THE KOREAN WAR, Page 2

1.0 Introduction 3
3 13.3 Enhancement 24
2.0 Game Equipment
2.1 Game Components 3 14.0 Control of City Hexes 24
2.2 Game Questions 3 14.1 Cities 24
2.3 Playing Pieces 5 14.2 Ports 24
2.4 Abbreviations 5 14.3 Production Centers 24

3.0 Sequence of Play 6 15.0 Air Missions 25

7 15.1 Close Air Support Missions 25
4.0 Units and Terrain 15.2 Interdiction Missions 25
4.1 Unit Types 7
15.3 Limitations on Air Missions 25
4.2 Zones of Control 7
4.3 Terrain Features 7 16.0 Special Rules 26
4.4 Command Range 8 16.1 Game Turns 1 and 2 26
16.2 Game Turn 1 26
5.0 Supply 8 26
8 16.3 Game Turn 2
5.1 Depots
9 16.4 Winter Game Turns 26
5.2 Supply Points
5.3 Marker Removal 10 17.0 Introductory Scenarios 27
11 17.1 Scenario 1: The Invasion
Operations of South Korea 27
6.1 The Operations Segment 11 17.2 Scenario 2: The United Nations
6.2 Types of Operations 11 Strike Back 28
Activation 12 17.3 Scenario 3: The Chinese
7.1 Which Units Can Be Activated 12 I ntervene 30
7.2 Actions 12 17.4 Scenario 4: The United Nations
7.3 Movement Actions 12 Resurgent 32
7.4 Attack Actions 13 17.5 Scenario 5: Defeat into Victory ....33
7.5 Entrenching Actions 13
7.6 Fatigue 13 ADVANCED GAME
13 18.0 United Nations Commitment ...34
Assets
18.1 Commitment of UN Forces 34
8.1 Restrictions 13
18.2 UN Initial Intervention 34
8.2 Transfer of Assets 13
18.3 US Mobilization 35
9.0 Combat 14 18.4 UN Rules of Engagement 35
9.1 Combat Values 14 18.5 Global Tension 36
9.2 Initiating Combat 14
19.0 Communist Chinese Forces
9.3 How to Perform Combat 15
15 (CCF) and Soviet Forces 37
9.4 Combat Modifiers 19.1 Communist Invasion of Formosa ...37
9.5 Combat Results 17
19.2 Chinese Intervention 37
10.0 Reorganization and 19.3 Chinese Initiative Period 38
Amalgamation 19 19.4 Soviet Forces 38
10.1 Reorganization 19 20.0 Nationalist Chinese Forces ....39
10.2 Amalgamation 19
21.0 UN Victory Points 39
10.3 UN FEC GHQ Reserve Box 20
22.0 Ending the Game 40
11.0 UN Amphibious Operations ....20 22.1 Military Victory 40
11.1 UN Amphibious Capacity 20 22.2 Victory Conditions 40
11.2 Amphibious Assault 20
11.3 Amphibious Evacuation 21 23.0 Advanced Game Scenario 40
Historical Perspective 41
12.0 UN Parachute Units 22
The Game as History 42
13.0 Reinforcements, Reconstitution
and Enhancement 22 Korean Culture and Geography 48
13.1 Reinforcements 22 Notes on the War 50


THE KOREAN WAR, Page 3

THE KOREAN WAR is an operational level simulation of
the first year of the Korean conflict, from June 1950 to May
1951. During this period, the United States found itself in-
volved in a bitter struggle in a remote Asian land that many
Americans had not even heard of. Amid the debacles and
stunning victories of the first year of war, the very founda-
tion of the American military system - so recently trium-
phant in the Second World War - was severely shaken. In
a war that few Americans understood and which historians
have tended to ignore, the foundation of future American
diplomacy in the face of communism was laid. The origins
of the American involvement in Vietnam as well as the con-
temporary stand-off between the United States and the Soviet
Union can be directly attributed to US policy formulated dur-
ing the first year of the Korean War.
In turns representing one month of real time, the players
control ground and air forces of the United Nations, North
Korea, and Communist China. Each player's force consists
of a wide variety of units, including infantry, marines,
paratroopers, armor, and aircraft. The map is a 1:750,000
representation of the Korean peninsula from Pusan in the
south to the Yalu River in the north. A hexagonal grid has
been superimposed over the map and each hex equals about
7.5 miles. In addition to controlling military forces, the
players must make a number of political decisions that have
an important effect on the game. Above all, the UN player
must strive to keep international tensions at a minimum for
the purpose of preventing World War Three. Intense escala-
tion and mobilization could have disastrous consequences for
the militarily-unprepared United States. On the other hand,
insufficient force applied to Korea could lead to the conquest
of South Korea by North Korean communists.
The rules in this book are divided into two sections.
Sections 3.0 through 16.0 give the basic rules to the game,
which are used in the five scenarios in section 17.0. The rules
given in sections 18.0 through 22.0 are used in the campaign
scenario in 23.0.

2.1 Game Components

A complete game of THE KOREAN WAR contains the fol-
lowing items:
• One Rules Booklet
• One Charts and Tables Booklet
• Two 22" x 32" Mapsheets
• Two Sets of 260 Playing Pieces
• One 8" x 11" Player Aid Card
• One 10-sided die
• One Counter Tray
THE KOREAN WAR uses a 10-sided die. Read "0" as "0" and
not as "10" as in many other games.

2 Game Questions
If you have any questions about the rules to THE KOREAN
WAR, please feel free to send in your questions, written so
they can be answered with a simple one-word response when
possible. Be sure to enclose a stamped, self-addressed enve-
lope. Mail your questions to:
The Korean War Questions
Victory Games, Inc.
43 West 33rd Street Fatigued units also have color bands along the bottom
New York, NY 10001 of their counters.

2.3 Playing Pieces

The playing pieces (or counters) include military forces
from South Korea, North Korea, the United States, the United
Nations (including various member nations), Communist
China, Nationalist China, and the Soviet Union. Each of these
forces is printed in a color that is unique to that force.
Note: US Far Eastern Command FEC) ground units are
printed yellow inside the infantry symbol. US units and UN
allies have their Reinforcement Letters printed on the front
of their counters (see 18.1); ROK and NK units that are
deployed on the map at the start of scenarios 1 and 5 (see 17.0)
and in the Advanced Game Scenario (see 23.0) have Hex Set-
up Numbers printed on the front of their counters.
 THE KOREAN WAR, Page 5

UN Track Markers 2.5 The Map

There are two sections to the map: north and south. The
scenarios in Section 17.0 use only one map. The Advanced
Game (23.0) uses both maps. When both maps are required
for play, they should be joined together in the following
fashion:

The following abbreviations are used in the game:

Countries
BEL: Belgium
BRZ: Brazil
CAN: Canada
CBA: Cuba
CCF: Communist Chinese Forces
CHL: Chile
COL: Colombia
COM: Commonwealth
ETH: Ethiopia
FR: France
GR: Greece
NK: North Korea
NTH: Netherlands
PAK: Pakistan
PER: Peru
PHL: Philippines
ROK: Republic of Korea
THI: Thailand
TUR: Turkey
Note on the Map
UK: United Kingdom
UN: United Nations
Hexside 5816/5916 is incorrectly marked as a Province
US: United States Boundary hexside. Disregard the Province Boundary on that
Designations hexside, and instead treat hexside 5816/5917 as a Province
CAP: Capital Division Boundary hexside.
CAW: Carrier Air Wing
CV: Cavalry
G: Guards
HS: Hussars
MAR: Marine
PCL: Princess Patricia's Light Infantry of Canada
RPL: Replacement
TF SMTH: Task Force Smith
YNG: Yongdungp'o Police
Miscellaneous
AMP: Air Mission Phase
FEC: Far East Command
VP: Victory Point
1AP : 1st Action Phase
2AP: 2nd Action Phase
 THE KOREAN WAR, Page 6
Each Game Turn of THE KOREAN WAR is performed
according to a strict Sequence of Play. The Game Turn is com-
posed of Phases, which in turn can be divided into Segments.
Each phase must be performed in the order listed below.
Some phases and segments are not performed in all Game
Turns; the pull-out Game Turn Record at the center of this
book lists the various phases and segments that occur in each
Game Turn of the Advanced Game Scenario and any special
rules that apply during these portions of each turn. Each
Game Turn represents one month.
A. Political Phase ( Advanced Game only)
Does not occur on Game Turn 1.
1. UN Commitment Segment
In Game Turn 2, the UN player declares a UN Initial
Intervention Level, a US Mobilization Level, and a UN Rules
of Engagement Level (see 18.0(. From Game Turn 3 on, the
UN player can escalate his involvement by increasing these
levels (see 18.2).
2. Formosa Invasion Segment
If it is Game Turn 5 or later, the NK player can declare
a Chinese invasion of Formosa, assuming he has not yet
obtained Limited or Full Chinese Intervention (see 19.1).
3. Global Tension Segment
From Game Turn 2 on, the UN player adds up the
Destabilization Levels from his three Commitment Tracks and
consults the Global Tension Table (see 19.1).
B. UN Air Mission Phase
Does not occur on Game Turn 1.
The UN player assigns his US air units (including rein-
forcing air units arriving this Phase) to air missions on the
UN Air Theater Display. The UN Close Air Support and
Interdiction Levels are determined for the rest of the turn
( see 15.0).
C. UN FEC Enhancement Phase
Occurs during Game Turns 3, 4, and 5 only.
In Game Turns 3 and 4, the UN player can enhance one
Far East Command FEC) division per turn. In Game Turn
5, he can enhance two FEC divisions (see 13.3).
D. UN Amphibious Capacity Phase
Does not occur on Game Turn 1.
The UN player determines his Amphibious Capacity for
the Game Turn and places the UN Amphibious Capacity
marker in the appropriate box of the UN Amphibious
Capacity Track (see 11.1). In the Advanced Game, UN
Amphibious Capacity depends on US Mobilization (see 18.3).
E. 1st Action Phase
Does not occur in Game Turn 1.
1. Reinforcement Segment
Both players check the scenario's Reinforcement Schedule
to determine if they receive reinforcements this turn (see
13.1). In the Advanced Game, starting with Game Turn 4,
the UN player can declare Nationalist Chinese Intervention
( see 20.0), and the NK player can call for Soviet Intervention
or Limited or Full Chinese Intervention (see 19.0).
2. Deployment Segment
The reinforcements received in the Reinforcement
Segment are now deployed on the map. The UN player can
transfer reinforcements to the map from the FEC GHQ
Reserve Box (see 13.1).
3. Depot Placement Segment
The NK player can place depots on the map or adjust the
Depot Values of his depots already on the map and then the
UN player can do the same. At the end of this Segment, the
combined Depot Values of a player's depots on the map can
be a maximum of 3 (see 5.1).
4. Depot Status Segment
Both players determine if their depots on the map are
in supply or isolated (see 5.1).
5. Depot Supply Level Segment
Both players determine the Supply Levels of their non-
isolated depots (see 5.1).
6. Supply Point Expenditure Segment
The NK player states the Supply Point expenditure of
each of his depots and the UN player does the same thing.
As each declaration is made, a Commitment marker of the
appropriate type is placed on the depot (see 5.2).
7. Initiative Segment
Each player determines his Initiative Level (the total
number of Supply Points expended by his depots). The player
with the higher Initiative Level has the initiative for the re-
mainder of this Action Phase (see 5.2).
8. Asset Transfer Segment
Both players can transfer assets from combat units that
are situated within the Primary or Secondary Command
Range of a friendly depot to that depot (see 8.2).
9. Operations Segment
This segment consists of an indefinite number of Opera-
tions Sequences (see 6.0). First, the player with initiative per-
forms an Operations Sequence; then the other player
performs one. The players alternate in this manner until
someone "passes"; then the player who did not "pass" performs
Operations Sequences until this segment ends. An Operations
Sequence is performed as follows:
a. The player rolls the die and consults his Initiative Table;
b. The player performs a number of Operations equal to the
result obtained in step "a" above. After these Operations
have been performed, a new Operations Sequence begins.
10. Asset Reassignment Segment
Depots holding assets can reassign those assets to friendly
combat units that are within their Primary or Secondary Com-
mand Range (see 8.2).
11. UN Reconstitution Segment
The UN player can substitute unfatigued US RPL1 and
RPL2 units with RPL2 and full-strength divisions, respec-
tively. Also, the UN player advances UN units on the UN
Reconstitute Track (see 13.2). In the Advanced Game, there
are limitations on reconstitution if the US Mobilization Level
is 1 (see 18.3).
12. Recovery Segment
All Fatigued units are flipped to their Mobile sides (see
7.6). Also, US parachute battalions are removed from the map
( see 12.0).
13. Marker Segment
Both players remove Commitment and Isolated markers
from their depots. Also, the players can remove any of their
depots from the map (see 5.3).
14. Minesweeping Segment
The UN player rolls the die for each of the Minesweep-
ing markers on the map to determine if these markers are
removed (see 14.2).
 THE KOREAN WAR, Page 7
F. 2nd Action Phase
This phase is performed in Game Turn 1.
The players repeat the sequence of the 1st Action Phase,
following segments 1 through 14 exactly.
G. UN Air Mission Termination Phase
Does not occur in Game Turn 1.
All US air units are removed from the UN Air Theater
Display.
At the start of play, one person should be chosen as the
United Nations (UN) player and the other as the North Korean
( NK) player. Both players should familiarize themselves with
the types of units they control. The UN player always con-
trols US and other miscellaneous UN forces, as well as the
forces of the Republic of Korea (ROK) and the Chinese
Nationalists. The NK player controls North Korean,
Communist Chinese and Soviet forces.
I Unit Types
Ground Units
Ground units come in a variety of sizes and types. See
2.0 for an explanation of the symbology used to portray
ground units. Ground units are grouped into four distinct
categories:
Combat Units: All divisions, brigades and regiments. These
are the most common units in the game. The front of the com-
bat unit is called its "Mobile" side and the back is called the
"Fatigued" side.
Assets: Armor and non-armor. Instead of a conventional
military symbol, these units possess tank silhouettes for
armor assets and soldier silhouettes for non-armor assets.
Assets do not have fatigued sides.
Garrisons: Units with a garrison symbol. Only the NK player
uses these units.
Miscellaneous US: All US parachute battalions and a special
unit called 'Task Force Smith."
Air Units
All units bearing an aircraft symbol are US air units and
are used by the UN player.
Depots
Both players possess depots, which are important for
supply purposes.
H. Victory Point Phase
Scenario 5 and Advanced Game only. Does not occur in
Game Turn 1.
The UN player determines if he gains or loses any Victory
Points and keeps a cumulative total of these Victory Points
on the UN Victory Point Track (see 21.0).
I. Game Turn Indication Phase
Occurs in all Game Turns.
The Game Turn marker is advanced one box on the Game
Turn Track.
Markers
Markers are used to record various types of information
in the game. The US and NK player have individual sets of
markers, and the tan counters are neutral and are used by
both players.
4.2 Zones of Control
Only combat units ( not assets, garrisons, or miscellaneous
US units) exert Zones of Control (ZOC). A ZOC is defined
as the six hexes surrounding a combat unit (see diagram).
Terrain features, such as rivers and estuaries, never limit
ZOCs (that is, ZOCs extend across both these map features).
ZOCs affect movement, combat, and the tracing of a Com-
mand Range or a supply line.
4.3 Terrain Features
The map portrays Korea at a scale of approximately
1:750,000. In order to regulate the movement of units, a hex-
field has been superimposed over the mapsheets. The Terrain
Chart printed on the map indicates the Movement Point cost
for moving through the various types of terrain. There is also
a simplified Terrain Chart printed in each player's Charts and
Tables pull-out. Terrain also affects the tracing of supply lines
and combat.
Natural Terrain Features: There are six types of natural
terrain hexes, each differentiated by a distinct color (see the
Terrain Chart on the map). In order of precedence from
easiest to harshest for movement, these hexes are:
1. Clear
2. Broken
3. Rough
4. Mountain
5. Peak
6. Reservoir

THE KOREAN WAR, Page 8
Each hex is classified as one predominant natural terrain
type. If two or more types of terrain appear within the same
hex, that hex is always classified by the highest precedence
terrain type inside it. For example, a hex that contains both
clear and broken terrain types would be considered a broken
hex for Movement Point costs and other game functions.
When using the Combat Results Table, only two types of
terrain are considered; the "Clear" line is used when a defend-
ing unit is in a clear hex; the "Non-Clear" line is used when
the unit is in any other type of hex.
City and Town Hexes: Cities and towns appear within
hexes, although their presence does not affect the hex's
natural terrain classification. Cities offer defending units a
die roll modifier when using the Armor Table; towns have
no effect on game functions. Some cities are also considered
Ports (marked with anchors on the map) and some are
Production Centers (see 14.0).
Coastal Hexes: A hex containing some land and some sea
is called a coastal hex. Some coastal hexes are defined as
invasion hexes; each invasion hex has a corresponding
Amphibious Assault Arrow (see 11.2). UN units attacking or
defending in a coastal hex receive die roll modifiers for US
naval support (see 9.4). If there are two or more types of
terrain in a coastal hex, the hex is considered the higher prece-
dence terrain type.
Roads, Trails and Railroads: These terrain features aid
units in movement, although their presence does not affect
a hex's natural terrain type. Note that if a hex contains a road
and a railroad, a unit uses the road Movement Point cost for
traveling through that hex. Also, if a railroad goes through
a clear terrain hex, a unit spends only 1 Movement Point (MP)
to move through that hex.
River and Estuary Hexsides: Rivers and estuaries affect
movement and combat.
Border Hexsides: There are two types of borders: province
borders and the 38th Parallel. Province borders are impor-
The ability of combat units to attack and defend depends
on their current supply status at the moment of combat. Sup-
ply extends from a supply source to a depot and then to com-
bat units. Depots are placed on the map and their status
(isolated or in supply) is determined. Non-isolated depots can
have their supply levels augmented; then the players decide
how many Supply Points each depot will expend. The num-
ber of Supply Points expended determines the depot's Com-
mitment Level (and also which player will have the initiative
for the Game Turn). To determine the supply status of a com-
bat unit, a Command Range must be traced from a depot to
that unit.
5.1 Depots
Each side (UN and NK) has its own Depot markers. Each
depot has a Depot Value, a number from 1 to 3. The higher
the Depot Value, the higher the Commitment Level a depot
can provide to ground units.
Depot Placement
During the Depot Placement Segment of an Action Phase,
first the NK player can place depots on the map and can in-
crease or decrease the Depot Value of his already existing
depots; then the UN player places and modifies his depots.
tant for the UN Air Theater Display and for supply purposes;
the 38th Parallel is also a province border and separates North
and South Korea.
Provinces: There are 14 provinces featured on the map, each
of which is delineated by border hexsides.
4.4 Command Range
Occasionally, depots must trace a Command Range. A
Command Range is traced through a path of contiguous
hexes, originating in the hex occupied by the depot and lead-
ing to the hexes occupied by combat units and assets. (The
hex occupied by the depot is always considered within its
own Command Range.) The Command Range affects a unit's
attack and defense values.
The length of a Command Range depends on the terrain
in each hex through which it is traced. The length of a Com-
mand Range is expressed in Movement Points (MPs); each
type of hex costs a variable number of MPs when tracing the
Command Range through it (see the "Command Range"
column on the Terrain Chart on the map). The hex a depot
occupies is not counted when determining Command Range.
There are three types of Command Ranges:
Primary Command Range: A Primary Command Range
is a path of contiguous hexes no more than 10 MPs in length.
Secondary Command Range: A Secondary Command
Range is a path of contiguous hexes between 11 and 20 MPs
in length.
Extended Command Range: An Extended Command
Range is a path of contiguous hexes more than 20 MPs in
length.
Command Range Restrictions
A Command Range cannot cross an estuary or an all-sea
hexside, nor can it enter an enemy-occupied hex, an enemy-
controlled city, or an enemy ZOC (unless a friendly unit cur-
rently occupies that ZOC). A unit that is unable to have a
Command Range traced to it by a friendly depot has its attack
and defense values severely reduced (see 9.1).
At the end of this segment, a player's combined Depot Value
of all his depots on the map can be a maximum of 3.
EXAMPLE: At the end of this segment, a player could have one depot
with a Depot Value of 3, or he could have two depots with values of
2 and 1, or he could have three depots with a value of 1 each. He
could not have two depots with a value of 2 each, since this would
give him a combined Depot Value of 4.
Depot Placement Restrictions: A depot can be placed on
the map only in the following hexes:
• Any city controlled by the player placing the depot or any
• Any road or railroad hex, or hex adjacent to a road or rail-
hex adjacent to such a city;
road hex, as long as the hex in which the depot is placed
is occupied by or within three hexes of a friendly com-
bat unit (that is, there can be two intervening hexes be.
• Any hex containing a UN Beachhead marker (the UN
tween the depot and the combat unit);
player only).
Depots cannot be placed in the hexes listed above if the
following circumstances are in effect:
• The hex already contains a Depot marker;
• The hex contains an enemy unit;
• The hex is in a ZOC of an enemy unit and there is n
friendly combat unit in that hex.

