnitude of 1
⃗⃗ =(𝑨𝒙 𝒊 + 𝑩𝒙 𝒊) + ( 𝑨𝒚 𝒋+𝑩𝒚 𝒋)
𝑪
and points in the direction of x-axis;
(1,0,0)
⃗𝑪⃗ = √𝑪𝒙 𝟐 + 𝑪𝒚 𝟐
𝑗̂- unit vector that has a magnitude of 1
and points in the direction of y-axis;
(0,1,0)

𝑘̂ - unit vector that has a magnitude of 1

and points in the direction of z-axis;
(0,0,1)

EXAMPLES

- Given the two displacements 𝐷 = (6𝑖 + 3𝑗 − 𝑘)𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸 =

(4𝑖 − 5𝑗 + 8𝑘)𝑚,
𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 2𝐷 − 𝐸.

- Arrange the following vectors in order of their magnitude,

with the vector of the largest magnitude first. (a) 𝐴 = 3𝑖 +
5𝑗 − 2𝑘)𝑚; (𝑏) 𝐵 = (−3𝑖 + 5𝑗 − 2𝑘)𝑚; (𝑐) 𝐶 = (3𝑖 − 5𝑗 −
2𝑘)𝑚; (𝑑) 𝐷 = (3𝑖 + 5𝑗 + 2𝑘)𝑚.
 - Find the sum of two displacement vectors 𝐴⃗ and 𝐵 ⃗⃗ lying in the Also,
⃗
xy plane given by 𝐴 = (2.0𝑖̂ ) ⃗⃗
+ 2.0𝑗̂ 𝑚 and 𝐵 = (2.0𝑖̂ − 4.0𝑗̂)𝑚.
 
A  B  Ax B x  Ay B y  Az B z
Scalar/Dot Product in terms of Components

Note:
If angle 𝜃 is 90° or perpendicular, ⃗𝑨
⃗⃗ ● ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗ = 𝟎.
If 90 < 𝜃 ≤ 180°, scalar is negative.
If 0 ≤ 𝜃 < 90°, scalar is positive.
- A particle undergoes three consecutive displacements:. ∆𝑟⃗⃗⃗⃗1 =
(15𝑖̂ + 30𝑗̂ + 12𝑘̂)𝑐𝑚, ∆𝑟⃗⃗⃗⃗2 = (23𝑖̂ − 14𝑗̂ − 5.0𝑘̂)𝑐𝑚 and
∆𝑟⃗⃗⃗⃗3 = (−13𝑖̂ + 15𝑗̂)𝑐𝑚.Find the unit-vector notation for the
resultant displacement and its magnitude.

Example 1
⃗⃗ are given by 𝐴⃗ = 5𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ and 𝐵
The vectors 𝐴⃗ and 𝐵 ⃗⃗ = 4𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ +
̂
10𝑘.
a.) Determine the magnitude of 𝐴⃗ and 𝐵⃗⃗.
⃗ ⃗⃗.
b.) Determine the scalar product 𝐴 ● 𝐵
c.) Find the angle between 𝐴⃗ and 𝐵
⃗⃗.

Scalar Product / Dot Product

Scalar Product
- also called Dot Product
- scalar product of vectors 𝐴⃗and 𝐵 ⃗⃗denoted by 𝐴⃗ ● 𝐵
⃗⃗
- it is a scalar quantity equal to the product of the magnitudes
of the two vectors and the cosine of the angle 𝜃 between
them

Example 2

⃗⃗ and B
The vectors A ⃗⃗ = 2î + 3ĵ and B
⃗⃗ are given by A ⃗⃗ = −î + 2ĵ. a.)
Determine the scalar product A ● B. b.) Find the angle between ⃗A⃗ and
⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗.
B

- 𝐴⃗multiplied by 𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, which is the projection of 𝐵 ⃗⃗onto 𝐴⃗

- The scalar product is commutative, that is
⃗⃗⃗ ● 𝑩
𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗●𝑨⃗⃗⃗
- and also obeys the distributive law of multiplication,
⃗⃗⃗ ● (𝑩
𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑪 ⃗⃗) = 𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗ ● 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑨 ⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ ● 𝑪
Vector Product / Cross Product
Vector Product
- also called Cross Product
- vector product of vectors 𝑨⃗⃗⃗and 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗denoted by 𝑨
⃗⃗⃗ 𝒙 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗
- it is a vector quantity equal to the product of the magnitudes of the two
- vectors and the sine of the angle 𝝓 between them

⃗⃗ = 𝑨
𝑪 ⃗⃗⃗ 𝒙 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗

Note:

If vector ⃗𝑨
⃗⃗ and ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗are parallel or coincident (same angle), φ= 𝟎, and ⃗𝑨
⃗⃗ 𝒙 ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗ = 𝟎.

