Académique Documents
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Concrete Masonry
Construction
Inspector’s
Handbook
th
6 EDITION
Cover photos by Dianna Hallmark, International Code Council
Reinforced
Concrete Masonry
Construction
Inspector’s
Handbook
th
6 EDITION
Published by
in cooperation with
and
ISBN-10: 0-940116-47-2
ISBN-13: 978-0-940116-47-4
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Printed in the United States of America
v
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgments------------------------------------------------xv
SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION--------------------------1
1.1 General-----------------------------------------------------1
1.2 The Inspector----------------------------------------------2
1.3 Responsibilities and Duties------------------------------3
1.4 Equipment and Materials for the Inspector------------4
1.5 Terminology-----------------------------------------------5
SECTION 2. MATERIALS-------------------------------27
2.1 General---------------------------------------------------27
2.2 Material---------------------------------------------------27
2.2.1 Concrete Masonry Units--------------------------28
2.2.2 Clay Masonry Units-------------------------------28
2.2.3 Stone Masonry Units------------------------------29
2.2.4 Ceramic Tile----------------------------------------30
2.2.5 Glass Unit Masonry-------------------------------30
2.2.6 Mortar-----------------------------------------------30
2.2.7 Grout------------------------------------------------31
2.2.8 Reinforcement-------------------------------------31
vii
2.2.9 Other Standards------------------------------------34
2.3 Concrete Masonry Units--------------------------------35
2.3.1 General----------------------------------------------35
2.3.2 Dimensions-----------------------------------------35
2.3.3 Wide Selection of Units---------------------------37
2.3.4 Component Units ---------------------------------37
2.3.5 Storing Masonry Units----------------------------40
2.4 Cementitious Materials---------------------------------41
2.4.1 Portland Cement-----------------------------------41
2.4.2 Plastic Cement-------------------------------------42
2.4.3 Mortar Cement-------------------------------------43
2.4.4 Masonry Cement----------------------------------43
2.4.5 Lime-------------------------------------------------43
2.5 Aggregates for Mortar and Grout----------------------45
2.6 Reinforcing Steel----------------------------------------46
2.6.1 General----------------------------------------------46
2.6.2 Reinforcing Bars-----------------------------------49
2.6.3 Identification Marks-------------------------------50
2.6.4 Overall Bar Diameters----------------------------50
2.7 Joint Reinforcing Steel----------------------------------51
2.7.1 General----------------------------------------------51
2.7.2 Description-----------------------------------------52
2.7.3 Configuration and Size of Longitudinal
and Cross Wires------------------------------------53
2.7.4 Material Requirements----------------------------53
2.7.5 Fabrication-----------------------------------------54
2.8 Water------------------------------------------------------54
2.9 Additives and Admixtures------------------------------55
2.10 Mortar-----------------------------------------------------55
2.10.1 General----------------------------------------------55
2.10.2 Proportions of Mortar-----------------------------57
2.10.3 Mortar Aggregate—Sand-------------------------59
2.10.4 Mixing----------------------------------------------61
2.10.5 Silo Mixing System-------------------------------63
2.10.6 Retempering----------------------------------------64
2.10.7 Color------------------------------------------------64
viii
2.10.8 Proprietary Mortars-------------------------------66
2.10.9 Mortar Admixtures--------------------------------66
2.11 Grout------------------------------------------------------66
2.11.1 General----------------------------------------------66
2.11.2 Type of Grout--------------------------------------67
2.11.3 Proportions-----------------------------------------67
2.11.4 Aggregate for Grout-------------------------------68
2.11.5 Mixing----------------------------------------------70
2.11.6 Grout Admixtures---------------------------------70
2.11.7 Anti-Freeze Compounds--------------------------71
2.11.8 Ready Mixed Grout-------------------------------72
2.11.9 Self-Consolidating Grout-------------------------72
ix
SECTION 4. GENERAL CONSTRUCTION
PRACTICE AND LAYOUT-------------119
4.1 General--------------------------------------------------119
4.2 Preparation of Foundation and Site------------------119
4.3 Materials, Handling, Storage and Preparation------125
4.4 Placement and Layout---------------------------------125
4.4.1 General--------------------------------------------125
4.4.2 Installation----------------------------------------127
4.4.3 Typical Layout of CMU Walls------------------139
4.5 Racking and Toothing---------------------------------152
4.6 Mortar Joints-------------------------------------------154
5.1 General--------------------------------------------------157
5.2 Maximum Size/Amount of Reinforcing Steel------157
5.2.1 Maximum Size/Amount of Reinforcing
Steel - Working Stress Design------------------158
5.2.2 Maximum Size/Amount of Reinforcing
Steel - Strength Design--------------------------159
5.3 Spacing of Steel in Walls------------------------------159
5.4 Clearances of Steel in Masonry----------------------161
5.5 Securing Reinforcing Steel---------------------------168
5.6 Location Tolerances of Bars-------------------------169
5.7 Lap Splices, Reinforcing Bars-----------------------171
5.8 Joint Reinforcement-----------------------------------174
5.8.1 Lap Splices, Joint Reinforcement--------------174
5.8.2 Coverage and Layout of Joint
Reinforcing Steel---------------------------------175
5.9 Hooks and Bends in Reinforcing Bars--------------178
5.10 Anchorage of Shear Reinforcing Steel--------------180
5.11 Column Reinforcement-------------------------------184
5.11.1 Vertical Reinforcement--------------------------184
5.11.2 Reinforcing Tie Details--------------------------186
5.11.3 Projecting Wall Columns or Pilasters----------193
x
5.11.4 Flush Wall Columns, Pilasters and
Compression Steel at End of Walls------------195
5.11.5 Ties on Compression Steel in Beams----------196
5.11.6 Anchor Bolts--------------------------------------197
6.1 General--------------------------------------------------203
6.2 Mortar Protrusions-------------------------------------203
6.3 Grout Slump--------------------------------------------204
6.4 Grouting Limitations----------------------------------205
6.5 Low-Lift Grouting-------------------------------------207
6.6 Cleanouts-----------------------------------------------209
6.7 High-Lift Grouting------------------------------------211
6.8 Consolidation of Grout--------------------------------214
6.9 Fluid Mortar for Grout--------------------------------215
6.10 Grout Barriers ------------------------------------------216
6.11 Use of Aluminum Equipment------------------------217
6.12 Pumping Grout-----------------------------------------217
6.13 Grout Demonstration Panel---------------------------218
7.1 General--------------------------------------------------219
7.2 IBC Seismic Design Categories----------------------220
7.2.1 Seismic Design Category A---------------------221
7.2.2 Seismic Design Category B---------------------222
7.2.3 Seismic Design Category C---------------------226
7.2.4 Seismic Design Category D---------------------231
7.2.5 Seismic Design Categories E and F------------235
xi
SECTION 8. PRESTRESSED MASONRY-----------237
8.1 General--------------------------------------------------237
8.2 Materials------------------------------------------------241
8.3 Construction--------------------------------------------248
10.1 General--------------------------------------------------270
10.2 Jointing; Control Joints and Expansion Joints------270
10.2.1 Sources of Movement---------------------------270
10.2.2 Properties of Concrete Masonry Units--------270
10.2.3 Environmental Factor---------------------------270
10.2.4 Design/Construction Deficiencies-------------272
10.3 Crack Control-------------------------------------------272
10.4 Control Joints------------------------------------------273
10.5 Expansion Joints---------------------------------------279
10.6 Summary------------------------------------------------279
10.7 Crack Repair--------------------------------------------280
xii
SECTION 11. CONSTRUCTION IN SEVERE
WEATHER CONDITIONS-------------281
12.1 General--------------------------------------------------297
12.2 Inspector’s Checklist----------------------------------297
xiii
13.2.3 Custom Face Units-------------------------------331
13.2.4 Split Face Units-----------------------------------332
13.2.5 Ground Faced (Burnished) Units---------------334
13.2.6 Special Proprietary Units------------------------334
13.3 Length, Height and Quantities in Concrete
Masonry Walls-----------------------------------------335
13.3.1 Length and Height of Walls---------------------335
13.3.2 Quantities of Materials--------------------------339
xiv
Acknowledgments
The Masonry Institute of America appreciates the past
review and suggestions received by the California Construction
Inspectors Association and its Board of Registered Construction
Inspectors. Donald A. Wakefield’s input in previous editions of
this book were again incorporated into this edition.
xv
Masonry Institute
of America
The Masonry Institute of America, founded in 1957 under
the name of Masonry Research, is a promotional, technical
research organization established to improve and extend the use
of masonry. The Masonry Institute of America is supported by
the mason contractors through a labor agreement contract
between the unions and contractors.