THE KOREAN WAR, Page 9
Movement and Combat Restrictions: Once placed on the
map, depots are not allowed to move or attack. They remain
in place until eliminated or removed during the Marker Seg-
ment of an Action Phase. If an enemy unit attacks a depot
that is alone in a hex, the depot has a temporary Defense and
Anti-tank Value of 1. Any "D" result in such a combat
eliminates the depot, including its Commitment marker and
any assigned assets. If the depot is stacked with friendly com-
bat units, it has no Defense or Anti-tank Values; any combat
result that calls for the elimination or retreat of the friendly
combat units in the hex with the depot also results in the
depot being eliminated.
Supply Sources
The players draw supplies for their depots from different
sources:
UN Supply Sources: All operable UN ports that are UN con-
trolled and all UN Beachhead markers.
NK Supply Sources: All Production Centers that are NK con-
trolled.
Depot Supply Status
During the Depot Status Segment of each Action Phase,
both players determine if their depots are in supply or isolated.
A depot is in supply if it can trace a continuous line of hexes
of any length to a supply source. The line cannot go through:
• Enemy-controlled cities;
• A hex containing enemy units;
• A hex in the ZOC of an enemy unit unless that hex also
contains a friendly combat unit.
If this line cannot be traced, the depot is isolated. Place
an Isolated marker on it. No markers are placed on depots
that are in supply.
5.2 Supply Points
During the Depot Supply Level Segment of each Action
Phase, both players determine the Supply Levels of their
depots that are in supply. No Supply Levels are determined
for isolated depots. A depot can have a Supply Level of 0 to
3 Supply Points.
To determine a depot's Supply Level, use the procedure
below. Note that the UN player goes first and uses step "la"
of the procedure, skipping step "1b"; the NK player goes
second and starts with step "1b" of the procedure, ignoring
step "la."
la. ( UN player only): Starting with Game Turn 5, the UN
player must indicate a single UN supply source from which
a line was traced to the depot in the Depot Status Segment.
For this step in Game Turns 3 and 4, see below.)
1b . (NK player only): Starting with Game Turn 3, the NK
player determines in which province the depot is currently
located.
2. The player determines the Depot Value (1 to 3) of the depot.
3. The player checks for any die roll modifiers listed under
his Depot Table. (See "Die Roll Modifiers," below.)
4. The player consults his Depot Table. He finds the supply
source (step la for the UN player) or province (step 1b for
the NK player), and then locates one of the three columns
under it that corresponds to the depot's current Depot Value.
He rolls the die, applying the modifiers from step 3 to the
number rolled. The result will be a number from 0 to 3, which
is the number of Supply Points immediately gained by the
depot.
5. The player places a Supply Point marker directly under-
neath the depot that corresponds to the number of Supply
Points it just gained. If the depot already has a Supply Point
marker under it, replace it with a new one reflecting its
augmented sum. A depot can have a maximum of 3 Supply
Points. A depot that fails to gain any Supply Points does not
have any Supply Point marker placed under it and is con-
sidered to have a Supply Level of 0; note, however, that the
depot remains on the map.
6. The above procedure is repeated for each depot on the
map.
EXAMPLE: The UN player points to Pusan as the port that will
supply a depot with a Depot Value of l (there is no Supply Point
marker under the depot). The UN player checks and finds that there
are no die roll modifiers applied to his roll. Checking the UN Depot
Table under Pusan and the Depot Value 1 sub-column, he rolls the
die and gets a 1. The result is 0 and so he receives no Supply Points
for the depot. He does not place a Supply Point marker under the
depot because it has a Supply Level of 0.
It is now the NK player's turn. He has a depot in Chagang
province with a Depot Value of 2, and it already has a 1 Supply
Point marker under it. The current UN Interdiction Level is 3 and
therefore a -3 modifier is applied to his die roll. He checks the NK
Depot Table under the Chagang province column and Depot Value 2
sub-column; he rolls a 4 on the die, which is modified to a 1 result.
He finds that he gains 1 Supply Point for this depot. He flips the 1
Supply Point marker over to its 2 Supply Points side.
Supply Point Restrictions: In Game Turns 1 and 2, the
procedure outlined above is not used by either player, since
no depots are placed in these turns. In Game Turns 3 and
4, the UN player uses the "Game Turn 3" and "Game Turn
4" columns of the UN Depot Table when determining the
Supply Level of his depots that are in supply. These columns
are used regardless of the location of the depot and the sup-
ply source to which it traces a line of supply. No modifiers
are applied to the UN die rolls during Game Turns 3 and 4.
Die Roll Modifiers: Each player should check the modifiers
listed under his Depot Table.
Starting with Game Turn 3, the following modifiers are
applied to all NK Depot Table die rolls (the modifiers are
cumulative):
• Subtract the current UN Interdiction Level (see 15.2);
• Subtract 1 if it is a Winter Game Turn (Game Turns 6
through 10).
Starting with Game Turn 5, the following modifiers are
applied to all UN Depot Table die rolls (the modifiers are
cumulative):
• Subtract 2 for each province border or 38th Parallel hex-
side crossed when tracing a line from a supply source to
the depot;
• Subtract 2 if the depot traces a line to any supply source
except Pusan and this supply source is not connected to
Pusan by a continuous path of railroad hexes of unlimited
length (the path cannot go through NK-controlled cities,
NK-occupied hexes or NK ZOCs unless the ZOCs also con-
tain friendly combat units);
• Subtract 1 if it is a Winter Game Turn (Game Turns 6
through 10).
EXAMPLE: A UN depot in Namch' onjom (Hwanghae Province) traces
a line to Pusan. The supply line crosses 4 province borders (including
the 38th Parallel). The UN player would have to subtract 8 from his
UN Depot Table die roll.
Supply Point Expenditure
During the Supply Point Expenditure Segment of each
Action Phase, first the NK player must state the number of
Supply Points used up by each of his depots; then the UN
player states his number. The number of Supply Points
expended determines the Commitment Level of each depot.
Spending Supply Points is completely voluntary. A depot can
spend from 0 (minimum) to the number of Supply Points it
currently possesses (a maximum of 3). The number of Supply
Points spent is subtracted from the numbered Supply Point
marker under the depot, and a new marker, reflecting the
depot's new Supply Level, replaces the old one. A depot that
 THE KOREAN WAR, Page 10
has a Supply Point marker but does not expend any Supply
Points keeps its original marker in place. If a depot uses up
all its Supply Points, its Supply Point marker is removed.
A depot without a Supply Point marker cannot expend
any Supply Points. Isolated depots can spend Supply Points.
Commitment Levels
As a player states the Supply Point expenditure of each
of his depots, he places a Commitment marker directly on
top of the depot. Each depot can have only one Commitment
marker on it at the end of the Supply Point Expenditure
Segment.
1. If the depot expends 0 Supply Points, place a Restricted
( "Restrict") Commitment marker on it.
2. If the depot expends 1 Supply Point, place a Limited Com-
mitment marker on it.
3. If the depot expends 2 Supply Points, place an Accelerated
("Accel") Commitment marker on it.
4. If the depot expends 3 Supply Points, place an Offensive
(" Offens") Commitment marker on it.
EXAMPLE OF DEPOTS AND SUPPLY: During the Depot Placement Seg-
ment, the NK player places a depot in hex B with a Depot Value of
2 and one with a Depot Value of 1 in hex C. The placement of the
depot in hex B is allowed because it is situated in a hex adjacent to
a road that is within three hexes of a friendly unit. The depot in hex
• player cannot place more depots on the map, since the combined
C can be placed because it is next to a friendly-controlled city. The
Depot Value of the two depots is 3.
Assume both depots occupy Kyonggi province and can trace a
• player must determine their Supply Levels. The UN player cur-
supply line to a Production Center. They are not isolated, and so the
rently has an Interdiction Value of 6. During the Depot Supply Level
Segment, the NK player consults his Depot Table and rolls the die
once for each depot. For the depot in hex B, the NK player rolls an
8; the UN Interdiction modifier reduces this result to a 2. Cross-
• Depot Table under the "2" sub-column (since this depot has a
referencing the modified die roll with the "Kyonggi" column of the
Depot Value of 2), a result of "1" is obtained. Thus, the depot gains
1 Supply Point and the appropriate Supply Point marker is placed
under the depot.
I nitiative Levels
As a player expends his depots' Supply Points during the
Supply Point Expenditure Segment, he keeps a running total
of the expenditure on his Initiative Track. For each Supply
Point expended, the player advances his Initiative marker one
box. The total number of Supply Points expended is his
Initiative Level for the remainder of the Action Phase.
Determining Initiative: During the Initiative Segment of
the Action Phase, the players compare their respective
Initiative Levels. The player with the higher Initiative Level
has "initiative" for the remainder of the Action Phase. In the
event of a tie, the NK player has the initiative. During Game
Turns 1 and 2, the NK player always has the initiative.
5.3 Marker Removal
During the Marker Segment of each Action Phase, both
players remove all Commitment and Isolated markers from
their depots. Supply Point markers underneath the depots
are not removed. In addition, the players can remove none,
some, or all of their depots from the map, even depots pos-
sessing Supply Points (although the Supply Points are elimi-
nated when the depot is removed). Depots otherwise remain
in the hex where they were originally placed.
For the depot in hex C, the NK player rolls a 7, which is
reduced by the UN Interdiction modifier to a result of 1. Cross-
referencing this modified die roll with the "Kyonggi" column under
the "1" sub-column (the Depot Value of that depot) gives a result of
"0." Thus, the depot gains no Supply Points, and no Supply Point
marker is placed under it. The depot remains in hex C, however.
In the Supply Point Expenditure Segment, the NK player spends
the Supply Point possessed by the depot in hex B. The 1 Supply
Point marker is removed, and the NK player places a "Limited Com-
mitment" marker atop the depot. In addition, he moves the Initiative
Level marker to the "1" box on his Initiative Track. The depot in hex
C does not have any Supply Points to expend, and so the NK player
places a "Restricted Commitment" marker on it.
During this segment, the UN player has expended 3 Supply
Points from his depots. Thus, the UN player has initiative for the
rest of the Action Phase because his Initiative Level is higher than
that of the NK player.
 THE KOREAN WAR, Page 11
An Operation is the fundamental method by which
players perform activities with their units. The players take
turns performing Operations Sequences until one of them
"passes." The various Operations are described in more detail
in later sections of the rules.
I The Operations Segment
Each of the two Action Phases in a Game Turn contains
a single Operations Segment. Most of the activities performed
by the players take place in this segment.
The Operations Sequence
The Operations Segment consists of an indefinite num-
ber of Operations Sequences. The player with initiative per-
forms an Operations Sequence, followed by the other player
performing one. The players must alternate performing Oper-
ations Sequences in this manner until one player "passes."
Performing an Operations Sequence: The procedure for
an Operations Sequence is as follows:
1. The player rolls the die and consults his Initiative Table,
cross-referencing the die result with the column correspond-
ing to his current Initiative Level. (During Game Turns 1 and
2 and during the Chinese Initiative Period, players consult
special columns on their Initiative Tables, as described be-
low.) The result on the table will be a number from 0 to 4.
2. The player can now perform a number of consecutive Oper-
ations equal to the result in step 1. (If he obtains a "0," he
cannot perform any Operations and his Operations Sequence
is over, but this is not considered a "pass.") He places his Oper-
ations marker in the proper box of his Operations Track. As
each Operation is completed, he reduces this marker by one
box. A player can select the same Operation more than once
per Operations Sequence.
3. After a player has finished performing his desired num-
ber of Operations (up to the limit determined in step 1), the
Operations Sequence is over. If the other player has not
"passed," he can now perform an Operations Sequence as
described above. However, if the opposing player has
"passed," the same player who just completed an Operations
Sequence immediately begins another one.
A player is not obligated to perform as many Operations
as he rolled in Step 1, but he must complete at least one Oper-
ation in his sequence (assuming he obtains a result of 1 or
more from the Initiative Table). If he does not perform this
Operation, he is considered to have "passed." While one player
is performing his Operations Sequence, the other player can
do nothing with his units.
Passing
Passing is a distinct Operation that can be chosen by a
player during an Operations Sequence. If a player passes, his
Operations Sequence ends immediately, and he does not per-
form any more for the rest of the Operations Segment. The
opposing player immediately proceeds to his Operations
Sequence, and he can continue to perform them for as long
as he is willing and able to do so without having to alternate
with the other player. If a player does not perform at least
one Operation in his Operations Sequence, he is considered
to have passed.
Mandatory Passing: Passing is normally voluntary.
However, a player must pass if he is unable to initiate any
Operations during his Operations Sequence.
Ending the Operations Segment
The Operations Segment can end in one of two ways:
1. If one player has already passed, it ends at the moment the
second player passes.
2. /Game Turns 1 and 2 only): If the NK player has already
passed, it ends at the moment the UN player obtains a result
from his Initiative Table that has an asterisk (*) by it. The
segment ends even if the UN player wishes to perform more
Operations.
6.2 Types of Operations
There are eight types of Operations:
1. Activation
2. Amalgamation
3. Reorganization (UN player only)
4. Amphibious Assault (UN player only)
5. Amphibious Evacuation (UN player only)
6. Parachute Drop (UN player only)
7. Chinese or Soviet Placement/Activation (NK player only
in the Advanced Game; see 19.0)
8. Pass
EXAMPLE OF AN OPERATIONS SEGMENT: At the beginning of the
Operations Segment, the UN player has an Initiative Level of 3 and
the NK player has a level of 1. Thus, the UN player has initiative
and is the first to perform an Operations Sequence. He rolls the die
and obtains an 8. Cross-referencing this result with the '2 to 3" In-
itiative Level column of the Initiative Table, a result of 3 is obtained.
Thus, the UN player can perform 3 consecutive Operations. First, he
declares Activation, then an Amphibious Assault and finally another
Activation, completing his Operations Sequence.
The NK player rolls a die and obtains a 0. Cross-referencing this
result with the "l "Initiative Level column of his Initiative Table, a 0
is obtained. Thus, the NK player does not perform any Operations in
his sequence.
The UN player picks up the die and rolls a 4, which yields a 1
on his Initiative Table. He declares a Parachute Drop for his Opera-
tion. The NK player rolls an 8, and so is allowed 2 consecutive
Operations this sequence. He declares an Activation and an Amalga-
mation.
The UN player rolls a 4, allowing him 1 Operation, but he de-
cides to pass and does nothing more. The NK player rolls a 7 for 2
consecutive Operations. First, he declares Activation and then a
pass. (He could have continued to roll the die and perform Opera-
tions Sequences as long as he wanted and was able.) Since both
players have passed, the Operations Segment is over.
1st Cavalry Division comes ashore at Pohang.

THE KOREAN WAR, Page 1 2
The activation of combat units is the most common action
performed during the game. Once a unit is activated, it can
perform such actions as moving, combat, and entrenching.
A ground unit can be activated only once per Action Phase.
7.1 Which Units Can Be Activated
If a player declares an Activation Operation, he must
choose a single combat unit on the map to be activated. The
location and size (division, regiment or brigade) is irrelevant.
Combat units stacked in the same hex must be activated
separately.
•
The following units can never be activated:
Combat units on their fatigued counter-sides;
•
Assets;
•
NK garrisons;
•
US parachute battalions and the special unit "Task Force
Smith."
7.2 Actions
When a combat unit has been activated, the owning
player must use that unit (and no other) to perform a varia-
ble number of Actions.
Action Points
A combat unit that has been activated receives three
Action Points, which are expended as the unit performs
Actions. (An active unit receives two Action Points in Game
Turn 1; see 1.6.2.) This unit is called the active unit. The per-
formance of Actions is voluntary - a unit can expend from
0 to 3 Action Points during its activation.
The types of Actions and their costs are listed below:
ACTION
ACTION POINT COST
Tactical Movement 1 MPs. Unused Movement Points are not saved from Action
Operational Movement 2 to Action, nor can they be transferred to another unit. Assets
Strategic Movement 3 assigned to combat units must move with their "parent" unit
Normal Attack 1
Intensive Attack 2
All-out Attack 3
Entrenching 3 cost of entering that hex (and hexside, if any) and instead pays
Performing Actions
When a unit is activated, place the owning player's Action
marker in the "3" box of the Action Track (except on Game
Turn 1, when it is placed in the "2" box). A player states the
kind of Action the active unit will perform and moves the
Action marker down an appropriate number of boxes. When
the Action marker reaches 0, the unit's activation is over. A
player can never choose an Action that is greater in cost than
the remaining Action Points on his Action Track. A unit must
complete its activation before any other unit is activated.
Inactive units can never be moved during another unit's
activation except when retreating. However, inactive units
are allowed to participate in combat.
Ending Activation
When a unit completes its Actions, the owning player
must flip the unit to its fatigued side, even if it did not expend
any Action Points. While fatigued, the unit cannot be
activated again for the remainder of the current Operations
Segment.
The owning player moves his Operations marker down
one box on his Operations Track after the completion of a
unit's Actions. When the marker reaches the 0 box, that
player's Operations Sequence is over. A player can continue
to activate units as long as he has Operations available on
his Operations Track.
7.3 Movement Action
There are three types of Movement Actions: Tactical,
Operational and Strategic. Depending on the type of move-
ment assigned to a unit, it receives a variable number of
Movement Points. The chart below lists the kinds of move-
ment, their Action Point costs, and the Movement Points
received.
ACTION MOVEMENT
MOVEMENT TYPE POINT COST POINTS RECEIVED
Tactical 1 4
Operational 2 8
Strategic 3 12
Because a unit receives only 2 Action Points in Game
Turn 1, it can never use Strategic Movement in this turn.
Moving Units
Only an active unit assigned a Movement Action can be
moved. When the unit moves, it moves from hex to adjacent
hex, expending a number of Movement Points equal to the
cost of the terrain in the hex entered (see the Terrain Chart
on the map). Note that the cost to enter hexes sometimes
differs for UN and NK (including Chinese) units. As long as
a unit does not overspend its Movement Points, it can enter
as many hexes as the player desires. A unit cannot enter a
hex unless it is assigned a Movement Action with sufficient
( see 8.1).
Hexside Terrain Features
A unit that enters a hex through a hexside crossed by a
road, trail or railroad ignores the normal Movement Point
the road, trail or railroad cost. If a hexside contains both a
road and railroad, a unit pays the road cost to enter the hex.
The 2 Movement Point cost for moving along railroads does
not apply in clear terrain hexes (that is, the unit pays only
1 Movement Point to enter the clear hex).
The movement of NK-controlled combat units on roads
may be restricted by UN air interdiction (see 15.2).
Units must expend extra Movement Points to cross a river
hexside, unless the hexside is traversed by a road, trail or
railroad. Units can never cross estuary or all-sea hexsides,
except when moving along roads or railroads. (Remember,
however, that ZOCs do extend across all-sea and estuary
hexsides.)
Movement Restrictions
A unit can never enter an enemy-occupied hex. Further-
more, it must stop immediately upon entering an enemy Zone
of Control (even if that ZOC is occupied by a friendly unit),
and it can move no further during that Movement Action.
A unit beginning a Movement Action in an enemy ZOC can
leave that hex, but it must expend an extra 3 Movement
 THE KOREAN WAR, Page 13
Points, above and beyond the normal Movement Point cost
to leave the hex. Such a unit can enter another enemy ZOC
during its movement, but it cannot move from one enemy
ZOC directly into another.
Stacking Restrictions
At the end of any Movement Action, a maximum of one
division or three regiments/brigades can occupy the same hex.
A division can never end its movement stacked in the same
hex with a regiment/brigade and vice versa. Depots, NK
garrisons, US parachute battalions, and markers are not sub-
ject to stacking restrictions. These stacking restrictions apply
only at the end of a Movement Action; during movement,
a unit can pass through any hex occupied by friendly units
regardless of stacking restrictions.
7.4 Attack Actions
There are three types of Attack Actions: Normal, Inten-
sive and All-out. A unit can perform no more than a single
Attack Action from the same hex during its activation, but
the same unit can take part in subsequent attacks by other
activated units if it is adjacent to enemy ground units (even
if the unit is on its fatigued side). Intensive and All-out Attacks
apply modifiers to combat die rolls (see 9.4).
The kinds of Attacks, their Action Point cost, and the die
roll modifiers are listed below.
ACTION DIE ROLL
ATTACK TYPE POINT COST MODIFIER
Normal 1 -
Intensive 2 +2
All-out 3 +3
Because a unit receives only 2 Action points in Game
Turn 1, it can never perform an All-out Attack in this turn.
7.5 Entrenching Actions
An Entrenching Action costs 3 Action Points. (Entrench-
ing cannot be performed during Game Turn 1, since units
receive only 2 Action Points.) When a unit performs an
Entrenching Action, an Improved Position marker is placed
in the hex the unit occupies; if a unit performs an Entrench-
Assets are special ground units that can be assigned to
friendly combat units. They are never activated individually.
Armor assets have special characteristics in battle (see
9.4); they do not possess Attack and Defense Values, but in-
stead have Armor and Anti-tank Values. Non-armor assets
possess Attack, Defense and Anti-tank Values.
8.1 Restrictions
Assets are assigned to combat units and must move with
their "parent" units; they take part in an attack at the owning
player's discretion and must take part in defense and en-
trenching. They can never be activated by themselves. As-
sets do not have fatigued sides, although armor assets do have
reduced values on the backs of their counters. When their
parent units are fatigued after activation, assets are unaffected
(that is, their counters are not flipped over).
Assets either begin the game assigned to combat units
or they appear later as reinforcements. To show that an asset
is assigned to a combat unit, place it directly under the unit
to which it is assigned. An asset can be assigned to only one
combat unit at a time.
ing Action in a hex already containing an Improved Position
marker, the Improved Position marker is flipped over to its
Fortification side. Once a unit performs an Entrenching
Action, it is flipped to its fatigued side. Entrenchments can
be built in city hexes.
Entrenchment Effects
In an Improved Position hex, the Defense and Anti-tank
Values of all combat units and assets are multiplied by 1 /2
1
( round fractions up). In a Fortification hex, these values are
multiplied by 2. When a combat unit is defending in one of
these hexes, its Defense Value is modified after consulting
the Combat Value Modification Chart (see 9.1).
Restrictions
A maximum of one Entrenchment marker can occupy
a given hex. An Entrenchment Action can never take place
in an enemy Zone of Control. The effects of the entrenchments apply to all combat and asset units stacked in the same
hex as the marker, not just to the unit responsible for its place-
ment. Garrisons and US parachute battalions can neither
build nor benefit from Entrenchment markers in hexes they
occupy, and the Entrenchment markers are removed if these
units are alone in a hex with a marker.
Entrenchment markers can never be moved, nor can they
be taken over by enemy ground units. When a hex contain-
ing an Entrenchment marker is vacated by combat units, the
marker is removed from the map.
7.6 Fatigue
After a combat unit has completed its activation, it is
flipped over to its fatigued side. Combat units on their
fatigued side cannot be activated (although they may take
part in an attack if adjacent to enemy units being attacked
by an active unit; see 9.2). Units placed on the map at the
beginning of the game or as reinforcements are always placed
with their mobile sides up.
Recovery
During the Recovery Segment of the Action Phase, all
combat units on their fatigued sides are flipped to their mobile
sides. In the next Action Phase, they can again be activated.
Assignment of Assets
A division can have up to 3 assets assigned to it at a given
time; a regiment or brigade can have 1 asset assigned to it.
Unless occupying the UN FEC GHQ Reserve Box (see 13.1)
or being transferred (see below), assets must always be
assigned to a combat unit.
8.2 Transfer of Assets
Assets can be transferred from a combat unit in one hex
and reassigned to another unit in a different hex. First, the
asset must be transferred to a friendly depot, and it can later
be reassigned to another combat unit. Assets can be reas-
signed among regiments and brigades in a hex at any time.
Transferring Assets
Assets can be transferred in two different segments of
an Action Phase.
Asset Transfer Segment: During the Asset Transfer Segment
of the Action Phase, both players can transfer assets from

THE KOREAN WAR, Page 14
combat units on the map as long as these combat units are
within the Primary or Secondary Command Range of a friendly
depot. Units beyond the Secondary Command Range cannot
transfer assets. To transfer assets, the owning player removes
any or all of the assets assigned to a combat unit and places
them underneath any friendly depot that is within the
Primary or Secondary Command Range of the parent com-
bat unit. A player can transfer an unlimited number of as-
sets, and a depot can hold an unlimited number of assets after
transferral. While being held at a depot, assets can neither
move nor participate in combat.
Operations Segment: Assets whose parent combat units are
eliminated and thus are alone in a hex are automatically trans-
ferred to a friendly depot, as long as the depot is within the
Primary or Secondary Command Range of the parent com-
bat unit when it was eliminated. Assets finding themselves
alone in a hex beyond the Secondary Command Range are
eliminated instead.
During an Amalgamation Operation, excess assets
assigned to RPL units that amalgamate can be transferred to
a friendly depot that is within the Primary or Secondary
Command Range of the parent units (see 10.2).
Combat between opposing units takes place only if an
active combat unit performs an Attack Action against enemy
combat units that are situated in adjacent hexes. Inactive and
fatigued combat units can take part in the same combat:
9.1 Combat Values
A combat unit has 3 Combat Values. Its Attack Value is
used only when the unit is attacking; its Defense Value is
used only when it is defending; and its Anti-tank Value is
used only when it is defending against an enemy attack con-
taining armor assets.
Modifications to Attack and Defense Values
The Attack and Defense Values (mobile or fatigued)
printed on a combat unit's counter are used only under special
circumstances. Many times, fractions or multiples of a com-
bat unit's Attack and Defense Values are used. The two most
important modifiers of a combat unit's Attack and Defense
Values are its distance from a friendly depot and the current
Commitment marker on the depot. At the moment a combat
unit participates in combat, either attacking or defending, the
owning player must consult the Combat Value Modification
Chart to determine if there is any modification to the Attack
or Defense Value. (Anti-tank and Armor Values are never
altered by the Combat Value Modification Chart.)
Before consulting the chart, both players check the Com-
mand Range from any friendly depot on the map to their at-
tacking or defending units. There are four possible conditions:
• A friendly depot can trace a Primary Command Range
to the combat unit;
• A friendly depot can trace a Secondary Command Range
to the combat unit;
• A friendly depot can trace an Extended Command Range
to the combat unit;
• A friendly depot is unable to trace any Command Range
to the combat unit, or there are no friendly depots cur-
rently on the map.
Reassignment of Assets
During the Asset Reassignment Segment of the Action
Phase, a depot holding assets can reassign them to friendly
combat units of any nationality that are on the map and
within its Primary or Secondary Command Range. Reassign-
ment is voluntary; depots can hold assets indefinitely. Reas-
signed assets are placed underneath their new "parent" units.
An asset must be transferred first before it can be reassigned.
If a depot that is holding assets is eliminated or removed
from play during the Marker Segment, all assigned assets are
immediately eliminated. NK armor assets are placed aside
as potential reinforcements (see 13.1), and UN assets are
placed in the "Destroyed Units" box of the UN Reconstitute
Track (see 13.2).
Assets in the FEC GHQ Reserve Box
UN assets in the FEC GHQ Reserve Box (see 10.3) do
not have to be assigned to combat units. In addition, the UN
player can at any time assign, transfer and reassign assets in
this box to UN combat units also occupying the box as long
as no more than 3 assets are assigned to a division or no more
than 1 asset is assigned to a regiment/brigade.
Each player determines the Command Range conditions
of his units participating in the combat; it is possible that units
will be at different Command Ranges from a friendly depot.
The players then consult the Combat Value Modification
Chart, cross-referencing the appropriate Command Range
condition with the Commitment marker possessed by the
depot tracing the Command Range to the combat unit. The
chart will indicate a multiple, which is immediately applied
to the combat unit's Attack or Defense Value (always round
fractions up). Units stacked in a hex have their Combat Values
modified individually. Modifiers to a unit's Defense Value are
applied before any modification for entrenchments (see 7.5).
Note that on the Combat Value Modification Chart the
multipliers change for units in Primary or Secondary Com-
mand Ranges, depending on the Commitment marker pos-
sessed by the depot. Beyond these Command Ranges, the
multipliers remain the same, no matter what the depot's Com-
mitment marker.
During Game Turns 1 and 2, neither player consults the
Combat Value Modification Chart; see 16.1. Also, during the
Chinese Initiative Period (in the Advanced Game), the NK
player does not consult the chart; see 19.3.
Non-Combat Units
Assets, garrisons, and US parachute battalions never use
the Combat Value Modification Chart. The Attack and
Defense Values for garrisons and US parachute battalions are
never modified for any reason. An asset's Defense Value can
be increased by entrenchments (see 7.5), but its Attack Value
is never modified.
9.2 Initiating Combat
Only an active unit that is performing an Attack Action
can initiate combat. There must be an enemy unit in an ad-
jacent hex before combat can occur, although combat is not
allowed across an estuary or an all-sea hexside, even if that
hexside is crossed by a road or railroad. Combat is never
mandatory.

