Software Development Life Cycle

1. System Planning
2. Systems Analysis
3. Systems Design
4. Systems Development
5. Systems Testing
6. Systems Implementation
7. Systems Operation, Support and
Security
 SDLC Phase 2:
Systems Analysis
 Systems Analysis
• Analysis Modeling answers the questions of WHO
will use the system, WHAT the system will do,
WHERE and WHEN it will be used.

} Process and Data Models

} Object-Oriented Models
 Process Management Concepts
o Process

A set of interrelated or interacting activities which transforms inputs

into outputs. This set of activities is definable, repeatable,
measurable and predictable in a closed loop system.

o “You cannot improve a process that you do not understand.”

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Simple Organizational Process Model

 Process Management Concepts
o Business Process

A logical organization of people, materials, equipment, and

information into work activities designed to produce a required end
result

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Simple Organizational Process Model

 Process Management Concepts
• Process Goals
o Joseph Juran, a quality guru, defines three principal dimensions for
process assessment

EFFECTIVENESS EFFICIENCY ADAPTABILITY

How well the output Ability to be effective Ability to remain effective

meets customer needs at the least cost & efficient in the face
of change
 Process Management Concepts
• Classification of Processes

Core Support
Processes Processes
(those that involve product and
(those that are considered most
service design, production and
important for support of the
delivery processes, including other
company’s product/ service design
processes that contributes in
and delivery processes and daily
manufacture/ delivery of the
operations)
products and services)
 Process Management Concepts
• Classification of Processes
Core Process

o A core process is a strategic focus of the business that specifically

accomplishes the mission of the company
o Core processes serve the customer, not the employees or other
stakeholders
o They include the required business processes to define, develop, build
and service the needs of the customer, as perceived by the customer
Process Management Concepts
Levels – The process mapping hierarchy

Level 0: Enterprise level Finance CLMD Operations etc...

Key Finance Processes

Level 1: Key Business Purchase to Liquidation to Record to Treasury Tax Etc....
Process/Functions Pay Cheque report

Level 2: Process
Framework/Chain
Level of Detail

Level 3: Main
Activities &
Responsibilities

Level 4:
Protocols &
Handbook Content
 Process Management Concepts

SUPPLIERS INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT CUSTOMERS

Supplier – Customer Chain Organizational Process Model

 Process Management Concepts
SUPPLIERS INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT CUSTOMERS

SIPOCO Diagram

Is a tool used by a team to identify all relevant elements of a process

improvement project before work begins. It helps define a complex
project that may not be well scoped.
 Process Management Concepts
The Process Model

REQUIREMENTS PROCESS REQUIREMENTS

SUPPLIER ü Add Value

INPUTS
ü Identify Errors OUTPUTS CUSTOMER
ü Correct Errors
ü Prevent Errors

FEEDBACK

FEEDBACK FEEDBACK
MEASUREMENT
SYSTEM
 Process Management Concepts
• Process Level 1: Liquidation Process
Utilization

Process Level 2: Procurement

Liquidation

Pre-Audit

Check Preparation
 Process Management Concepts
• Process Level 1: Procure-To-Pay Process
Purchase
Requisition

Process Level 2: Purchase Order

Receiving/ Stocking

Payment Request

Check Preparation
 Business Process Modeling
ü Used to perform enterprise analysis
ü From a business perspective, a business model may be used to:
• Understand the organization
• Visualize the organization and its processes
• Find ways to make the organization more efficient
• Re-engineer the organization
• Provide proof that the information technology adds value
 Process Mapping
start
ü Is a pictorial representation
showing all the steps of a
process process step

ü Using flowcharts, one can

detect redundant processes,
occurrences of loops and decision
bottlenecks

stop
 Types of Flowcharts
Macro Flowchart

ü Show the sequence of major activities in a process (or planning steps of

a project), which are often done before attempting micro-level
flowcharts.

ü These charts include all the major steps in the process, which are
described at a very summary level.