xvi
International Code Council®
Since the early 1900s, the United States had been served
by three sets of building codes developed by three separate
model code groups: Building Officials and Code Administrators
International, Inc. (BOCA), International Conference of
Building Officials (ICBO), and Southern Building Code
Congress International, Inc. (SBCCI). These codes were
extremely effective and responsive to regional needs. But, in
1994, recognizing the urgent need for a single set of codes that
would serve national needs, the three groups united to form the
International Code Council® (ICC®) with the express purpose of
creating and developing one master set of comprehensive,
coordinated, construction codes.
xvii
• International Fire Code®
• International Fuel Gas Code®
• International Mechanical Code®
• International Plumbing Code®
• International Private Sewage Disposal Code®
• International Property Maintenance Code®
• International Residential Code® for One-and Two-Family
Dwellings
• International Zoning Code®
• ICC Performance Code for Buildings and FacilitiesTM
• International Existing Building CodeTM
• International Wildland-Urban Interface CodeTM
xviii
Masonry Standards Joint
Committee
The Masonry Standards Joint Committee (MSJC) is an
organization comprised of volunteers who through background,
use, and education have established experience in the
manufacturing of masonry units and materials and the design
and construction of masonry structures.
xix
The Masonry Society
The Masonry Society, founded in 1977, is an international
gathering of people interested in masonry. It is a professional,
technical, and educational association dedicated to the
advancement of knowledge on masonry. TMS members are
design engineers, architects, builders, researchers, educators,
building officials, material suppliers, manufacturers, and others
who want to contribute to and benefit from the global pool of
knowledge on masonry.
xx
SECTION 1
Introduction
1.1 GENERAL
1
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
2
Introduction
The inspector should keep a daily log from the first day on
the project. The status of the project from the beginning should
be noted.
3
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
4
Introduction
1.5 TERMINOLOGY
5
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
AREA.
6
Introduction
7
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
BRICK.
8
Introduction
CHIMNEY TYPES.
9
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
10
Introduction
11
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
DIMENSIONS.
31/2"
1 / 2"
15
7 1/
2 "
12
Introduction
GROUTED MASONRY.
13
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
End web
Web
Face shell
Cell
Web
Face shell
Head joint
Bed joint
End shell
Figure 1.5 Head joint and bed joints, shell and web.
14
Introduction
15
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
16
Introduction
17
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
18
Introduction
SHEAR WALL.
19
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
20
Introduction
STRENGTH.
21
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
22
Introduction
23
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
Cavity
Interior
wythe
Exterior
wythe
an air space within the wall, and in which the inner and
outer parts of the wall are tied together with metal ties.
24
Introduction
25
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
26
SECTION 2
Materials
2.1 GENERAL
2.2 MATERIAL
27
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
28
Materials
29
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
2.2.6 Mortar
30
Materials
2.2.7 Grout
2.2.8 Reinforcement
31
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
32
Materials
33
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
34
Materials
2.3.1 General
2.3.2 Dimensions
35
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
35/8"
5 8 /"
15
7 5/
"
8
36
Materials
31/2"
1 2 /"
15
7 1/
"
2
37
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
Fibrous filler
Energy efficient
block with preformed
voids for insulation
INSULATION BLOCK
Double open end mortarless
block used without
vertical head joints.
Solid grouted only
FORM BLOCK
38
Materials
Vertical steel
Horizontal
steel
Any width
24" max.
39
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
55/8"
or
75/8" "
3/
5 8
2
or
5 8 /"
15
21/4"
40
Materials
41
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
42
Materials
2.4.5 Lime
43
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
44
Materials
5000
87
86
4000 85
Compressive strength (Age 28 days) psi
84
80
2000
79
78
77
1000
Compressive strength 76
Water retentivity
75
45
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
2.6.1 General
46
Materials
Main
ribs
Letter for
producing
H H
mill1
Bar size
13 13
#134
Type steel
S S
(new billet)
Bar Grade
size mark
# (mm) line2
Grade 300 Grade 420
(Grade 40) (Grade 60)
3 (10)
4 (13) Main
5 (16) ribs
6 (19) Letter for
7 (22) H H
producing
8 (25) mill1
9 (29)
10 (32) Bar size 19
19
11 (36) #194
Type steel S
S
(new billet)
Grade 4
mark3
Grade 300 Grade 420
(Grade 40) (Grade 60)
1. Bar identification marks may also be oriented to read horizontally (at 90°
to those illustrated above).
2. Grade mark lines must be continued at least five deformation spaces.
3. Grade mark numbers may be placed within separate consecutive
deformation spaces to read vertically or horizontally.
4. #13 = 1/2" bar and #19 = 3/4" bar).
Note:
Grade 520 (75) steel also available for masonry.
Bar size markings are given in metric which is indicated on reinforcement
supplied for masonry use.
B
Nominal Dimensions Deformation Requirements, in. [mm]
Nominal
B ar
Weight, lb/ft
Designation Maximum Gap
[Nominal Mass,
N o. A Cross-Sectional Maximum Minimum (Chord of
kg/m] Diameter, Perimeter,
Area, Average Average 12.5% of
in. [mm] in. [mm]
in.2 [mm2] Spacing Height Nominal
Perimeter)
48
3 [10] 0.376 [0.560] 0.375 [9.5] 0.11 [71] 1.178 [29.9] 0.262 [6.7] 0.015 [0.38] 0.143 [3.6]
4 [13] 0.668 [0.994] 0.500 [12.7] 0.20 [129] 1.571 [39.9] 0.350 [8.9] 0.020 [0.51] 0.191 [4.9]
5 [16] 1.043 [1.552] 0.625 [15.9] 0.31 [199] 1.963 [49.9] 0.437 [11.1] 0.028 [0.71] 0.239 [6.1]
6 [19] 1.502 [2.235] 0.750 [19.1] 0.44 [284] 2.356 [59.8] 0.525 [13.3] 0.038 [0.97] 0.286 [7.3]
7 [22] 2.044 [3.042] 0.875 [22.2] 0.60 [387] 2.749 [69.8] 0.612 [15.5] 0.044 [1.12] 0.334 [8.5]
8 [25] 2.670 [3.973] 1.000 [25.4] 0.79 [510] 3.142 [79.8] 0.700 [17.8] 0.050 [1.27] 0.383 [9.7]
9 [29] 3.400 [5.060] 1.128 [28.7] 1.00 [645] 3.544 [90.0] 0.790 [20.1] 0.056 [1.42] 0.431 [10.9]
10 [32] 4.303 [6.404] 1.270 [32.3] 1.27 [819] 3.990 [101.3] 0.889 [22.6] 0.064 [1.63] 0.487 [12.4]
11 [36] 5.313 [7.907] 1.410 [35.8] 1.56 [1006] 4.430 [112.5] 0.987 [25.1] 0.071 [1.80] 0.540 [13.7]
A
Bar numbers are based on the number of eighths of an inch included in the nominal diameter of the bars [bar numbers approximate the number of millimeters of the nominal diameter of
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
the bar].
B
The nominal dimensions of a deformed bar are equivalent to those of a plain round bar having the same weight [mass] per foot [meter] as the deformed bar.
Materials
#6 7/8 (22)
Section
A-A
#7 1 (25)
#8 11/8 (28)
#9 11/4 (32)
#10 17/16 (36)
Overall diameter #11 15/8 (40)
49
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
Grade 40 (300) bars are required to have only the first three
marks (no grade mark) in the following order:
Grade mark lines are smaller and between the two main
longitudinal ribs which are on opposite sides of all U.S. made
bars. Number grade marks are fourth in order.
50
Materials
2.7.1 General
51
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
Truss joint
reinforcement in
concrete masonry
wall spaced 16"
(405 mm) o.c.
vertically, not
recommended with
vertical reinforcement
2.7.2 Description
52
Materials
The diameter of cross wires shall not be less than W1.1 (11
gage), however the heavier (No. 9 gage) 0.148-inch (3.76 mm)
diameter is normally supplied. Cross wires shall not project
beyond the outside longitudinal wires by more than 1/8 inch (3.2
mm).
53
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
2.7.5 Fabrication
2.8 WATER
54
Materials
oil, acids, alkalis, and any other impurities that would classify
the water as unfit for human consumption.
2.10 MORTAR
2.10.1 General
55
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
56
Materials
57
IBC TABLE 2103.8(1) and ASTM C 270 Table 1 - MORTAR PROPORTIONS
Proportions by volume (cementitious materials) Aggregate Measured
in a damp, loose
condition
Masonry Mortar
Portlanda Cementc Cementd
Mortar Type Cement or M S N M S N Hydrated limee
Blended or lime putty
Cementb
in Table 2103.8(1).
