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  • 59 V5 BG AAQBAJ

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    Mahesh Ramteke
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    Handbook of tunnel engineering

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    59V5BgAAQBAJ

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    Handbook of tunnel engineering

    Droits d'auteur :

    © All Rights Reserved
    Téléchargez comme PDF ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
    Signaler comme contenu inapproprié
    22 vues471 pages

    59 V5 BG AAQBAJ

    Transféré par

    Mahesh Ramteke
    Handbook of tunnel engineering

    Droits d'auteur :

    © All Rights Reserved
    Téléchargez comme PDF ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
    Signaler comme contenu inapproprié
    sur 471
    Second Edition a JoHN O. BICKEL URC TEU LEN Edited by THOMAS R. KUESEL —_ ELWYN H. KING ne KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS JOSTON/DORDRECHT/LONDON Distributors for North, Central and South Americ Kluwer Academic Publishers 101 Philip Drive Assinippi Park Norwell, Massachusetts 02061 USA. Telephone (781) 871-6600 Fax (781) 871-6528 E-Mail ributors for all other countries: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group Distribution Centre Post Office Box 322 3300 AH Dordrecht, THE NETHERLANDS Telephone 31 78 6576 000 Fax 31 78.6576 474 Mail services @ wkap n> na TYR Electronic Services ibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Tunnel engineering handbook / edited by John O. Bickel. Thomas R. Kueel and Elwyn H. King, ~ 2nd ed. P. em ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-8053-5 @ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-0419-4 DOF: 10,1007/978-1-4613-0449-4 1. Tunneling 1 Kuetel, TR. Th. King, Bleyn H ‘TABOS.T82 1996 9617571 1624,1'93-de20 ar Copyright © 1996 by Chapman & Hell Fifth printing 2004 by Kluwer Academic Publishers Softeover reprint of the hardcover 2nd edition 1996 Cover photo of Glenwood Canyon Tunnels, Colorado: © David Sailors, courtesy of Parsons Brinckerhoff Cover design: Curtis Tow Graphics All ights reserved. No part of tis publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photo-copying, recording, or otherwise. without the prior written permission of the publisher. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 101 Philip Drive, Assinippi Park, Norwell, Massachusetts (2061 Prinied on acid-free paper. This printing is a digital duplication of the oziginal edition. Preface Contents xiii Chapter 1_An Introduction to Tunnel Engince Elwyn H. King and Thomas R. Kuesel Details 2 Chapter 2_ ‘Tunnel Layout Elwyn H. King and Thomas R. Kuesel ‘Clearances for highway tunnels 4 ‘Alignment and grades for highway tunnels _4 Clearances forrailioad tunnels 5 ‘Alignment and grodes for railroad tunnels _§ Clearances for rapid transit wnnels 6 ‘Alignment and grades for rapid vansit unnels 6 Controls on layout of underwater transportation tunnels & Chapter3_Tunnel Surveys and Alignment Control William S, Robinson font state of surveying technology _13 General surveying requirements and procedures _16 Tunnel geometry 23 Survey work during construction 25 Survey for construction of immersed tubes 34 Tuniel monitoring surveys 36 Representative projects 40, Chapter 4 Geotechnical Investigations a Harvey W. Parker ‘Geotechnical approach co wnnel design 46 Geotechnical challenges of the underground 47 Importance of geology 48 Phasing and timing 48 Teamwork, communications, and taining 50 Soil classification for tunnels 31 Rock classification _54 Description of investigation techniques 59 Developing the investigation program 65 Tunnel monitoring and instrumentation 69 Guidelines for evel of geotechnical effort 69 Geotechnical Reports _74 Chapter S Tunnel Stabilization and Li Thomas R. Kuesel Classifications 80 Principles of ground-structure interaction 84 Design considerations 86 Lining behavior under ground loads 87 Performance criteria for Nexible ring design Behavior of two-stage linings 89 Lining analysis 99) Behavior of rock reinforcement systems 91 87 Contents Tandem linings 94 Relation of design and analysis 95 Principles oF tunnel stabilization and lining design 93 Chapter 6 Soft Ground Tunneling . James E. Monsees Geotechnical investigations 97 ‘Anticipated ground behavior 97 Soil stabilization and groundwater control 98 Growing 101 Soft ground tunneling machines 107 Selection of seft ground tunreling machine 108 Soft ground tunnel support and lining 111 Surface effects of tunnel construction 111 Building protection methods 115 Practicalities of tunnel enginsering 116 Seismic design of soft ground tunnels 118 Chapter7 Rock Tunnels .... Elwyn H. King Classical concept 122 Changing concepts 125 Rock discontinuities 126 Rock movement 127 Water 128 Formation grouting 129 Rock reinforcement 130 Current concepts 131 Rock mass rating (rmr) 134 Excavation methods 139 Effect of excavation method on design 141 Seismic effects 142 Use of explosives 