THE KOREAN WAR, Page 15
Attacking Units
The following units participate in an Attack Action:
•
The active combat unit initiating the Attack Action;
•
Any assets assigned to the combat unit at the discretion
of the owning player;
• All inactive units controlled by the attacking player that
are adjacent to any of the enemy units being attacked;
• Any assets assigned to these inactive units at the discre-
tion of the owning player.
The participation of adjacent, inactive units is mandatory,
regardless of whether or not these units are fatigued. The
status of these inactive units is not affected by the attack;
units that are on their fatigued sides remain on their fatigued
sides, and those on their mobile sides remain on these sides
( and can subsequently be activated). The Attack Values of
inactive units participating in the attack are modified as
described in 9.1, above.
Armor assets participating in an attack use the special
armor sub-sequence (see 9.4).
Defending Units
The following units must defend during an Attack Action:
•
Every enemy unit that is adjacent to an active attacking
unit;
• Assets assigned to the defending units.
A unit separated from an active attacking unit by an
estuary or all-sea hexside does not participate in that Attack
Action. If a unit is in a hex that is adjacent to an inactive at-
tacking unit, but is not adjacent to the active attacking unit,
it does not take part in the combat.
Assets must participate in a defense; they can never be
withheld.
Limitations on Attack Actions
Each Attack Action must result in a single combat, even
if units are attacking and/or defending in separate hexes. All
active and inactive attacking units combine their Attack
Values (modified as necessary) into a single sum. Likewise,
all defending units combine their Defense Values (modified
as necessary) into a single sum.
During its activation, a combat unit can initiate only one
Attack Action from any given hex. For example, a unit can
begin its activation by attacking enemy units in an adjacent
hex, move or advance to another hex, and then declare
another Attack Action.
9.3 How to Perform Combat
An Attack Action is performed as follows:
1. The attacking player points to the enemy units situated
in hexes adjacent to the active attacking unit. He determines
if any friendly inactive combat units must participate in this
combat by being adjacent to these enemy units.
2. The attacking player determines the Attack Values of his
units by consulting the Combat Value Modification Chart.
Note that the Command Ranges from friendly depots to each
unit involved in the attack can result in different modifica-
tions to the attacking units. The attacking player then com-
bines the modified Attack Values into a single sum.
3. The defending player then consults the Combat Value
Modification Chart for all the defending units, and combines
the modified Defense Values for his units into a single sum.
4. The combat is expressed as a ratio: the attacker's combined
value to the defender's combined value. Round the ratio down
in favor of the defender to conform to the simplified ratio
columns on the Combat Results Table (CRT).
5. Determine the terrain in the defending units' hex or hexes.
The terrain will either be clear or non-clear (broken, rough,
mountain or peak). If the defending units occupy several
hexes, use the terrain that is more favorable to the defender.
6. Calculate the modifiers to the combat die roll. If armor
assets have been assigned to the attack, the armor sub-
sequence takes place at this time (see 9.4).
7. The attacking player rolls the die, modifying the result as
required, and consults the CRT. Cross-reference the modi-
fied die roll with the ratio in the proper terrain line (clear
or non-clear) and locate the result. The result is applied im-
mediately and the Attack Action is over.
Ratios that are higher or lower than those provided on
the Combat Results Table are resolved using the highest or
lowest columns, respectively.
9.4 Combat Modifiers
Several factors can modify a combat die roll. Modifiers
are calculated in the following order of precedence:
1. Close Air Support
2. Armor Assets
3. Naval Support (UN player only)
4. River Hexsides
5. Intensive/All-out Attacks
Close Air Support
Depending on the UN Close Air Support Level, 1 can be
subtracted from the die roll if the UN player uses close air
support when his units are defending. Likewise, the UN
player can add 1 to his die roll for close air support when
his units are attacking. A maximum of 1 per combat can be
added or subtracted from the die roll due to close air support.
In Game Turn 1, the NK is allowed 3 Close Air Support
bonuses which can add 1 to his die rolls when his units attack
(see 16.2).
Armor Assets
Armor assets can, at the attacking player's discretion, par-
ticipate in an attack. If the attacker commits at least one armor
asset to an attack, a special armor sub-sequence takes place
during step 6 of the combat procedure.
Restrictions on Armor Assets: Armor assets cannot be com-
mitted to an attack if at least one defending unit occupies
a rough, mountain or peak hex, and that hex does not con-
tain a road or trail. Note that the armor unit itself can be in
one of these types of hexes that does not contain a road or
trail. Also, the armor sub-sequence does not take place in an
Amphibious Assault (see 11.2).
The Armor Sub-Sequence: The armor sub-sequence is per-
formed as follows:
1. The attacking player combines the Armor Values of his
participating armor assets.
2. The defending player combines the Anti-tank Values of
his defending units (including assets, if any). Anti-tank Values
can be modified by entrenchments (see 7.5).
3. The two sums are compared and expressed as a ratio:
attacker's sum to defender's sum. Round the ratio down in
favor of the defender to conform to one of the simplified ra-
tio columns found on the Armor Table.
4. Determine the modifiers to be applied to the subsequent
roll (see below).
5. The attacking player rolls the die, modifying the die roll
as required, and consults the Armor Table. Cross-reference
the modified die roll with the ratio to obtain the result.
Remember that Armor and Anti-tank Values are never
modified by the Combat Value Modification Chart.
 THE KOREAN WAR, Page 1 6
Armor Table Results: There are three kinds of results from
the Armor Table:
-: No effect. The subsequent combat is resolved without any
armor modifiers.
A1 to A3: The subsequent combat is resolved without any
armor modifiers. In addition, the attacking player's armor
assets suffer 1, 2 or 3 step losses.
+ 1 to + 5: The indicated number is the modifier applied to
the subsequent combat die roll.
Armor Asset Losses: Armor assets consist of two steps. The
first (and most powerful step is the front side of the counter.
The second step is on the back of the counter. If a full-strength
armor asset suffers 1 step loss, it is flipped to its reverse side.
If a full-strength armor asset suffers 2 step losses (or an armor
asset already on its reverse side suffers 1 step loss), it is
eliminated.
The attacking player has his choice of splitting up step
losses among his armor units. UN armor assets that are elimi-
nated are placed in the "Destroyed Units" space of the UN
Reconstitute Track; NK armor assets that are eliminated are
place aside. Eliminated armor assets can re-enter play later
( see 13.0).
Armor Table Modifiers: The following modifiers are
applied to Armor Table die rolls:
-3: At least one defending unit is separated from an attack-
ing unit with participating armor assets by a river hexside.
Roads, trails and railroads that cross the same hexside have
no effect on this modification.
-3: At least one defending unit occupies a rough, mountain'
or peak hex that contains a road or trail.
-2: At least one defending unit occupies a broken hex.
- 1: At least one defending unit occupies a city hex.
The modifiers listed above are cumulative. However, no
Naval Support
more than 5 can be subtracted from any Armor Table die roll,
Only UN units receive this modifier, but only from Game
Turn 2 on. If a UN unit is attacking in any coastal hex, add
a 1 to the combat die roll. If a UN unit is defending in a coastal
hex, subtract 1 from the die roll. In a UN attack against a
coastal hex during an Amphibious Assault, 3 is added to the
die roll (see 11.2). On the south map there are certain area;
where naval support is prohibited; coastal hexes inside the
River Hexsides
solid black lines cannot benefit from naval support.
If at least one defending unit is separated from an attack
ing unit by a river hexside, 2 is subtracted from the die roll
Roads, trails and railroads that cross this hexside have no
I ntensive/All-out Attacks
effect on the modification.
If the attacking player has declared an Intensive Attack
2 is added to the die roll. If he has declared an All-out Attack .
Maximums for Modifiers
3 is added.
All modifiers to the combat die roll are cumulative. Ac
all the positive modifiers together and then subtract the negative modifiers. The maximum mfodierncavtl
more than + 5 or less than -4.

THE KOREAN WAR, Page 1 7
9.5 Combat Results
There are three types of combat results:
-: The attack has no effect and the combat is over.
A: The combat has affected the attacking units but not the
defending units.
D: The combat has affected the defending units but not the
attacking units.
Elimination Results
An "Ae" or "De" result means that all attacking or defend-
ing units, respectively, are eliminated (including assets -
even if they did not participate in the combat). Eliminated
units are removed from the map and placed aside.
Numbered Results:
A numbered result ("Al" or'D3," for example) indicates
the number of steps lost by the affected player's units. If a
player suffers step losses, he must first apply these losses to
combat units. If all the units participating in the combat are
eliminated, the player must satisfy remaining step losses by
eliminating non-combat units (even armor assets that did not
participate in combat). Within these limitations, a player can
apply step losses to his affected units as he sees fit. If there
are not enough steps among all the affected units to satisfy
a result, excess step losses are ignored.
Steps: Ground units consist of the following numbers of
steps:
NUMBER OF
TYPE OF UNIT STEPS
Division (full-strength) 3 its retreat obligations within the restrictions listed below is
Division (RPL2) 2 eliminated instead.
Division (RPL1) 1 Retreat Restrictions: A player can retreat his own units as
Regiment/Brigade 1 he wishes, within the following restrictions:
Garrison 1 • A unit can never retreat across a river, estuary or all-sea
US Parachute Battalion 1 hexside unless the hexside is crossed by a road, trail or
Armor asset 2
Non-armor asset 1
Task Force Smith 1 into an enemy Zone of Control unless that ZOC is
Application of Step Losses: A unit consisting of only 1 step
is eliminated when it suffers a single step loss. Units con-
sisting of more than 1 step can absorb step losses and still
remain in play. A full-strength division begins play with the
counter portraying its divisional designation. As a division
suffers step losses, it is substituted by replacement (RPL2 and
RPL1) units.
• Full-Strength Division: When a full-strength division
suffers 1 step loss, it is replaced by an RPL2 replacement
unit of the same nationality. If the division suffers 2 step
losses, it is replaced by an RPL1 replacement unit. If it
suffers 3 step losses, it is eliminated.
• RPL2 Replacement: When an RPL2 unit suffers 1 step
loss, it is replaced by an RPL1 replacement unit. If it
suffers 2 step losses, it is eliminated.
• RPL1 Replacement: When an RPL1 replacement unit
suffers 1 step loss, it is eliminated.
When a RPL unit is placed on the map, it assumes the
role of the division it is replacing. If it replaces a unit that
was on its fatigued side, the RPL unit must be placed on the
map on its fatigued side. If it replaces an active unit, the RPL
unit is placed on the map on its mobile side, and it assumes
the original unit's remaining Action Points.
RPL units function as normal combat units in all respects.
They can be activated and are fatigued normally after com-
pleting their activation. They are considered a division for
stacking purposes.
Note that RPL units do not possess divisional designa-
tions; when replacing a unit that has suffered step losses, use
any available RPL unit of the same nationality as the unit
suffering the loss.
US Far East Command Units: The first four US divisions
to enter play are the Far East Command FEC) units, and they
have lower Combat Values than other US divisions. The FEC
units contain a yellow infantry symbol box on their counters,
as do their replacement units and component regiments.
When a US FEC division suffers 1 or 2 step losses, it is
replaced by an FEC replacement unit (that is, an RPL unit
with a yellow infantry symbol box). Similarly, if an FEC RPL2
unit is replaced by an RPL1 unit, the RPL1 unit must be an
FEC unit (with a yellow infantry symbol box). Non-FEC units
never use FEC replacement units.
US Marine Units: US Marine divisions (and component regi-
ments) have an anchor symbol on their counters. When a US
Marine division suffers 1 or 2 step losses, it is replaced with
a US Marine replacement unit (also with an anchor).
Similarly, if a US Marine RPL2 unit is replaced by an RPL1
unit, the RPL1 unit must be a US Marine replacement unit.
Retreat Results
Defending units can also receive an "r" result in combat.
Any combat result with an "r" means the defending units must
retreat 3 continuous hexes. Some retreats are combined with
step losses. In these case, apply the step loss results first.
Assets assigned to a retreating unit must accompany that unit
when it retreats.
If there are several hexes to which a unit can retreat, it
must be moved to a hex which is farthest away from an
enemy unit. A unit that chooses to retreat but cannot fulfill
railroad. Otherwise, terrain has no effect on retreats.
• A unit can never retreat into an enemy-occupied hex or
occupied by friendly units.
• A unit can never end its retreat in violation of stacking
restrictions.
• A unit can never enter the same hex more than once dur-
ing its retreat.
Defender's Retreat Option: Defending units that receive
an "r" result can choose to ignore this result and stay in place.
The units immediately suffer 1 step loss (above and beyond
any others that are called for) to stay in place.
Attacker's Advance Option: If all the hexes occupied by
defending units are vacated due to a combat result, the active
attacking unit (and its assigned assets) can occupy one of these
hexes. Moving into the vacated hex does not expend Action
Points or Movement Points. This advance must take place
immediately or not at all. Defending units can never advance.
If, due to the elimination of defending units, the defender
has only assets left in a hex, he must immediately transfer
these assets (see 8.2). Then the attacking unit can advance
into the hex.
Eliminated Units
Eliminated ROK units and NK-controlled units are re-
moved from the map and are placed aside. Such units can
enter play again in a variety of ways (see 10.0 and 13.0).
Non-ROK UN units (US, UN allies, but not Nationalist
Chinese) or assets that are completely destroyed are placed
in the "Destroyed Units" space of the UN Reconstitute Track.
Such units can return to play according to the UN Reconsti-
tution procedure (see 13.2). A unit is considered "completely
destroyed" under the following circumstances:

THE KOREAN WAR, Page 16
• A full-strength division suffers 3 step losses;
• as the destroyed RPL unit FEC, non-FEC or Marine) and
•
A regiment or brigade suffers 1 step loss;
An armor asset suffers 2 step losses, or an armor asset
on its reverse side suffers 1 step loss;
• A non-armor asset suffers 1 step loss;
• An RPL2 replacement unit suffers 2 step losses;
• An RPL1 replacement unit suffers 1 step loss.
RPL units that are completely destroyed are never put
on the UN Reconstitute Track. Instead, the UN player selects
EXAMPLE OF COMBAT: It is the middle of the Operations Segment of
the 2nd Action Phase, Game Turn 4. The UN player is about to per-
form an Operations Sequence with 2 permissible Operations. A UN
depot with an Accelerated Commitment marker occupies hex 4803,
and an NK depot with a Restricted Commitment marker occupies
hex 4509. The UN player has the US 24th Division (an FEC unit) in
hex 5002, the US 25th Division in hex 4807, (note that this division
has been activated earlier in the current Operations Segment and is
now fatigued), and the US 7th Division in hex 4606. The NK player
has the 1st Division (fatigued) in hex 4808, the 3rd Division
(fatigued) in hex 4708, and the 2nd Division in hex 4607.
The UN player first declares an Activation Operation and speci-
fies the 24th Division as the active unit. He declares an Operational
Movement Action (2 Action Points) and moves the 24th Division
along the indicated path, expending 8 Movement Points. For his re-
maining Action Point, he declares a Normal Attack. The 24th Divi-
sion is adjacent to the 2nd and 3rd NK Divisions in hexes 4607 and
4708. Thus, these two divisions must defend against this attack. The
inactive US 7th and 25th Divisions in hexes 4606 and 4807, respec-
tively, must also participate in this attack because they are adjacent
to the defending NK units. Note that the NK division in hex 4808
does not participate because it is not adjacent to the active unit.
The UN player checks the Combat Value Modification Chart to
determine if his units' Attack Values are modified. He sees that all
attacking divisions are within the Primary Command Range of the
UN depot. Thus, the Attack Values of the three divisions are all
multiplied by 1' (the 24th Division from 12 to 18, the 25th Division
[fatigued] from 10 to 15, and the 7th from 20 to 30). The UN 7th
Division has an assigned non-armor asset with an Attack Value of 1
that is added into the combat.
Meanwhile, the NK player sees that all his units are within the
any unused, full-strength division counter of the same type
places the division in the "Destroyed Units" space.
Combat and Fatigue
The participation of a non-fatigued unit in combat does
not automatically cause the unit to be fatigued. Remember,
however, that if the last Action performed by an active unit
is combat, that unit does become fatigued after the resolu-
tion of the combat.
Primary Command Range of the NK depot, but since the depot has
a Restricted Commitment marker on it, his units' Defense Values are
multiplied by 3/z. Thus, the 3rd Division has a Defense Value of 2
and the 2nd Division has a Defense Value of 4 (the fractions are
rounded up).
The combined UN Attack Value is 64 (18+15+30+1=64) and
the combined NK Defense Value is 6 (2 + 4 = 6). The combat ratio is
10-1. The NK units are all situated in clear terrain hexes, and there-
fore the "Clear" line on the CRT is used.
Both players now determine their modifiers for the combat. First,
the UN player decides to commit close air support to the attack (a
+ 1 modifier). Since the 24th and 25th Divisions each have an
assigned armor unit, both of which the UN player decides to com-
mit, the armor sub-sequence must take place. The combined Armor
Value is 16 (8+8), and the combined NK Anti-tank Value is 5
(2+3); the combat ratio is thus 3-1 (16-5 simplifies to 3-1). Remem-
ber that Armor and Anti-tank Values are never modified by the
Combat Value Modification Chart. Because the NK units are behind
a river hexside, a -3 modifier is applied to the Armor Table die
roll. The UN player rolls a 7, for a modified result of 4. Cross-
referencing 4 with the 3-1 column of the Armor Table yields a + 1
result, which is the modifier applied the combat die roll. Thus, the
UN player has has a total of + 2 to apply to his combat die roll.
A -2 modifier is applied to the combat die roll because at least
one NK unit is being attacked across a river hexside. The final modi-
fier is 0 (1+1-2=0).
The UN player rolls the die and obtains an 8. Cross-referencing
this roll with the 10-1 "Clear" line on the CRT, a "Dr3" result is
achieved. The NK player loses 3 steps, which he fulfills by eliminat-
ing the 3rd Division completely (worth 3 steps). He retreats the 2nd
Division to hex 4610 along the indicated path of 3 continuous hexes.

THE KOREAN WAR, Page 1 9
The UN 24th Division advances into hex 4708, completing the com-
bat and its activation. The unit is flipped to its fatigued side and the
Operations marker is reduced by 1 on the UN Operations Track.
For his second (and last) Operation, the UN player decides to
activate the 7th Division. He spends 2 Action Points for Operational
Movement, and the unit moves as indicated to hex 4709. For his last
Action Point, he declares a Normal Attack against the NK 1st Divi-
sion in hex 4808. All three UN units participate-in the attack be-
cause they are all adjacent to the NK 1st Division.
On this occasion, however, the 7th Division is within the Sec-
ondary Command Range of the UN depot; the other units are within
the depot's Primary Command Range. The UN player checks the
Combat Value Modification Chart to determine if his units' Attack
Values are modified. The Attack Value of the 25th Division is multi-
plied by 1 i/z (from 10 to 15); the Attack Value of the 24th Division
is multiplied by 1Y2 (from 6 to 9); the Attack Value of the 7th Divi-
sions remains at 20. Adding in the 7th Division's non-armor asset,
Combat units can be restructured by Reorganization and
Amalgamation Operations. The execution of either type of
Operation reduces a player's Operations marker by one on
his Operations Track. Fatigued units cannot participate in Re-
organization or Amalgamation, although a unit that under-
takes either of these Operations does not become fatigued.
Reorganization and Amalgamation can take place in an enemy
Zone of Control.
Designations of units are used for historical purposes
only. Once play begins, the designations of units are irrele-
vant. When new units are placed on the map due to Reor-
ganization or Amalgamation, the designations of the new units
have no effect on play; as long as the correct nationality and
proper Combat Values appear on new units, the owning
player can use any unused counter.
10.1 Reorganization
Only the UN player performs Reorganization. There are
two types of Reorganization: Build-up and Break-down.
Build-up
Only US and ROK regiments can build-up. US regiments
build-up with other US regiments, and ROK regiments build-
up with other ROK regiments.
A regiment must be stacked with or adjacent to two other
regiments of the same nationality to build-up. When Reor-
ganization with the intention to build-up is declared, the UN
player removes the three regiments from the map and places
them aside. He then locates any full-strength division of that
nationality and places it, mobile side up, in any of the hexes
formerly occupied by the removed regiments.
If an ROK division is built-up, the UN player uses any
available full-strength ROK division (including those that have
been eliminated). If a US division is built-up, he must use
the proper type of division as outlined below:
• A full-strength FEC division is placed on the map if at
least one of the US regiments in the build-up is an FEC
regiment (one with a yellow infantry symbol box);
•
A full-strength non-FEC division is placed on the map if
there are no FEC regiments in the build-up;
the combined UN Attack Value is 45 (15+9+20+1=45).
The NK 1st Division is within the Primary Command Range of
the NK depot, but since the depot has a Restricted Commitment
marker on it, its Defense Value is multiplied by Y2 (from 4 to 2).
The UN player decides not to commit any close air support or
armor assets, so there are no modifiers. The final result is 45-2 or
22-1. Because this is higher than the highest ratio column on the
CRT, the highest column is used (11-1). The UN player rolls a 5.
Cross-referencing 5 with the 11-1 Clear line on the CRT yields a
"D3" result. The NK player must lose 3 steps, which he fulfills by
eliminating the 1st Division (worth exactly 3 steps).
The 7th Division decides not to enter the vacated hex. The com-
bat is over, and the 7th Division is flipped to its fatigued side. The
Operations marker is reduced by 1 box to 0 on the UN Operations
Track, ending the UN player's Operations Sequence. The NK player
can now begin an Operations Sequence.
• US Marine divisions are built-up only from US Marine
regiments and can never build up with non-Marine
regiments.
US divisions chosen for placement on the map due to
build-up can never be taken from the UN Reconstitute Track
or the FEC GHQ Reserve Box.
Break-down
Only full-strength (not RPL) US divisions can break-
down. When the UN player declares a Reorganization with
the intention to break-down, he removes an unfatigued US
division from the map and puts it aside, replacing it with three
US regiments of the proper type in the vacated hex, mobile
side up:
• Three FEC regiments replace an FEC division in a
break-down;
• Three non-FEC regiments replace a non-FEC division in
a break-down;
• Three US Marine regiments replace a Marine division in
a break-down.
Regiments for the break-down of a division can never
be taken from the UN Reconstitute Track or the FEC GHQ
Reserve Box.
Assets: Assets assigned to regiments that build-up are auto-
matically assigned to the division that replaces them. Assets
assigned to a division that breaks-down are automatically
assigned to the replacing regiments in any way the owning
player desires (no more than one asset per regiment).
10.2 Amalgamation
Only ROK, NK, CCF and Soviet (not US or Nationalist
Chinese) divisions can Amalgamate. By means of Amalga-
mation, divisions that have suffered step losses can combine
with other damaged divisions of the same nationality.
Amalgamation Procedure
An Amalgamation can be declared if the following con-
ditions are met:
• Two or three RPL replacement units of the same nation-
ality are situated in mutually adjacent hexes;
• The RPL units must have at least 3 combined steps among
them.

