DRIP IRRRIGATION

DRIP IRRIGATION 1
WATER APPLICATION

DRIP IRRIGATION 2
 ADVANTAGES OF DRIP
IRRIGATION (1)

 Accurate localized water application

 Minimized evaporation losses
 Desirable air-water equilibrium in soil
 Compatible with harsh soil and topography
conditions
 Little interference with farm activities
 Decreased weed infestation
 Decreased fungal leaf and fruit diseases as well as
leaf burns
DRIP IRRIGATION 3
 ADVANTAGES OF DRIP
IRRIGATION (2)

 Elimination of water losses in plot’s margins

 No wind interference
 Simultaneous application of water and
nutrients
 Extended use of brackish water for irrigation
 Convenient control of water and nutrient
supply by automation
 Low energy requirements
DRIP IRRIGATION 4
 LIMITATIONS OF DRIP
IRRIGATION

 High initial cost

 Clogging hazard
 Salt accumulation on soil surface
 Vulnerability to damage by animals
 Negligible influence on micro-climate
 Restricted root system

DRIP IRRIGATION 5
 THE DRIPPER

A SMALL WATER EMITTER MADE OF PLASTIC MATERIAL

THE BASIC COMMON ATTRIBUTES OF A DRIPPER:
 Low flow-rate (0.1 – 8.0 l\h)
 Precise flow-rate (up to ±5% deviation from
the nominal flow-rate)
 Low vulnerability to clogging
 Low production cost and durability

DRIP IRRIGATION 6
EARLY DRIPPERS

DRIP IRRIGATION 7
INITIAL BLASS DRIPPER

DRIP IRRIGATION 8
DRIPPER’S TYPES

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DRIPPERS CLASSIFICATION

 POSITION
 MOUNTING

 PATTERN (Water Passageway)

 PRESSURE DEPENDENCE

DRIP IRRIGATION 10
DRIPPERS’ POSITION

SPATIAL PLACEMENT OF LATERALS

• On-Surface Drip Irrigation
• Subsurface Drip Irrigation (SDI)

DRIP IRRIGATION 11
 ON-SURFACE DRIP
IRRIGATION ADVANTAGES

 Easy maintenance
 Cheap installation, compared with SDI

DRIP IRRIGATION 12
 ON-SURFACE DRIP
IRRIGATION LIMITATIONS

 Sensitivity to damage by mechanical tools

and animals
 High labor investment in annuals
 Weeds infestation

Woodpecker
DRIP IRRIGATION 13
 SDI ADVANTAGES

 Negligible interference with farm activity

 Elimination of mechanical damage to laterals
 Decreased weed infestation
 Elimination of runoff and evaporation from
soil surface
 Improved uptake of nutrition elements by the
roots, notably phosphorous.

DRIP IRRIGATION 14
 SDI DISADVANTAGES

 High installation costs

 Plugging hazard by intruding roots and
sucked-in soil particles
 Inconvenience in monitoring the performance
of drippers and laterals
 Strict maintenance is mandatory

DRIP IRRIGATION 15
SDI INSTALLATION

DRIP IRRIGATION 16
SDI LATERAL BURYING

DRIP IRRIGATION 17
 DRIPPERS’ MOUNTING

 IN-LINE
 ON-LINE

 INTEGRAL

 PERFORATED THIN-WALL TAPE

DRIP IRRIGATION 18
IN-LINE DRIPPERS

DRIP IRRIGATION 19
ON-LINE DRIPPERS

DRIP IRRIGATION 20
INTEGRAL DRIPPERS

DRIP IRRIGATION 21
TAPE DRIPPERS

DRIP IRRIGATION 22
T-TAPE FILLED WITH
WATER

DRIP IRRIGATION 23
 DRIPPER STRUCTURE
(WATER PASSAGEWAY)

 LONG PATH
 LABYRINTH
 TOOTHED PATH
 VORTEX
 ORIFICE

DRIP IRRIGATION 24
 EVOLUTION OF THE
PASSAGEWAY PATTERN

DRIP IRRIGATION 25
 APERTURE AND
VORTEX PASSAGEWAYS
Aperture Vortex

DRIP IRRIGATION 26
TURBULENT WATER FLOW

DRIP IRRIGATION 27
ADVANCED TOOTHED
PASSAGEWAYS

DRIP IRRIGATION 28
MULTI-OUTLET DRIPPER

DRIP IRRIGATION 29
ARROW DRIPPER

DRIP IRRIGATION 30
ULTRA-LOW FLOW
DRIPPERS

DRIP IRRIGATION 31
SOIL WETTING PATTERN WITH
ULTRA-LOW FLOW-RATE
DRIPPER

DRIP IRRIGATION 32
SELF SEALING DRIPPER

DRIP IRRIGATION 33
NO-DRAIN DRIPPERS

DRIP IRRIGATION 34
LASER PERFORATION

DRIP IRRIGATION 35
 FLOW-RATE PRESSURE
RELATIONSHIP

 NON-COMPENSATING DRIPPER
 COMPENSATING DRIPPER

DRIP IRRIGATION 36
PRESSURE AND WATER
POTENTIAL UNITS

1 ATM. = 14.7 PSI

DRIP IRRIGATION 37
 EMITTER’S FLOW-RATE –
PRESSURE RELATIONSHIP

Q= k
P x

Q = Emitter flow rate – l/h

k = Emitter discharge coefficient
P = Pressure (HEAD) at the emitter's
inlet – m.
x = Emitter discharge exponent

DRIP IRRIGATION 38
 EFFECT OF DRIPPER
EXPONENT ON PRESSURE –
FLOW-RATE RELATIONSHIP

DRIP IRRIGATION 39
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE
EMITTER EXPONENT