1
Cement-lime M 1 - - - - - - /4
S 1 - - - - - - over 1/4 to 1/2
N 1 - - - - - - over 1/2 to 11/4
O 1 - - - - - - over 11/4 to 21/2
Mortar cement M 1 - - - - - 1 - Not less than 21/4 and
M - - - - 1 - - - not more than 3 times
58
1
S /2 - - - - - 1 - the sum of the
S - - - - - 1 - - separate volumes of
N - - - - - - 1 - cementitious
O - - - - - - 1 - materials.
Masonry M 1 - - 1 - - - -
cement M - 1 - - - - - -
1
S /2 - - 1 - - - -
S - - 1 - - - - -
N - - - 1 - - - -
O - - - 1 - - - -
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
a
Portland cement conforming to the requirements of ASTM C 150
b
Blended cement conforming to the requirements of ASTM C 595
c
Masonry cement conforming to the requirements of ASTM C 91
d
Mortar cement conforming to the requirements of ASTM C 1329
specified, the proportions by mortar type shall be used as given
conditions. When the proportion of ingredients are not
e
Hydrated lime conforming to the requirements of ASTM C 207
Materials
59
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
Percent Passing
Sieve Size Manufactured
Natural Sand
Sand
No. 4 (4.75 mm) 100 100
No. 8 (2.36 mm) 95 to 100 95 to 100
No. 16 (1.18 mm) 70 to 100 70 to 100
No. 30 (600-μm) 40 to 75 40 to 75
No. 50 (300-μm) 10 to 35 20 to 40
No. 100 (150-μm) 2 to 15 10 to 25
No. 200 (75-μm) 0 to 5 0 to 10
60
Materials
2.10.4 Mixing
61
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
62
Materials
2.10.6 Retempering
2.10.7 Color
64
Materials
65
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
2.11 GROUT
2.11.1 General
66
Materials
2.11.3 Proportions
2 1/4 to 3
times the sum
of the
Fine
1 0 – 1/10 volumes of ––
grout
the
cementitious
materials
2 1/4 to 3
1 to 2 times
times the sum
the sum of the
of the
Coarse volumes of
1 0 – 1/10 volumes of
grout the
the
cementitious
cementitious
materials
materials
69
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
2.11.5 Mixing
70
Materials
71
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
72
Materials
73
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
74
SECTION 3
75
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
76
Quality Control, Sampling and Testing
77
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
15/8"
35/8"
2"
Penetration
315/32"
3" I.D.
78
Quality Control, Sampling and Testing
2"
Place mortar in
two layers.
Compress with 4"
stick
79
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
Leave mortar
on masonry
unit for three
Approximate minutes
thickness of
mortar joint
Lesser periods of time for testing may be used provided the relation between early
tested strength and the 28-day strength of the mortar is established.
80
Quality Control, Sampling and Testing
Take one test per day for three successive work days at the
start of the job and store in a moist climate until tested. One test
shall consist of three specimens.
81
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
16"
8"x
8"x
82
Quality Control, Sampling and Testing
• Fill the mold with grout in two layers. Rod each layer
15 times with the tamping rod penetrating 1/2 inch (12.7 mm)
into the lower layer. Distribute the strokes uniformly over the
cross section of the mold.
83
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
Grouted cell
D
Grout
H
H
84
Quality Control, Sampling and Testing
85
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
At the start of grouting operations, take one test per day for
the first three days. The tests shall consist of three specimens
which are made in accordance with ASTM C 1019 Section 5,
Test Specimens.
86
Quality Control, Sampling and Testing
3.4.1 General
87
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
88
Quality Control, Sampling and Testing
89
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
Grout
Mortar
joint
90
Quality Control, Sampling and Testing
Minimum h = 2 units
h/t or h/L ratio minimum 1.3
Maximum 5.0
L = length of unit or part of a
L
unit including at least one
cell and adjacent web but
not less than 4" (102 mm)
91
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
92
Quality Control, Sampling and Testing
TABLE 2105.2.2.1.1
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CLAY MASONRY
NET AREA COMPRESSIVE NET AREA
STRENGTH OF CLAY MASONRY COMPRESSIVE
UNITS (psi) STRENGTH OF
Type M or S mortar Type N mortar MASONRY (psi)
1700 2,100 1,000
3,350 4,150 1,500
4,950 6,200 2,000
6,600 8,250 2,500
8,250 10,300 3,000
9,900 ---- 3,500
13,200 ---- 4,000
For SI: 1 pound per square inch = 0.00689 MPa.
93
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
TABLE 2105.2.2.1.2
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE MASONRY
NET AREA COMPRESSIVE NET AREA
STRENGTH OF CONCRETE COMPRESSIVE
MASONRY UNITS (psi) STRENGTH OF
Type M or S mortar Type N mortar MASONRY (psi)a
1,250 1,300 1,000
1,900 2,150 1,500
2,800 3,050 2,000
3,750 4,050 2,500
4,800 5,250 3,000
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 pound per square inch = 0.00689 MPa.
a For units less than 4 inches in height, 85 percent of the values listed
94
Quality Control, Sampling and Testing
95
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
96
Quality Control, Sampling and Testing
Load
Sawed
prism
Load
Sawed
prism
97
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
99
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
100
Quality Control, Sampling and Testing
101
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
102
Quality Control, Sampling and Testing
Testing
Load
Core
3.6 SUMMARY
103
Table 3-B Specification and Verification Requirements1 for Masonry/Masonry Materials2
Material Specification
Material
Type & Requirements Additional Verification Requirements3
Category
Property ASTM
ACI-
CAC T24 2006 IBC
530.1-05
Building, Test Prior to
Facing Burned ASTM C 62 Use Grade
C 216 N/A N/A
Hollow Clay Brick NW Not
Brick C 652 Permitted
Sand-Lime Sand-Lime Material Not
ASTM C 73 N/A N/A
Brick Brick Permitted
Clay Load Burned Hollow ASTM C 34 Material Not
104
N/A N/A
Bearing Tile Clay Tile C 212 Permitted
Structural Clay,
Burned Hollow Material Not
Non Load Brg. ASTM C 56 N/A N/A
Clay Tile Permitted
Tile
Portland
Test Prior to
Cast Stone Concrete Trim ASTM C 744 N/A N/A
Use
& Facing
Unburned Clay Material Not
Adobe Block N/A N/A
Units Permitted
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
ASTM A 82
Test Prior to
Wire Steel Wire A 185, A 496, N/A N/A
Use4
A 497, A 641
Table 3-B Specification and Verification Requirements1 for Masonry/Masonry Materials2 (Cont'd)
Material Specification
Material
Type & Requirements Additional Verification Requirements3
Category
Property ASTM
ACI-
CAC T24 2006 IBC
530.1-05
ASTM* Test as
Quicklime Unslaked Lime N/A N/A
C 270 C 5 Required
ASTM* Test as
Hydrated Lime Slaked Lime N/A N/A
C 270 C 207 Required
105
Proportioned
ASTM per Code Field
Portland
Grout5 C 476 Test for N/A N/A
Cement Grout
C 1019 Compressive
Strength Required
Material Not Material not
Permitted in Permitted in
Masonry Cement ASTM Material Not
Seismic Design Seismic Design
Cement (Any Binder) C 270 C 91 Permitted
Categories Categories
D, E, and F D, E, and F
* Footnote Arrow means sub-reference
Quality Control, Sampling and Testing
Table 3-B Specification and Verification Requirements1 for Masonry/Masonry Materials2 (Cont'd)
Material
Material Specification
Type & Additional Verification Requirements3
Category Requirements ASTM
Property
ACI-
CAC T24 2006 IBC
530.1-05
Compression
Sample of & Shear Not Not
Cores Not Noted
Masonry Tests per Required Required
Sec. 2105A.3.16
ACI 530.1/2.2.2.3
ASTM See
Refer to See
106
Admixtures C 270/4.1.4 Footnotes 7
ACI 530.1-02 Footnote 9
ACI 530.1/4.2.1 &8
ASTM C 476
ASTM
Portland Portland Test as
C 270 C 150 N/A N/A
Cement Cement Required
C 476 C 150
ASTM A 123,
Metal Ties & Steel
A 153, A 167, N/A N/A N/A
Anchors Connectors
A 1008, A 653
ASTM
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
107
Proportioned
As Noted
Proportion per Code Field
by Quality
Mortar Spec. or ASTM C 270 Test for
Assurance
Property Spec. Compressive
Level B or C
Strength Required10
As Noted
Subject to Prior
by Quality
Mortar Ready Mix ASTM C 270 Approval of
Assurance
Agency
Level B or C
Per Section Method
Mortar Field Test
2103A.310 not Noted
Quality Control, Sampling and Testing
Table 3-B Specification and Verification Requirements1 for Masonry/Masonry Materials2 (Cont'd)
Material Specification
Material
Type & Requirements Additional Verification Requirements3
Category
Property ASTM
ACI-
CAC T24 2006 IBC
530.1-05
Grade S
Concrete Hollow Load Not Permitted
ASTM C 90 N/A N/A
Masonry Units Bearing Complete Test
Prior to Use
Concrete Non Load Complete Test
ASTM C 129 N/A N/A
Masonry Units Bearing Prior to Use
108
Prism Tests if
Spec. f 'm is Frequency as
Qualification greater than Frequency Required
Masonry Prisms ASTM C 1314
Testing 1500 psi with as required Noted by QA
Approved Quality Level B or C
Control Methods
Conform to
Special Approval
ASTM C91,
is Necessary Not
Cement Plastic Not Noted C 150 or C 1329
Sec. T24, Recognized
Not Permitted in
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
2102A.2.2.2
SDC D, E, F
Table 3-B Specification and Verification Requirements1 for Masonry/Masonry Materials2 (Cont'd)
Material Specification
Material
Type & Requirements Additional Verification Requirements3
Category
Property ASTM
ACI-
CAC T24 2006 IBC
530.1-05
Concrete
Concrete Complete Test
Building ASTM C 55 N/A N/A
Brick Prior to Use
Brick
Ceramic Load
Complete Test
Structural Bearing ASTM C 126 N/A N/A
Prior to Use
Facing Tile Tiles
109
Sampling and
Brick ASTM C 67 Not Required N/A N/A
Testing
Gypsum Complete Test Not
Gypsum Concrete Not Covered
Concrete Prior to Use Recognized
2 Based on Sub-committee Testing Guidelines for Construction Materials by Nezih Gunal, P.E., Chairman Report No. 2,
Masonry and Masonry Materials, 1986, Structural Engineers Association of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
Quality Control, Sampling and Testing
(Footnotes Continued)
3 Additional verification requirements are specific tests and/or analysis required by the building code enforcement agency in addition to the
ASTM specification requirements. These tests and/or analysis are generally based on the ASTM specification indicated, and are generally
conducted by independent agents such as testing laboratories.