⃗⃗ = 𝟎.
If φ= 𝟎°or φ= 𝟏𝟖𝟎°, vector product, 𝑪

̂ 𝒊̂ 𝒙 𝒌
𝒊̂ 𝒙 𝒊̂ = 𝟎 𝒊̂ 𝒙 𝒋̂ = 𝒌 ̂ = −𝒋̂
̂ = 𝒊̂𝒋̂ 𝒙 𝒊̂ = −𝒌
𝒋̂ 𝒙 𝒋̂ = 𝟎 𝒋̂ 𝒙 𝒌 ̂
̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
𝒌 𝒙 𝒌 = 𝟎𝒌 𝒙 𝒊̂ = 𝒋̂𝒌 𝒙 𝒋̂ = −𝒊̂

⃗⃗⃗ 𝒙 𝑩
𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗ ≠ 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗ 𝒙 ⃗𝑨
⃗⃗ (commutative property does not apply).
⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗
and that, 𝑨 𝒙 𝑩 = −𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ 𝒙 ⃗𝑨
⃗⃗.

    
A x B  ( Ay B z  Az B y ) i  ( Ax B z  Az B x ) j  ( Ax B y  Ay B x ) k

The vector product can also be expressed in determinant form,

𝒊̂ 𝒋̂ ̂
𝒌
⃗𝑨
⃗⃗ 𝒙 ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗ = | 𝑨𝒙 𝑨𝒚 𝑨𝒛 |
𝑩𝒙 𝑩𝒚 𝑩𝒛

Example 3
a.) Find the magnitude of the vector product of 𝐴⃗ = 5𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ and 𝐵
⃗⃗ = 4𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 10𝑘̂.
b.) Find the angle between vectors 𝐴⃗ and 𝐵
⃗⃗.
 HS PHYS 001 GENERAL PHYSICS 1
Topic: UNIT VECTORS
Written Work No. ____

Name : _______________________________________ Section: __________________________________ Date: __________________________

SOLVE EACH PROBLEM.

- Given two vectors 𝐴 = 4𝑖 + 3𝑗 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = 5𝑖 − 2𝑗 (a) find the - Find the magnitude of the vector product of 𝐴⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂
magnitude of each vector, (b) write an expression for the ⃗⃗ = 3𝑖̂ − 6𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ and find the angle between vectors 𝐴⃗
and 𝐵
vector difference 𝐴 − 𝐵 using unit vectors; and (c) find the ⃗⃗.
and 𝐵
magnitude and direction of the vector difference 𝐴 − 𝐵.

- Given the two displacements 𝐷 = (4𝑖 + 3𝑗 − 𝑘)𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸 =

- ⃗⃗ are given by 𝐴⃗ = 6𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ and 𝐵
The vectors 𝐴⃗ and 𝐵 ⃗⃗ =
(2𝑖 − 5𝑗 + 2𝑘)𝑚,
̂
5𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 8𝑘. 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 2𝐷 − 𝐸.
a.) Determine the magnitude of 𝐴⃗ and 𝐵⃗⃗.
⃗ ⃗⃗
b.) Determine the scalar product 𝐴 ● 𝐵.
c.) Find the angle between 𝐴⃗ and 𝐵
⃗⃗.
 HS PHYS 001 GENERAL PHYSICS 1