DRIP IRRIGATION 40
PRESSURE COMPENSATING
DRIPPERS - COMPONENTS

DRIP IRRIGATION 41
COMPENSATION
MECHANISM

DRIP IRRIGATION 42
FLOW-RATE – PRESSURE
CURVES

DRIP IRRIGATION 43
TYPICAL LAYOUT OF DRIP
IRRIGATION SYSTEM

DRIP IRRIGATION 44
THE CONTROL HEAD

DRIP IRRIGATION 45
AUTOMATIC VALVES

DRIP IRRIGATION 46
AIR RELIEF/RELEASE
VALVES

DRIP IRRIGATION 47
ATMOSPHERIC VACUUM
BREAKERS

DRIP IRRIGATION 48
PRESSURE REGULATORS

DRIP IRRIGATION 49
 PIPES

 STEEL, CAST IRON

 PVC, UPVC
 POLYETHYLENE
 POLYPROPYLENE
 FIBREGLASS, GRP

DRIP IRRIGATION 50
PVC PIPES FOR IRRIGATION
AND WATER SUPPLY

PVC type ND Applications PN - m

Soft PVC 6 mm Hydraulic command tubing 40 – 80
Soft PVC 6 – 10 Micro-emitter connection to 40 – 60
mm laterals
Soft PVC 12 – 25 Tapes and thin-wall drip 5 – 20
mm laterals
Rigid ½” – Risers 40 – 100
UPVC 4”
Rigid 63 – Supply networks, main lines, 40 – 240
UPVC 1000 submains
mm DRIP IRRIGATION 51
 POLYETHYLENE PIPES
DENSITY GRADE

 Type I – Low Density (LDPE), 910 – 925 g/l

 Type II – Medium Density (MDPE), 920 – 940
g/l
 Type III – High Density (HDPE), 941 – 959 g/l
 Type IIII – High Homo-polymer, 960 g/l and
above
 Carbon black 2% is added to reduce the
sensitivity of the pipes to ultraviolet (UV)
sun radiation.

DRIP IRRIGATION 52
POLYETHYLENE PIPE TYPES

DRIP IRRIGATION 53
PIPE WALL THICKNESS

DRIP IRRIGATION 54
PIPE CONNECTORS

DRIP IRRIGATION 55
DRIP LATERAL
CONNECTORS

DRIP IRRIGATION 56
LOCK-FASTENED CONNECTORS

DRIP IRRIGATION 57
LATERAL-END FLUSHING
DEVICE

DRIP IRRIGATION 58
WATER DISTRIBUTION IN
THE SOIL

DRIP IRRIGATION 59
WATER AND CHEMICALS
DISTRIBUTION IN SOIL

DRIP IRRIGATION 60
SOIL WETTING PATTERN
WITH SDI

DRIP IRRIGATION 61
SOIL WETTING PATTERN

DRIP IRRIGATION 62
ALTERNATIVE LAYOUTS OF
DRIP SYSTEMS

DRIP IRRIGATION 63
DESIGN ALTERNATIVES

DRIP IRRIGATION 64
ONE MAIN LINE

DRIP IRRIGATION 65
TWO MAIN LINES

DRIP IRRIGATION 66
SDI LAYOUT

DRIP IRRIGATION 67
HEAD LOSSES CALCULATION

DRIP IRRIGATION 68
MECHANIZED DEPLOYMENT OF
DRIP LATERALS

DRIP IRRIGATION 69
POTATOES - DRIP LATERALS
POSITIONED ON HILLOCKS

DRIP IRRIGATION 70
 DRIP IRRIGATION
LAYOUTS IN ORCHARDS

DRIP IRRIGATION 71
APPLE DRIP
IRRIGATION

DRIP IRRIGATION 72
GRAPES DRIP
IRRIGATION

DRIP IRRIGATION 73
DRIP IRRIGATION OF
POTTED PLANTS

DRIP IRRIGATION 74
DUNES DRIP
IRRIGATION

DRIP IRRIGATION 75
ROADSIDE DRIP
IRRIGATION

DRIP IRRIGATION 76
SIMPLIFIED DRIP SYSTEM
FOR THE POOR

DRIP IRRIGATION 77
 NETAFIM FDS ARRAY
(FDS – Family Drip System)

DRIP IRRIGATION 78
FDS DETAILS

DRIP IRRIGATION 79
TREADLE PUMP

DRIP IRRIGATION 80
MAINTENANCE – CRITICAL
ISSUES IN INSTALLATION

 PVC PIPES
 LATERALS
 ROUTINE INSPECTION
 PUMP INPECTION
 SYSTEM PERFORMANCE
 SYSTEM FLUSHING AND CLEANING
 TREATING PLUGGED DRIPPERS
DRIP IRRIGATION 81
INSTALLATION AIDS

DRIP IRRIGATION 82
http://www.scribd.com/doc/
19942977/Drip-Irrigation-05

DRIP IRRIGATION 83
http://www.scribd.com/doc/
19942977/Drip-Irrigation-05
DRIP IRRIGATION 84
http://www.export.gov.il/Eng/_Articles/
Articles.asp?CategoryID=860

FRAGMENTED INTO 8 CHAPTERS

DRIP IRRIGATION 85
http://www.export.gov.il/Eng/_Articles/
Articles.asp?CategoryID=860
FRAGMENTED INTO 8 CHAPTERS
DRIP IRRIGATION 86
http://www.scribd.com/doc/35682269/
Micro-Irrigation-Technology-and-
Applications

DRIP IRRIGATION 87
http://www.scribd.com/doc/35682269/
Micro-Irrigation-Technology-and-Applications

DRIP IRRIGATION 88