If these conditions are met, the owning player removes
all the RPL units and replaces them with a single full-strength
division of the same nationality in one of the vacated hexes.
Excess steps among the RPL units are lost (that is, two RPL2
units would form only one full-strength division, not the
division plus one extra RPL1 unit).
Assets: Assets assigned to RPL units that Amalgamate are
automatically assigned to the full-strength division that
replaces them. Only three assets can be so assigned; if the
RPL units have more than three assets among them, the
excess can be immediately transferred to a friendly depot (see
8.2). If they cannot be transferred in this manner, they are
Only the UN player can perform amphibious operations.
There are two types of amphibious operations: Amphibious
Assault and Amphibious Evacuation. Each is a distinct Oper-
ation that the UN player can declare during an Operations
Sequence.
11.1 UN Amphibious Capacity
During the UN Amphibious Capacity Phase, the UN
player must place the Amphibious Capacity marker in the
box corresponding to his Amphibious Capacity for the turn.
As each Amphibious Assault or Evacuation takes place, this
marker is reduced by 1 box. When the marker reaches 0, the
UN player can no longer perform amphibious operations for
the rest of the Game Turn. Unused points from the Amphib-
ious Capacity cannot be saved; if not used in a particular
Game Turn, they are lost.
In the Introductory Scenarios in section 17.0, the UN play-
er is given a certain number of Amphibious Capacity points
as indicated below. (The Amphibious Capacity Track on the
map has these points printed under the respective boxes.) In
the Advanced Game, however, the UN Amphibious Capacity
depends on the US Mobilization Level (see 18.3).
AMPHIBIOUS
GAME TURN CAPACITY
1 0
2 1*
3 2
4-10 3 units, cannot. (Thus, the armor sub-sequence described
11-12
': The UN player cannot conduct Amphibious Assaults during the
1st Action Phase of this turn.
11.2 Amphibious Assaults
All UN combat units (plus assigned assets) occupying the
FEC GHQ Reserve Box are eligible to participate in Amphib-
How to Perform Amphibious Assaults
ious Assaults.
An Amphibious Assault is a distinct Operation (see 6.2)
that only the UN player can choose. When the UN player
declares an Amphibious Assault, he removes one combat unit
of any size from the FEC GHQ Reserve Box and places it on
any Amphibious Assault Arrow on the map. (Each Amphib-
ious Assault Arrow contains the number of one invasion hex
and indicates the name of the town or city in the hex, if any.)
Immediately before this placement, the UN player is free to
assign up to three assets to the unit (if it is a division) or a
single asset to it (if it is a regiment or brigade) from among
10.3 UN FEC GHQ Reserve Box
The UN player has a special box on the mapsheet,
representing units being held in Japan, which is called the
UN FEC GHQ Reserve Box. There are four special spaces
in the box, which are described in later sections of the rules.
UN assets in the FEC GHQ Reserve Box can be assigned,
transferred, or reassigned to combat units also occupying the
box at any time.
ROK RPL units in the FEC GHQ Reserve Box may per-
form Amalgamation at any time.
US and ROK units in the FEC GHQ Reserve Box may
build-up o r b reak-do wn at any time.
the assets in the FEC GHQ Reserve Box. Subject to the Am-
phibious Capacity, the UN player can make more than 1 Am-
phibious Assault per Operations Sequence, even against the
same invasion hex.
Unopposed Amphibious Assaults: If the invasion hex cor-
responding to the Amphibious Assault Arrow is unoccupied
by enemy units, the assaulting combat unit (plus assets, if
any) is placed in the invasion hex. Stacking restrictions still
apply (that is, there can only be one division or three regi-
ments/brigades in any one invasion hex). The assaulting com-
bat unit remains on its mobile side after placement.
Opposed Amphibious Assaults: If the invasion hex cor-
responding to the Amphibious Assault Arrow contains enemy
units, the assaulting combat unit must attack those units. This
attack is resolved normally, with the following exceptions:
• Use the "Amphibious Assault" line of the CRT, regard-
less of the terrain occupied by the defending units.
• Attacking and defending units always use their printed
Combat Values during an Amphibious Assault. Players
never consult the Combat Value Modification Chart.
• Units that are adjacent to the invasion hex do not parti-
cipate in this combat, regardless of which player controls
them.
• Non-armor assets can participate in the subsequent com-
bat, but armor assets, even if assigned to the assaulting
in 9.4 does not take place.)
• Close air support can be used during an Amphibious
Assault (see 15.1). The UN player automatically adds 3
(not 1) to his combat die roll for Naval Support in all Am-
phibious Assaults.
• The UN player cannot use Intensive or All-out Attacks
in Amphibious Assaults.
Combat results are applied normally. If the invasion hex
is completely vacated by NK units, the assaulting combat unit
( plus assets, if any) is placed in this hex. The combat unit
remains on its mobile side.
An NK garrison that suffers a retreat result is automati-
cally eliminated.
If the invasion hex is not completely vacated by NK units,
the assaulting unit is returned to the FEC GHQ Reserve Box.
Any adverse combat results (except retreats) are applied to
the assaulting unit. It can be used for another Amphibious
Assault later, even during the current Action Phase and
against the same invasion hex.

THE KOREAN WAR, Page 21
Activating Assaulting Units
Units that have been placed in invasion hexes can be
activated in the Action Phase in which they made their
assault. The following restrictions apply to the activation of
such units:
• If the unit is in an invasion hex that is also a port, it
receives 3 Action Points when activated. If the invasion
hex does not contain a port, the unit receives 2 Action
Points.
• If the units are activated, their movement is restricted
as follows: for a Tactical Movement Action, a unit receives
1 (not 4) Movement Points; for an Operational Movement
Action, a unit receives 2 (not 8) Movement Points; and
for a Strategic Movement Action, a unit receives 3 (not
12) Movement Points.
• During the Action Phase in which the Amphibious As-
sault occurs, the assaulting unit always uses its printed
Attack and Defense Values. The Combat Value. Modifi-
cation Chart is not used.
• Armor assets can be assigned to an Attack Action, and
the special armor sub-sequence is used.
• After its activation, the unit is flipped to its fatigued side
normally.
Amalgamation and Reorganization: Units that participate
in an Amphibious Assault can perform Amalgamation and
Reorganization in the Action Phase in which the assault was
executed.
Resumption of Normal Capabilities: In the Action Phase
following the one in which the Amphibious Assault took
EXAMPLE OF AMPHIBIOUS ASSAULT: The US 1st Marine Division
(Attack Value: 26) is making an Amphibious Assault against the NK
garrison unit (Defense Value: 3) in hex A. This is an opposed Am-
phibious Assault, so the UN unit must attack the garrison. The UN
player checks the CRT; the ratio of 26-3 simplifies to 8-1. The US
player rolls a 1. Because he has committed 1 Close Air Support
Point and because 3 is automatically added for Naval Support
against an invasion hex, 4 is added to the roll, for a final result of 5.
Cross-referencing the 5 with the "Amphibious Assault" line at 8-1, a
result of "Dr" is obtained. NK garrisons can never retreat, and so it
place, the assaulting unit regains its normal capabilities when
activated.
Beachhead Markers
The UN player has 2 Beachhead markers. When an
invasion hex is occupied by assaulting UN units, the UN
player can place one Beachhead marker in that hex, subject
to availability. (The number of Beachhead markers provided
in the game is a strict limitation; if both Beachhead markers
are already in use, no more can be placed in invasion hexes.)
A Beachhead marker is a UN supply source.
Placement of Beachhead markers is always voluntary.
The UN player can remove Beachhead markers in invasion
hexes at any time during the Operations Segment. Once re-
moved, they immediately become available to use in other
successfully assaulted invasion hexes. If an NK unit enters
a hex containing a Beachhead marker, the marker is immedi-
ately removed.
11.3 Amphibious Evacuation
If the UN player declares an Amphibious Evacaution, he
can remove 1 or 2 UN divisions of any nationality (plus all
assigned assets) from any coastal hexes; a coastal hex does
not have to contain a city or town for this Operation to occur.
( Alternately, he could remove 1 division and 3 regiments/
brigades or up to 6 regiments/brigades.)
An evacuated unit is placed in the FEC GHQ Reserve Box
in the space marked "Amphibious Evacuated Units." Evacu-
ated units cannot be used in Amphibious Assaults in the same
Action Phase in which they are evacuated.
Amphibious Evacuations cannot take place in Game
Turns 1, 11 or 12.
is eliminated. The 1st Marine Division is placed in hex A with its
mobile side up.
The UN player decides to activate the Marine unit (a separate
Operation). The invasion hex contains a port, and so the unit
receives 3 Action Points. It performs Operational Movement, moving
in the path indicated to hex C. (Because the unit executed an
Amphibious Assault in the current Action Phase, it receives only 2
Movement Points for its Operational Movement.) For its remaining
Action Point, the US unit executes a Normal Attack against the NK
unit in hex B.

THE KOREAN WAR, Page 22
In some scenarios, the UN player has US parachute regi-
ments. US parachute regiments are normal combat units and
can be used as such on the map. However, the UN player
can also use his parachute regiments for parachute drops.
Parachute Drops
Only a US parachute regiment occupying the FEC GHQ
Reserve Box (there is a special space in the box for these units)
can perform a parachute drop. A parachute drop is a distinct
Operation that can be performed by the UN player during
his Operations Sequence.
If a parachute drop is declared, the UN player removes
a single US parachute regiment from the FEC GHQ Reserve
Box and places it aside (it is not used again). It is replaced
with 3 US parachute battalions. These battalions are then
placed on the map. The units can be placed in 1 to 3 hexes;
if more than 1 hex is chosen, each hex must be adjacent to
at least 1 other hex selected for this drop. At least 1 and up
to 3 battalions can be placed in a drop hex.
The following restrictions apply to parachute drops:
• Placement hexes must be clear terrain (a city hex cannot
be chosen for a parachute drop);
Both players can bring new units onto the map as rein-
forcements. In addition, damaged or destroyed UN units (non-
ROK) can be reconstituted. US FEC units can be upgraded
through enhancement.
1.1 Reinforcements
Each scenario has a reinforcement schedule. When rein-
forcements are called for, they are placed on the map on their
mobile sides (or, in the case of armor assets, on their full-
strength sides) during the Reinforcement Segment of the
Action Phase. Reinforcements can be activated in the Action
Phase in which they are placed on the map.
Reinforcements cannot be placed in an enemy-occupied
hex or in an enemy Zone of Control (unless a friendly unit
occupies the enemy ZOC). Reinforcements cannot be placed
on the map in violation of stacking restrictions. If the place-
ment of a reinforcement in a hex would violate stacking res-
trictions, it can be placed in any adjacent hex, subject to
stacking restrictions; the adjacent hex cannot contain an
enemy unit or be in an enemy ZOC, however. Reinforcements
that cannot be placed on the map are lost forever.
NK Reinforcements
NK reinforcements are variable. During every Reinforce-
ment Segment, starting with Game Turn 2, the NK player
consults the NK Reinforcement Table and rolls the die. After
applying modifiers to the roll (see below), the NK player
determines if he is due a reinforcement. If so, he places 1
full-strength NK division on any NK-controlled Production
Center during the ensuing Deployment Segment. The de-
• Placement hexes must be unoccupied by enemy units;
• Placement hexes can be in enemy Zones of Control;
•
Placement hexes can be no more than 5 hexes away from
a UN combat unit.
Parachute Battalions
Once placed on the map, parachute battalions must re-
main in place until the end of the next Recovery Segment,
at which time they are removed from the map and placed
aside. They cannot be used for the remainder of the game.
Parachute battalions that are dropped cannot be built-
up back to regiment size. They can never be activated, nor
do they exert Zones of Control. If attacked, they defend
normally, although they are eliminated on any "r" (retreat)
result. Eliminated parachute battalions are never placed on
the UN Reconstitute Track.
The restrictions outlined above are used only for
parachute drops. If the UN player decides to use his
parachute regiments as normal combat units, he brings them
on to the map as regular reinforcements (see 13.1). In this
case, the parachute regiments can never break-down into
parachute battalions, and they remain on the map like other
UN combat units.
signation of the NK reinforcement is irrelevant, since they
are all identical. If no reinforcement is due, the NK player
does nothing.
Some results on the NK Reinforcement Table call for an
NK armor asset as well. In these cases, the NK player assigns
a full-strength armor asset (designation irrelevant) under the
reinforcing NK division. If there are no more unused NK
armor assets available, the NK player ignores this result. NK
armor assets that are eliminated can be used again as rein-
forcements.
NK Reinforcement Table Modifiers: The NK player must
subtract 2 from his Reinforcement Table die roll for each of
the following cities currently controlled by the UN player:
Seoul, P'yongyang, and Wonsan.
Soviet and Communist Chinese Reinforcements: Soviet
and Communist Chinese Forces (CCF) are available only in
the Advanced Game (see 19.0).
NK Garrisons: When the NK player gains control of a UN
port, he places a single NK garrison in that port. Garrisons
can neither move nor attack. They remain in place until elimi-
nated (an "r" result eliminates the unit). Garrisons always use
their printed Defense Value, even if they occupy a hex con-
taining an Entrenchment marker; their Defense Value is
never modified by the Combat Value Modification Chart.
When stacked with other NK combat units that are attacked,
garrisons always contribute their Defense Value to this
combat.
Note that some scenarios have NK garrisons set up in non-
port hexes. These garrisons stay in these hexes until they are
eliminated.

THE KOREAN WAR, Page 23
UN Reinforcements
ROK Reinforcements: ROK reinforcements are also vari-
able. During every Reinforcement Segment of an Action
Phase, starting with Game Turn 4, the UN player consults
the ROK Reinforcement Table and rolls the die. Modifiers
are applied to the roll, and the UN player checks to see if
he receives one full-strength ROK division. If so, he places
it in Pusan (0928) or Taegu (1625) during the ensuing Deploy-
ment Segment. (The designation of the ROK division is
irrelevant.) If no reinforcement is received, the UN player
does nothing.
In the Advanced Game Scenario the capture of Pusan by
NK forces results in a military victory (see 22.1). In scenario
1 (see 17.1), if the NK player captures Pusan, the UN player
receives no ROK reinforcements until it is recaptured.
ROK Reinforcement Table Modifiers: The UN player sub-
tracts 1 from his ROK Reinforcement Table die roll for each
of the following cities currently controlled by the NK player:
Seoul, Taejon, and Taegu.
US and UN Allies Reinforcements: The Introductory
Scenarios list the US and UN allies reinforcements for each
scenario. Reinforcements in the Advanced Game are based
on the UN Commitment Level (see 18.0).
During the Reinforcement Segment of the Action Phase,
US and UN allies reinforcements are placed in the FEC GHQ
Reserve Box.
Deployment of US and UN Ally Reinforcements: Dur-
ing the Deployment Segment of an Action Phase, the UN
player can transfer a maximum of 1 division or 3 regiments/
brigades (plus assigned assets) from the FEC GHQ Reserve
Box to the map. This transferral does not affect the UN
Amphibious Capacity. Reinforcements can be transferred in
one of two ways:
1. If the UN player wishes to deploy reinforcements to Pusan,
he removes the desired units from the FEC GHQ Reserve
Box (subject to the 1 division or 3 regiments/brigades maxi-
mum) and places them in Pusan.
2. If the UN player wishes to deploy reinforcements to a port
other than Pusan, he takes the desired units from the FEC
GHQ Reserve Box (subject to the 1 division or 3 regiments/
brigades maximum) and places them in the space marked "UN
Reinforcements to non-Pusan Port." These units do not appear
on the map in the current Action Phase; instead, they can
be placed in any UN-controlled port other than Pusan in the
next Action Phase (as long as this port does not contain a
Minesweeping marker; see 14.2).
If the UN player places units in the "UN Reinforcements
to non-Pusan Port" space in a Deployment Segment, he can-
not deploy reinforcements to Pusan in the current segment.
In addition, in the Deployment Segment of the ensuing Action
Phase, he can neither deploy reinforcements to Pusan nor
place additional units in the "UN Reinforcements to non-
Pusan Port" space.
EXAMPLE: The UN player has the US 7th and 24th Divisions in the
FEC GHQ Reserve Box. In the 1st Action Phase of Game Turn 4,
the UN player places the 7th Division in the "UN Reinforcements to
non-Pusan Port" space during the Deployment Segment. Because of
this decision, the 24th Division cannot be deployed in the current
Deployment Segment or in the Deployment Segment of the ensuing
Action Phase. In the Deployment Segment of the 2nd Action Phase
of Game Turn 4, the UN player places the 7th Division in Inch on,
which is currently UN-controlled. In the Deployment Segment of the
1st Action Phase of Game Turn 5, the UN player decides to deploy
the 24th Division to Pusan. This unit is immediately placed directly
in Pusan /unless Pusan is currently occupied by a UN combat unit,
in which case it is placed in any land hex adjacent to Pusan/.
UN Assets: Reinforcing UN assets that are placed in the FEC
GHQ Reserve Box can be assigned and reassigned to any com-
bat units in the box at any time the UN player wishes.
However, in order to be brought onto the map, assets must
be assigned to a combat unit being transferred from the FEC
GHQ Reserve Box to the map or participating in an Amphib-
ious Assault.
Task Force Smith: During the Deployment Segment of the
1st Action Phase of Game Turn 2, the UN player receives
the "Task Force Smith" reinforcement. During this segment,
the UN player can place Task Force Smith in any hex con-
taining a railroad within Ch'ungch'ong, Cholla, Kyongsang-
Pukto or Kyongsang-Namdo province. It cannot be placed
in an enemy-occupied hex or in an enemy Zone of Control.
Once placed, it can neither move nor attack, but defends
normally. At the end of that Action Phase, the unit is removed
from the map, regardless of its location, and is not used again.
In the Advanced Game Scenario, Task Force Smith is
available subject to UN Commitment (see 18.0). If the unit
is made available after the 1st Action Phase of Game Turn
2, it is never used.
US Air Reinforcements: US air unit reinforcements are
received during the Air Mission Phase, not in the Reinforce-
ment Segment. Reinforcing air units are placed on missions
on the UN Air Theater Display (see 15.0).
Nationalist Chinese Reinforcement: The Nationalist
Chinese units are available only in the Advanced Game (see
20.0).
13.2 UN Reconstitution
Damaged or destroyed US and UN ally combat units and
assets can be rebuilt.
US Divisional Reconstitution
If, during the UN Reconstitution Segment of an Action
Phase, a US RPL2 or RPL1 unit is on the map on its mobile
side (that is, it was not activated in the preceding Operations
Segment), the UN player can replace it with a stronger unit.
This substitution can occur even if the unit is in an enemy
Zone of Control.
• If it is an RPL2 unit, it is replaced with a full-strength
US division. Do not use a unit that is on the UN Recon-
stitute Track or in the FEC GHQ Reserve Box.
• If it is an RPL1 unit, it is replaced with a US RPL2 unit.
The US FEC and Marine units must be replaced by units
of their own type.
Destroyed Units Reconstitution
During the UN Reconstitution Segment of an Action
Phase, destroyed UN units on the UN Reconstitute Track are
adjusted. (Non-ROK UN units are placed on the track when
they are eliminated; see 9.5.) Units on the UN Reconstitute
Track can never build-up or break-down. The units are ad-
justed on the track as follows:
1. UN units occupying the "Available Units" space on the track
are first removed. Combat units are placed directly in Pusan
( 0928) or in any hex adjacent to Pusan, but not in violation
of stacking restrictions. Assets can be assigned to any UN
combat unit on the map (subject to assignment restrictions;
see 8.1). These units do not count against the UN player's rein-
forcement transferral limitations (see 13.1) or against his Am-
phibious Capacity (see 11.1).
In scenario 1 (see 17.1) if Pusan is occupied by NK forces,
no reconstituted units can be placed in Pusan or in a space
adjacent to the city. In this case, they are placed in the FEC
GHQ Reserve Box.
2. UN units in the "Reconstituting Units" space of the track
are next shifted to the "Available Units" space.
3. UN units in the "Destroyed Units" space are next shifted
to the "Reconstituting Units" space.
 THE KOREAN WAR, Page 24
13.3 Enhancement
During the FEC Enhancement Phase of Game Turns 3,
4, and 5, the UN player can upgrade his FEC combat units.
In Game Turns 3 and 4, the UN player can choose any single
US FEC division or RPL unit to enhance during this phase
(or he could enhance 3 US FEC regiments during the phase).
During Game Turn 5, he can enhance 2 US FEC divisions
or RPL units (or 1 FEC division and 3 FEC regiments, or 6
FEC regiments). Thus, in Game Turns 3, 4, and 5, the UN
player can enhance the equivalent of 4 US FEC divisions. Ma-
rine units are never enhanced.
The FEC units chosen for enhancement can be situated
anywhere on the map, or they can occupy the FEC GHQ
Reserve Box or the UN ReconstituteTrack. The units can be
situated in an enemy Zone of Control.
Enhanced FEC units are removed from the map and are
The control of city hexes has an important effect on the
game. Ports are important for the UN player as supply sources
and for deploying his reinforcements. The NK player draws
supplies and reinforcements from Production Centers.
14.1 Cities
All city hexes north of the 38th Parallel are considered
under NK control unless they are occupied by a UN Control
marker. It is never necessary to place NK Control markers
in these cities. Likewise, all cities south of the 38th Parallel
are considered under UN control unless they are occupied
by an NK Control marker. Is is not necessary to have UN
Controlling Enemy Cities
Control markers in these cities.
A player gains control of an enemy's city as soon as he
moves an active unit into the city hex. The unit does not have
to stay in the hex to maintain control; as long as the unit
moves through the hex during its activation, the city comes
under the player's control. A Control marker of the appropri-
ate nationality is placed in a captured city hex. It remains
in the hex until the other player regains control of the city
within his country, at which time the Control marker is
removed.
14.2 Ports
Some cities are designated as ports (they have anchor
symbols). The control of ports is important for UN supply
purposes. Unless contradicted by scenario instructions, all
ports south of the 38th Parallel are operable UN supply
sources at the start of each scenario. Ports are also impor-
tant for UN reinforcements (see 13.1).
Minesweeping
If the UN player gains control of port in North Korea or
if he regains control of a port in South Korea, he must place
a Minesweeping marker in the port hex. A port is not an oper-
replaced in the same hex or space with non-FEC units of the
same size and type. (Note that FEC units have a yellow in-
fantry symbol box; their non-FEC counterparts are located
on the countersheet directly under the FEC units. FEC regi-
ments are replaced by their non-FEC regiment counterparts;
FEC divisions by non-FEC divisions; and FEC RPL units by
non-FEC RPL units. Once FEC units are removed from the
map, they are not used again for the remainder of the game.
Optional Rule: Although designations of units are irrelevant,
the UN player may wish to enhance FEC units with non-FEC
units bearing the same designations in order to keep track
of the status of US divisions. The UN player has 4 divisions,
12 regiments, 4 RPL2 units, and 4 RPL1 units that represent
FEC units when they first enter play. Each of the division
and regiment counters has a corresponding counter that
represents the unit in its non-FEC status.
able UN supply source nor can reinforcements be deployed
in the port until the Minesweeping marker is removed.
During the Minesweeping Segment of each Action Phase,
the UN player rolls a die once for each Minesweeping marker
on the map. On a die roll of 0, 1, 2, or 3, the Minesweeping
marker is removed; on any other result, the marker stays in
place. The UN player continues to roll for the removal of
N K Control of Ports
Minesweeping markers in every Minesweeping Segment.
If the NK player gains control of a UN port, any Mine-
sweeping marker in the hex is removed. Ports alone never
act as NK supply sources, unless the port is also a Produc-
tion Center (the only two port/Production Centers are Wonsan
and Najin). At the moment the NK player gains control of
a port hex, he must place a single NK garrison in the hex.
The garrison remains in the port hex until eliminated (any
"r" result eliminates a garrison). A port hex can be garrisoned
several times during the game, but only one garrison unit can
occupy any given port hex at a time.
14.3 Production Center
Some cities are designated as Production Centers. The
control of these cities is important for NK supply purposes.
Unless contradicted by scenario instructions, all Produc-
tion Centers are operable NK supply sources at the start of
each scenario. At the moment the UN player gains control
of a Production Center, it ceases to function as an NK supply
source. The Production Center begins to function again as
a supply source as soon as the NK player regains control of
the hex. Production Centers are also important for NK rein-
forcements (see 13.1). The UN player can never use Produc-
tion Centers for supply sources unless they are also ports (that
is, Wonsan and Najin).