Topic: Kinematics in One Dimension

Intended Learning Outcomes:
1. Convert a verbal description of a physical situation involving uniform acceleration in one dimension into a mathematical description
2. Recognize whether or not a physical situation involves constant velocity or constant acceleration
3. Construct v vs. t and a vs. t graphs, respectively, corresponding to a given position vs. time-graph and velocity vs. time graph and vice versa.
4. Use the fact that the magnitude of acceleration due to gravity on the Earth’s surface is nearly constant 9.8 m/s2 in free-fall problems
5. Solve for unknown quantities in equations involving one-dimensional uniformly accelerated motion
6. Solve problems involving one-dimensional motion with constant acceleration in contexts such as, but not limited to, the “tail-gating
phenomenon”, pursuit, rocket launch, and free- fall problems

Introduction Note: For horizontal motion, right direction Is (+) and left
Engineering Mechanics – science which considers the direction is (-)
effects of forces on rigid bodies
Dynamics – deals with the effect that forces have on
motion
Kinematics – (same root as cinema) geometry of motion,
without consideration of force causing motion
Kinetics – relates the force acting on a body to its mass
and acceleration
Statics – considering the effects and distribution of forces
on rigid bodies (bodies at rest and remain at rest or in a
fixed position)
Engineerin g Mechanics

 Statics
   Dynamics

Force Systems Applicatio ns Kinematics Kinetics
          
Concurrent Trusses Translatio n Translatio n
Parallel Centroids Rotation Rotation Speed and Velocity
Non  Concurrent Friction Plane Motion Plane Motion

Displacement and Distance

As an object moves, its position changes with time.

Displacement ∆x- change in position specified by length

and direction, a vector quantity.
Distance, d- a length from one point another usually
measured in a straight line, a scalar quantity.
TABLE 1. Position of the Car at various times.

Example 1
Find the displacement, average velocity, and average
speed of the car between positions A and F as described by
the Table 1.

Example 2 Distance Run by a Jogger

How far does a jogger run in 1.5 hours if his average speed
GRAPH 1. Position Vs. Time Graph is 2.22 m/s?

Example 3 World’s Fastest Jet-Engine Car

Andy Green in the car ThrustSSC set a world record of
341.1 m/s in 1997. To establish such a record, the driver
makes two runs through the course, one in each direction,
to nullify wind effects. From the data, determine the
average velocity for each run.

GRAPH 2. Position Vs. Time Graph

Example 2
A position–time graph for a particle moving along the x-
axis is shown in the figure below. (a) Find the average
velocity in the time interval t = 1.50 s to t = 4.00 s. (b)
Determine the instantaneous velocity at t = 2.00 s by
measuring the slope of the tangent line shown in the
graph. (c) At what value of t is the velocity zero?
Acceleration
Acceleration – change in velocity per unit time

Example 1
Determine the average acceleration of the plane.
 
vo  0 m s v  260 km h

to  0 s t  29 s
Example 2

Example 3

Constant Acceleration

Equations of Kinematics for Constant Acceleration

Example 1
An airplane travels 800 m down the runway before taking
off. It starts from rest, moves with constant acceleration,
and becomes airborne in 20 s, what is its speed when it
takes off?
Example 4
A car moving at 20 m/s slows down at 1.5 m/s2 to a
velocity of 10 m/s. How far did the car go during the
slowdown? How long did it last?

Freely Falling Bodies

Example 2 Catapulting a Jet

Find its displacement.

(a) Air Filled Tube (b) Evacuated Tube

Example 3
A bus travels 400 m between two stops. It starts from rest
and accelerates at 1.5 m/s2 until it reaches a velocity of 9.0
m/s. The bus continues at this velocity and then
decelerates at 2.0 m/s2 until it comes to a halt. Find the
total time required for the journey.
Example 1
A stone thrown from the top of a building is given an initial
velocity of 20.0 m/s straight upward. The building is 50.0 m
high, and the stone just misses the edge of the roof on its
way down, as shown in the figure.
b.) Find the maximum height of the stone.
c.) Determine the velocity of the stone when it returns
to the height from which it was thrown.
d.) Find the velocity and position of the stone at
t = 5.00 s.
Example 2
If a frog can jump straight up to a height of 0.52 m, what is
its initial speed as it leaves the ground? For how much
time is it in the air?
Example 3
A book accidentally falls from a shelf 4.2 m high. A
librarian is standing nearby and moves 0.80 m, starting
from rest, to catch the book. What must be his average
acceleration if he catches the book when it is 1.8 m above
the floor?
Example 4
A ball is dropped from a balloon that is rising vertically at
30 m/s. If the ball reaches the ground in 10 secs.
a.) Find the highest point reached by the ball and the time
of flight.
b.) Determine the height of the balloon above the ground
when the ball dropped and the velocity of the ball as it
strikes the ground.
 HS PHYS 001 GENERAL PHYSICS 1
Topic: One Dimensional Kinematics
Written Work No. ____