ü Because these charts show the sequence of major steps, they help
teams gain a perspective of the total process
 Types of Flowcharts
Macro Flowchart

Step 1: Select Step 4:Select

And Plan Step 7:
Improvement
Solution Standardize
Opportunity

Step 2: Analyze Step 5:

Current Implement Pilot Step 8:
Situation Solution Recycle

Step 3: Identify Step 6: Monitor

Root Results and
Causes Evaluate Sol’n
 Process Mapping
START

• Order-To-Cash Process

QUOTATION
PROCESS

INVENTORY
SET-UP
TRANSFER
PROCESS
PROCESS

SET-UP
PROCESS

SALES MONITORING
PROCESS PROCESS

SALES
PROCESS

COLLECTION COLLECTION
PROCESS PROCESS

COLLECTION
PROCESS

RETAIL PROJECT CONSIGNMENT

END
 START

7.1 New Customer 7.2 Credit Limit/

7.3 Pricing
Master Data Payment Terms
Review/ Update
Creation Approval

7.4 Sales Order

Processing

Process Mapping
7.5 Delivery Draft 7.6 Exception
Creation Handling

OTC: Retail Process

7.7 Sales Invoice

Generation

7.8 Statement of
Account
Preparation

7.10 Outstanding
7.9 Payment Accounts
Processing Receivable
Collection

END
 START

8.1 Project Multi-

tier Pricing Set-Up

8.2 Quotation
Approval

8.3 New Customer 8.4 Credit Limit

8.5 Special
Master Data and/or Payment
Payment Terms
Creation Terms Approval

Process Mapping 8.6 Sales Order

Processing

OTC: Project Process 8.7 Delivery

Confirmation

8.8 Delivery Draft 8.9 Exception

Creation Handling

8.10 Sales Invoice

Generation

8.11 Statement of
Account
Preparation

8.13 Outstanding
8.12 Payment Accounts
Processing Receivable
Collection

END
 START

9.1 Consignment
Stock Request
Process

Process Mapping
9.2 Consignment
Ledger Updating

OTC: Consignment Process

9.3 Sales Invoice
Generation
(Consignment)

9.4 Payment
Processing

END
PDEX Core Process: Trade to Billing Process
PRE-TRADE TRADE ACTIVITIES BILLING

Platform
Investor Setup
Availability
Creation
Monitoring

Securities Platform
Information Performance
Creation Monitoring
Billing

Admission TP Servicing

Collection
Training Market
Installation Information

Creation of
Surveillance
TP/Users
 Types of Flowcharts
Top-Down Flowchart
Show key steps in the process. Key steps are listed in order across the top of the
page, starting with the first step on the left. Activities necessary to achieve key
steps are listed under the key steps. Only steps that add value are included;
inspection and rework are omitted.

Step 1: Select Improvement Step 2: Analyze Current

Step 3: Identify Root Causes
Opportunity Situation

List Opportunities
Define Process to be Analyze Cause and Effect
Priorities List
Improved Identify Potential Root Cause
Select Opportunity
Flowchart the Process Collect Data
Redefine Team
Collect Baseline Data Verify Cause and Effect
Write Problem/Opportunity
Identify Performance Gaps Verify Root Causes
Statement
Validate Problem/ Validate Problem/
Summarize Project/Define
Opportunity Statement Opportunity Statement
Road Map
Management Review Management Review
Management Review
Process Mapping

Slide 25
 Types of Flowcharts
Work Flow Diagram

ü Graphically display the movement of people, work, or information in a

process.

ü The chart is created by tracing movements on a floor plan or other

representation of a geographic location.

ü The chart can be constructed to show not only the patterns of

interaction and the work or info flows, but the sequence of activities as
well.
 Work Flow Diagram
LEGEND
1 - Giving of Application forms - chair
2 - Paying of Clearance fee
3 - Verification
4 - Tracking
5 - Assessing desks and tables
6 -Releasing of Verified
Documents
7 - Payment
6 8 - OR validation - Operator
9 - Creating of COC
10 - Releasing of OR and COC

3 9
8

1
2 10
Work Flow Diagram
 Types of Flowcharts
Swim-lane (Deployment) Flowchart

ü Method of charting work processes to identify not only the sequence of

work activities and decisions, but also the responsibility and/or location
for performing tasks and making decisions.
ü This chart illustrates interaction between individuals or organizations.
This interaction is usually in the form of communication or other
involvement.
 Types of Flowcharts
Swim-lane (Deployment) Flowchart
 Process Mapping
Processor 1 Processor 2 Supervisor Unit Head Department Head Processor 3 Processor 4 Processor 5

START B2 D D
Credit Payments
Upload to CT
Posting
Receive and
Receive Source Conversion of
Receive Endorsement
Collate all Memo and Schedule of Prepare
Documents from DRD Data at Schedule of Payment Order Schedule of IOA
TOD/GBD PACS Payable
Remittances
Generate Branch
Validation Report

Generate Forward F1
Summary of Email Schedule Documents to
Coordinate TOD
Payroll Register to Courier GBD
Check/Sign
A1 A2 F2
Spreadsheet