THE KOREAN WAR, Page 25
There are two kinds of air missions in the game: Close
Air Support and Interdiction. Except in Game Turn 1, when
the NK player can perform close air support, the UN player
alone conducts air missions, and he has the only air unit
counters in the game.
Printed on the north map is the UN Air Theater Display,
which is used in Introductory Scenario 3 and in the Advanced
Game. The 8"x 11" player's aid card contains the same Air
Theater Display and the tables and tracks needed by the UN
player to conduct air missions in scenarios 1, 2, 4, and 5. The
Air Theater Display is a small map of Korea, sub-divided into
its component provinces. Each province corresponds with
those delineated by border hexsides on the game-map.
The US air units are used only on the Air Theater Dis-
play. Each scenario lists the US air units that are available
at the start of the game and those that appear as reinforce-
ments. An air unit has two values: Close Air Support and In-
terdiction. A unit with a 0 for either of these values cannot
perform that kind of mission. Air units can never be attacked
or destroyed.
Air Missions: During the Air Mission Phase, the UN player
can assign each of his air units to Close Air Support or Inter-
diction missions. Once assigned to that mission, an air unit
must remain on it until the Air Mission Termination Phase,
at which time all US air units are removed from the Air
Theater Display. During the next Air Mission Phase, they may
be reassigned to the same or a different mission.
Termination of Air Missions: During the Air Mission
Termination Phase, all air units are removed from the Air
Unit Holding Box and from the provincial Interdiction boxes
on the Air Theater Display. The Close Air Support Level and
Interdiction Level markers are both reduced to 0. NK Re-
stricted Road Movement markers (if any) are removed as
well. (See below for more details.)
15.1 Close Air Support Missions
An air unit assigned to close air support is placed in the
"Air Unit Holding Box" of the Air Theater Display. The UN
player combines the Close Air Support Values of all units in
the box and places the Close Air Support Level marker in
the numbered box on the Close Air Support Track that cor-
Effects of Close Air Support
responds to this sum.
Close air support can be used to aid UN units that are
attacking, defending or performing Amphibious Assault. A
maximum of 1 point per combat can be assigned; as the UN
player uses his Close Air Support Points, he moves the marker
down the track, one box per point used. When the marker
reaches 0, no more close air support missions can be used
for the rest of the Game Turn.
A Close Air Support Points gives a + 1 or - 1 combat die
roll modifier when a ground unit is attacking or defending,
respectively. During Amphibious Assaults, it gives a + 1 com-
bat die roll modifier to the assaulting unit."
15.2 Interdiction Missions
An air unit performing interdiction must be assigned to
a specific province on the Air Theater Display. A maximum
of 4 air units can be assigned to an interdiction mission with-
in a single province at any given time. The following proce-
dure is used to determine the UN player's Interdiction
capability:
1. Multiply the Interdiction Values of each air unit assigned
to interdiction within a province by the multiplier listed in
that province's Interdiction space.
2. Combine the Interdiction Values of all air units assigned
to interdiction.
3. The UN player consults his Interdiction Table and rolls
the die. Applying modifiers for winter (see below) and for
UN Rules of Engagement (Advanced Game; see 18.4) to the
die roll, he cross-references the modified die roll with the
column corresponding to the sum obtained in step 2. The
result will be a number, which is the UN Interdiction Level
for the rest of the Game Turn. Place the Interdiction Level
marker in the box corresponding to this number on the UN
Interdiction Track.
Effects of Interdiction
The UN Interdiction Value affects the NK player's supply
abilities and movement of units.
• During the Depot Supply Level Segments of both Action
Phases in a Game Turn, the NK player must subtract the
current UN Interdiction Level from all Depot Table die
rolls (see 5.2).
• If the UN player has assigned 4 air units (each with an
Interdiction Value of 1 or more) to interdiction in one
province, the movement of NK combat units along roads
within that province is restricted. Place a Restricted Road
Movement marker in the appropriate box within the
province. NK units pay 1 Movement Point (instead of 1/2)
to use a road within the interdicted province.
15.3 Limitations on Air Missions
During Game Turn 1, the UN player cannot perform air
missions. Also, although he does not have any air units, the
NK player receives 3 close air support bonuses (see 16.2).
During Winter Game Turns (6-10), the following restric-
tions are placed on UN air missions:
• A maximum of 4 air units can be assigned to close air
support missions;
• Subtract 2 from all UN die rolls on the Interdiction Table.
EXAMPLE OF AIR MISSIONS: The UN player has eleven air units: five
with a Close Air Support Value of 0 and an Interdiction Value of 4,
and six with a Close Air Support Value of 2 and an Interdiction
Value of 1. During the Air Missions Phase, he decides to allocate
three 2-1 air units to close air support missions. He places these
units in the "Air Unit Holding Box" and moves the Close Air Support
Level marker to 6 (2+2+2).
Next, he allocates four 0-4 units to interdiction in Hwanghae
province and one 0-4 unit and three 2-1 units in Pyongan-Pukto
province. Because each of these provinces have four air units on in-
terdiction, he places a Restricted Road Movement marker in each.
The Interdiction multiplier for Hwanghae province is "x 3" and the
combined Interdiction Values of the air units is 16; thus, the modi-
fied Interdiction Value is 48 (16x31. The multiplier for P'yongan-
Pukto is "x5" and the combined Interdiction Values for the air units
is 7; thus, the modified Interdiction Value for this province is 35
(7x5). The sum for Interdiction Values in both provinces is 83
(48+35).
The UN player consults the Interdiction Table and rolls the die,
getting a 7. Cross-referencing the 7 with the "79 to 99" column of the
Interdiction Table yields a result of 6, which is the UN Interdiction
Level for the turn. He places the Interdiction Level marker in this
box on his Interdiction Track.
 THE KOREAN WAR, Page 26
16.1 Game Turns I and 2
The following rules apply to both Game Turns 1 and 2.
Depots: Depots are not used by either player. Thus, the
Depot Placement, Depot Status, Depot Supply Level, and Sup-
ply Point Expenditure Segments are skipped in the Action
Phases of these turns.
Initiative: Because Supply Points are not expended by
depots, initiative is not determined during these turns. In-
stead, the NK player always has initiative during these two
turns. When consulting the Initiative Tables to determine the
number of Operations a player can perform during an Oper-
ations Sequence, use the two special columns on each table;
the column labeled "Game Turn 1" is used in that turn and
the one labeled "Game Turn 2" is used in that turn.
Combat Values: Because there are no depots on the map
during these turns, the Combat Values of units are not modi-
fied by the Combat Value Modification Chart. Instead, the
printed values on the counters are used, unless modified by
Entrenchments.
Assets: Assets can neither be transferred nor reassigned dur-
ing these turns. NK armor assets are eliminated if their par-
ent combat units are eliminated in combat.
Ending the Operations Segment: If the NK player has
already passed during an Operations Segment of these turns
and the UN player obtains a result on his Initiative Table that
is followed by an asterisk (* ), the Operations Segment ends
immediately. The UN player can perform no more Opera-
tions Sequences.
16.2 Game Turn I
The following special rules apply to Game Turn 1 only.
Sequence of Play: The normal Sequence of Play is not per-
formed in Game Turn 1; instead, the 2nd Action Phase and
the Game Turn Indication Phase are the only ones performed.
All other phases are skipped. Thus, units can be activated
only once in this turn, not twice as would be the case in all
other Game Turns.
Action Points: An activated combat unit receives only 2 (not
3) Action Points during the 2nd Action Phase of this turn.
These points are expended normally. Because Strategic Move-
ment, All-out Attacks and Entrenching cost 3 Action Points,
these actions cannot be performed in this turn.
NK Air Superiority: Normally, the NK player does not
possess any air capability. However, during Game Turn 1,
he is allowed 3 close air support bonuses. He can apply 1
close air support bonus per attack (not to defense), and this
bonus gives him a + 1 combat die roll modifier.
UN Naval Support: There are no die roll modifiers for naval
support in this turn.
16.3 Game
The following rule applies only in Game Turn 2.
UN Amphibious Assaults: The UN player cannot perform
any Amphibious Assaults during the 1st Action Phase of
Game Turn 2.
Winter Game Turns (6 through 10) affect the UN player's
air missions (see 15.3). In addition, during these turns, the
UN and NK players subtract 1 from all Depot Table die rolls
(see 5.2).
 THE KOREAN WAR, Page 2 7

There are five Introductory Scenarios, each of which can
be played with the rules from sections 3.0 through 16.0. Each
scenario uses only one map, and they usually consist of from
two to five Game Turns. Included with each scenario is its
own set-up instructions, reinforcement schedule, special
rules, and victory conditions.
In each scenario's set-up and reinforcement instructions,
actual historical designations are listed. Since many units of
the same nationality are interchangeable, players do not have
to use units by actual designation. They can instead select
any unit of the same nationality, size, and Combat Values
as the unit listed in these instructions.
it down sufficiently to hold Pusan (Korea's largest port) while
FEC forces and reinforcements from the United States
mustered in Japan for an amphibious stroke against North
Korean rear areas.
The defense of the "Pusan Perimeter" was, as the Duke
of Wellington remarked about the Battle of Waterloo, a "near-
run thing." Ill-trained US and ROK troops were thrown into
the Naktong River defense line in the face of unremitting
North Korean attacks aimed at the capture of Taegu and Pu-
san. However, in the words of General Walton Walker, a
former corps commander under Patton and now the com-
mander of MacArthur's 8th Army, the UN forces were de-

17.1 Scenario 1:
termined that there would "be no Dunkirk, there will be no
Bataan ... We must fight until the end. Capture by these peo-

The Invasion of South Korea

ple is worse than death itself. We will fight as a team. If some
of us die, we will die fighting together."
1. HISTORICAL NOTES: On the morning of Sunday, the 25th of 2. MAP: Use only the southern map in this scenario.
June, 1950, the North Korean People's Army attacked across 3. OPERABLE UN PORTS: Inch'on, Kunsan, Masan, Pusan.
the 38th Parallel in a furious, coordinated offensive against 4. NK PRODUCTION CENTERS: Pyongyang, Wonsan.
South Korea. According to a Pyongyang radio broadcast that
5. NK SET-UP : All of the following units are NK nationality. The
morning, the "righteous invasion" was aimed at the downfall
of the South Korean government led by "the bandit traitor division size units' Combat Values are listed as Attack/Anti-
Syngman Rhee." tank/Defense. Armor assets' Combat Values are listed as
The roots of this struggle were highly complex. The long Armor/Anti-tank. Note that the hex set-up numbers for this
fuse was lit hundreds of years previously when Korea was scenario are listed on the fronts of the NK counters. ( Desig:
bounced mercilessly among Japan, China and Russia in the Designation.)
COMBAT SET-UP
DESIG VALUES HEX
struggle for hegemony in the Far East. The short fuse had
its origins at the end of the Second World War when, shortly
after the Potsdam Conference in July 1945, the Big Three 6 12-3-7 4412
agreed that upon the downfall of Japan, Soviet forces would 1 12-3-7 4314
occupy the Korean peninsula north of the 38th Parallel while 3 12-3-7 4318
American forces would occupy the south. Closely resembling 4 12-3-7 4317
the situation in Germany at the close of the war, the 38th 12-3-7 4221
Parallel - which was never intended to be an inviolable in- 7 12-3-7 4224
ternational boundary - quickly became a rigid "iron curtain." 5 12-3-7 4129
Unlike Germany, however, Soviet and American forces with- 13 12-3-7 5808
drew shortly after the close of the war, leaving North Korean 15 12-3-7 4822
communist forces staring angrily across the border at their 10 12-3-7 5709
ARMOR
countrymen from the south.
In the period 1946-1950, North Korea achieved a remark-
able military build-up, far surpassing the efforts of their 203 8-2 4314
southern neighbors. One major advantage was that a good 109 8-2 4318
one-third of the North Korean People's Army were highly 107 8-2 4317
trained veterans of the Chinese Revolution, who had just been 205 8-2 5709
repatriated by the Communist Chinese government after the 6. UN SET-UP: All of the following units are ROK nationality,
successful termination of that struggle. When it came, the regiment size. Note that the hex set-up numbers for this
invasion across the 38th Parallel was a complete surprise to scenario are listed on the front of the ROK counters. The UN
the South Koreans, even though a virtual state of war had player does not begin the game with any units in the FEC
existed between the two countries well before the 25th of
ET-
S UP
GHQ Reserve Box or with any air units.
June 1950.
COMBAT COMBAT SET-UP
The goal of the North Korean invasion was to unify the DESIG DESIG
Korean peninsula under a single communist-led government.
11 2-1-2 3915 22 2-1-2 1625
Militarily, the invasion was a remarkable success at first,
despite the relative strength of the South Korean forces along 12 2-1-2 4312 23 2-1-2 1625
the Parallel. Seoul was captured in less than five days, and 13 2-1-2 4214 15 2-1-2 1210
by the end of July, North Korean columns were rapidly press- 1 2-1-2 4217 20 2-1-2 1914
ing southward in the face of collapsing resistance. The inter- 3 2-1-2 4117 25 2-1-2 3020
vention of United States Far East Command forces stationed 9 2-1-2 4117 5 2-1-2 2416
in Japan did not deter the North Korean advance; one US 7 2-1-2 4122 16 2-1-2 2021
division (the 24th) was virtually destroyed in this delaying 8 2-1-2 3824 2 1-1-1 3715
action. Nevertheless, the initial US intervention - in General 19 2-1-2 3421 18 1-1-1 3815
MacArthur's words, "An arrogant display of strength" - was 10 2-1-2 4029 17 1-1-1 2111
not intended to defeat the North Korean Army, but to slow 21 2-1-2 3431 YNG 1-1-1 1018


THE KOREAN WAR, Page 28

7. REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULE is skipped, and in Game Turn 4, the 2nd Action Phase is
A. UN Reinforcements: UN reinforcements are listed by skipped.
turn and phase of arrival, reinforcement letter, size, type, 9. SPECIAL RULES
designation, and Combat Values. US air units are listed by A. UN units are not allowed to move or retreat north of 38th
by Armor/Anti-tank values. ( AMP: Air Mission Phase; 1AP:
Close Air Support/Interdiction values. Armor assets are listed Parallel border hexsides.
1st Action Phase; 2AP: 2nd Action Phase; Mar: Marine; Ast:
B. The UN player cannot allocate US air units to interdic-
Asset; Reinf: Reinforcement; Desig: Designation.) All units
tion missions in the four northernmost provinces of North
Korea (P'yongan-Pukto, Chagang, Yanggang, and Hamyong-
listed below are US unless otherwise designated.
Pukto). The UN player should use the Air Theater Display
GAME REINF COMBAT
on the player aid card.
TURN PHASE LETTER SIZE TYPE DESIG VALUES
C. The UN player can make Amphibious Assaults only
2 AMP A - Air CAW-1 1-1 against the following invasion hexes: 0819, 0924, 0929, 1230.
AMP A - Air 8 2-1 D. During the FEC Enhancement Phase of Game Turns 3 and
1AP B - Inf TF SMTH' 0-1-1 4, the UN player is able to enhance his FEC units as described
1AP B XX Inf 24 FEC) 12-4-7 in 13.3.
2AP C XX Inf 25 FEC) 12-4-7 10. VICTORY CONDITIONS: At the end of the game, the UN
2AP C XX Inf 1CV FEC) 12-4-7 player receives Victory Points (VP) for controlling cities and
3 AMP D - Air CAW-2 1-1 for combat units in the FEC GHQ Reserve Box according to
the following schedules:
AMP D Air 35 2-1
UNCONTROLLED VICTORY
CITIES POINTS
AMP D - Air 49 2-1 j
AMP D - Air 3 2-2
Pusan 30
AMP D - Air 19 0-4
AMP D - Air 22 0-4 Seoul 15
1AP E III Mar 5 6-2-4 Taegu 15
1AP E III Inf 9 4-2-3 Taejon 15
1AP E - Ast 72 8-2 Inch'on 15
1AP E - Ast 1 MAR 9-2 Yongdungp'o 3
2AP F XX Inf 7 (FEC) 12-4-7 Kunsan 3
2AP F III Inf 23 4-2-3 Mokp'o 3
2AP F III Inf 38 4-2-3 Masan 3
2AP F Ast 70 8-2 Chonju 3
2AP F Ast 73 9-2
2AP F - Ast 89 8-2 Kwangju 3
Kumch'on 3
4 AMP G - Air 1MAR 1-0
UN UNITS IN FEC GHQ RESERVE VICTORY
BOX AT END OF GAME POINTS
AMP G - Air 18 2-1
AMP G - Air 51 2-1 :'
Each full-strength division 6
AMP G - Air 92 0-4
AMP G - Air 98 0-4' US Marine regiment 3
AMP G - Air 307 0-4 Each US infantry regiment
or COM brigade 2
1AP "
1AP H X Inf 27 (COM) 4-2-3 ROK regiments, RPL units, assets 0
1AP H Ast 6 9-2" The UN player can receive no more than 20 VP for units
1AP H - Ast 79 8-2 in the FEC GHQ Reserve Box.
': See restrictions on Task Force Smith in 13.1. To determine the winner, total the UN VP and consult
": See 13.1.: The UN player rolls the die and consults the ROK the following schedule:
WINNER AND LEVEL VICTORY
Reinforcement Table (see 13.1).
OF VICTORY POINTS

B. NK Reinforcements: The NK player rolls a die and con- UN Decisive Victory 68 or more
sults the NK Reinforcement Table during every Reinforce- UN Substantive Victory 63-67
ment Segment, starting with the 1st Action Phase of Game
UN Marginal Victory 58-62
Turn 2.
Draw 57
8. GAME LENGTH: The scenario begins at the beginning of
Game Turn 1 (see 16.2 for special rules concerning Game NK Marginal Victory 52-56
Turn 1) and ends at the conclusion of the 1st Action Phase NK Substantive Victory 47-51
of Game Turn 4. Thus, in Game Turn 1, the 1st Action Phase NK Decisive Victory 46 or less

The United Nations Strike Back was to buy time so that US Far East Command forces in Japan
could prepare for a decisive amphibious stroke against a
1. HISTORICAL NOTES: The essential goal of General Douglas North Korean rear area. The complete command of the sea
MacArthur's strategy in . the early phase of the Korean War by the United Nations was MacArthur's trump card, for when


THE KOREAN WAR, Page 29

an adequately trained force was built-up in Japan, he could COMBAT SETUP COMBAT SET-UP
DESIG VALUES HEX ARMOR VALUES HEX
strike wherever and whenever he wished.
The FEC's problem lay in preserving a reserve for this 18 12-3-7 3715 107 4-1 1824
purpose while the Pusan Perimeter was threatened by North 31 12-3-7 4712 109 4-1 1723
Korean assaults at all points. Ambitious amphibious plans for RPL2 6-2-4 1731 203 4-1 1222
the US 1st Cavalry Division had to be cancelled in mid-July RPL1 3-1-3 1730 205 4-1 1022
in order to rush the division into the land battle in south- RPL1 3-1-3 1828 344 8-2 4712
eastern Korea. Similarly, the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade RPL2 6-2-4 1827 GARRISONS
(consisting primarily of the regimental-sized 5th Marines) - RPL2 6-2-4 1825
101 0-1-3 5405
troops specially trained in amphibious operations and ear- RPL2 6-2-4 1824
102 0-1-3 5522
marked for MacArthur's end-run - had to be rushed into the RPL2 6-2-4 1723
103 0-1-3 4504
battle for Masan on the south coast. Nevertheless, MacArthur RPL2 6-2-4 1522
104 0-1-3 3713
resisted the temptation to commit the US 7th Division to the RPL1 3-1-3 1422
land battle. He also received a hodgepodge of Marine units 105 0-1-3 2111
RPL2 6-2-4 1222
from the United States and Europe which, when combined RPL1 3-1-3 1123
with the 5th Marines, would be the equivalent of a full
RPL1 3-1-3 1022
Marine division.
RPL1 3-1-3 1321
MacArthur never hesitated a moment in his choice for
an amphibious landing site: the port of Inch'on on the west
coast of Korea, only about 20 miles from Seoul. MacArthur's 6. UN SET-UP: UN units are listed by nationality, reinforcement
decision was based on the assumption that the effectiveness letter (if any), designation, size, type, Combat Values, and
of the North Korean drive on Pusan was almost totally de- set-up hex (or area).
pendent on road-bound supplies and replacements originat-
ing in North Korea; a quick glance at the map illustrated the REINF COMBAT
fact that "all roads lead to Seoul." The seizure of Inch'on and NATION LETTER DESIG SIZE TYPE VALUES HEX (OR AREA)

a rapid advance upon Seoul would virtually isolate the North US A CAW-1 - Air 1-1 Air Display
Korean forces opposing the Pusan Perimeter from their sup- US D CAW-2 - Air 1-1 Air Display
ply sources in the north. However, MacArthur was almost US A 8 - Air 2-1 Air Display
universally opposed in this scheme by most of the US mili- US D 35 - Air 2-1 Air Display
tary hierarchy. Naval and Marine officers were appalled at US D 49 - Air 2-1 Air Display
the Inch'on tides; at low water, the so-called "port" was noth- US G 18 - Air 2-1 Air Display
US G 51 - Air 2-1 Air Display
ing more than a huge mud flat. Army and Air Force officers
US D 3 - Air 2-2 Air Display
were worried at the prospect of an invasion so far from sup-
US G 1MAR - Air 1-0 Air Display
porting forces. The possibility of another Anzio haunted many
US D 19 - Air 0-4 Air Display
high-level planners.
US D 22 - Air 0-4 Air Display
Despite these protests, MacArthur insisted upon the oper- US G 92 - Air 0-4 Air Display
ation. "The Navy has never turned me down yet, and I know US G 98 - Air 0-4 Air Display
it will not now," he said to his FEC staff. To the Joint Chiefs US G 307 - Air 0-4 Air Display
in Washington, MacArthur argued, "The success of the
US - 1 XX Mar 26-6-15 FEC Box
enveloping movement from the north does not depend upon
US - 7 XX Inf 20-6-11 FEC Box
the rapid juncture of the X Corps [Inch'on force] and the
US E 1MAR - Ast 9-2 FEC Box
Eighth Army [Pusan Perimeter force]. The seizure of the heart US F 73 - Ast 9-2 FEC Box
of the enemy distributing center in the Seoul area will com-
US - 24 XX Inf 20-6-11 1625
pletely dislocate the logistical supply of his forces now oper-
US - 8CV FEC) III Inf 3-1-2 1725
ating in South Korea and therefore will ultimately result in US 7CV FEC) III Inf 3-1-2 1725
their disintegration. This, indeed, is the primary purpose of US - 5CV FEC) III Inf 3-1-2 1623
the movement." The very next day, MacArthur received this COM H 27 X Inf 4-2-3 1623
message from the JCS: "We approve your plan and the Presi- US F 23 III Inf 4-2-3 1423
dent has been so informed." The invasion was set for 15 US F 38 III Inf 4-2-3 1423
September 1950. US E 9 III Inf 4-2-3 1223
The Inch'on invasion has passed into history as Mac- US - 35 FEC) III Inf 3-1-2 1223
US 27 FEC) III Inf 3-1-2 1023
Arthur's last, and perhaps greatest, triumph. Despite the
US - 24 FEC) III Inf 3-1-2 1023
hindrance of the Inch'on tides, the invasion was a success,
and just as suddenly as Seoul fell to the North Koreans in US F 89 - Ast 8-2 1625
US H 6 - Ast 9-2 1630
June, it was recaptured. As MacArthur predicted, the North
US F 70 - Ast 8-2 1725
Korean forces in the south soon collapsed and General
US E 72 - Ast 8-2 1423
Walker's forces advanced, almost without opposition, to link-
US H 79 Ast 8-2 1023
up with MacArthur. After a short pause at the 38th Parallel,
ROK - 3 XX Inf 10-4-6 1630
the UN forces advanced into North Korea, capturing the
North Korean capital of P'yongyang on 20 October. Mac- ROK - 8 XX Inf 10-4-6 1728
ROK - CAP XX Inf 10-4-6 1727
Arthur's daring Inch'on gamble proved to be one of the
greatest American military triumphs in history, rivaling the UN Depot - - 3(1)* 1526
very greatest of the German blitzkriegs. *:The UN depot placed in hex 1526 before the start of the game
has a Depot Value of 3 and 1 Supply Point underneath it.
2. MAP: Use only the southern map in this scenario.
3. OPERABLE UN PORTS: Masan, Pusan. 7. REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULES
4. Pyongyang, Wonsan.
A. UN Reinforcements: UN reinforcements are listed by
NK PRODUCTION CENTERS:

5. NK SETUP: All of the following units are NK nationality. turn and phase of arrival, reinforcement letter, size, type,
Only two full-strength divisions are used; the rest are RPL designation, and Combat Values. ( AMP: Air Mission Phase;
units. Also, except for the 344 armor asset, all other armor 1AP: 1st Action Phase; 2AP: 2nd Action Phase; Par:
assets begin the game on their reduced side. Parachute.) All units are US unless otherwise designated.
 THE KOREAN WAR, Page 30

GAME REINF COMBAT

TURN PHASE LETTER SIZE TYPE DESIG VALUES
of the 2nd Action Phase in Game Turn 4, the UN player con-
sults the "Game Turn 4" column of the UN Depot Table,
4 2AP regardless of the location of his depot or the supply source
5 AMP J - Air CAW-3 1-1 to which it traces a link (see 5.2). The NK player determines
AMP J - Air 27 2-1 his Supply Level normally during this turn.
1AP I. One way the UN player earns Victory Points is by exiting
1AP K III Inf 65 4-2-3 his units off the north edge of the map. The Movement Point
1AP K III Par 187 4-2-3 cost to exit the map-edge is equal to the Movement Points
2AP " expended by the unit to enter the hex from which it intends
to exit the map.
*: UN player rolls the die and consults the ROK Reinforcement Table
(see 13.1). If the optional parachute rule is being used, see 12.0. 10. VICTORY CONDITIONS: At the end of the game, the UN
B. NK Reinforcements: The NK player rolls the die and player receives VP for controlling cities and for units exited
consults the NK Reinforcement Table during every Reinforce- off the north map-edge according to the following schedules:
ment Segment, starting with the 2nd Action Phase of Game UN-CONTROLLED VICTORY
CITIES POINTS
Turn 4 (see 13.1).
8. GAME LENGTH: The scenario starts with the UN player
Seoul 10
allocating US air units to missions during the Air Mission P'yongyang 10
Phase of Game Turn 4; however, all other phases are skipped Wonsan 8
until the 2nd Action Phase at which point the game begins. Chinnamp'o 5
The scenario ends at the completion of Game Turn 5. Namch'onjom 5
9. SPECIAL RULES All other South Korean cities 1
A. No more than 4 US air units can be allocated to close air
UN UNITS EXITED OFF VICTORY
support missions during the Air Mission Phase of Game Turn NORTH MAP-EDGE POINTS
4. The UN player should use the Air Theater Display on the US division 4
player aid card.
ROK division 3
B. No US air units can be assigned to interdiction missions
in the four northernmost provinces (P'yongan-Pukto, Cha- Any regiment/brigade
gang, Yanggang, and Hamyong-Pukto). Assets 0
C. During the FEC Enhancement Phase of Game Turn 5, the The UN player can also lose Victory Points. For every
UN player can enhance all remaining US FEC units on the NK division (including RPL units) south of the 38th Parallel
map (see 13.3). at the end of the game, the UN player loses 2 VP.
D. Skip the UN Reconstitution Segment of all Action Phases To determine the winner, calculate the total number of
in the scenario. Damaged or destroyed UN combat units can- UN VP at the end of the game and consult the following
not be replaced. schedule:
E. Place NK Control markers in the following cities at the WINNER AND LEVEL VICTORY
OF VICTORY POINTS
start of the game: Seoul, Inch'on, Yongdungp'o, Taejon, Kun-
san, Mokp'o, Chonju, Kwangju, and Kumch'on. UN Decisive Victory 70 or more
F. If a unit is forced to retreat off the edge of the map, it is UN Substantive Victory 60-69
eliminated. UN Marginal Victory 51-59
G. If the UN player gains control of P'yongyang and Won- Draw 50
san, the NK player does not consult the NK Reinforcement NK Marginal Victory 37-49
Table during the Reinforcement Segment. NK Substantive Victory 27-36
H. Remember that during the Depot Supply Level Segment NK Decisive Victory 26 or less

17.3 Scenario 3:
The Chinese Intervene
1. HISTORICAL NOTES: Although it was not recognized at the
time, the decision to cross the 38th Parallel and occupy North
Korea after the successful UN invasion at Inch'on had pro-
digious consequences that affected the conduct of the Korean
War and, in fact, the course of world history. For, unbe-
knownst to MacArthur, the Communist Chinese government
had made the decision to enter the Korean War at the moment
non-Asian forces crossed the 38th Parallel into North Korea.
UN forces accomplished this feat on 7 October 1950, and
Chinese forces promptly poured into North Korea from
Manchuria
Unfortunately for MacArthur, UN intelligence com-
pletely failed to recognize this intervention - one of the
greatest military intelligence failures in history. As well over
100,000 Chinese troops were preparing to check the almost
unopposed UN offensive into the northern half of North
Korea, General MacArthur was quoted in response to a query
concerning the possibility of Chinese intervention: "Had they
interfered in the first or second months it would have been
decisive. We are no longer fearful of their intervention ... If
the Chinese tried to get down to Pyongyang there would be
the greatest slaughter."
In late October, however, it became clear that Chinese
forces had directly intervened in Korea when ROK columns
advancing towards the Yalu were unexpectedly attacked and
driven southward. Nevertheless, a US intelligence estimate,
written three days after Chinese intervention became known,
stated, "From a tactical viewpoint, with victorious US divi-
sions in full deployment, it would appear that the auspicious
ti me for such intervention has long since passed." For the next
month, UN advances became slightly more cautious as in-
telligence estimates raised their count of Chinese troops in
North Korea to 60,000. By 25 November 1950, this estimate
was about 250,000 men short.
On the morning of the 25th of November, the Chinese
struck in a massive offensive that caught MacArthur com-
pletely by surprise. Exploiting their mobility in rough terrain
and the dispersion of road-bound UN forces which were be-
yond supporting distance of one another, the Chinese offen-
sive resembled a huge tidal wave that would break on a rock
of organized resistance, but around which would flow an un-
 THE KOREAN WAR, Page 31

ceasing current of men and equipment. Within a week, UN
forces were in headlong and disorganized retreat, the Chinese
forces in close pursuit. Without any degree of mechanization
and with primitive support services, the Chinese hid
achieved a veritable blitzkrieg that caused one of the worst
defeats in American military history. Unfortunately for
Douglas MacArthur, this defeat was directly attributable to
the shocking intelligence failure of the FEC stiff in October
and November.
2. MAP: Use only the northern map in this scenario.
3. Not applicable.
OPERABLE UN PORTS:
cited to missions this turn). The scenario ends it the com-
pletion of Game Turn 7.
SPECIAL RULES
9.
A. During the Air Mission Phase of Game Turn 7, the UN
player can allocate US air units only to close air support
missions.
B. Depots ire not used in this scenario (skip the Depot Place-
ment, Depot Status, Depot Supply Level, and Supply Point
Expenditure Segments in ill Action Phases). The NK player
his the initiative throughout the scenario. Because Supply
Points ire not expended, the NK player uses the "Chinese

4. NK PRODUCTION CENTERS: Not applicable. Initiative Period" column and the UN player uses the "2 to
5. NK SET-UP: The NK player controls division-sized CCF and 3" column of their respective Initiative Tables when deter-
NK forces. Units whose designations ire followed by in "F)" mining the number of Operations that can be performed dur-
begin the game on their fatigued sides; these units cannot ing in Operations Sequence.
be activated in the first Action Phase of the game. C. UN units use their printed Combat Values throughout the
game. In the first Attack Action performed by the NK player
CHINESE COMBAT SET-UP CHINESE COMBAT SETUP in the 2nd Action Phase of Game Turn 6, the Attack Value
VALUES HEX UNITS VALUES HEX
of the active unit is multiplied by 2. During the rest of the
UN TS
78 12-3-6 7519
115 12-3-6 6817 2nd Action Phase of Game Turn 6, the Attack Values of NK
88 12-3-6 7720
116 12-3-6 6816 and CCF units are multiplied by 1 1/z (round fractions up); their
79 12-3-6 7617
117 12-3-6 6815 Defense and Anti-tank Values ire not modified. NK and CCF
80 12-3-6 7820
118 12-3-6 6814 units use their printed Combat Values in Game Turn 7.
81 12-3-6 8127
119 12-3-6 6917
90 12-3-6 8026 D. Assets ire not used in this scenario.
120 12-3-6 6916
149 F) 6-2-4 6407 E. The UN Reconstitution Segment is skipped in ill Action
112 12-3-6 6915
150 F) 6-2-4 6508 Phases. Damaged or destroyed UN units cannot be replaced.
113 12-3-6 6918
196 F) 6-2-4 6611
125 12-3-6 7021 F. No Amphibious Assaults can be performed during this
197 F) 6-2-4 6610
126 12-3-6 7121 scenario. Amphibious Evacuations, however, can occur.
198 F) 6-2-4 6609
58 12-3-6 7417 G. Units forced to retreat off the edge of the map ire
59 12-3-6 7518 NK UNITS
eliminated.
60 12-3-6 8126 RPL2 F) 3-1-3 9045
H. UN Control markers ire placed in the following cities it
89 12-3-6 7618 RPL2 F) 3-1-3 8949
the start of the game: Hungnim, Himhung, Ch'ongjin, and
76 12-3-6 7619 RPL2 F) 3-1-3 8649
Hyesinjin.
77 12-3-6 7719 101 0-1-3 8649
I. The NK player gains Victory Points for exiting his units
6. uN SET-UP: UN units ire listed by nationality, reinforcement off the south map-edge. The Movement Point cost to exit the
letter (if any), designation, size, type, Combat Values, and map-edge is equal to the Movement Points expended by the
set-up hex. Units whose designations ire followed by in "F)" unit to enter the hex from which it intends to exit the map.
begin the game on their fatigued side; these units cannot be 10. VICTORY CONDITIONS: At the end of the game, the NK
activated during the 1st Action Phase of the game. player receives VP for destroying UN units, controlling cer-
tain city hexes, and exiting NK and CCF unit off the south
NATION
REINF
LETTER DESIG SIZE
COMBAT
TYPE VALUES
map-edge according to the following schedules:
HEX (OR AREA)
US A 8 - Air 2-1 Air Display
US D 35 - Air 2-1 Air Display
VICTORY
DESTROYED UN UNIT POINTS
US D 49 - Air 2-1 Air Display
UN Marine division 4
US - 32 F) III Inf 2-1-2 7830
UN non-Marine division 3
US 17 F) III Inf 2-1-2 7932
US - 31 F) III Inf 2-1-2 7226 US, COM or TUR regiment/brigade 1
US L 15 III Inf 4-2-3 5921
US K 65 III Inf 4-2-3 6122
A full-strength division is destroyed if it suffers 3 step
US L 7 III Inf 4-2-3 6324
losses; in RPL2 division is destroyed if it suffers 2 step losses;
US - 1CV XX Inf 20-6-11 5911 in RPL1 division or a regiment/brigade is destroyed if it
US - 24 F) XX Inf 10-4-7 6408 suffers 1 step loss.
US - 2 F) XX Inf 10-4-7 6512
US - 25 F) XX Inf 10-4-7 6511
US - 1 F) XX Mar 13-4-9 6923 VICTORY
NK CONTROLLED CITIES POINTS
COM H 27 X Inf 4-2-3 6108
COM L Hamhung 6
29 X Inf 4-2-3 5908
TUR L 1 X Inf 4-2-3 6314 Hungnam 6
ROK - CAP F) XX Inf 5-2-4 8244 NK/CCF UNITS EXITED VICTORY
ROK - 1 F) XX Inf 5-2-4 6510 OFF SOUTH MAP-EDGE POINTS
ROK 6 F) XX Inf 5-2-4 6514 Each full-strength division 2
ROK - 7 F) XX Inf 5-2-4 6516
Each RPL2 division 1
ROK - 8 (F ) XX Inf 5-2-4 6417
Each RPL1 division 0
7. REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULE Neither player receives any rein-
forcements in this scenario.
8. GAME LENGTH: This scenario starts with the 2nd Action To determine the winner and the level of victory, calcu-
Phase of Game Turn 6. No other phases occur during this late the total number of NK VP it the end of the game and
turn, including the Air Mission Phase (no air units are allo - consult the following schedule:


THE KOREAN WAR, Page 32

WINNER AND VICTORY WINNER AND VICTORY
VICTORY LEVEL POINTS VICTORY LEVEL POINTS
NK Decisive Victory 60 or more UN Marginal Victory 30-39
NK Substantive Victory 50-59 UN Substantive Victory 20-29
NK Marginal Victory 40-49 UN Decisive Victory 19 or less

4: Scenario CCF COMBAT SET-UP CCF COMBAT

he United Nations Resurgent

UNITS VALUES HEX UNITS VALUES HEX

196 12-3-6 3315 45 12-3-6 4122

1. HISTORICAL NOTES: Despite the devastating military defeats 197 12-3-6 3317 44 12-3-6 4125
198 12-3-6 3418 29 12-3-6 4123
inflicted on UN forces by the Chinese November Offensive,
it soon became apparent that the Chinese could not achieve 77 12-3-6 3421 179 12-3-6 5609
a decisive victory due to their lack of mechanization, their 76 12-3-6 3324 180 12-3-6 5709
abyssal logistical services, and the complete command of 60 12-3-6 3715 181 12-3-6 5808
the air by UN air forces. Moreover, the Chinese had suffered 59 12-3-6 3716 149 12-3-6 5716
enormous losses in their drive southward at the end of 1950. 79 12-3-6 4712 150 12-3-6 5815
This drive swept them back into the North Korean capital 126 12-3-6 4124 NK
of P'yongyang, over the 38th Parallel into South Korea, and 124 12-3-6 3718 UNITS
into the South Korean capital of Seoul. By the end of January 35 12-3-6 3621 8 12-3-7 3226
1951, the Chinese (plus a rejuvenating North Korean People's 34 12-3-6 3622 31 12-3-7 3329
Army) held a line across the Korean peninsula roughly 25 31 12-3-6 3623 6 12-3-7 3531
miles south of Seoul. UN forces, still recovering from their
losses in November and December, progressively lost con-
tact with the Chinese in January. The Chinese offensive had
at last petered out. REINF COMBAT
When General Walton Walker, commander of the UN NATION LETTER DESIG SIZE TYPE VALUES HEX (OR AREA)
Eighth Army, was killed in a jeep accident on 23 December US A CAW-1 - Air 1-1 Air Display
1950, the FEC Commander, General MacArthur, selected US D CAW-2 - Air 1-1 Air Display
World War Two paratrooper General Matthew Ridgway to US J CAW-3 - Air 1-1 Air Display
succeed him. Ridgway instilled both new confidence and new US A 8 - Air 2-1 Air Display
strategic thinking into the ranks of Eighth Army. On front- US D 35 - Air 2-1 Air Display
line inspections, he assured himself that his forces were not
US D 49 - Air 2-1 Air Display
yet completely defeated, as many officers - both in the front-
US G 18 - Air 2-1 Air Display
lines and out - seemed to believe. Also, Ridgway developed
US G 51 - Air 2-1 Air Display
a new military strategy which coincided with the apparent
US J 27 - Air 2-1 Air Display
UN decision to reject the concept of complete military victory,
US P 4 - Air 2-1 Air Display
given the entry of China into the war. Thus, Ridgway no
longer sought the conquest of North Korea; instead, he US D 3 - Air 2-2 Air Display
demanded devastating firepower and methodical offfensives US M 452 - Air 2-2 Air Display
that strove to inflict maximum losses on the Chinese and US G 1MAR - Air 1-0 Air Display
North Koreans while preserving UN lives to the highest US D 19 Air 0-4 Air Display
possible degree. US D 22 Air 0-4 Air Display
In his first tentative offensive, code-named Operation US G 92 - Air 0-4 Air Display
Thunderbolt, Ridgway discovered an important fact; his US G 98 - Air 0-4 Air Display
opponents were in fact in worse shape than he thought pos- US G 307 - Air 0-4 Air Display
sible, as it appeared that the enemy front was lined with light US - 3 XX Inf 20-6-11 3115
covering forces only. In his second offensive, known as US - 24 XX Inf 20-6-11 3218
OperationRud-
and launched at the beginning of February US - 2 XX Inf 20-6-11 3221
1951, Ridgway pushed the enemy back into the outskirts of
US - 7 XX Inf 20-6-11 3123
Seoul, by now an utterly devastated city of little military
US - 25 XX Inf 20-6-11 3116
value. However, Chinese resistance stiffened as Seoul and
US - 1CV XX Inf 20-6-11 3219
the 38th Parallel were neared. Additional offensives, code-
US - 1 XX Mar 26-6-15 3024
named Operations Killer and Ripper, steadily gained ground
and inflicted enormous losses on the enemy. US L 64 - Ast 9-2 3115
By the end of March 1951, UN forces had reached a line US F 89 - Ast 8-2 3218
roughly along the 38th Parallel. The war had come full cir- US E 72 - Ast 8-2 3221
cle; the forces had returned to the positions in which the war US F 73 - Ast 9-2 3123
had started, although both sides were now vastly more power- US H 79 - Ast 8-2 3116
ful in men and equipment. In fact, the armies along the 38th US F 70 - Ast 8-2 3219
Parallel were so strong that it became apparent that a mili- US E 1 MAR - Ast 9-2 3024
tary victory for either side in the conflict was well-nigh im- COM L 29 X Inf 4-2-3 2915
possible. From this moment on, the politicians assumed a
COM H 27 X Inf 4-2-3 3121
more important role in the war than the generals, although
TUR L 1 X Inf 4-2-3 3018
the bitter struggle was to continue roughly along this line for
over two years. ROK - 1 XX Inf 10-4-6 3117
ROK 8 XX Inf 10-4-6 3026
2. MAP: Use only the southern map in this scenario.
ROK - 5 XX Inf 10-4-6 3129
3. Kunsan, Masan, Pusan. ROK - 9 XX Inf 10-4-6 3331
OPERABLE UN PORTS:

4. NK PRODUCTION CENTERS: Wonsan, Pyongyang. PHL K 10 - Ast 1-0-1 3123

5. NK SETUP: The NK player controls division-sized CCF and NTH N 1 - Ast 1-0-1 3115
NK forces in this scenario. GR N 1 - Ast 1-0-1 3218


THE KOREAN WAR, Page 3 3

REINF COMBAT UNCONTROLLED VICTORY

NATION LETTER DESIG SIZE TYPE VALUES HEX (OR AREA) CITIES POINTS

FR N1 Ast 1-0-1 3221 Seoul +5

THI N 21 - Ast 1-0-1 3219 Inch'on +2
CAN U PCL - Ast 1-0-1 2915 Yongdungp'o +2
BEL W1 - Ast 1-0-1 3116 Each North Korean city +2
UN - Depot - 3(1)' 3020
*: Before the start of the game, a UN depot with a Depot Value of Victory Point Losses
3 and 1 Supply Point under it is placed in hex 3020. CCF/INK UNITS IN SOUTH VICTORY
KOREAN PROVINCES POINTS
7. REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULES: During each Reinforcement Each division in
Segment, the UN player consults the ROK Reinforcement Ch'ungch'ong -2
Table and the NK player consults the NK Reinforcement Each division in
Table (see 13.1). No other reinforcements are available. Kyongsang-Pukto -2
8. GAME LENGTH: The scenario starts at the beginning of Game
UNITS DESTROYED UN VICTORY
Turn 9 and ends at the completion of Game Turn 10.
9. SPECIAL RULES Each UN division -2
A. The UN player can assign US air units to interdiction mis- Each UN regiment/brigade -1
sions in all provinces of North Korea except Hamyong-Pukto.
Since both turns are Winter Game Turns, the restrictions of
16.4 are applied. A full-strength division is destroyed if it suffers 3 step
losses; an RPL2 is destroyed if it suffers 2 step losses; an RPL1
B. The UN player cannot make any Amphibious Assaults in or regiment/brigade is destroyed if it suffers 1 step loss.
the scenario.
To determine the winner and the level of victory, calcu-
C. The Chinese Initiative Period is over by the start of this late the total number of UN VP at the end of the game and
scenario. Both players place depots, determine supply, and consult the following schedule:
calculate initiative normally.
WINNER AND VICTORY
10. VICTORY CONDITIONS: At the end of the game, the UN
player receives Victory Points (VP) for destroying CCF/NK LEVEL OF VICTORY POINTS
units and for controlling certain cities. The UN player also UN Decisive Victory 18 or more
loses VP if UN combat units are eliminated or if CCF/NK units UN Substantive Victory 15-17
end the game in certain provinces.
Victory Point Gains
UN Marginal Victory 12-14
NK Marginal Victory 9-11
DESTROYED CCF/NK VICTORY
UNITS POINTS NK Substantive Victory 6-8
Each CCF/NK division +1 NK Decisive Victory 5 or less

17.5 Scenario 5: Defeat into Victory
1. HISTORICAL NOTES: This scenario is simply a compilation of
Scenarios 1 and 2, although the players' strategic choices and
victory conditions differ from the earlier scenarios.
2. MAP: Use only the southern map in this scenario.
3. OPERABLE UN PORTS: Inch'on, Kunsan, Masan, Pusan.
4. NK PRODUCTION CENTERS: P'yongyang, Wonsan.
5. NK SETUP: Use the NK set-up provided in Scenario 1 (see
17.1). In addition, place a single NK garrison unit (Combat
Values: 0-1-3) in each of these hexes: 4504, 5405, and 5522.
6. UN SETUP: Use the UN set-up provided in Scenario 1 (see
17.1).
7. REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULES: Combine the UN and NK Rein-
forcement Schedules used in Scenarios 1 and 2 (see 17.1 and
17.2).
8. GAME LENGTH: The scenario starts at the beginning of Game
Turn 1 (see 16.0 for special rules concerning Game Turns 1
and 2) and ends at the conclusion of Game Turn 5.
9. SPECIAL RULES
A. The UN player cannot assign US air units to interdiction
missions in the four northernmost provinces of North Korea
(P'yongan-Pukto, Chagang, Yanggang, and Hamyong-Pukto).
B. If the UN player gains control of Pyongyang and Wonsan,
the NK player does not consult the NK Reinforcement Table
during the Reinforcement Segment.
10. VICTORY CONDITIONS: During the Victory Point Phase of all
Game Turns except Game Turn 1, the UN player must total
his VP for the city hexes currently under UN control and keep
a running total of these VP on the UN Victory Point Track.
( Note that in all other Introductory Scenarios, the UN or NK
player gains VP at the end of the game only.)
The number of VP awarded for each UN-controlled city
is listed with each city's name on the map. The manner in
which VP are kept track of on the UN Victory Point Track
is identical to the Advanced Game (except Global Tension
is not taken into account; see 18.5).
Ending the Game: There are two ways this scenario can end:
A. The game ends at the moment the NK player achieves the
conditions of a Military Victory. If these conditions are met,
the NK player wins a Decisive Victory (the number of UN
VP becomes irrelevant). There are two ways the NK player
can achieve a Military Victory:
• If the NK player controls Pusan at the end of any Action
Phase, he wins a Military Victory;
• The NK player also gains a Military Victory if he controls
all of the following cities at the end of any Action Phase:
Inch'on, Seoul, Taejon, Kumch'on, Taegu, and Masan.
B. If at the end of Game Turn 5, the NK player has not
achieved a Military Victory, the final total of UN VP achieved
during the course of the entire scenario is compared to the
following schedule, which gives the winner and the level of
victory:
WINNER AND VICTORY
LEVEL OF VICTORY POINTS
UN Decisive Victory 74 or more
UN Substantive Victory 63-73
UN Marginal Victory 51-62
NK Marginal Victory 39-50
NK Substantive Victory 27-38
NK Decisive Victory 26 or less