Name : _______________________________________ Section: __________________________________ Date: __________________________

1. A car moves 65 km due East then 45 km due West. What is its total
displacement?
9. If a car accelerates from rest at a constant 5.5 m/s2, how long will it need to
reach a velocity of 28 m/s?

2. You drive a car for 2.0 h at 40 km/h, then for another 2.0 h at 60 km/h. What is
your average velocity?

10. A car slows from 22 m/s to 3.0 m/s at a constant rate of 2.1 m/s2. How many
seconds are required before the car is traveling at 3.0 m/s?

3. An Indy 500 race car’s velocity increases from +4.0 m/s to +36 m/s over a 4.0s
time interval. What is its average acceleration?

11. A spaceship far from any star or planet accelerates uniformly from 65.0 m/s
to 162.0 m/s in 10.0 s. How far does it move?

4. The race car slows from +36 m/s to +15 m/s over 3.0 s. What is its average
acceleration?

12. A particle’s motion is described by the equation (𝑡)=3𝑡2+5𝑡+2 . What is the

particle’s velocity at t = 4s?

5. A car is coasting downhill at a speed of 3.0 m/s when the driver gets the
engine started. After 2.5 s, the car is moving uphill at a speed of 4.5 m/s.
Assuming that uphill is the positive direction, what is the car’s average
acceleration? 13. A car is stopped at the traffic light. It then travels along a straight road so that
its distance from the light is given by 𝑥(𝑡)=(2.40𝑚/𝑠2 )𝑡2−(0.120𝑚/𝑠3) 𝑡3.

a. Calculate the average velocity of the car for the time interval t = 0s to t = 10.0s

6. A bus is moving at 25 m/s when the driver steps on the brakes and brings the
bus to a stop in 3.0 s. What is the average acceleration of the bus while braking? b. Calculate the instantaneous velocity of the car at t = 0s, t = 5.0s and t = 10.s.

7. A golf ball rolls up a hill toward a miniature-golf hole. Assign the direction
toward the hole as being positive. If the ball starts with a speed of 2.0 m/s and 14. The acceleration of a particle is given by 𝑎(𝑡)=(−2.00𝑚/𝑠2)+(3.00𝑚/𝑠3) 𝑡3.
slows at a constant rate of 0.50 m/s2, what is its velocity after 2.0 s? Find the initial velocity of the particle such that it will have the same x-coordinate
at t = 4.00s as it had at t = 0s

8. A bus, traveling at 30.0 km/h, speeds up at a constant rate of 3.5 m/s2. What
velocity does it reach 6.8 s later?

REFERENCE: General Physics 1 by. Marasigan D.E.

 HS PHYS 001 GENERAL PHYSICS 1

Topic: Kinematics in Two Dimension

Intended Learning Outcomes:
1. Describe motion using the concept of relative velocities in 1D and 2D
2. Extend the definition of position, velocity, and acceleration to 2D and 3D using vector representation
3. Deduce the consequences of the independence of vertical and horizontal components of projectile motion
4. Calculate range, time of flight, and maximum heights of projectiles
5. Differentiate uniform and non-uniform circular motion
6. Infer quantities associated with circular motion such as tangential velocity, centripetal acceleration, tangential acceleration, radius of
curvature
7. Solve problems involving two dimensional motion in contexts such as, but not limited to ledge jumping, movie stunts, basketball, safe
locations during firework displays, and Ferris wheels
8. Plan and execute an experiment involving projectile motion: Identifying error sources, minimizing their influence, and estimating the
influence of the identified error sources on final results

Projectile Motion The vertical components are affected by gravitational

acceleration.
Projectile – an object given an initial velocity and follows a
parabolic path (called trajectory) determined entirely by The horizontal components are not affected by any
the effects of gravitational acceleration neglecting air acceleration.
resistance.