4 Tensile and bend tests per each 10 tons or fraction thereof of each size of reinforcement in each lot. Where manufacturer’s name, or heat
identification number, or manufacturer’s chemical analysis is unknown, testing frequency must be increased to each 21/2 tons of fraction thereof.
6 Two cores minimum, with at least one core taken from every 5,000 square feet of floor area, or fraction thereof.
110
7 Admixtures require prior approval by the building official before addition to grout or mortar.
8 For color, only pure mineral oxides, carbon black limited to 3%, or synthetic colors are permitted.
9 For portland cement-lime mortar, color is limited to 10% for mineral oxide pigment and 2% for carbon black pigment. For masonry cement
mortar, color is limited to 5% for mineral oxide pigment and 1% for carbon black pigment.
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
10 Test sampling consists of at least one sample taken on each of three consecutive working days at beginning of masonry work, and at least one
at weekly intervals thereafter.
Quality Control, Sampling and Testing
111
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
112
Quality Control, Sampling and Testing
113
IBC Section 1704.5
TABLE 1704.5.1 – LEVEL 1 SPECIAL INSPECTION
FREQUENCY OF INSPECTION REFERENCE FOR CRITERIA
INSPECTION TASK Continuous Periodically
during task during task IBC ACI 530/ASCE ACI 530.1/ASCE
listed listed section 5/TMS 402a 6/TMS 602a
1. As masonry construction begins, the following
shall be verified to ensure compliance:
a. Proportions of site-prepared mortar X Art. 2.6A
b. Construction of mortar joints - X - - Art. 3.3B
c. Location of reinforcement and connectors X Art. 3.4, 3.6A
d. Prestressing technique - X - - Art. 3.6B
e. Grade and sizes of prestressing tendons Art. 2.4B,
- X - -
and anchorages 2.4H
2. The inspection program shall verify:
114
a. Size and location of structural elements - X - - Art. 3.3G
b. Type, size and location of anchors, including
other details of anchorage of masonry to Sec. 1.2.2(e),
- X - -
structural members, frames or other 2.1.4, 3.1.6
construction.
c. Specified size, grade and type of reinforcement - X - Sec. 1.13 Art. 2.4, 3.4
d. Welding of reinforcing bars X - - Sec. 2.1.10.7.2,
-
3.3.3.4(b)
e. Protection of masonry during cold weather
Sec. 2104.3, Art. 1.8C,
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
115
4. Grout placement shall be verified to ensure
compliance with code and construction X - - - Art. 3.5
document provisions.
a. Grouting of prestressing bonded tendons. X - - - Art. 3.6C
5. Preparation of any required grout specimens,
Sec 2105.2.2,
mortar specimens and/or prisms shall be X - - Art. 1.4
2105.3
observed.
6. Compliance with required inspection provisions
of the construction documents and the approved - X - - Art. 1.5
submittals shall be verified.
For SI: oC = (oF – 32)/1.8.
a. The specific Standards referenced are those listed in Chapter 35.
Quality Control, Sampling and Testing
IBC Section 1704.5
TABLE 1704.5.3 – LEVEL 2 SPECIAL INSPECTION
FREQUENCY OF INSPECTION REFERENCE FOR CRITERIA
INSPECTION TASK Continuous Periodically IBC ACI 530/ASCE ACI 530.1/ASCE
during task listed during task listed section 5/TMS 402a 6/TMS 602a
1. From the beginning of masonry construction, the
following shall be verified to ensure compliance.
a. Proportions of site-prepared mortar, grout and
- X - - Art. 2.6A
prestressing grout for bonded tendons.
b. Placement of masonry units and construction
- X - - Art. 3.3B
of mortar joints
c. Placement of reinforcement, connectors and Art. 3.4,
- X - Sec. 1.13
116
prestressing tendons and anchorages 3.6A
d. Grout space prior to grouting X - - - Art. 3.2D
e. Placement of grout X - - - Art. 3.5
f. Placement of prestressing grout X - - - Art. 3.6C
2. The inspection program shall verify:
a. Size and location of structural elements - X - - Art. 3.3G
b. Type, size and location of anchors, including
other details of anchorage of masonry to Sec. 1.2.2(e),
X - - -
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
117
f. Application and measurement of prestressing
X - - - Art. 3.6B
force
3. Preparation of any required grout specimens,
Sec. 2105.2.2
mortar specimens and/or prisms shall be X - - Art. 1.4
2105.3
observed.
4. Compliance with required inspection provisions
of the construction documents and the approved - X - - Art. 1.5
submittals shall be verified.
For SI: oC = (oF – 32)/1.8.
a. The specific Standards referenced are those listed in Chapter 35.
Quality Control, Sampling and Testing
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector’s Handbook
118
SECTION 4
General Construction
Practice and Layout
4.1 GENERAL
119
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
120
General Construction Practice and Layout
121
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
122
General Construction Practice and Layout
123
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
124
General Construction Practice and Layout
4.4.1 General
125
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
126
General Construction Practice and Layout
4.4.2 Installation
127
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
128
General Construction Practice and Layout
4.4.2.2 Tolerances
129
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
3/ " ± 1/8"
8
1/ "
8
3/ "
4
130
General Construction Practice and Layout
Continuous horizontal
and vertical steel if
required
Any width
-1/4" + 3/8"
131
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
132
General Construction Practice and Layout
±1/4" in 10 ft.
±1/2" maximum
Level
Level
133
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
Plumb
bob
± 1/4" in 10 ft.
± 3/8 " in 20 ft.
± 1/2" maximum
134
General Construction Practice and Layout
± 1/4" in 10 ft.
± 3/8 " in 20 ft.
Level line ± 1/2" maximum
Elevation View
± 1/4" in 10 ft.
± 3/8" in 20 ft.
Straight line ± 1/2" maximum
Plan View
135
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
+ 1/2" in 20 ft.
+ 3/4" maximum
Plan As built
location
+ 1/2" in 20 ft.
+ 3/4" maximum
136
General Construction Practice and Layout
± 1/4"
± 3/4" Overall
± 1/4"
Figure 4.17 Permissible variation of element indicated in
elevation.
