Biomedical Equipments

Class 4,5
24/7/18

1
• All reports in Latex
• All coding in object oriented language
• Comprehensive report of your syllabus. Read from
net and make out what you have understood (latex).
• Try to develop some prototype by the semester end.
TA marks will depend on that, quizzes and recent
publications/patents presentations.
• Movies in which defibrillator, pacemakers, MRI CT, X
Rays has been used.
• Interest groups

2
 Books
• The Essential Physics of Medical Imaging: J T
Bushberg
• Principles of Computerized Tomographic
Imaging: Malcolm Slaney, Avinash Kak

3
• What are Biomedical Equipments

– Diagnostic equipment
• medical imaging machines, used to aid in diagnosis. Examples are ultrasound and MRI machines,
PET and CT scanners, and x-ray machines, glucometer.
– Treatment equipment
• infusion pumps, medical lasers and LASIK surgical machines.
– Life support equipment is used to maintain a patient's bodily function.
• medical ventilators, incubators, anaesthetic machines, heart-lung machines, ECMO, and dialysis
machines.
– Medical monitors allow medical staff to measure a patient's medical state.
• measure patient vital signs and other parameters including ECG, EEG, and blood pressure.
– Medical laboratory equipment automates or helps analyze blood, urine, genes,
and dissolved gases in the blood.
– Therapeutic
• physical therapy machines like continuous passive range of motion (CPM) machines

4
• Name some recent one
– https://www.medshare.org/biomedical-equipment/
• Bone densitometer
• Algometer
• C-Arm system – unit, monitor, table

• Which biomedical equipment you have right now with you ?

• Some equipments which is not in your syllabus
• If you have to make a biomedical equipment from the things around you right
now, what it could be
• Expectations from the subjects
• Connection between Disruptive technologies and Medical Equipments
• Wikipedia game (From Interest to Biomedical Equipment Page)

5
• Diagnostic Radiology
– Production of X-rays
• Bremsstrahlung Spectrum
• Characteristic x-ray Spectrum
– x-ray Tubes
• Cathode and Anode
– Heel Effect
• Filters and Collimators
– Factors effecting X-ray emission

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• CT
• MRI
• Ultrasound
• Hemodialysis
• Electrosurgical Unit

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 Why X Rays
• C u s t o m i ze d t o d i a g n o s t i c i m a g i n g ( v s
therapeutic imaging) in Healthcare
• Because you have not developed it
• Generate ideas to develop some alternative
medical imaging technique
– starting from some radiation in EM spectrum
• Optical Tomography

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9
 x-ray Production, x-ray Tubes,
and x-ray Generators

• x-rays: when highly energetic electrons

interact with matter, converting some of their
kinetic energy into electromagnetic radiation
– electron source,
– an evacuated path for electron acceleration,
– a target electrode, and
– an external power source

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• electron source and target within an evacuated glass or metal
envelope
• x-ray generator supplies the voltage to accelerate the
electrons
• x-ray beam filters at the tube port shape the x-ray energy
spectrum
• collimators define the size and shape of the x-ray field
incident on the patient
• voltage, current, and exposure time to control x-ray beam
characterstics

final output
required intensity, penetrability and spatial distribution

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Bremsstrahlung Spectrum

Analysis

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 Production of x-rays
• 1. Bremsstrahlung Spectrum
– What is a spectum

• For diagnostic radiology, a potential difference of 20,000 to 150,000 V is

applied between two electrodes (the cathode and the anode) in the
vacuum.

• Electrons are accelerated by the voltage between the electrodes and

attain kinetic energies equal to the product of the electrical charge and
potential difference
– Eg: kinetic energy of an electron accelerated by a potential difference of 50 kV
is 50 keV

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• A small fraction of the accelerated electrons
comes within the proximity of an atomic nucleus
and is influenced by its positive electric field.

• E l e c t r i c a l ( C o l u m b i c ) fo rc e s a tt ra c t a n d
decelerate an electron and change its direction,
causing a loss of kinetic energy, which is emitted
a s a n x - ray p h o to n o f e q u a l e n e rg y ( i . e . ,
bremsstrahlung radiation/ braking radiation/
deceleration radiation).
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• energy of the resulting x-ray are determined
by the distance between the incident electron
and the target nucleus
– since the Coulombic force is proportional to the
inverse of the square of the distance.

• When highest x ray energy is produced ???

– when the decelaration is most
• direct impact of electron on nucleus

15
 Design Thinking

• Design thinking refers to creative strategies

designers utilize during the process of
designing.
– designer's sensibility and methods to match
people's needs with what is technologically
feasible
– consideration of the emotional content of the
situation
– visualization is the easiest way to learn

16
• Design a radiology system
– Is MRI, PET, SPECT or CT gantry, US machine is the most
optimised/ efficient design
– Something better to propose with the objective to
reduce the radiations to the patient or in surroundings
in general

• Assignments
– Report on all vital parameters (Assignment)

17
• A bremsstrahlung spectrum is the probability distribution of
x-ray photons as a function of photon energy (keV),
continuous x ray spectrum

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