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a. curl r 0 :
i1 i2 i3
curl r
x1 x2 x3
x1 x2 x3
x x x x x x
i1 3 2 i2 3 1 i3 1 2
x2 x3 x1 x3 x2 x1
i1 0 i2 0 i3 0
0
b. curl r r 0 :
i1 i2 i3
curl r r
x1 x2 x3
x1 r x2 r x3 r
x3 r x2 r x1 r x3 r x2 r x1 r
i1 i2 i3
x x x x x x
2 3 3 1 1 2
' r x2 ' r x3
i1 x3 r 0 x2 r 0
r r
' r x3 ' r x1
i2 x1 r 0 x3 r 0
r r
' r x1 ' r x2
i3 x2 r 0 x1 r 0
r r
' r x2 ' r x3
i1 x3
2 x
r r
' r x3 ' r x1
i2 x1 x3
r r
' r x1 ' r x2
i3 x2 x1
r r
i1 0 i2 0 i3 0
0
c. curl r c r c r :
i1 i2 i3
x1 x2 x3
c x
1 1
2
c2 x1 x2 c3 x1 x3 c x x c x
1 1 2 2 2
2
c3 x2 x3 c x x
1 1 3 c2 x2 x3 c3 x3 2
c1 x1 x3 c2 x2 x3 3 32
c x c x x 1 1 2 c2 x2
2
c x x
i1
3 2 3
x2 x3
c1 x12 c2 x1 x2 c3 x1 x3 c1 x1 x3 c2 x2 x3 c3 x3 2
i2
x3 x1
c1 x1 x2 c2 x2 2 c3 x2 x3 c1 x12 c2 x1 x2 c3 x1 x3
i3
x1 x2
i1 c2 x3 c3 x2 i2 c3 x1 c1 x3 i3 c1 x2 c2 x1
cr
d. curl c r 2c :
curl c r i1 c2 x3 c3 x2 i2 c3 x1 c1 x3 i3 c1 x2 c2 x1
i1 i2 i3
x1 x2 x3
c2 x3 c3 x2 c3 x1 c1 x3 c1 x2 c2 x1
c x c x c3 x1 c1 x3 c2 x3 c3 x2 c1 x2 c2 x1 c3 x1 c1 x3 c2 x3 c3 x2
i1 1 2 2 1 i2 i3
x2 x3 x3 x1 x1 x2
i1 c1 (c1 ) i2 c2 (c2 ) i3 c3 (c3 )
2c1i1 2c2i2 2c3i3
2 c1i1 c2i2 c3i3
2c
e. curl c a r a c :
i1 i2 i3
x1 x2 x3
a1c1 x1 a2c1 x2 a3c1 x3 a1c2 x1 a2c2 x2 a3c2 x3 a1c3 x1 a2c3 x2 a3c3 x3
a1c3 x1 a2 c3 x2 a3c3 x3 a1c2 x1 a2c2 x2 a3c2 x3
i
x2 x3
1
a1c1 x1 a2 c1 x2 a3c1 x3 a1c3 x1 a2c3 x2 a3c3 x3
i2
x3 x1
a1c2 x1 a2c2 x2 a3c2 x3 a1c1 x1 a2c1 x2 a3c1 x3
i3
x1 x2
i1 a2 c3 a3c2 i2 a3c1 a1c3 i3 a1c2 a2c1
ac
f. curl c r a a c
{ a1c1 x1 a2c2 x1 a3c3 x1 i1 a1c1 x2 a2c2 x2 a3c3 x2 i2 a1c1 x3 a2c2 x3 a3c3 x3 i3
a1c1 x1 a2 c1 x2 a3c1 x3 i1 a1c2 x1 a2c2 x2 a3c2 x3 i2 a1c3 x1 a2c3 x2 a3c3 x3 i3 }
[ a2c2 x1 a3c3 x1 a2c1 x2 a3c1 x3 i1 a1c1 x2 a3c3 x2 a1c2 x1 a3c2 x3 i2
a1c1 x3 a2c2 x3 a1c3 x1 a2c3 x2 i3 ]
i1 i2 i3
x1 x2 x3
a c x
2 2 1
a3 c3 x1 a2 c1 x2 a3 c1 x3 a c x
1 1 2
a3 c3 x2 a1c2 x1 a3 c2 x3 a c x
1 1 3
a2 c2 x3 a1c3 x1 a2 c3 x2
{ c1 x12 c2 x1 x2 c3 x1 x3 i1 c1 x1 x2 c2 x2 2 c3 x2 x3 i2 c1 x1 x3 c2 x2 x3 c3 x3 2 i3
i1 i2 i3
x1 x2 x3
c x x
2 1 2
c3 x1 x3 c1 x2 c1 x3
2 2
c x x
1 1 2
c3 x2 x3 c2 x1 c2 x3
2 2
c x x
1 1 3
c2 x2 x3 c3 x12 c3 x2 2
i1 c2 x3 2c3 x2 c3 x2 2c2 x3 i2 c3 x1 2c1 x3 c1 x3 2c3 x1
i3 c1 x2 2c2 x1 c2 x1 2c1 x2
i1 3c2 x3 3c3 x2 i2 3c3 x1 3c1 x3 i3 3c1 x2 3c2 x1
3 i1 c2 x3 c3 x2 i2 c3 x1 c1 x3 i3 c1 x2 c2 x1
3c r
Problem 8: Find the flux of the field
A 4x1 x3i1 x22i 2 x2 x3i 3
through the surface of the unit cube bounded b the planes
x1 0, x1 1, x2 0, x2 1, x3 0, x3 1
Solution:
x2
(0,1,0) (1,1,0)
(1,1,1)
(0,1,1) A
(1,0,0)
x1
(0,0,1)
(1,0,1)
x3
Let Q = Flux of the vector field A, then by definition
Q A ndS Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6
S
Where Q1,Q2,Q3,Q4,Q5 and Q6 = are the fluxes through the different surfaces
Q Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
A i1 x 1 dx2 dx3 A i1 x 0 dx2 dx3 A i 2 x 1
dx1dx3 A i 2 x dx1dx3
1 1 2 2 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
A i 3 x 1 dx1dx2 A i 3 x 0 dx1dx2
3 3
0 0 0 0
Such that
1 1 1 1
1 1
x2
4 x3 1 0 dx3 4 3
0
2 0
2 1 0 2
1 1 1 1
A i
1 x1 0
dx2 dx3 4 x1 x3i1 x22i 2 x2 x3i 3 -i1 dx2 dx3
(2) x1 0
0 0 0 0
1 1
4 x1 x3 x 1 dx2 dx3 0
1
0 0
1 1 1 1
A i
2 x2 1
dx1dx3 4 x1 x3i1 x22 i 2 x2 x3i 3 i 2 dx1dx3
(3) x2 1
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
1 x 1 dx1dx3 dx1dx3
1
0 0 0 0
1
1 0 dx3 x3 0
1
1 0 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 2 1
x
x2 1 0 dx2 2
0
2 0
1
2
1 1 1 1
Q Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6
1
2 0 (1) 0 0
2
3
2
Problem 9: Find the flux of the curl of the field
A x12 x2 4 i1 3x1 x2 i 2 2 x1 x3 x32 i 3
Solution:
Q A ndS
S
x3
A
x2
L, bounding
curve
x1
x1 4cos , x2 4sin , x3 0
Q A ndS A dr
S L
2