Note:
𝒚 is (+) above reference line
𝒚 is (−) below reference line
𝑽𝒇𝒚 is (+) going upward
𝑽𝒇𝒚 is (−) going downward
𝑽𝒇𝒚 is 𝟎 at maximum height, 𝒚𝒎𝒂𝒙

Where:

𝑽𝒊 = 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑽𝒊𝒙 = ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑽𝒊𝑦 = 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝜽 = 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
CASES OF PROJECTILE

CASE 1. HORIZONTALLY LAUNCH CASE 2. LAUNCH AT AN ANGLE AT THE GROUND

 CASE 3. LAUNCH AT AN ANGLE ABOVE A CERTAIN HEIGHT.

Example 1
A long jumper leaves the ground at an angle of 20.0° above the
horizontal at a speed of 11.0 𝑚/𝑠. a.) How far does he jump in
the horizontal direction? b.) What is the maximum height
reached?

Example 2
A baseball is thrown at an angle of 60° above the horizontal,
strikes a building 36.0 𝑚 away at a point 8𝑚 above the point
from which it is thrown. a.) Find the magnitude of the initial
velocity of the baseball (from which it was thrown) b.) Find the
magnitude and direction of the velocity of the baseball before it
strikes the building.

Example 3
A projectile is fired from the top of a cliff 300 𝑓𝑡. High with a
velocity of 1414 𝑓𝑡/𝑠 directed at an angle of 45° to the
horizontal. Find the range on a horizontal plane through the base
of the cliff.

Example 4
A ball is thrown horizontally from the roof of a building 20𝑚 high
at 25 𝑚/𝑠. a.) How far from the building will it strike the ground?
b.) What will be the ball’s velocity when it strikes the ground?

Example 5
A cannonball is fired at an angle of 30.0° with the horizontal. It
NOTE: 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝜽
lands 60𝑚. measured horizontally and 2𝑚 below measured
vertically from its point of release. Determine the initial velocity
of the stone (𝑖𝑛 𝑚/𝑠).
Uniform Circular Motion

Uniform Circular Motion– objects that move in a circular

path with constant speed but direction of velocity is not
constant.

𝒗 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑/𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑚/𝑠
𝟐𝝅𝒓 = 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟, 𝑚
𝑻 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒
𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒐𝒅, 𝑠

𝒇 = 𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓

𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡, 𝐻𝑧

Example 1
The wheel of a car has a radius of 0.29m and it is being
rotated at 830 revolutions per minute on a tire-balancing
machine. Determine the speed at which the outer edge of
the wheel is moving.

Example 2
An electric fan rotates at 800 rev per min. Consider a point
on the blade a distance of 0.16m from the axis. Calculate
the speed at this point and its centripetal acceleration.
Centripetal Force – the force (real force) on the body
towards the center of rotation when the body is moving
around a curved path.
Centrifugal Force – the force (apparent force) on the body
directed away from the center of rotation when the body
is moving around a curve path. The same magnitude as
Centripetal Force.

Example 3
A race car travels around the horizontal circular track that
has a radius of 300 ft. If the car increases its speed at a
constant rate of 7 ft/s2, starting from rest, a.) determine
the time needed for it to reach an acceleration of 8 ft/s2.
b.) What is its speed at this instant?

Example 4
A cyclist on a circular track of radius r=800ft is travelling 27
fps. His speed in the tangential direction increases at the
Example 5
rate of 3 fps2. What is the cyclists’ total acceleration.
The model airplane has a mass of 0.90 kg and moves at
constant speed on a circle that is parallel to the ground.
The path of the airplane and the guideline lie in the same
horizontal plane because the weight of the plane is
balanced by the lift generated by its wings. Find the
tension in the 17 m guideline for a speed of 19 m/s.
 HS PHYS 001 GENERAL PHYSICS 1
Topic: Two Dimensional Kinematics
Written Work No. ____

Name : _______________________________________ Section: __________________________________ Date: __________________________

1. A stone is thrown horizontally at a speed of 5.0 m/s 4. Racing on a flat track, a car going 32 m/s rounds a
from the top of a cliff 78.4 m high. curve 56 m in radius. What is the car’s centripetal
a. How long does it take the stone to reach the acceleration?
bottom of the cliff?

b. How far from the base of the cliff does the stone 5. A 615-kg racing car completes one lap in 14.3 s around
hit the ground? a circular track with a radius of 50.0 m. The car moves
at constant speed. What is the acceleration of the car?

c. What are the horizontal and vertical components

of the stone’s velocity just before it hits the
ground?