Mortar
Grout
Plan Cross-Section
Mortar
Grout
Elevation Cross-Section
Figure 4.18 Grout flows into head joint and bed joint for
full joints in concrete bricks.
137
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
Pilasters (in the wall columns) are laid up at the same time
as the wall, taking care to place the pilaster ties as required.
138
General Construction Practice and Layout
4"
16"
4" 16"
12"
4"
16"
8"
16"
12"
Mo
du
le
of
8"
4"
4" 8" + 4"
ule 4"
16" M od
16"
16"
16" 4"
16" 4"
16"
8"
16"
Mo 4" 16"
du 4"
le
of
8"
ule
Alternate arrangement M od
8"
4" wall to 4" wall
139
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
6" Mo
du
le
of
8"
16" 8"
of 6"
d ule
16" Mo
8"
16"
14"
6"
6"
16"
16"
8" 16"
Mo 14"
du
le
+4
" "
-2
le
du
6" wall to 6" wall Mo
8"
6"
16"
6" 16"
16"
8"
6"
16"
8"
16"
16"
8"
Alternate arrangement
6" wall to 6" wall
140
General Construction Practice and Layout
Mo
du
le
of
8"
8" le
16" du 8"
Mo
16"
8"
16"
8" 16"
8"
16"
8" wall to 8" wall
16"
16"
Mo 16" 8"
du
le
of
8" 8"
of
d ule
Mo
du Mo
le
of
8"
8" le
16" du 8"
Mo
16"
8"
16"
8" 16"
8"
16"
16"
16"
Mo 16" 8"
du
le
of
8" 8"
of
le
du
Mo
141
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
6" Mo
du
le
of
8"
16"
8"
16"
16" 8"
14"
8"
8"
16" 8"
16"
16"
16"
6"
6" wall to 8" wall
of
Mo le
du o du "
le M +6
le of
du " 8" 8"
Mo " + 4
8
8" of
16"
8"
16"
16"
8"
16"
16"
16"
Mo 16" 8"
du
le
of 8"
8" of
u le
M od
142
General Construction Practice and Layout
in. 12
8" "M
in. Mi "M in.
2"
M n. 12
1
75/8" 75/8"
5 / 8"
15
5 / 8" 15 5
11 5 15 /8 "
/8 "
12" x 8" x 16" alternate 16" x 8" x 16" alternate
pilaster used with... pilaster used with...
5 / 8"
5 / 8"
31 31
75/8" 75/8"
8" 8"
75/8" 75/8"
75/8" 75/8" 75/8"
4" 8" 75/8"
8" 8"
...12" x 8" x 16" ...16" x 8" x 16"
open pilaster open pilaster
11 5 15 5
/ 8" /8 "
155/8"
155/8"
5 / 8"
15 5 / 8"
15
12" x 16" x 16" 16" x 16" x 16"
pilaster pilaster
143
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
144
General Construction Practice and Layout
145
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
146
General Construction Practice and Layout
Vertical steel
Continuous
horizontal steel
Bond beam
units
Flexural
steel
Lintel units
147
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
16
"c
en
ter
s
24
"c
en
ter
s
148
General Construction Practice and Layout
32
"c
en
ter
s
40
"c
en
ter
s
149
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
48
"c
en
ter
s
48
"c
en
ter
s
150
General Construction Practice and Layout
Bond beam
Vertical steel
Parapet wall (above roofline)
Sheet
metal
cap
Combined
lintel and
Horiz. steel
bond beam
in lintel
Vertical Beam
steel each units
side of
Vertical Sash units
opening
steel
Sill units
Horiz. bond
beam Tie
Steel door frame
optional
Horizontal bond
beam at 4'-0" centers
151
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
152
General Construction Practice and Layout
Pre-existing
window
153
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
154
General Construction Practice and Layout
a) Concave joint
Most common joint used, tooling works the mortar tight into the
joint to produce a good weather joint. Pattern is emphasized and
small irregularities in laying are concealed.
b) "V" joint
Tooling works the mortar tight and provides a good weather joint.
Used to emphasize joints and conceal small irregularities in laying
and provide a line in center of mortar joint.
c) Weather joint
Use to emphasize horizontal joints. Acceptable weather joint with
proper tooling.
d) Flush joint
Use where wall is to be plastered or where it is desired to hide
joints under paint. Special care is required to make joint
weatherproof.
155
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
e) Squeeze joint
Provides a rustic, high texture look. Satisfactory indoors and
exterior fences. Not recommended for exterior building walls.
f) Beaded joint
Special effect, poor exterior weather joint because of exposed
ledge - Not recommended for exterior use.
g) Raked joint
Strongly emphasizes joints. Poor weather joint - Not
recommended if exposed to weather unless tooled at bottom of
mortar joint.
h) Struck joint
Use to emphasize horizontal joints. Poor weather joint. Not
recommended as water will penetrate on lower ledge.
156
SECTION 5
Reinforcing Steel
5.1 GENERAL
157
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
159
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
1" or 1 db min.,
Spliced bars whichever is greater
160
Reinforcing Steel
1" or
1 db min.,
whichever
is greater
161
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
1
/4" min. for fine grout
1
/2" min. for coarse grout
162
Reinforcing Steel
A A
SECTION BB
B B
SECTION AA
163
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
11/2" recommended
164
Reinforcing Steel
Max. 6"
165
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
Vertical
reinforcing
steel
Grout space
Typical single curtain positioner
PLAN SECTION
166
Reinforcing Steel
Style:
8-2V-2H used Style: 8-2V-2H
as 8-2V-1H
167
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
168
Reinforcing Steel
169
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
170
Reinforcing Steel
Bars that are not spliced shall be in the same cell as the bar
to be spliced and not in an adjacent cell.
171
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
but not less than 12 inches (305 mm). In no case shall the
length of the lapped splice be less than 40 bar diameters.
where:
172
Reinforcing Steel
ld = 0.0015 db Fs (2-8)
173
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
Brick Brick
174
Reinforcing Steel
2db min. db
175
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
4"
176
Reinforcing Steel
12"
16"
16"
16"
10' - 0"
16"
t - 2"
16"
t = Nominal
thickness
16"
of wall
12"
6"
t - 4"
177
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
178
Reinforcing Steel
db db
90°
J D 180°
A 12db
4 db or 21/2" min.
Dimensions of Dimensions of
Standard 180° Hooks Standard 90° Hooks
Bar
Grade J D A (in) D
Size
#3 40 25/8" 17/8" 5.5 17/8"
#4 40 31/2" 21/2" 7.3 21/2"
#5 40 43/8" 31/8" 9.1 31/8"
#6 40 51/4" 33/4" 10.9 33/4"
#7 40 61/8" 43/8" 12.7 43/8"
#3 50/60 3" 21/4" 5.7 21/4"
#4 50/60 4" 3" 7.5 3"
#5 50/60 5" 33/4" 9.4 33/4"
#6 50/60 6" 41/2" 11.3 41/2"
#7 50/60 7" 51/4" 13.2 51/4"
#8 50/60 8" 6" 15.0 6"
#9 50/60 111/4" 9" 18.0 9"
#10 50/60 121/2" 10" 20.0 10"
#11 50/60 133/4" 11" 22.0 11"
179
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
180
Reinforcing Steel
d/2
Load
Shear d
cracks
181
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
Required lap
182
Reinforcing Steel
d/2
Shear steel required
183
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
Strength design
requirements
184
Reinforcing Steel
Lateral ties
Vertical
reinforcement
tied to dowels
projecting from
footing
Reinforced
concrete
footing
185
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
Column reinforcement
Max. area = 0.04 bt Tie anchorage
Min. area = .0025 bt 6d minimum
Min. size #3
Max. size #11
186
Reinforcing Steel
187
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
Tie spacing
Columns in Seismic
Design Category D, E & F.
190
Reinforcing Steel
Alternate courses
Alternate courses
191
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
Alternate courses
Alternate courses
192
Reinforcing Steel
Vertical
reinforcement
Lateral ties
Webs of pilaster units
partially removed to
permit placing of
horizontal reinforcement
193
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
Alternate courses
Grout
Alternate courses
Grout
194
Reinforcing Steel
195
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
Hair pin
tie (#2
min.)
196
Reinforcing Steel
197
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
5"
Column ties
Vertical column
reinforcing steel
198
Reinforcing Steel
Min. spacing 4
bar diameters
Min. spacing 4
bar diameters
Min. spacing 4
bar diameters
199
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
200
Reinforcing Steel
Radius of
bend = 11/2 db
**
db
*
l b*
** db
Min. extension = 1.5 db
** db
l b*
*
Grout
*Minimum embedment length lb = 4db but lb may not be less than 2" (51 mm).