143, Castin-place linings 145 Caves 148 Leakage 151 Chapter8 Tunneling in Difficult Ground Terrence G. McCusker Instability | 153 Heavy losding 164 Drill-and-blast tunneling 166 ‘TBM tunneling 168 Swelling 172 ‘Obstacles and constrains 172 Physical conditions 174 Observations 175 Chapter9 Shafts Robert J. Jenny Shaftexcevation in soft ground 177 Excavation in soft, wet ground 181 Shaft excsvation inrock 184 Liming of shafts 185 Chapter 10 Deep Shafts Maurice Grieves Shafis for nncls and caverns 187 Alternatives to conventional drill-and-blast methods 188, Construction sequence 188 Conventional sinking equipment 191 ‘The shaft sinking cycle 193 122 1s3 m 187 Contents i Shaft equipping 196 Ground stabilization 198 Dias: design and the use of explosives 201 Raise drilling, blind drilling, and other alternatives 202, Chapter 11 ‘Tunnel Boring Machines savereswaamnnenaamy 203 Harry Sutcliffe Historical development 203 Excavation under external water pressure 205 ‘Components of a modern TBM 205, Operation of the TBM. 207 The TBM, temporery suppor, and permanent lining, 209 ‘The decision ty use aTBM 209 Selecting soft ground TBM 210 Measuring TEM performance 210 The learning curve 212 Variability in ground 213 Noucircular wnnels 214 Chapter 12 Shoterete . 220 Elwyn H. King History 220 Quality assurance 223 Materials 223 Engineering properties 225 Wetor dry? 226 Preparation, mix, shoot, and cure 227 Testing 228 Design ccnsiderations 229 Chapter 13 Materials Handling and Construction Plant 231 A.A, Mathews Basic transportation systems 231 Special muck transporting systems 239 ‘Supplemental material handling systems 244 Vertical anspor 248 Hoisting 252 Vertical conveyors 254 Utilies 255 Surface plant 262 Concrete plant 264 Shotcrete plant 266 Chapter 14 Immersed Tube Tunnels ....... ee ascot ssesteousnancnsd&O8 Ahmet Gursoy General descriotion 268 Conceptual considerations 269 Steel shell tubes 273 Concrete tubes 279 Weight control of bes 280 Preparation oftrench 281 Tube fourdations 282 Joints beoween tubes 285 Backfill 289 Design of tubes 289 Chapter 15 Water Conveyance Tunnels ...... ceteeeeee . cones : 298, David E. Westfall Friction losses 298 Drop shatis for vertical conveyance 298 Airremoval 302 Gas buildups ia sewer tunnels 304 x Contens Control of infitration and exfltration 304 Lake taps and connections tolive tunnels 308 Tunnel maintenance 309 Chapter 16 Small-Diameter Tunnels 3 David E, Wessfall and Glenn M. Boyce Basic procedure 311 Site investigations 313, Pite snd shafts 313) Leading edge 314 Jacking pipes 316 Applications 318 Chapter 17 Cut-and-Cover Tunnel Structures... 0606020 0cecee one 320 James L. Wilion ‘Tunnel design—structural 322 Shoring systems 329 Common types of shoring walls 329 Common types of shoring wall suppon 332 Design of shoring systems 335, Performance of shering systems 346 Decking 348 Excavation and groundwater control 349 Permanent shering walls and support 352 Reinforced concrete materiale and construction 353 Watertighness 357 Chapter 18 Safety Provisions ......... < raraecen 360 Robert J. Jenny General safety rules 360 Localized operational hazards 361 Ficstaid sation 362 Fite nazads 363, Ventilation during construction 363 Handling and storage of explosives 364 Inactive headings 364 Compressed-air work 364 Decompressioa table explanation 367 Chapter 19 Fire Life Safety sna. onesie aesevvenee OO) Norman H. Danziger Background 369 BART 369 Highway wanels 372 Rapid transit tunnels 378 Mainline railroad tunnels 381 Fire suppression systems 382 Sprinkler systems 382 Chapter 20. Tunnel Ventilation 384 Arthur G. Bendelius Highway unnels 384 Railroad wnnels 406 Rapid transit systems 414 Simulation 421 Test program 422 Equipment and facilities 424 Control ard monitoring systeme 435, ‘Ventilation during construction $36 Chapter 21 Tunnel Lighting Peter A. Mowezan Lighting of highway tunnels 439 Definition of terms 439 ‘Tunnel lighting nomenclature 440 ‘Tunnel classification 441 Physiological considerations in tunnel lighting éesign 441 Entrance lighting 443 Luminance level in the tunnel interior 44 Exit lighting 445 Lighting of short tunnels 445 Lighting of long tunnels 446 Tunrel lining 451 Tunnel lighting luminaires 451 Maintenance 452 Emergency lighting 453 Lighting of transit runnels 453 Lighting of railway tunnels 453 Design computations 454 Chapter22 Power Supply and Distribution Elies Elvove Peculiar electrical requicements of tunnels 458 Types of tunnels 456 Electrical loads 456 Lighting load 456 Power load 457 ‘Tunrel ventilation fan load 457 Miscellaneous loads 457 Voltage selection 457 Distribution voltage 458 Primary distribution systems 458 Service bus arrangements 459 Secondary distribution system 460 Standby power supply 460 Uninterruptible power systems (UPS) 461 Standby power distribution system 461 Supervisery control and data acquisition (SCADA) 461 Data transmission system (DTS) 462 Auxiliary systems 462 Grounding and bonding 462 System grounding 462 Equipment grounding 462 Grounding electrodes 463 Stray cursent and cathodic protection 463 