2. The player then kicks the ball with the same speed, but 6. An athlete whirls a 7.00-kg hammer tied to the end of
at 60.0° from the horizontal. What are the ball’s hang a 1.3-m chain in a horizontal circle. The hammer makes
time, range, and maximum height? one revolution in 1.0 s. What is the centripetal
acceleration of the hammer?

3. A runner moving at a speed of 8.8 m/s rounds a bend 7. According to the Guinness Book of World Records
with a radius of 25 m. What is the centripetal (1990) the highest rotary speed ever attained was
acceleration of the runner? 2010 m/s (4500 mph). The rotating rod was 15.3 cm (6
in.) long. Assume that the speed quoted is that of the
end of the rod. What is the centripetal acceleration of
the end of the rod?
 HS PHYS 001 GENERAL PHYSICS 1

Topic: Forces and Newton’s Law of Motion

Intended Learning Outcomes:

1. Restate Newton’s laws of motion.
2. Give illustrative examples for each laws.
3. Apply the 1st condition of equilibrium in Newton’s laws of motion.

Concept of Force
Force – an interaction that causes an acceleration of a
body, can either be push or pull. This includes
gravitational, electrostatic, magnetic and contact
influences.
3. Frictional Force (Ff) – a force which opposes the motion
of a body at rest or in motion.
4. Tensional Force (FT) – the force exerted by a string, rope
or cable on an object to which it is attached, pulls the
object in the direction of the rope

𝑭 = 𝒎𝒂 5. Applied Force (FA) – is a force that is applied to an object

by a person or another body.
𝑭 = 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒, 𝑁𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛, 𝑁
𝒎 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠, 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠, 𝑘𝑔𝑠. 6. Air Resistance Force (FAIR) – Is a special type of frictional
𝒂 = 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑚/𝑠 2 force that acts upon an object as they travel through the
Note:
air. It opposes the motion of an object. Sometimes
𝑚 neglected.
1 𝑁 = 1 𝑘𝑔 𝑥
𝑠2
7. Electrical Force (FE) – Attraction and repulsion of
Mass – amount of “stuff” contained in an object, a scalar charges causes electrical force.
quantity
8. Magnetic Force (FM) – Attraction and repulsion of
External forces (considered in engineering mechanics) are magnets causes magnetic force.
those actions of other bodies on a rigid body while those
forces that hold together parts of a rigid body are called Newton’s Law of Motion
internal forces (considered in strength of materials,
I. Newton’s First Law: The Law of Inertia
dependent on point of application ).
“A body at rest, or in a state of motion with constant
Some particular forces include:
speed, has no acceleration, unless acted upon by an
1. Weight (of a body) – the gravitational force that the unbalanced force.”
earth exerts on the object. It always acts downward,
Consider:
towards the center of earth.

𝑭𝒈 = 𝑾 = 𝒎𝒈
At rest In Motion
𝑾 = 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡, 𝑁
𝒎 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠, 𝑘𝑔𝑠. ⃗⃗ = 𝟎, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒂 = 𝟎.
𝑰𝒇 ∑𝑭
𝒈 = 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏𝒎/𝒔𝟐
Inertia – the natural tendency of an object to remain at
2. Normal Force (FN) – the perpendicular force rest or in motion at a constant speed along a straight line
(perpendicular to the surface) experienced by a body that
is pressed against a surface.
 Free-Body Diagram – a sketch of the isolated body which
shows only the forces acting upon the body.

The forces acting on the free body are the action forces,
also called applied forces. The reaction forces are those
exerted by the free body upon other bodies.