201
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
202
SECTION 6
Grouting of Concrete
Masonry Walls
6.1 GENERAL
203
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
1 /2"
204
Grouting of Concrete Masonry Walls
4"
8"
205
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
206
Grouting of Concrete Masonry Walls
207
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
11/2" min.
suggested
Maximum height of grout pour is 5'
208
Grouting of Concrete Masonry Walls
For grout pour greater than 12 inches (305 mm), the grout
must be consolidated by mechanical vibration and
reconsolidated by mechanical vibration prior to the grout losing
its plasticity.
6.6 CLEANOUTS
209
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
210
Grouting of Concrete Masonry Walls
When grout pours exceed five feet (1.5 m), cleanouts must
be provided and the method commonly known as high-lift
grouting is used.
5' max.
Stop grout pour
If grout pour is 5' 11/2" below top of
or less then it masonry unit
can be placed in suggested if pour
one lift. is delayed 1 hour
or more.
5' max.
11/2" min.
suggested
Delay approxi-
mately 3 to 5
minutes allowing
5' max.
the water to be
absorbed by the
masonry units,
then consolidate
by mechanically Cleanout opening.
vibrating. Remove face shell
from cells. Seal
prior to grouting
but after
inspection.
212
Grouting of Concrete Masonry Walls
12.67’ max.
Single lift
Provided
213
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
214
Grouting of Concrete Masonry Walls
215
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
Typical
4” CMU
12” pour
Flue
12” pour
Slushed
mortar
Chimney
30’ max.
Grout dams
216
Grouting of Concrete Masonry Walls
Lime or fly ash can be used to aid pumping. The use of fly
ash can save on cement.
217
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
218
SECTION 7
7.1 GENERAL
219
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
220
Special Provisions for Seismic Design and Construction
221
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
222
Special Provisions for Seismic Design and Construction
223
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
224
Special Provisions for Seismic Design and Construction
225
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
226
Special Provisions for Seismic Design and Construction
227
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
228
Special Provisions for Seismic Design and Construction
229
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
10' max.
10' max.
24" or 40
db min.
Ledger
0.20 sq. in. min.
230
Special Provisions for Seismic Design and Construction
231
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
232
Special Provisions for Seismic Design and Construction
233
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
4' max.
4' max.
24" or 40
db min.
24" or 40
db min.
234
Special Provisions for Seismic Design and Construction
235
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
For stack bond masonry walls that are part of the lateral-
load-resisting system, the requirements are more stringent.
236
SECTION 8
Prestressed Masonry
8.1 GENERAL
237
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
238
Prestressed Masonry
239
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
Insulation fill
Anchor bolt
Finished grade 2 #4 cont. bars
Concrete stem
3" clr.
240
Prestressed Masonry
8.2 MATERIALS
241
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
242
Prestressed Masonry
b. Prestressing grout
1) Select proportions of materials for prestressing
grout using either of the following methods as
accepted by the Architect/Engineer.
a) Results of tests on fresh and hardened
prestressing grout—prior to beginning of
grouting operations, or
b) Prior documented experience with similar
materials and equipment and under
comparable field conditions.
2) Use portland cement conforming to ASTM C
150, Type I, II, or III, that corresponds to the
type upon which selection of prestressing
grout was based.
3) Use the minimum water content necessary for
proper pumping of prestressing grout;
however, limit the water-cement ratio to a
maximum of 0.45 by weight.
4) Discard prestressing grout that has begun to
set due to delayed use.
5) Do not use admixtures, unless acceptable to
the Architect/Engineer.
6) Use water that is potable and free of materials
known to be harmful to masonry materials and
reinforcement.
7) Use sand that conforms to ASTM C 144.
243
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
Prestressed tendon
Permanent corrosion
preventive grease
Plastic sheath
Galvanized steel
or plastic pipe
244
Prestressed Masonry
246
Prestressed Masonry
247
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
8.3 CONSTRUCTION
248
Prestressed Masonry
Tendon
Top of concrete
footing or wall
Cast-in-place
anchor
Tendon
Adhesive
anchor
Tendon
Continuous bond
beam (inverted) (2) #4 reinforcing
bar (continuous)
Grout
Double nut and washer
with bearing plate
Top of concrete
footing or wall Beveled 2 x 4
block out
249
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
250
Prestressed Masonry
Reinforced
Clearance
concrete
sleeve
capping beam
Post-tensioned
Diaphragm
rod
wall
DTI
Nut Washer
Bearing
Washer plate
Continuous
bond beam Grout
Tendon
Mesh grout stop
251
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
252
Prestressed Masonry
Tendon
253
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
Prefabricated
element
Bed joint
reinforcement
Tendon
254
SECTION 9
Special Topics or
Conditions
When wind reaches a critical velocity, the area near the wall
is considered a restricted zone and the workers must leave.
When work is finished for the day, or when a specified height
of wall is reached, or work is interrupted, then that portion of
wall must be braced.
Section A-A
Section B-B
CMU wall
256
Special Topics or Conditions
257
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
258
Special Topics or Conditions
Shear wall
Flange
or
Shear wall
Flange
259
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
) )
m mm
0m " (5
1
61 2
"(
24
Metal Strap
11/2" (38 mm)
Shear wall
Flange Metal straps at
4' - 0" (1.22 m)
o.c vertical
Grouted cells
Sectional Elevation
As = 0.1 in.2/ft
(211 mm2/m)
260
Special Topics or Conditions
Alternate direction
of dowel bend
261
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
Alternate slab
dowels Concrete topping
262
Special Topics or Conditions
Ledger bolt
Wood Floor
Topping slab
Grout joint
Concrete Floor
263
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
9.5.1 General
264
Special Topics or Conditions
30' max.
265
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
266
Special Topics or Conditions
267
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
Area of 3/16"
diam. wires
= 0.0276
sq. in. Width of tie
4"
Area of 9 ga.
wires = 0.0346
sq. in.
268
S E C T I O N 10
10.1 GENERAL
a. Temperature changes
b. Material expansion and contraction
c. Changes in moisture content or conditions
d. Loading conditions
e. Foundation movement
f. Differential movement of various materials in the
building
g. Lateral deflections from wind loads
h. Seismic activity
270
Movement Joints and Crack Control
Control joint
A A
B B
Horizontal 3/ "
8 to 1/2" Vertical
reinforcement /2"
1
reinforcement
Horizontal 3/ "
8 to 1/2" Vertical
reinforcement reinforcement
/2"
1
271
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
a. Proper jointing
b. Proper reinforcement
c. Moisture control
16" max.
16" max.
272
Movement Joints and Crack Control
273
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
Adjacent to
opening
At wall
intersections
At changes in
wall height
Adjacent to
opening
Maximum distance of
At pilaster
50% joint spacing
274
Movement Joints and Crack Control
W 1 /2W
275
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
Flanged neoprene
control joint 3
/8"
continuous vertically 1 /2" both sides
Stop
horizontal
bars each
side of joint
except at
chord bars
Caulking sealant
1-vertical bar
cont. each side
each side of joint
Masonry wall
Joint sealant
Preformed joint
gasket
Backer rod
Stop joint
reinforcement
at control joint
Vertical bars
as required
276
Movement Joints and Crack Control
Backer rod
1
/2” W
Sealant
Building
paper
277
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
Caulking
Gasket
Joint backing
Caulking
Ceramic fiber
blanket
Joint backing
278
Movement Joints and Crack Control
10.6 SUMMARY
279
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
280
S E C T I O N 11
Construction in Severe
Weather Conditions
11.1.1 General
11.1.2 Construction
281
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
282
Construction in Severe Weather Conditions
284
Construction in Severe Weather Conditions
285
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
11.1.4 Protection
287
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
288
Construction in Severe Weather Conditions
289
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
11.2.1 General
11.2.2 Performance
290
Construction in Severe Weather Conditions
Mortar should not be mixed too far ahead, and when mixed,
should be stored in a cool, shady place. When laying the
masonry units, avoid placing long mortar beds ahead of the
units as bond is reduced.
291
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
292
Construction in Severe Weather Conditions
293
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
294
Construction in Severe Weather Conditions
11.3.1 General
11.3.2 Performance
295
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
296
S E C T I O N 12
Masonry Inspection
Checklist
12.1 GENERAL
PRE-CONSTRUCTION VERIFICATION
297
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
START UP OBSERVATIONS
298
Masonry Inspection Checklist
PRE-PLACEMENT OBSERVATIONS
Materials
299
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
Project Conditions
300
Masonry Inspection Checklist
WORKMANSHIP
(a) Cleanliness............................................................