Raceway systems 463 Design 463 Materials 463, Majer equipment 404 Chapter 23. Water Supply and Drainage Systems Arthur G. Bendelius Water supply system 467 Water supply design criteria 467 Water source 467 Water mains 468 Hose stations 470 Protection of exhaust fans 470 Fire pumps 471 Drainage system 473 Drainage design criteria 474 Contents 439 435, 467 sil Contents Open approach drainage 475 Tunnel drainage 476 Drainage pump stations 476 Drainage pumps 477 Water treatmeat 480 Flood protection 481 Drainage of rail tunnels 482 Chapter 24 Surveillance and Control Systems for Highway Tunnels Richard J. Naish Surveillance and control systems 485 Overview of available technology 485 Traffic control concepts 487 Field hardware 490 Contol center 493, System selection 496 Design and implementation 496 Operation and maintensnce 497 Chapter 25 Tunnel Finish Staniey Lorch ‘Suspended ceiling systems 500 Ceiling veneers 504 Tunrel sidewall finishes 505 Sidewalks 506 Equipment niches and doors S08 Roadway design 508 Tunrel finish materials 508 Chapter 26 Service Buildings and Ancillary Spaces... Stanley Lorch and Hanan Kivett Ventilation buildings for ducted tunnels $12 Program requirements 514 Underground rail transit stations 517 Chapter 27 Tunnel Rehal Henry A. Russell ‘Tunnel rehabilitation impection methods 520 ‘Tunnel rehabilitation repairs 528 Concrete repair 528 Crack repair 534 Metal repairs 536 Brick masonry repair 537 Segmental tunnel liners 537 Construction costs 538 Chapter 28 Tunnel Construction Contracting Thomas R. Kuese! Differing site conditions clause $42 4 siz 520 S41 Preface The first edition of the Tunnel Engineering Handbook was conceived and personally guided by John O. Bickel. It was labor of love and perseverance, distilling the experience of a 50-year career in tunnel engineering. When it was published in 1984, John was keenly aware of its deficiencies and im- perfections. Nonetheless, he was impelled to release it for publication by the knowledge that it filled a vacuurn in engi- neering literature, At that time, no text covered planning, de- sign, construction, and operation of all types of tunnels— soft ground, hard rock, cut-and-cover, and immersed tubes (or “sunken tubes” in the convention of the time), Almost from the time of original publication, John set out to organize @ second edition, which could correct the defi- ciencies of the first. In the 10 years that this project has ges- tated, there have been many advances in tunneling. It is the intent of this edition to reflect these advances, as well as to amplify the coverage of areas that were omitted or slighted in the first edition and to update the previous material that remains pertinent. ‘Accordingly, the second edition includes eight completely new chapters—Tannel Stabilization and Lining, Tunneling in Difficult Ground, Deep Shafts, Water Conveyance Tun- nels, Small-Diameter Tunnels, Fire Life Safety, Tunnel Re- habilitation, and Tunnel Construction Contracting. The origi- nal two chapters on soft ground tunneling end shield tunnels have been merged into one, as have the twoon cut-and-cover and subway construction. All the remaining chapters have been updated, and most have been extensively rewritten ‘The title remains Tunnel Engineering Handbook, but John always recognized that you could not “engineer” a tun- nel properly without considering how it might be con- structed and for what purpose it was intended. So the first five chapters cover matters that are primarily the concem of the tunnel designer. The next twelve treat the wide spectrum of tunnel construction methods, but all with relevance to the matters a tunnel engineer needs to understand and consider in the layout and design of a tunnel project. The next seven chapters deal with the operating systems for transportation tunnels—all the things needed to transform a hole in the ground into a useful, convenient, and safe public facility Tunnels age, even as do tunnel engineers. But the life of a tunnel frequently extends beyond a human life span. and so a chapter has been added on tunnel rehabilitation, to discuss how old tunnels may be rejuvenated, and how their useful lives may be extended, Finelly, though this book is not about tunnel construc: tion contracting, a short chapter has been added to explain the evolution and philosophic basis for some unique Frovi- sions of modern tunnel construction contracts. This book was written for a broad spectrum of readers, ranging from engineers seeking technical guidance o owners and other decision makers hoping to glean a better under standing of alternatives. To serve this audience better, we have opted not to include an index in the second edition. In stead, we have prepared an annotated table of contents. which provides a detailed guide to the many subjects contained herein. In the text itself, the authors have included cross references to others chapters ss appropriate. [tis outhope that this combination will help readers locate information more

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