Example of a Free-Body Diagram

The net force (ΣF) is the vector sum of all the forces acting
on an object.

II. Newton’s Second Law: The Law of Acceleration

“Whenever a net (resultant) force acts on a body, it

produces an acceleration in the direction of the resultant
force that is directly proportional to the resultant force
and inversely proportional to the mass of the body.”
If motion is along horizontal,
Example 1
Two people are pushing a stalled car, as shown. The mass
of the car is 1850 kg. One person applies a force of 275N to
the car, while the other applies a force of 395N. A third
force of 560N also acts on the car in the opposite direction.
This force arises because of friction. Find the acceleration
of the car.

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝒙 = 𝒎 · 𝒂
∑𝑭 ⃗⃗𝒙

If motion is along horizontal,

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝒚 = 𝒎 · 𝒂
∑𝑭 ⃗⃗𝒚

Note:

All the forces acting along the direction of motion is

_____________________________________________
always (+), while the forces acting opposite the direction
of motion is taken as (−). _____________________________________________

III. Newton’s Third Law: The Law of Interaction _____________________________________________

“For every action acting on an object, there is always an _____________________________________________

equal and opposite reaction.” _____________________________________________
Example 2
A hockey puck having a mass of 0.30 kg slides on the
horizontal, frictionless surface of an ice rink. Two hockey
sticks strike the puck simultaneously, exert-ing the forces
on the puck shown in the figure. The force has a magnitude
of 5.0 N, and the force has a magnitude of 8.0 N.
Determine both the magnitude and the direction of the
puck’s acceleration.
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Example 3
Suppose that the magnitude of the force is 36 N. If the
mass of the spacecraft is 11,000 kg and the mass of the
astronaut is 92 kg, what are the accelerations?
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Example 4
A 1580-kg car is traveling with a speed of 15.0 m/s. What
is the magnitude of the horizontal net force that is
required to bring the car to a halt in a distance of 50.0 m?
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Example 5
A student is skateboarding down a ramp that is 6.0 m long
and inclined at 18o with respect to the horizontal. The
initial speed of the skateboarder at the top of the ramp is
2.6 m/s. Neglect friction and find the speed at the bottom
of the ramp.
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Example 6
A 95.0-kg person stands on a scale in an elevator. What is
the apparent weight when the elevator is (a) accelerating
upward with an acceleration of 1.80 m/s2, (b) moving
upward at a constant speed, and (c) accelerating
downward with an acceleration of 1.80 m/s2?
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________ 𝑭𝒇 = 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒, 𝑁

𝝁 = 𝑚𝑢, 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Example 7 0 < 𝜇 < 1, 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑵 = 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒, 𝑁
An Atwood machine is a device used at laboratories to
calculate the value of 𝑔. Two objects with mass 7.0 kg and
5.0 kg are suspended at the end of the cord that passes
over a massless frictionless pulley as shown. a.) What is the
acceleration of the system? b.) What is the tension in the
cord?

Static Friction – opposes the impending relative motion

between to objects

𝑭𝒔 = 𝝁𝒔 · 𝑵

Kinetic Friction – exists when an object does not slide

along a surface on which it rests even though a force is
exerted to make it slide

𝑭𝒌 = 𝝁𝒌 · 𝑵

Generally, 𝒇𝒔 > 𝒇𝒌

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

Frictional Force
First Condition of Equilibrium
Friction – produced when a body is rubbing over a surface.
It opposes the motion of an object directed parallel to the The vector sum of all the forces acting on the body is zero.
surface of contact. An object has zero acceleration.