(b) Quality and fineness..............................................
(c) Aggregate compliance (ASTM C 144).................
301
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
302
Masonry Inspection Checklist
Grout Observations
303
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
Construction
41. Verify that all head, bed and wall joints are:................
304
Masonry Inspection Checklist
305
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
306
Masonry Inspection Checklist
307
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
308
Masonry Inspection Checklist
309
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
310
Masonry Inspection Checklist
311
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
312
S E C T I O N 13
Masonry Units
Calstone Co.
Sunnyvale, CA
314
Masonry Units
315
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
316
Masonry Units
1" min.
1" min.
1" min. 1" min.
1" min.
35/8"
5 / 8"
15 "
75 / 8
35/8"
11/4" min.
1" min.
1" min.
1" min.
1" min.
75/8"
5 / 8"
5 / 8" 15
11
35/8"
1" min.
1" min. 1" min.
1" min. 1" min.
" 5 / 8"
75 / 8 11
317
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
11/4" min.
11/4" min.
1" min.
35/8"
5 / 8"
15
55/8"
"
55 / 8
11/4" min.
5 / 8"
13
2" min.
318
Masonry Units
11/4" min.
11/4" min.
1" min.
75/8"
5 / 8"
15
55/8"
21/2"
"
75 / 8
2" min.
75/8"
"
" 55 / 8
15 / 16
15 10
"
55/8"
319
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
11/4" min.
11/4" min.
1" min.
35/8"
5 / 8"
15
75/8"
11/4" min.
"
75 / 8
7"
320
Masonry Units
11/4" min.
11/4 min.
1" min. 11/4" min.
75/8"
5 / 8" 5 / 8"
15 15
75/8" 75/8"
2" min.
3/ "
4
"
75 / 8
63/8"
*Dimensions for sash
slot vary among
producers. Contact
local manufacturer for
4" min. specifications.
321
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
7"
21/2"
min.
4" min.
4" min.
"
15 / 16
15
322
Masonry Units
75/8"
235/8" 75/8"
11/4"
323
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
11/2" min.
11/4" min. 11/2" min.
75/8"
5 / 8"
15
95/8"
6" min.
95/8"
324
Masonry Units
11/2" min.
11/4" min.
11/2" min.
35/8"
5 / 8"
15
115/8"
8" min.
325
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
11/2" min.
11/4" min. 11/2" min.
75/8"
5 / 8"
15
115/8"
75/8"
5 / 8"
15
115/8"
21/2" min.
12" x 8" x 16"
Standard
3" max.
326
Masonry Units
8" min.
"
15 / 16
15
115/8"
5 / 8"
11
327
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
75/8"
75/8"
5 / 8"
15
155/8"
75/8"
5 / 8"
31
75/8"
75/8"
75/8"
75/8"
8"
8"
155/8"
155/8"
5 / 8"
15
328
Masonry Units
1 / 2"
15
31/2"
31/2"
1 / 2"
15
31/2"
51/2"
1 / 2"
15
51/2"
71/2"
329
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
330
Masonry Units
331
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
333
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
334
Masonry Units
335
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
336
Masonry Units
337
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
338
Masonry Units
339
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
340
S E C T I O N 14
Glossary of Terms
341
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
AREAS:
Bedded Area
342
Glossary of Terms
343
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
BOND:
Common Bond - Units laid so that they lap half over each other
in successive course. Also called half bond.
Mechanical Bond - Units laid so that they lap over each other
in successive courses. Includes quarter bond, third bond, and
half or common bond.
344
Glossary of Terms
Running Bond
Stack Bond
345
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
346
Glossary of Terms
Collar joint
Collar Joint
347
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
A-Block - A hollow unit with one end closed and the opposite
end open, forming two cells when laid in the wall. It is also
called a single open-end block.
348
Glossary of Terms
349
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
Coping Block - A solid concrete masonry unit for use as the top
and finished course in wall construction.
350
Glossary of Terms
Pilaster Blocks
351
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
Sash Block - A concrete masonry unit which has an end slot for
use in openings to receive jambs of doors or windows or
premolded expansion joint material.
Sash Block
Scored Block
352
Glossary of Terms
Sculptured Block
Shadow Block
353
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
Sill Block
Slumped Block
Solid Unit - Masonry units in which the vertical cores are less
than 25% of the cross-sectional area.
354
Glossary of Terms
60° min.
Corbel
355
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
DIMENSIONS:
Dimensions:
Actual 71/2" x 31/2" x 151/2"
Nominal 8" x 4" x 16"
31/2"
1 2/ "
15
71/2"
Dimensions
356
Glossary of Terms
357
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
358
Glossary of Terms
JOINTS:
Cell
Web
Face shell
Face shell
Head joint
Bed joint
End shell
359
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
Bed Joint - The mortar joint that is horizontal at the time the
masonry units are placed.
Head Joint - The mortar joint between units in the same wythe,
usually vertical, sometimes called the cross joint.
Lead
360
Glossary of Terms
LIME:
361
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
362
Glossary of Terms
PARAPET - The part of a wall that extends above the roof level.
363
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
Racking
364
Glossary of Terms
End web
Web
Face shell
Cell
Web
Face shell
Head joint
Bed joint
End shell
365
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
Stringing Mortar
366
Glossary of Terms
WALLS:
367
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
368
S E C T I O N 15
References
369
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
370
References
371
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
372
S E C T I O N 16
Index
A
373
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
Backing----------------------------------------------------------------7
Bat-------------------------------------------------------------------344
Bearing Wall-------------------------------------------------------344
Bed Joint--------------------------------------------------7, 344, 360
Bed and Head Joints----------------------------------------120, 128
Bedded Area----------------------------------------------------7, 342
Bevel----------------------------------------------------------------344
Beveled (mortarless) Block--------------------------------------348
Bond-----------------------------------------------------------------344
Bond Beam------------------------------------------------------8, 346
Bond Beam Block-------------------------------------------------349
Bond Reinforcing----------------------------------------------------8
Bonded Prestressing Tendon-------------------------------------237
Bonded Wall-------------------------------------------------------367
Bracing of Walls---------------------------------------------------255
374
Index
Brick-------------------------------------------------------------------8
Building Official------------------------------------------------------8
Bullnose Block----------------------------------------------------349
Burning and Welding Operations-------------------------------254
Burnished (ground face) Block----------------------------------349
Buttering------------------------------------------------------------346
Buttress----------------------------------------------------------------8
375
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
Column, Unreinforced--------------------------------------------347
Common Bond-----------------------------------------------------344
Compliance----------------------------------------------------------96
Compliance with f'm and f'AAC--------------------------------------92
Component Units---------------------------------------------------37
Composite Action---------------------------------------------------10
Composite Masonry------------------------------------------------11
Composite Wall-----------------------------------------------24, 347
Compressive Strength---------------------------------------------347
Compressive Strength Calculations------------------------------96
Compressive Strength of Clay Masonry-------------------------93
Compressive Strength of Concrete Masonry--------------------94
Compressive Strength Determination----------------------------97
Compressive Strength of Masonry-------------------------------11
Compressive Strength of Mortar----------------------------------80
Concrete-----------------------------------------------------------8, 16
Concrete and Masonry Walls-------------------------------220, 264
Concrete Block----------------------------------------------------349
Concrete Brick-----------------------------------------------------349
Concrete Masonry---------------------------------------------------94
Concrete Masonry Units----------------------------28, 35, 87, 348
Cone Penetration Test for Consistency of Mortar--------------76
Cone Penetrometer--------------------------------------------------77
Configuration and Size of Longitudinal and Cross
Wires--------------------------------------------------------------53
Confinement-------------------------------------------------203, 205
Connections--------------------------------------------------------228
Connections to Masonry Columns------------------197, 228, 264
Connector------------------------------------------------------------11
Consolidation------------------------------------------------------215
Consolidation of Grout ------------------------------------------214
Construction--------------------127, 248, 281, 282, 285, 292, 304
Construction Details----------------------------------------------306
Construction in Severe Weather Conditions-------------------281
Construction Procedure-------------------------------------291, 295
Construction Requirements for Temperatures Between
32°F (0°C) and 25°F (-4°C)---------------------------------282
376
Index
Definitions-------------------------------------------------------------5
Deformed Reinforcement------------------------------------------31
Delivery, Storage and Handling---------------------------------125
Depth-----------------------------------------------------------------11
Description-----------------------------------------------------------52
Design/Construction Deficiencies------------------------------272
Design Strength-----------------------------------------------------21
377
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
Fabrication-----------------------------------------------------------54
Face Shell----------------------------------------------------------357
Faced Block--------------------------------------------------------350
Faced Wall----------------------------------------------------------357
378
Index
Facing---------------------------------------------------------------357
Fascia---------------------------------------------------------------357
Fat Mortar----------------------------------------------------357, 362
Field Compressive Test Specimens for Grout------------------82
Field Compressive Test Specimens for Mortar-----------------79
Field Test for Mortar Strength------------------------------------78
Field Tests for Grout-----------------------------------------------81
Fire Clay------------------------------------------------------------357
Fire Wall------------------------------------------------------------357