THE KOREAN WAR, Page 34
The following rules are used only during play of the Advanced Game, which simulates
the first phase of the Korean War, 25 June 1950 to 31 May 1951. The Advanced Game is
more complex and realistic than the Introductory Scenarios and requires more time to
play. All previous rules apply to the Advanced Game unless otherwise specified.
Beginning with Game Turn 2, the level of UN participa-
tion in the Korean War is decided upon by the UN player
in the Political Phase of each Game Turn. UN intervention
is performed mostly by US forces, although other UN mem-
bers may contribute forces as well.
I Commitment of UN Forces
ROK forces withstand the brunt of the NK offensive dur-
ing Game Turn 1. Starting with Game Turn 2, the UN forces
are committed to the war, and their level of commitment may
rise in subsequent turns. The arrival of UN reinforcements
depends on the level of UN commitment. An increase in com-
mitment can also affect the Global Tension level, which in
turn affects UN Victory Points (see 21.0) and may lead to
World War Three.
The UN player has three UN Commitment Tracks (print-
ed on the northern map), which are used to record the level
of UN intervention.
• UN Intervention Track: During the UN Commitment
Segment of the Political Phase in Game Turn 2, the UN
player records his Initial Intervention Level. In UN Com-
mitment Segments of Game Turns 3 through 9, the UN
player can escalate his Intervention Level. There are 6
Intervention Levels, numbered 1 to 6, with correspond-
ing boxes on the track. The Intervention Level simulates
the degree to which the UN was willing to commit mili-
tary force to counter the North Koreans.
• US Mobilization Track: During the UN Commitment
Segment of all turns, starting with Game Turn 2, the UN
player can increase US Mobilization. There are 4 Mobili-
zation Levels, numbered 1 to 4, with corresponding boxes
on the track. The Mobilization Level simulates the degree
by which the United States mobilized its population and
industry for the war effort.
• UN Rules of Engagement Track: During the UN Com-
mitment Segment of all turns, starting with Game Turn
2, the UN player can adjust the UN Rules of Engagement.
There are 7 Rules of Engagement Levels, from 1 (most
strict) to 7 (most free), with corresponding boxes on the
track. The Rules of Engagement Level simulates the
degree by which UN military forces are restricted in their
conduct of operations.
At the start of the game, the UN player places the UN
Initial Intervention, the US Mobilization, and the - UN Rules
of Engagement markers in the respective "At Start" boxes of
the UN Commitment Tracks.
Destabilization Values: Each box in all three of the UN
Commitment Tracks has a numerical Destabilization Value
(DV) printed in it. These values are important when Global
Tension is being determined (see 18.5).
Game advnce
18.2 UN Initial Intervention
During the UN Commitment Segment of Game Turn 2,
the UN player must declare a UN Initial Intervention Level
of at least 1 and at most 6. To indicate his decision, he places
the UN Initial Intervention Level marker in the box on the
UN Intervention track corresponding to his chosen level. The
UN Initial Intervention marker cannot be moved from the
box in which it is first placed for the rest of the game (although
the UN player can escalate his intervention; see below).
UN Reinforcements from Initial Intervention
The UN Initial Intervention Level determines the rein-
forcement schedule for the US and UN allies. ROK reinforce-
ments are not affected by UN Initial Intervention (they are
rolled for on the ROK Reinforcement Table; see 13.1).
When the UN Initial Intervention Level is declared, the
UN player consults the UN Initial Intervention Reinforce-
ment Schedule (printed in the "UN Charts and Tables" pull-
out), cross-referencing the Initial Intervention Level with a
particular Game Turn to determine the UN reinforcements
made available in that turn. The result will be the reinforce-
ment letter, which corresponds to a specific group of rein-
forcements listed on the UN Reinforcement Chart (also
printed in the "UN Charts and Tables" pull-out). Note that
counters for these units portray these reinforcement letters.
The UN player locates the lettered reinforcements in a
group and places them on the Game Turn Track in the box
corresponding to the Game Turn and phase of their future
arrival. During every Air Mission Phase and Reinforcement
Segment of every Action Phase, the UN player consults the
Game Turn Track to determine the UN reinforcements (if
any) he will receive during that phase. Reinforcing air units
are placed on the Air Theater Display and reinforcing com-
bat units and assets are placed in the FEC GHQ Reserve Box.
EXAMPLE OF UN INITIAL INTERVENTION LEVEL: During the UN Com-
mitment Segment of Game Turn 2, the UN player chooses an Initial
Intervention Level of 3. He places the UN Initial Intervention Level
marker in the "3" box of the UN Intervention Track, and he consults
the UN Initial Intervention Reinforcement Schedule under the '3"
column. The letters "A" through "I" appear in this column , each cor-
responding to a specific Game Turn and phase. The UN player con-
sults the UN Reinforcement Chart to determine the units that
correspond to each reinforcement letter. He locates the units listed
under each letter and places them on the Game Turn Track in the
box corresponding to the Game Turn and phase of arrival.
For example, reinforcement group "A" consists of the US air
units CAW-1 and 8 /the reinforcement letters are also printed on the
counters). These units appear in the Air Mission Phase (AMP) of
Game Turn 2, and so they are placed in the the appropriate box on
the Game Turn Track. During the Air Mission Phase of Game Turn
2, the UN player removes these two air units from the Game Turn
Track and places them on the Air Theater Display.

THE KOREAN WAR, Page 35
UN Escalation
During each UN Commitment Segment of Game Turns
3 through 9, the UN player can escalate his current Inter-
vention Level. If he does not wish to escalate, he does nothing.
If he decides to escalate and this is the first time he does so
during the game, he places the UN Escalation Level marker
on the UN Intervention Track in the box numbered one level
higher than the UN Initial Intervention Level. In later Game
Turns, if the UN player decides to escalate again, he advances
the previously placed UN Escalation marker one box to the
next higher numbered box.
The UN Escalation marker advances one box at a time.
Once the Escalation marker is placed on the UN Interven-
tion Track, it must either remain in place or advance, a max-
imum of one box per UN Commitment Segment. The UN
player can never reduce his Intervention Level.
UN Escalation Reinforcements
If the UN player escalates, he receives US and UN allies
reinforcements in addition to those obtained by Initial Inter-
vention. The UN player consults the UN Escalation Chart
(printed in the "UN Charts and Tables" pull-out) at the moment
he performs escalation. He checks the numbered column
which corresponds to the Intervention Level to which he just
escalated. The column will list a series of reinforcements.
Each listing provides reinforcement letters (which correspond
to the letters listed on the UN Reinforcement Chart) as well
as the Game Turns and phases in which the reinforcements
become available.
The UN player locates the reinforcing units (which are
printed with the reinforcement letters) and places them on
the Game Turn Track in the boxes that correspond to the
Game Turns and phases in which they arrive. During every
Air Mission Phase and Reinforcement Segment of every
Action Phase, the UN player consults the Game Turn Track
to determine the UN reinforcements (if any) he will receive
that phase. Reinforcing air units are placed on the Air Theater
Display, and reinforcing combat units and assets are placed
in the FEC GHQ Reserve Box.
In the event that the Game Turn and phase of arrival for
reinforcements has already taken place, they become avail-
able in the current Game Turn during the phase indicated in
their listing on the UN Escalation Chart.
EXAMPLE OF UN ESCALATION: It is the Commitment Phase of Game
Turn 5. The UN Initial Intervention Level is 4 and the UN player
has not yet escalated. During this segment, however, the UN player
decides to escalate. He must place the UN Escalation Level marker
in the "5" box of the UN Intervention Track. He then checks the UN
Escalation Chart under the "5" column and finds four reinforcement
listings: 0, P, Q, and R. He consults the UN Reinforcement Chart
to determine which units comprise these groups and selects the
counters with these reinforcement letters printed on them.
The UN player then places on the Game Turn Track the two
parachute regiments (listing O) in the 1AP box of Game Turn 8, the
single US air unit (listing P) in the AMP box of Game Turn 10, the
single Marine division (listing Q) in the 1AP box of Game Turn 10,
and the two US air units (listing R) in the AMP box of Game Turn
11. When these phases occur, the UN player removes these units
from the Game Turn Track and places them on the Air Theater Dis-
play (if they are US air units) or in the FEC GHQ Reserve Box (if
they are combat units or assets).
18.3 US Mobilization
During the UN Commitment Segment of the Political
Phase of Game Turn 2, the UN player must declare a US
Mobilization Level of at least 1 and no more than 3. He places
the US Mobilization Level marker in the box corresponding
to the chosen level on the US Mobilization Track. In ensuing
UN Commitment Segments, the UN player can increase the
US Mobilization Level by one box per segment, up to the
maximum of 4. The US Mobilization can never be decreased.
Mobilization and Reconstitution
The UN reconstitution procedure described in 13.2 is in
effect only if the US Mobilization Level is 2 or more. If the
US Mobilization Level is 1, the following special rules apply:
• The UN Reconstitution Segment of the 1st Action Phase
in all Game Turns takes place normally, but the UN
Reconstitution Segment of the 2nd Action Phase in these
turns is skipped.
• Only one US RPL1 or RPL2 unit that occupies the map
and is unfatigued can be replaced per UN Reconstitution
Segment of the 1st Action Phase (see 13.2).
Mobilization and Reinforcements
The UN player receives special US National Guard rein-
forcements if his US Mobilization Level reaches 3 or 4.
• During the UN Commitment Segment in which the US
Mobilization Level first reaches 3, the UN player places
the 43rd and 45th US divisions (or any unused divisions
with Combat Values of 20-6-11) on the Game Turn Track
six turns in advance of the current Game Turn. One
division is placed in the 1st Action Phase (1AP) box and
the other in the 2nd Action Phase (2AP) box of that turn.
• During the UN Commitment Segment in which the US
Mobilization Level first reaches 4, the UN player places
the 28th and 29th US divisions (or any unused divisions
with Combat Values of 20-6-11) on the Game Turn Track
six turns in advance of the current Game Turn. One
division is placed in the 1AP box and the other in the 2AP
box of that turn.
During the Reinforcement Segment of arrival, US Nation-
al Guard divisions are placed in the FEC GHQ Reserve Box.
Mobilization and UN Amphibious Capacity
In the Advanced Game, the UN Amphibious Capacity
depends on the US Mobilization Level. Ignore the levels listed
by Game Turn under the track on the map when playing the
Advanced Game. During the UN Amphibious Capacity
Phase, the UN player adjusts his Amphibious Capacity as
follows:
• If the US Mobilization Level is 1, the UN Amphibious
Capacity is 1.
• If the US Mobilization Level is 2, the UN Amphibious
Capacity is 2.
• If the US Mobilization Level is 3 or 4, the UN Amphibi-
ous Capacity is 3.
Amphibious Assaults and Evacuations can never be made
in Game Turn 1, the 1st Action Phase of Game Turn 2, or
in Game Turns 11 or 12.
18.4 UN Rules of Engagement
During the UN Commitment Segment of the Political
Phase of Game Turn 2, the UN player must declare a UN
Rules of Engagement Level of at least 1 and no more than
5. Place the UN Rules of Engagement Level marker in the
box corresponding to the chosen level on the UN Rules of
Engagement Track. In ensuing UN Commitment Segments,
the UN player can increase the UN Rules of Engagement
Level by as many boxes per segment as he wishes, although
never above 7. The UN player cannot choose a level of more
than 5 if the NK player has not yet declared Full Chinese In-
tervention (see 19.2). The UN Rules of Engagement Level can
never be decreased.
Air Missions and UN Rules of Engagement
The UN Rules of Engagement Level determine
provinces i n which the U N player can place US air units on interdiction missions.


THE KOREAN WAR, Page 36

UN RULES OF Modifiers to Global Tension Die Rolls: The UN player

ENGAGEMENT
LEVEL EFFECTS
1 US air units can perform interdiction missions
only in provinces south of the 38th Parallel.
2 US air units can perform interdiction missions
in all provinces except the four northernmost
( P'yongan-Pukto, Chagang, Yanggang, and
Hamyong-Pukto).
3 US air units can perform interdiction missions
in all provinces except Hamyong-Pukto.
4-7 US air units can perform interdiction missions
in all provinces.
Interdiction Table Modifiers: When the UN player con-
sults the Interdiction Table to determine his Interdiction Level
for the turn (see 15.2), he must apply the following modi-
fiers to these rolls:
+ 1: The current UN Rules of Engagement Level is 5.
+2: The current UN Rules of Engagement Level is 6.
+ 3: The current UN Rules of Engagement Level is 7.
+6: The UN player uses atomic weapons in the current Air
Mission Phase (see below). If this modifier is applied, no other
modifier is taken into account.
applies the following modifiers to each Global Tension die
roll. All the modifiers listed below are cumulative.
+ 1: The NK player has declared a Chinese invasion of
Formosa at an earlier point in the game (see 19.1).
+ 1: The NK player has obtained Full Chinese Intervention
( see 19.2).
+ 1: The NK player has obtained Soviet Intervention (see
19.4).
+ 1: The UN player has declared Nationalist Chinese Inter-
vention (see 20.0).
Automatic Increases to Global Tension Levels: The
Global Tension Level automatically increases under the
following circumstances:
• If the UN player uses atomic weapons, the Global Tension
Level is increased by 2 (see 18.4).
• If the UN player makes an Amphibious Assault against
an invasion hex in Hamyong-Pukto province, the Global
Tension Level is increased by 1.
• If a non-ROK UN combat unit enters Hamyong-Pukto
province by land, the Global Tension Level is increased
by 1.

Atomic Weapons
During any Air Mission Phase in which the UN Rules
of Engagement Level is 5 or more, the UN player can use
atomic weapons. If atomic weapons are used, the UN player
adds 6 to his Interdiction Table die rolls. At the moment the
UN player makes this declaration, the Global Tension Level
marker is increased by 2 levels (see 18.5). The UN player can
use atomic weapons only once per game.
The three automatic increases listed above can be applied
only once each, even if the events of the last two cases happen
more than once.
EXAMPLE OF GLOBAL TENSION: During the Global Tension Segment
of Game Turn 5, the Global Tension Level is 2. The UN Escalation
Level is 4 (Destabilization Value: 161, the US Mobilization Level is 3
(Destabilization Value: 7), and the UN Rules of Engagement Level is
3 (Destabilization Value: 12). The combined UN Destabilization
Value is 35 (16+7+12). The UN player rolls a die and consults the
"35 to 38" column of the Global Tension Table. The die roll is 5.
Assume the NK player has declared a Chinese invasion of Formosa,

1.5 Global Tension

so the die roll is increased by 1 to 6. Cross-referencing this result
with the aforementioned column yields a result of 1. Thus, the
Global Tension Level is increased by one box, from 2 to 3.
During the Global Tension Segment of the Political Phase,
starting with Game Turn 2, the UN player must consult the General Douglas MacArthur and staff observe bombardment
Global Tension Table to determine if his commitment de- of Inch'on.
cisions have had a destabilizing effect on international
diplomacy. Global Tension is recorded on the Global Tension
Track.

Global Tension Track

There are 7 Global Tension Levels on this track, from 1 (least
severe) to 7 (most severe; also called World War III). At the
start of the game, the Global Tension Level marker is placed
in the "At Start" box on the Global Tension Track. This marker
may be advanced (never reduced) due to die rolls on the
Global Tension Table.

Global Tension Table

During every Global Tension Segment starting with
Game Turn 2, the UN player must consult the Global Tension
Table:
1. The Destabilization Values on the UN Commitment Tracks
are added together into a single sum. Check the UN Initial
Intervention or UN Escalation Level marker (whichever is
higher), the US Mobilization Level, and the UN Rules of
Engagement Level marker, and total up the DV values of the
boxes these markers occupy.
2. The UN player consults the Global Tension Table and rolls
the die, modifying this roll as necessary (see below). Cross-
reference the modified die roll with the column correspond-
ing to the sum obtained in step 1. The result will be a number
from 0 to 3.
3. Advance the Global Tension Level marker by a number
of boxes equal to the result from step 2. The marker can never
rise above level 7.

THE KOREAN WAR, Page 3 7
The NK player may receive CCF reinforcements due to
Chinese Intervention, and he may call for Soviet Interven-
tion. Also, he can declare an invasion of Formosa.
19.1 Chinese Invasion of Formosa
Starting with Game Turn 5, if the NK player has not yet
obtained Limited or Full Chinese Intervention (see 19.2), he
can declare a Chinese invasion of Formosa during the
Formosa Invasion Segment of the Political Phase of any Game
Turn. Such a declaration can occur only once per game.
The NK player has a Formosa Status Box on the map,
and a Formosa counter (one side reads "Formosa Invaded"
and the other side reads "Formosa Not Invaded"). At the be-
ginning of the game, he places the marker in the Formosa
Status Box with the "Formosa Not Invaded" side up. If the
NK player declares an invasion of Formosa, the marker is
flipped to the "Formosa Invaded" side.
The invasion of Formosa has the following effects:
• One is added to all Global Tension die rolls for the re-
mainder of the game (see 18.5).
• The number of reinforcing CCF units in Chinese Inter-
vention is reduced (see 19.2).
• The UN player cannot declare Nationalist Chinese Inter-
vention after the invasion of Formosa has been declared
( see 20.0).
. 2 Chinese Intervention
There are two levels of Chinese Intervention: Limited or
Full. The NK player must first achieve Limited Chinese In-
tervention before declaring Full Chinese Intervention. As
each of these declarations is achieved, the NK player receives
CCF reinforcements.
Limited Intervention
At the beginning of any Reinforcement Segment, the NK
player can call for Limited Chinese Intervention under either
of the following circumstances:
• The UN player has declared Nationalist Chinese Inter-
vention (see 20.0), or
• A UN unit (of any nationality) occupies a hex north of
the 38th Parallel.
If either of these circumstances is in effect, and the NK
player declares Limited Chinese Intervention, he rolls the die.
After applying any modifiers (see below), he consults the
Chinese Intervention Table. Cross-referencing the modified
die roll with the "Limited CCF Intervention" column, the
result will state either "Yes" (Limited Chinese Intervention
takes place) or "No" (Limited Chinese Intervention does not
take place).
Once Limited Chinese Intervention takes place, the NK
player cannot call for it again for the rest of the game. If it
does not take place, he can continue to call for it once per
Reinforcement Segment, as long as the conditions for inter-
vention outlined above are still met.
Modifiers to the Chinese Intervention Die Rolls: The fol-
lowing modifiers are not cumulative. The NK player can select
only one appropriate modifier per die roll.
+ 5: A non-ROK UN unit occupies P'yongan-Pukto, Chagang,
Yanggang, or Hamyong-Pukto province.
+ 3: A non-ROK UN unit occupies P'yongan-Namdo or
Hamyong-Namdo province.
+ 2: A ROK unit occupies P'yongan-Pukto, Chagang, Yang-
gang, or Hamyong-Pukto province.
+ 1: A non-ROK UN unit occupies Kangwon-Pukto or Hwang-
hae province.
+ 1: A ROK unit occupies P'yongan-Namdo or Hamyong-
Namdo province.
CCF Reinforcements due to Limited Intervention: The
CCF divisions listed below are available to the NK player as
reinforcements as soon as Limited Chinese Intervention
occurs. If the NK player has not declared a Chinese invasion
of Formosa, he receives 12 CCF divisions; if the invasion has
been declared, he receives 8 CCF divisions. The last four
divisions on the list below (followed by an asterisk) are avail-
able only if the Formosa invasion has not taken place.
The designations are presented for historical purposes
only; since all CCF divisions have the the same Combat
Values, the NK player can use any CCF divisions.
CCF REINFORCEMENT
DIVISIONS
112th
113th
114th
115th
116th
117th
118th
119th
120th
124th
125th
126th
Placement of CCF Reinforcements: The reinforcing CCF
divisions are kept in the CCF Holding Box on the map until
placement. The placement of a single CCF division on the
map is a specific Operation that must take place in the Oper-
ations Segment. When the NK player chooses such an Oper-
ation, he takes one of the available CCF divisions from the
CCF Holding Box and places the unit on any Chinese Place-
ment hex. As soon as the division is placed on the map, it
can be activated as part of the same Operation. This activa-
tion is performed normally.
A CCF unit cannot be placed in an enemy-occupied hex
or city, in an enemy Zone of Control, or in violation of
stacking restrictions. The NK player can place a maximum
of one CCF division on a Restricted Chinese Placement hex
( Hyesanjin and Musan) per Action Phase; however, an
unlimited number of CCF divisions can be placed on a normal
Chinese Placement hex per Action Phase.
Modification of CCF Attack Values: In the first Attack
Action by an active CCF unit following Limited Intervention,
the Attack Value of that unit only is multiplied by 2. Do not
consult the Combat Value Modification Chart for this unit
when it makes its attack.
Full Intervention
The NK player can call for Full Chinese intervention dur-
ing any Reinforcement Segment if both of the following con-
ditions apply:
• Limited Chinese Intervention has already taken place;
• A non-ROK UN unit occupies a hex north of the 38th
Parallel.
When the NK player calls for Full Chinese Intervention,
he consults the Chinese Intervention Table in the same
manner as for Limited Intervention, except that he now refers
to the "Full Chinese Intervention" column on the table. The


THE KOREAN WAR, Page 38

following modifiers are applied to the die roll:
+ 5: A non-ROK UN unit occupies P'yongan-Pukto, Chagang,
Yanggang, or Hamyong-Pukto province.
+ 3: A non-ROK UN unit occupies P'yongan-Namdo or
Hamyong-Namdo province.
+ 1: A non-ROK UN unit occupies Kangwon-Pukto or
Hwanghae province.
Once Full Intervention takes place, it cannot be called
for again for the rest of the game. If it does not take place,
Modification of CCF Attack Values: The Attack Values of
CCF units can be increased following Full Intervention:
• In the first Attack Action performed by a CCF unit fol-
lowing Full Intervention, the Attack Value of that unit
only is multiplied by 2. Do not consult the Combat Value
Modification Chart for this unit when it makes it attack.
• During the Action Phase in which Full Intervention takes
place and the immediately following Action Phase (even
if this phase is in the next Game Turn), the Attack Values
of all CCF units (except the first unit attacking; see above)
are multiplied by 1 A. Do not consult the Combat Value
1

the NK player can continue to call for it once per Reinforce- Modification Chart for attacking CCF units during this
ment Segment, as long as the conditions outlined above still period.
apply.