Check Download to Release

Completeness of diskette Documents to Forward to
Information Check/Sign Approve/Sign Approve/Sign Courier Accounting Unit
B1 B2
Documents Documents Documents

Encode in Prepare
Prepare MAT Transmittal
DRDPMS Check/Sign Approve/Sign
C1 C2
MAT MAT Memo

C1
Check/Sign Approve/Sign Approve/Sign E1
Generate
E1 Transmittal Transmittal Transmittal E2
Spreadsheet
C2 Memo Memo Memo
E2

A1
Check/Sign
Release F1 F2
Schedule of IOA
Manager’s Check Forward to TOD
A2

Forward documents
Generate the ff: to respective
D
• Debit/Credit Advice Processor/ Unit/
• Credit IOA Department
• Manager’s Check
• Schedule of
Remittances
• Schedule of Outgoing
EPCS END
• Schedule of Inward
Foreign Exchange
Remittances

B1
• Remittance Process
 Process Mapping
• Activities
– Performed for specific business reasons
– Represent manual or computerized behavior
– Can be decomposed further into a set of sub-activities

– Begins with a verb and ends with a noun

• Make Appointment
• Make Payment Arrangement
 Process Mapping Syntax
} Action or Activity
◦ Represents action or set of actions
} Control Flow
◦ Shows sequence of execution
} Initial Node
◦ The beginning of a set of actions
} Final Node
◦ Stops all flows in an activity
} Decision Node
◦ Represents a test condition
} Concurrent Path
◦ Simultaneous, parallel activity
A Simple Process Mapping to Demonstrate a Workflow
A Simple Process Mapping Showing Concurrent Paths
 Guidelines for Activity Diagrams
1. Set the scope of the activity being modeled
2. Identify the activities, control flows, and
object flows that occur between the activities
3. Identify any decisions that are part of the
process being modeled
4. Identify potential parallelism in the process
5. Draw the activity diagram
• Exercise
 Open Access Insurance System
• The purpose of the Open Access Insurance System is to
provide automotive insurance to car owners. Initially,
prospective customers fill out an insurance application,
which provides information about the customer and his
or her vehicles. This information is sent to an agent, who
sends it to various insurance companies to get quotes for
insurance. When the responses return, the agent then
determines the best policy for the type and level of
coverage desired and gives the customer a copy of the
insurance policy proposal and quote.
Prospective Customer Insurance Agent Insurance Company

Fill out
application

Send in
application
Receive
application

Send to
insurance
company

Develop quote

Receive quotes

Decide best
policy

Send to
prospect

Receive
proposal and
quote

H
Prospective Customer Insurance Agent Insurance Company

Fill out
application

Receive
application

Develop quote

Decide best
policy

Receive
proposal and
quote

H
 Purchasing Process
The purchasing department handles purchase requests from other
departments in the company. People in the company who initiate
the original purchase request are the "customers" of the purchasing
department. A case worker within the purchasing department
receives that request and monitors it until it is ordered and
received.
Case workers process requests for the purchase of products under
$1,500, write a purchase order, and then send it to the approved
vendor. Purchase requests over $1,500 must first be sent out for
bid from the vendor that supplies the product. When the bids
return, the case worker selects one bid. Then, he or she writes a
purchase order and sends it to the vendor.
In-house Customer Purchasing Department Vendor

Make purchase
request

Receive
requests

<1500?
Yes
No

Request bid

Develop bid

Select bid

Write purchase
order

Send out bid

H
 Shipping Process
The shipping department receives all shipments on outstanding purchase
orders. When the clerk in the shipping department receives a shipment, he
or she finds the outstanding purchase order for those items. The clerk then
sends multiple copies of the shipment packing slip. One copy goes to
purchasing, and the department updates its records to indicate that the
purchase order has been fulfilled. Another copy goes to accounting so that
a payment can be made. A third copy goes to the requesting in-house
customer so that he or she can receive the shipment.
Once payment is made, the accounting department sends a notification to
purchasing. Once the customer receives and accepts the goods, he or she
sends notification to purchasing. When purchasing receives these other
verifications, it closes the purchase order as fulfilled and paid.
 Creates Telephone Order
1. Customer calls and provides customer number.
2. Sales clerk verifies customer information. The system will display the customer
information. If a new customer, the system will display the module : Maintain Customer
Account Information (use case) to add a new customer.
3. Clerk initiates the creation of a new order. The system will display the module: Create
New Order (use case) to add new order.
4. Customer requests an item be added to the order.
5. Clerk verifies the item and adds it to the order. The system will add the item in the
basket order and displays the price and total amount
6. Repeat steps 4 and 5 until all items are added to the order.
7. Customer indicates end of order, clerk enters end of order, system computes totals and
displays amount due. System checks credit limit in the customer information. If within
credit limit, system will post in the Account Receivable ledger of the customer.
Otherwise, customer will end transaction.
8. Customer arrives in the store, submits customer number and payment; Cashier will enter
customer information. System will check A/R ledger and display sales order information.
9. Clerk enters amount and place money inside cash register;
10. System verifies payment and prints official receipt. System will post transaction in the
closed sales order database.
Business Process Modeling Notation
(BPMN)
Process Notation - BPMN
Error
 Design Patterns