Fireplace-------------------------------------------------------------13
Fireplace Throat-----------------------------------------------------13
Fire-Resistive------------------------------------------------------358
Flashing-------------------------------------------------------------358
Flashing Block-----------------------------------------------------350
Fluid Mortar for Grout-------------------------------------------215
Flush Wall Columns, Pilasters and Compression Steel
at End of Walls------------------------------------------------195
Foundation Pier-----------------------------------------------------13
Furring--------------------------------------------------------------358
379
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
Grout Observations-----------------------------------------------303
Grout Placement---------------------------------------------------205
Grout Pour-----------------------------------------------------13, 358
Grout Pour Height-------------------------------------------------205
Grout Proportions by Volume for Masonry Construction-----68
Grout Slump-------------------------------------------------------204
Grout Strength Requirements-------------------------------------85
Grouted Hollow-Unit Masonry-----------------------------------13
Grouted Masonry----------------------------------------13, 207, 359
Grouted Multiwythe Masonry------------------------------------13
Grouting Bonded Tendons---------------------------------------252
Grouting Limitations----------------------------------------------205
Grouting of Concrete Masonry Walls--------------------------203
Grouting the Units------------------------------------------------289
380
Index
Lap Splices---------------------------------------------------------171
Lap Splices, Joint Reinforcement-------------------------------174
Lap Splices, Reinforcing Bars-----------------------------------171
Lateral Tie Anchorage--------------------------------------188, 232
Lateral Tie Spacing, SDC A, B, C------------------------------189
Lateral Tie Spacing, SDC D & E-------------------------------190
Lateral Ties---------------------------------------------------------187
Laterally Restrained Prestressing Tendon-----------------------14
Laterally Unrestrained Prestressing Tendon--------------------14
Laying the Units---------------------------------------------------288
381
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
Masonry--------------------------------------------------------------15
Masonry-Bonded Hollow Wall-----------------------------------24
Masonry Breakout--------------------------------------------------16
Masonry Cement----------------------------------------------------43
Masonry Construction--------------------------------------------127
Masonry Core Testing---------------------------------------------100
Masonry Inspection Checklist-----------------------------------297
Masonry Protection-----------------------------------------------281
Masonry Type---------------------------------------------------------9
Masonry Shear Walls---------------------------------180, 229, 233
Masonry Units------------------------------------------16, 313, 361
382
Index
383
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
Mortar Admixtures-------------------------------------------------66
Mortar Aggregate-Sand -------------------------------------------59
Mortar Bed---------------------------------------------------------362
Mortar Cement -----------------------------------------------------43
Mortar Joints-------------------------------------------------------154
Mortar Mix Design Requirements------------------------------113
Mortar Mixing Observation--------------------------------------301
Mortar Proportions-------------------------------------------------58
Mortar Protrusions------------------------------------------------203
Mortar Strength Requirements------------------------------------80
Mortar, Surface-Bonding------------------------------------------17
Movement Joints and Crack Control---------------------------269
Multiwythe Walls--------------------------------------------------264
Offset Block--------------------------------------------------------350
Open-End Block---------------------------------------------------350
Open-End Units---------------------------------------------128, 138
Ordinary Plain Masonry Shear Wall-----------------------------20
Ordinary Plain Prestressed Masonry Shear Wall---------------20
Ordinary Reinforced Masonry Shear Wall----------------------20
Other Effects-------------------------------------------------------269
Other Reinforcement/Metal Products----------------------------32
Other Standards-----------------------------------------------------34
Otherwise Required------------------------------------------------17
384
Index
Parapet--------------------------------------------------------------363
Parapet Wall---------------------------------------------------------24
Parging--------------------------------------------------------------363
Partition Wall--------------------------------------------------------17
Performance--------------------------------------------------290, 295
Permeability--------------------------------------------------------363
Pier--------------------------------------------------------------17, 363
Pilaster--------------------------------------------------------------363
Pilaster Block------------------------------------------------------351
Pipes and Conduits Embedded in Masonry-------------------257
Placement and Layout--------------------------------------------125
Placement in Mortar-----------------------------------------------129
Placement of Reinforcement-------------------------------------160
Placement Tolerances---------------------------------------------169
Placing Grout and Protection of Grouted Masonry----------285
Placing Mortar and Units-----------------------------------120, 128
Placing Masonry Units-------------------------------------------127
Plain Masonry-------------------------------------------------------15
Plastic Cement-------------------------------------------------------42
Plastic Hinge--------------------------------------------------------18
Pointing-------------------------------------------------------------363
Portland Cement----------------------------------------------------41
Post-Tensioning-----------------------------------------------18, 237
Precision Units ----------------------------------------------------313
Pre-Construction Verification------------------------------------297
Prefabricated Masonry--------------------------------------------363
Preparation----------------------------------------282, 284, 292, 293
Preparation of Foundation and Site-----------------------------119
Pre-Placement Observations-------------------------------------299
Prestressed Masonry------------------------------------------18, 237
Prestressing Anchorages, Couplers and End Blocks---------247
385
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
386
Index
Racking-------------------------------------------------------------364
Racking and Toothing--------------------------------------------152
Random Ashlar------------------------------------------------------15
Random Rubble-----------------------------------------------------19
Ready Mixed Grout------------------------------------------------72
Rebar----------------------------------------------------------------364
References----------------------------------------------------------369
Reinforced Hollow Concrete Masonry-------------------------364
Reinforced Masonry------------------------------------------------16
Reinforcement---------------------------------19, 31, 159, 168, 199
Reinforcement Requirements------------------------------------227
Reinforcing Bars----------------------------------------------------49
Reinforcing Bar Size Limitations-------------------------------159
Reinforcing Bond-------------------------------------------------344
Reinforcing Steel---------------------------------------------46, 157
Reinforcing Tie Details-------------------------------------------186
Required Strength---------------------------------------------------22
Responsibilities and Duties-----------------------------------------3
Retemper------------------------------------------------------------364
Retempering---------------------------------------------------------64
Return L Block----------------------------------------------------351
Rodding-------------------------------------------------------------364
Rough or Ordinary Rubble----------------------------------------19
Rubble Masonry----------------------------------------------------19
Rubble Stone Masonry---------------------------------------------21
Running Bond-------------------------------------------19, 344, 365
387
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
388
Index
Temperature--------------------------------------------------------292
Tendon Anchorage--------------------------------------------22, 238
Tendon Coupler-----------------------------------------------22, 238
389
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
390
Index
Veneer, Adhered-----------------------------------------------------23
Veneer, Anchored---------------------------------------------------23
Veneer, Masonry----------------------------------------------------23
Vertical Reinforcement-------------------------------------184, 228
Wall, Loadbearing--------------------------------------------------25
Wall Tie-------------------------------------------------------------367
Wall Ties------------------------------------------------------------266
Wall to Floor or Roof---------------------------------------------262
Wall to Wall--------------------------------------------------------258
Wall-------------------------------------------------------------------23
Walls----------------------------------------------------------------367
Water------------------------------------------------------------------54
Water Retentivity--------------------------------------------------367
Web-------------------------------------------------------------25, 368
Welded Splices-----------------------------------------------------173
Wet Weather Masonry Construction----------------------------295
When Required------------------------------------------------------25
Wide Selection of Units--------------------------------------------37
Width-----------------------------------------------------------------25
Work------------------------------------------------------------------25
Workmanship------------------------------------------------------301
Wythe-----------------------------------------------------------25, 368
391
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Inspector's Handbook
392
Available from:
Masonry Institute of America
International Code Council
The Masonry Society
393
Available from:
The Masonry Society
Masonry Institute of America
International Code Council
American Concrete Institute
Structural Engineering Institute of the American
Society of Civil Engineers
394
Available from:
Masonry Institute of America
International Code Council
The Masonry Society
395
Available from:
Masonry Institute of America
396
Available from:
Masonry Institute of America
397
Available from:
Masonry Institute of America
International Code Council
398
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402
NOTES:
403
NOTES:
404