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/ What is K- Factor
K- Factor
The following rules will generally result in an acceptable choice of K-factor value:
Follow successful practice in sizing the transformer.
Where the harmonic current producing equipment is less than 15 per cent, use
a standard transformer.
Where the electronic equipment represents up to 35 per cent of the load, use a
K-4 rated transformer.
Where the electronic equipment represents up to 75 per cent of the load, use a
K-13 rated transformer.
Where 100 per cent of the load is electronic equipment, use a K-20 rated
transformer.
Higher K-factor ratings are generally reserved for specific pieces of equipment where the harmonic spectrum of the load
is known.
K-rating is a heat survival rating, not a treatment of associated power quality issues like voltage
distortion, and efficiency isn’t typically discussed. Surviving the extra heat means using more core and
coil material, and sometimes use of different construction techniques. Depending on the
manufacturer’s design, harmonic losses may be reduced to varying degrees. Ironically, even though
the designated use of the K-rated transformer is to feed nonlinear load, manufacturers publish their
loss data under linear load conditions.
Understanding Transformer "K Factor Rating"
A K-Factor rating is an index of the transformers ability to supply harmonic content in its load current
while operating within it temperature limits. For Dry Type Transformers a K-Factor calculation is made
to determine the amount of the Harmonic Content present in a power system. K-Rated transformers
are sized to handle 100% of the fundamental 60 Hz load, plus the non-linear load specified. The
neutral of the K-Rated transformer is sized at 300% of the current rating of the phase connections.
Industry literature and commentary refers to a limited number of K-factor ratings: K-1, K-4,K9, K-13,
K-20, K-30, K-40. A transformer could be designed for other K-factor rating in between those values,
as well as for higher values.
The commonly referenced ratings calculated according to ANSI/IEEE C57.11-1986 are as following
K-Factor 1: A transformer with this rating has been designed to handle only the heating effects of eddy currents and
other losses resulting from 60 Hz, sine-wave current loading on the transformer. Such a transformer may or may not be
designed to handle the increased heating of harmonics in its load current. Applications are motors, incandescent
lighting, resistance heating, motor generators (without solid state drives).
K-Factor 4: A transformer with this rating has been designed to supply rated KVA, without overheating, to a load made-
up of 100% of the normal 60 Hz, sine-wave, fundamental current plus: 16% of the fundamental as 3rd harmonic current
10% of the fundamental as 5th; 7% of the fundamental as 7th; 5.5% of the fundamental as 9th; and smaller percentages
trough the 25th harmonic. The "4" indicates its ability to accommodate four times the eddy current losses of a K-1
transformer. Uses are HID lighting, induction heaters, Welders, UPS with optional input filtering, PLC and solid state
controls.
K-Factor 9: A K-9 transformer can accommodate 163% of the harmonic loading of a K-4 transformer.
K-Factor 13: A K-13 transformer can accommodate 200% of the harmonic loading of a K-4 rated transformer. These
transformers are used for multiple receptacle circuits in health care facilities, UPS without optional input filtering,
Production or assemble line equipment, Schools and classroom facilities.
K-Factor 20, K-30, K-40: The higher number of each of these K-factor ratings indicates ability to handle successively
larger amounts of harmonic load content without overheating. Some of these transformers are used in SCR variable
speed drives, Circuits with exclusive data processing equipment, Critical care facilities and Hospital operating room.
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K-Factor rated transform