Collinear Forces – forces acting on the same line of action

Concurrent Forces – forces acting at the same point
Coplanar Forces – forces acting along the same plane
Equilibrant – single force applied at the same point that
produces equilibrium
Note:
When an object is accelerating, it is not in equilibrium.
Therefore, Newton’s second law of acceleration is applied.
Example 1
A traffic light weighing 122 N hangs from a cable tied to
two other cables fastened to a support as shown. The
upper cables make angles of 37.0° and 53.0° with the
horizontal. These upper cables are not as strong as the
vertical cable and will break if the tension in them exceeds _____________________________________________
100 N. Does the traffic light remain hanging in this
situation, or will one of the cables break?
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Example 2
What is the magnitude and direction of the single force
applied to make the two concurrent forces
(86.60 𝑁, 𝑁 30° 𝐸 and 70.7 𝑁, 𝑁 45° 𝑊) in equilibrium?
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Example 3
A 250 𝑙𝑏. block is initially at rest on a flat surface that is
inclined at 30°. If the coefficient of kinetic friction and
static friction is 0.30 and 0.40, respectively, find the force
required to start the block moving up the plane.
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Example 4
A block weighing 200N rests on a plane inclined upward to
the right at a slope of 4 vertical to 3 horizontal. The block is
connected by a cable initially parallel to the plane passing
through a pulley which is connected to another block
weighing 100N moving vertically. The coefficient of kinetic
friction between the 200N block and the inclined plane is
0.10. Which of the following most nearly gives the
acceleration of the system.
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Example 5
A hockey puck on a frozen pond is given an initial speed of
20.0 m/s. If the puck always remains on the ice and slides
115 m before coming to rest, determine the coefficient of
kinetic friction between the puck and ice.
 HS PHYS 001 GENERAL PHYSICS 1

Topic: Forces and Newton’s Law of Motion

Written Work No. ____

Name : _______________________________________ Section: __________________________________ Date: __________________________

Choose the letter of the correct answer. Shade the letter, that (2) the force of the table pushing on the book
corresponds to your answer, Provide your solution at the back of the (3) the force of the book pushing on the table
paper. (4) the force of the book pulling on the earth

1. With one exception, each of the following units can be used to 7. Which two forces form an "action-reaction" pair that obeys
express mass. What is the exception? Newton's third law?
a. Newton c. kilogram a. 1 and 2 c. 3 and 4
b. gram d. slug b. 1 and 4 d. 1 and 3

2. Complete the following statement: The term net force most 8. The book has an acceleration of 0 m/s2. Which pair of forces,
accurately describes excluding "action-reaction" pairs, must be equal in magnitude
a. the mass of an object and opposite in direction?
b. the inertia of an object. moving. a. 1 and 2 c. 2 and 4
c. the quantity that causes displacement. b. 1 and 4 d. 1 and 3
d. the quantity that changes the velocity of an object.
For items 9-10. A 2.0-N force acts horizontally on a 10-N block that is
3. Which one of the following terms is used to indicate the natural initially at rest on a horizontal surface. The coefficient of static friction
tendency of an object to remain at rest or in motion at a constant between the block and the surface is 0.50.
speed along a straight line?
a. Velocity c. inertia 9. What is the magnitude of the frictional force that acts on the
b. acceleration d. force block?
a. 0 N c. 10 N
4. When the net force that acts on a hockey puck is 10 N, the puck b. 5 N d. 2 N
accelerates at a rate of 50 m/s2. Determine the mass of the
puck. 10. Suppose that the block now moves across the surface with
a. 0.2 kg c. 50 kg constant speed under the action of a horizontal 3.0-N force.
b. 5 kg d. 1.0 kg Which statement concerning this situation is not true?
a. The block is not accelerated.
For items 5-6. A horse pulls a cart along a flat road. Consider the b. The net force on the block is zero Newton.
following four forces that arise in this situation. c. The frictional force on the block has magnitude 3.0 N.
(1) the force of the horse pulling on the cart d. The direction of the total force that the surface exerts on
(2) the force of the cart pulling on the horse the block is vertically upward.
(3) the force of the horse pushing on the road
(4) the force of the road pushing on the horse

5. Which two forces form an "action-reaction" pair that obeys

Newton's third law?
a. 1 and 4 c. 2 and 3
b. 2 and 4 d. 3 and 4

6. Suppose that the horse and cart have started from rest; and as
time goes on, their speed increases in the same direction.
Which one of the following conclusions is correct concerning the
magnitudes of the forces mentioned above?
a. Force 1 exceeds force 2.
b. Force 3 exceeds force 4.
c. Force 2 is less than force 3.
d. Forces 1 and 2 cannot have equal

For items 7-8. A book is resting on the surface of a table. Consider

the following four forces that arise in this situation:
(1) the force of the earth pulling on the book