Workflow Patterns can be used to direct the

flow of control within a single swim lane: Collaboration Patterns show how
processes can communicate across
• Sequence
multiple swim lanes:
• Parallel Split
• Synchronization • Trigger Event
• Simple Merge • Request-Reply
• Multi-Choice • Asynchronous Processing
• Implicit Termination
 Workflow Patterns
• Sequence
• Ordered sequence of activities
• Sequential routing

Download Fill-out
Submit form
form form
 Workflow Patterns
• Parallel Split
• Allows activities to be performed concurrently, rather than sequentially
• AND-split

Notify vendor

Terminate Notify contract

contract admin

Notify
Accounting
 Workflow Patterns
• Synchronization
• Combines parallel paths together, waiting for them to be completed before the
process can continue
• AND-join
Notify
contractor

Notify contract
Release funds
admin

Notify
Accounting
 Workflow Patterns
• Exclusive Choice
• A location in a process where the flow is split into 2 or more exclusive alternative paths
• Only 1 of the alternative paths may be selected for the process to continue
• Exclusive-OR split; XOR-split

Take the
train

Choose
transportation X Take the
bus

Take the
cab
 Workflow Patterns
• Simple Merge
• Merges alternative paths into a single path
• XOR-join

Take the
bus

Take the Check-in at

train hotel

Take the
cab
 Workflow Patterns
• Multiple Choice
• Directs a single path to one or more than one of several options

A C

D
 Workflow Patterns
• Implicit Termination
• Terminates a process flow when no more work remains to be done

X X

Y
 Collaboration Patterns
• Trigger Event
• A process triggers a sub-process to run in another swimlane
Employee A

Continue
Escalate
processing
Employee B

Perform task
 Collaboration Patterns
• Request-Reply
• A process invokes a subprocess to run in another swimlane and communicate its results
back to the calling process
Employee A

Continue
Invoke task
processing
Employee B

Perform task
 Sample Process Map (Level 3)
Acceptance of Cash Deposit (Bank Operations – Branch)
Submit Receive
Fill-out the deposit slip Submit
duplicate
deposit slip and cash to defficiency
deposit slip
Teller
Client

Client
arrives
w/
cash
for
deposit

Raise to
No client

Receive Collect cash Issue

deposit slip and perform Post and
receipt and
and verify machine/piece validate the
cash
details count transaction
safekeeping
Branch Teller

Deposit slip and cash

amount correct?
Verify the ff:
Date Counterfeit
Account Type Notes Yes Issue duplicate deposit slip
Deposit Type detected to client
Account Number Place cash and original
Account Name deposit slip in sorter

Handling of
counterfeit notes
+
Case 1: ABC Board Enterprises – Order to Cash
ABC Board Enterprises is a company that sells machine parts to manufacturing companies. Like
most organizations, ABC Board Enterprises practices the order to cash process. This process
refers to how a company receives and processes customer sales. The order to cash process of
the company involves the customer, a sales representative, and a warehouse staff.

The order to cash process begins when a customer contacts the sales representative of ABC
Board Enterprises to inquire regarding the machine parts they offer. Based on their discussion,
the sales representative then sends the customer a quotation. When the customer decides to
order parts from the company, they send a Purchase Order. The sales representative then
receives the purchase order, and forwards it to the warehousing staff to check if the parts are
available. If the items are in stock, the sales representative confirms the customer’s order
before proceeding to ship the goods, and create pertinent documents. On the other hand, if
items are not available, the sales representative informs the customer. A new purchase order
may be placed, or the customer opts to cancel the order.

When the customer confirms an order, the sales representative generates pertinent documents
such as the delivery receipt, sales invoice, and official receipt. Once this is done, the sales
representative hands over the customer’s copy of pertinent documents to the warehouse staff,
and notifies them that the order is ready to be shipped. The process of order shipment is not in
the scope of the order to cash process.

Create a BPMN Diagram of the Order to Cash process of ABC Company using Microsoft Visio.
ABC Order to Cash