CCF Reinforcements Due to Full Intervention: The NK

player receives 18 CCF divisions (beyond those received from
Limited Intervention) if Formosa has not been invaded. If
he has called for the Formosa invasion, he receives 12 CCF
divisions. The divisions listed below that are followed by an
asterisk are available only if no invasion of Formosa has
occurred. (Again, historical designations can be ignored.)
CCF DIVISION
REINFORCEMENTS
19.3 Chinese Initiative Period
During the Game Turn in which Limited Chinese Inter-
vention takes place and the following two Game Turns, the
Chinese Initiative Period is in effect. Place the "End CCF
Initiative Period" marker on the Game Turn Track two turns
ahead of the current one. At the end of this future Game Turn,
the marker is removed and the Chinese Initiative Period ends.
For example, if Limited Chinese Intervention takes place in
the 2nd Action Phase of Game Turn 6, the Chinese Initiative

58th 148th 79th Period is in effect for the remainder of Game Turn 6 and
59th 149th 80th throughout Game Turns 7 and 8.
60th 150th 81st

Effects of Chinese Initiative

76th 196th 88th
77th 197th 89th
90th During the Chinese Initiative Period, the following special
78th 198th
rules apply:
CCF reinforcements from Full Intervention are kept in 1. The NK player does not use depots. Thus, he skips the
the CCF Holding Box and are placed on the map as described Depot Placement, Depot Status, Depot Supply Level, and
under Limited Intervention, above. Supply Point Expenditure Segments. Any NK depots on the
map at this time are removed. (The UN player uses his depots
Additional CCF Reinforcements: Once Full Intervention
normally.) The NK player always has initiative during this
is declared, the NK player receives CCF reinforcements in
period, regardless of the Supply Points expended by the UN
addition to those listed above. These reinforcements are avail-
player. The NK player uses the "Chinese Initiative Period"
able in the Reinforcement Segments of the two Game Turns
column of his Initiative Table when determining the number
i mmediately following the turn in which Full Intervention
of Operations that can be performed during an Operations
occurs.
Sequence. NK assets cannot be transferred or reassigned dur-
These CCF reinforcements are placed on the CCF Rein-
ing this period, and they are eliminated if the parent combat
forcement Track on the map in the appropriate boxes. In the
units are eliminated in combat. (Note that assets possessed
Reinforcement Segment of the Action Phase of their arrival,
by NK depots that are removed from the map may be freely
they are placed in the CCF Holding Box and may be brought
assigned to any NK combat unit.)
onto the map as part of a specific Operation during the Oper-
ations Segment, as described above. The number of CCF rein- 2. All NK-controlled units use their printed Combat Values.
forcements depends on whether or not an invasion of The Combat Value Modification Chart is not consulted. Note
Formosa has taken place. that the first CCF unit to perform an Attack Action follow-
ing both Limited and Full Intervention has its Attack Value
FORMOSA INVASION FORMOSA INVASION multiplied by 2, and in the Action Phase in which Full Inter-
1st GAME TURN FOLLOWING HAS NOT TAKEN PLACE HAS TAKEN PLACE
FULL CHINESE INTERVENTION
vention takes place, and the following Action Phase, the Attack
Values of CCF units are multiplied by 1 /z.
1st Action Phase 31st Division 31st Division
1

34th Division 34th Division 3. The UN player can allocate no more than 3 US air units
35th Division to close air support missions in each of the two succeeding
Air Mission Phases.
2nd Action Phase 29th Division 35th Division
44th Division 140th Division

19.4 Soviet Forces

45th Division

In addition to CCF units, the NK player can also call for

2nd GAME TURN FOLLOWING
FULL CHINESE INTERVENTION
Soviet Intervention and receive Soviet reinforcements.
1st Action Phase 140th Division 29th Division
179th Division 44th Division Soviet Intervention
180th Division At the beginning of any Reinforcement Segment, the NK
2nd Action Phase 181st Division 45th Division player can call for Soviet Intervention if either of the follow-
187th Division 179th Division ing two circumstances apply:
188th Division • A non-ROK UN unit occupies a hex in Hamyong-Pukto
If the NK player cannot or does not wish to bring on these province, or
reinforcements on the Action Phase they are due, he can with- • An ROK unit occupies a hex in Hamyong-Pukto province
hold them and bring them on in any ensuing turn. and the Global Tension Level is 4 or higher.
 THE KOREAN WAR, Page 39
When the NK player calls for Soviet Intervention, he rolls
the die and consults the Soviet Intervention Table. No modi-
fiers are applied to this roll. The result will state "Yes" (Soviet
Intervention takes place) or "No" (it does not occur).
Once Soviet Intervention takes place, it can never be
called for again. If it does not occur, the NK player can con-
tinue to call for it once per Reinforcement Segment, assum-
ing the conditions for intervention are still met.
Soviet Reinforcements Due to Intervention: The NK player
receives the following Soviet divisions once Soviet Interven-
tion occurs:
The UN player can receive Nationalist Chinese reinforce-
ments due to Nationalist Chinese Intervention.
Nationalist Chinese Intervention
At the beginning of a Reinforcement Segment of any
Action Phase starting with Game Turn 4, the UN player can
declare Nationalist Chinese Intervention. This intervention
cannot occur if the NK player has declared a Chinese invasion
of Formosa. The UN player does not have to roll a die for
intervention to happen. As soon as he declares it, he receives
Nationalist Chinese reinforcements.
Nationalist Chinese Reinforcements
The following Nationalist Chinese divisions are available
to the UN player as reinforcements as soon as Nationalist
Chinese Intervention takes place:
1st Division
During each Victory Point Phase, starting with Game Turn
2, the UN player gains and loses Victory Points (VP). This
phase does not take place in Game Turn 1. The UN player
keeps a running total of his VP on the UN Victory Point Track.
At the end of the game the total number of VP gained by the
UN player during the course of the game is compared to the
Victory Conditions (see 22.2) to determine the winner.
Gaining Victory Points
The UN player gains VP by controlling city hexes dur-
ing the Victory Point Phase. Each city has a VP Value from
1 to 6. These values are also printed on the map. The UN
player receives VP for controlling a city even if he received
VP for it during one or more earlier Victory Point Phases.
CITY VP VALUE
CITY VP VALUE
Sinuiju 6 Pusan 4 EXAMPLE OF VICTORY POINTS: At the beginning of Game Turn 7, the
Hyesanjin 5 Taejon 3
Manp'o
5 Inch'on 2 turn, the UN player controls the following cities: Seoul (4 VP),
Najin 5 Taegu 2 Pusan (4 VP), Taegu (2 VP), and Masan (1 VP). Thus, the UN play-
Ch'ongjin 4 Hamhung 2 er gains 11 VP for controlling cities. However, the current Global
Seoul 4 Hungnam 2
P'yongyang 4 Chinnamp'o 2
Wonsan 4 All others 1
17th G (Guards) Division
73rd Division
265th Division
Placement of Soviet Reinforcements: The Soviet reinforce-
ments are placed in the Soviet Holding Box on the map. Place-
ment of these reinforcements is identical to that of CCF
reinforcements, except Soviet units are placed only on a Soviet
Placement hex. The NK player can withhold these reinforce-
ments until a later turn if they cannot enter play or if he elects
not to deploy them.
2nd Division
3rd Division
Placement of Reinforcements
Nationalist Chinese Reinforcement are placed in the FEC
GHQ Reserve Box in the space provided for them. They can
subsequently be transferred to the map in a Deployment Seg-
ment (see 13.1) or in an Action Phase due to Amphibious
Assault (see 11.2). If the NK player declares a Chinese inva-
sion of Formosa after Nationalist Chinese Intervention, the
Nationalist Chinese forces remain under UN control.
Note that Nationalist Chinese units cannot be recon-
stituted (see 9.5) nor can they use Amalgamation (see 10.2).
Effects of Nationalist Chinese Intervention
The intervention by the Nationalist Chinese modifies
Global Tension die rolls for the remainder of the game (see
18.5). Also, the NK player can call for Limited Chinese
Intervention if he has not yet done so (see 19.2).
Losing Victory Points
During the Victory Point Phase, the UN player checks
the current Global Tension Level. He multiplies this level by
5 and loses a number of VP equal to this product. For
example, if the Global Tension Level is 3, he loses 15 VP.
UN Victory Point Track
The UN player uses his Victory Point markers to keep
a cumulative total of his VP during the game on the UN
Victory Point Track. The "VP x 1" marker is used on the 0-9
track; the "VP x 10" marker is used on the "00-90" track; and
"VP x 100" marker is used on the "000-300" track. Thus a total
of 192 VP would have the "VP x 100" marker in the "100" box,
the "VP x 10" marker in the "90" box, and the "VP x 1" marker
in the "2" box. The addition or subtraction of VP occurs only
during the Victory Point Phase.
UN VP total stands at 119. During the Victory Point Phase of this
Tension Level is 2, which when multiplied by 5, results in a loss of
10 VP for Global Tension. The UN player has gained 1 VP overall.
He adjusts the Victory Point markers to 120 on the UN Victory
Point Track.


THE KOREAN WAR, Page 40

The Advanced Game scenario can end in three ways: Seoul Ch'ongjin
World War III: At the moment the Global Tension marker P'yongyang Najin
reaches Level 7 (World War III), the game immediately ends, Wonsan Hyesanjin
regardless of the Game Turn. Hamhung Manp'o
Military Victory: At the moment the UN or NK player ful- Hungnam Sinuiju

22.2 Victory Conditions

fills the conditions of a Military Victory (see 22.1), the game
i mmediately ends, regardless of the Game Turn.
Game Turn 12: If World War III or a Military Victory does The winner of the game is determined in a variety of
not occur, the game ends at the completion of Game Turn 12. ways:
World War III: If the game ends due to World War III, the
NK player wins a Decisive Victory.
Military Victory: If the game ends due to a Military Victory,
NK Military Victory
the player fulfilling the conditions for Military Victory wins
a Decisive Victory.
The NK player wins a Military Victory in two ways:
•
Game Turn 12: If the game does not end due to World War
If, at the end of any Action Phase, he controls Pusan, he III or a Military Victory, determine the UN player's VP total
wins a Military Victory, or
•
from his Victory Point Track at the end of Game Turn 12.
If, at the end of any Action Phase, he controls all of the WINNER AND VICTORY
cities listed below, he wins a Military Victory. LEVEL OF VICTORY POINTS
Inch'on Taegu UN Decisive Victory 225 or more
Seoul Kumch'on UN Substantive Victory 195-224
Taejon Masan UN Marginal Victory 168-194
Draw 162-167
UN Military Victory NK Marginal Victory 130-161
The UN player wins a Military Victory if, at the end of NK Substantive Victory 100-129
any Action Phase, he controls 8 of the following 10 cities: NK Decisive Victory 99 or less

1. HISTORICAL NOTES: See the accompanying notes in the In-
troductory Scenarios (17.0) and in the Historical Perspective.
2. MAP: Use both maps in this scenario.
3. OPERABLE UN PORTS (At start): Inch'on, Kunsan, Masan, Pusan.
4. NK PRODUCTION CENTERS (At start): P'yongyang, Wonsan, Ham-
hung, Manp'o, Najin, Sinuiju, Hyesanjin.
5. NK-SET UP: Use the NK set-up provided in Scenario 1 (see
17.1). In addition, add a single NK garrison unit (Combat
Values: 0-1-3) to each of the following hexes: (South Map)
4504, 5405, 5522, (North Map) 6224, 6633, 7038, 8244, 8649.
6. UN SETUP: Use the UN set-up provided in Scenario 1 (see
17.1). No UN units start the game on the Air Theater Dis-
play or in the FEC GHQ Reserve Box.
7. REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULES
A. UN Reinforcements: The UN player consults the ROK
Reinforcement Table during every Reinforcement Segment,
starting with Game Turn 4 (see 13.1). US and UN ally rein-
forcements are made available by UN Intervention, US
Mobilization, and Nationalist Chinese Intervention (see 18.0
and 20.0).
B. NK Reinforcements: The NK player consults the NK
Reinforcement Table during every Reinforcement Segment,
starting with Game Turn 2 (see 13.1). Communist Chinese
and Soviet reinforcements are made available through inter-
vention (see 19.0).
8. GAME LENGTH: See 22.0.
9. SPECIAL RULES: There are no special rules for this scenario.
The player aid card is not needed in the Advanced Game
Scenario. The NK and UN players may wish to remove their
respective Charts and Tables pull-outs from the center of the
rules for easier referral during play of the Advanced Game
Scenario. The pull-out Game Turn Record lists all the phases
and segments in each Game Turn as they are used in this
scenario; also, special rules and restrictions that apply in each
turn are indicated.
10. VICTORY CONDITIONS: See 22.0.
 THE KOREAN WAR, Page 41
Historical Perspective
by Joseph M. Balkoski
The Korean War is still an enigma to most Americans.
Some have labeled it "the first war the United States ever lost."
Others cite it as one of America's Cold War triumphs because
a democratic, pro-Western nation was saved by timely in-
tervention against a powerful communist foe - something
the United States utterly failed to do in Vietnam.
The Korean War has still not found its proper niche in
history. Certainly, it was America's least conspicuous war of
the 20th century. Korea never gripped the American public
with the same patriotic fervor that unified the country dur-
ing the Second World War. Moreover, although Korea was
essentially a similar struggle to that fought in Vietnam 15
years later, the role of the American media was still emerg-
ing in 1950 and the true nature of the Korean War was not
brought into the average American home. The domestic up-
heaval that shook America during the Vietnam War was
unknown during the Korean conflict even though Korea was
far more intense and bloody on a daily basis.
Although the Korean War has been largely forgotten
by the American public, it has had an immense effect on
American society over the past 30 years. Most importantly,
America's perception of communism was unalterably trans-
formed by the Korean conflict in the minds of both the
government and the people. In addition, the American
military system, so recently triumphant in World War II, was
forever changed by Korea. Above all, the Korean War was
the first major conflict to be fought from start to finish within
the nuclear age. It focused global attention on the frighten-
ing consequences of a potential nuclear war.
How will future generations view the Korean War?
Perhaps it will be seen as the parting shots of the Second
World War. Maybe it will be perceived as the opening salvo
of World War III. It could even be viewed as part of a local-
ized Asian upheaval that began at the turn of the century with
the Chinese Revolution and is continuing in the present day
in Southeast Asia. Whatever the case may be, the United
States engaged in its first major war against communism, a
nascent policy that was to become a diplomatic obsession in
the years ahead both at home and abroad. It reached its zenith
in the Vietnam War but by no means ended in that conflict.
The return of the Cold War in the 1980's corroborated the
fact that since US intervention in the Korean War, the con-
tainment of communism has been the paramount goal of
American diplomacy.
New Objectives
" We had entered the Korean War because we were afraid
that to fail to do so would produce a much greater danger
to Europe in the near future," wrote Henry Kissinger. "But
then the very reluctance to face an all-out onslaught on
Europe severely circumscribed the risks we were prepared
to run to prevail in Korea ... Ten years later we encountered
the same dilemmas in Vietnam." Therein lay the paradox of
the Korean War - a struggle that the US most definitely
strove to win and, in fact, did win by November 1950, when
MacArthur's lightning Inch'on campaign culminated in the
virtual destruction of the North Korean People's Army and
the occupation of most of North Korea. However, against all
US expectations, major communist Chinese intervention in
the war crushed our military and political illusions entirely.
To win the war after Chinese intervention would have re-
quired a national effort comparable to that achieved in World
War II - a policy that the Truman Administration immedi-
ately brushed aside; moreover, there would be a grave risk
of initiating World War Three: this time a nuclear war. The
rejection of this course of action meant that the Korean War
could not be won by the United States, at least according to
the conventional meaning of a military victory.
Although not unheard of in American history, the con-
cept of fighting a war without the ultimate objective of crush-
ing the enemy was something of an anathema to the
American military. Nevertheless, a 1962 US Army Field
Manual - mindful of the lessons of the Korean War - stated,
"The essential objective of US military forces will be to
terminate the conflict rapidly and decisively in a manner best
calculated to prevent its spread to general (nuclear) war." After
November 1950, this was the crux of American policy in
Korea and, for that matter, throughout the Vietnam War. In
Western circles, this policy was called "flexible response"; Mao
Tse-tung called it a "paper tiger." Whatever the case may be,
the Korean War was a significant milestone in military
history. This conflict completely redefined the concept of
military victory as well as the means by which war in the
nuclear age would be fought.
First Blows
Militarily, the Korean War can be divided into two dis-
tinct periods. The first, fully dealt with in the game, began
with the North Korean invasion of South Korea on 25 June
1950 and lasted until 25 November 1950, when full-scale
Chinese intervention became painfully apparent to the United
Nations. During this period, the UN - although most defi-
nitely fighting a limited war - strove for the destruction of
the North Korean People's Army and the unification of Korea
under a single democratic government led by the Korean
patriarch Syngman Rhee. However, from the intervention of
China to the end of the war in July 1953 (a period only par-
tially dealt with in the game), the United Nations utterly re-
jected military victory as a course in the war, striving instead
to make the war as costly as possible for the enemy while
seeking an adequate negotiated settlement.
The first period of the Korean War shook the US Army
to its very foundations. To the American people on the
homefront and later to historians, it seemed that everything
was going wrong. Although in retrospect this is only margi-
nally true, the fact remains that the post-World War Two US
Army was utterly unprepared to fight a conventional land
war - especially a war in Asia. Whether this unpreparedness was due to the American "nuclear umbrella" or just a
general war weariness leftover from the 1940's is unclear;
regardless, US Army units in 1950 were under-manned,
under-equipped, and psychologically unprepared to fight a
war against a ferocious enemy. Disastrous local defeats in
the summer of 1950 at the hands of relatively weak North
Korean divisions support these facts. Nevertheless, the
"arrogant display of strength" that General MacArthur saw
as the sacrificial purpose of the initial American intervention
force succeeded. After the destruction of much of the ROK
Army in the initial invasion, the odds of holding the Pusan
Perimeter were overwhelmingly against MacArthur for a
time. The commitment of four US divisions and a Marine
brigade was enough to stem the tide, although just barely.
What were later viewed as second-rate performances by
American units during this period were in actuality more at-
tributable to the controversial strategic decision to commit
ill-equipped US forces against heavy odds in unfamiliar
terrain. There is no question that without the commitment
of US forces, South Korea would have fallen.
An Arrogant Display
With the US Army almost totally unprepared for war in
1950, the American build-up in Korea that culminated in the
resounding triumph at Inch'on and the destruction of the
North Korean People's Army must be viewed as a remark-
able accomplishment. Forced to extemporize in the training
and shipping of men to Korea, the US seven-division force
 THE KOREAN WAR, Page 42

that bore the brunt of the conquest of North Korea was raised
virtually from scratch in about 65 days. Using the Second
World War as an analogy, 65 days after Pearl Harbor would
have been mid-February 1942 - long before the United States
would have been capable of launching seven divisions on a
trans-oceanic campaign against a determined foe. Moreover,
the fact that UN forces were generally well-supplied with war
materials was a masterful logistical accomplishment.
The essential purpose of THE KOREAN WAR simulation is
to correct some of the common military-political misconcep-
tions about the Korean War and to clarify, in military terms,
the strategic goals, options, and decisions faced by both sides
in the struggle. Additionally, the game attempts to portray
the realities of the Korean conflict at the operational (divi-
sion and regiment) level. Above all, the game strives to por-
tray the Clauswitzian dictum that "war is a continuation of
policy by other means ... Wars are in reality ... only the
expressions or manifestations of policy itself." In Korea,
American soldiers and diplomats found themselves irrevoc-
ably intertwined in a novel, unwanted and confused relation-
ship. The result was a war with nebulous goals that General
Omar Bradley called, "The wrong war in the wrong place at
the wrong time." Since the 1950's, history has clarified some
of the American goals in Korea, but the meaning of the war
is still a mystery to most Americans. In the words of General
Maxwell Taylor, "There was no thorough-going analysis ever
made of the lessons to be learned from Korea, and later policy-
makers proceeded to repeat many of the same mistakes."

The Game as History

Game Turn 1: June 1950
At 0400 Hours, 25 June 1950, the North Korean People's
Army launched an attack across the 38th Parallel with seven
infantry divisions plus tanks and other supporting arms. Over
one-half the North Korean forces were deployed to attack
Seoul, the South Korean capital and Korea's largest city. Two
divisions (the 1st and 6th) were to attack down the Kaesong-
Seoul road against the ROK 1st Infantry Division, while two
more divisions (the 3rd and 4th) were to drive down the
"Uijongbu Corridor" against the ROK 7th Infantry Division.
The terrain in this area is suitable for the employment of
tanks, and the North Koreans used them to good effect. ROK
forces were quickly routed and Seoul fell on the third day
of the offensive. In the mountainous terrain to the east, with
no major roads and little contact with the Seoul battle, the
North Korean attack met fiercer ROK resistance. One North
Korean infantry division (the 2nd) suffered over 40% casual-
ties in an attack on Ch'unch'on, a small town just south of
the Parallel. Nevertheless, the town was captured and the
North Koreans turned west along a rail line to enter Seoul
from the east. Meanwhile, the North Korean 7th Infantry
Division pressed southwards through the desolate mountains
of the Taebaek Range against light resistance. Along the east
coast road, the North Koreans committed an entire division
(the 5th) to the offensive. By the end of June, this division
had driven the ROKs of the 8th Infantry Division out of Kang-
nung, a small village about 25 miles south of the 38th Parallel.
While fighting at the Parallel was raging, the South Korean
government ordered diverse ROK units on anti-guerrilla oper-
ations in the Sobaek Mountains to rush to the front for the
defense of the Han River line.
River to observe the fighting for himself. His conclusion,
which was forwarded to Washington the next day, stated:
"The only assurance for holding of the present line, and the
ability to regain later the lost ground, is through the introduc-
tion of US ground combat forces into the Korean battle area.
To continue to utilize the forces of our Air and Navy without
an effective ground element cannot be decisive." After a short
meeting at the White House, President Truman agreed to send
two American divisions to Korea.
Meanwhile, the so-called "Han River Line" was easily
broken by North Korean forces in the vicinity of Seoul. In
the first few days of July, Yongdungp'o, Inch'on, and Suwon
(including the airfield so recently used by MacArthur) fell.
Since the ROK Army was rapidly disintegrating in the face
of the North Korean onslaught, MacArthur decided that the
initial US effort would be "an arrogant display of strength,"
with the objective of slowing down the North Koreans so that
a defensive perimeter could be formed further south. The
first US force to enter battle was B and C Companies, 21st
Infantry, 24th Division - code-named Task Force Smith. This
force was brushed aside by the North Korean 4th Division
near Osan on 5 July. The 34th Infantry, 24th Division, fol-
lowed close on TF Smith's heels, defended village strongpoints
along the Seoul-Taejon road, such as P'yongt'aek, Ch'onan,
and Choch'iwon. However, at the first sign of North Korean
pressure - particularly from tanks, which the US forces were
ill-equipped to fight - the American troops were routed. Said
General Dean, commander of the 24th Division: "Units were
now a full 20 miles from where I had left them - without
even waiting until the enemy hit them." Virtually the entire
24th Division (including its third regiment, the 19th Infan-
try) was now assembled in defense of the Kum River line,
blocking the Seoul road into Taejon. However, the division

Game Turn 2: July 1950

On 29 June, General Douglas MacArthur, the US
Commander-in-Chief Far East (CINCFE), flew to Suwon in
a C-54 with 14 other officers and drove northward to the Han
was still unable to stop the North Koreans, and Taejon fell
on 20 July. In two and one-half weeks of combat, the 24th
Division lost over one-third of its force, including 2,400 men
missing (including General Dean, who was captured outside
of Taejon). In a similar series of disastrous delaying actions,
the US 25th Division was steadily pushed back in the upper
 THE KOREAN WAR, Page 43
Partial set-up for Scenario 1: June 1950
Naktong River valley astride the Seoul-Kumch'on road. US
units again performed poorly; on 29 July, the 1st Battalion,
24th Infantry (an all-Black regiment) virtually disintegrated
in panic in a position to the east of Hamch'ang.
MacArthur had expected that the 24th and 25th Divisions
would be sufficient to stem the North Korean advance, but
he quickly realized that his projection was an underestimate.
The US 1st Cavalry Division, which was being held in Japan
for a seaborne landing in the North Korean rear, was landed
amphibiously in a safe area at P'ohang-dong and was rushed
to the front to replace the battered 24th Division. By the end
of July, the 1st Cavalry had been pushed out of Yongdong
and was fighting in the vicinity of Kumch'on.
Meanwhile, the ROKs and North Koreans were fighting
a separate war in the Taebaek Mountains and down the east
coast road. By mid-July, the North Korean 5th Division had
almost reached Yongdok on the east coast before ROK
resistance stiffened with the aid of naval gunfire from the
light cruiser USS Juneau and other American and British war-
ships. By the end of July, the North Koreans had penetrated
almost to Pohang-dong, which the United Nations command
was determined to hold as the eastern anchor of what was
soon to be called the "Pusan Perimeter."
Game Turn 3: August 1950
General MacArthur was determined to hold the
southeastern portion of Korea as a springboard for future
offensive operations upon the arrival of substantial US rein-
forcements. General Walton Walker, the UN 8th Army com-
mander, ordered the dispersed and battered US and ROK
forces to "stand or die" on the line of the Naktong River in
a giant semi-circle - from Masan in the south to P'ohang-
dong in the east. The UN position was complicated by the
rapidity of North Korean movements, even though the com-
munist divisions were non-mechanized. The North Korean
6th Division, for example, executed a blitzkrieg across south-
western Korea, capturing Kunsan, Chonju, Kwangju, and
Mokp'o by early August and advanced towards Masan along
the southern highway against light resistance. The US 1st
Provisional Marine Brigade (5th Marines and supporting
units) had to be rushed to Masan to help stem this threat,
even though MacArthur was saving the Marines for his am-
phibious counter-stroke. The US 25th Division was shortly
moved to this sector also. By the end of the month, the
southern segment of the Pusan Perimeter had stabilized west
of Masan despite continual North Korean attacks. On the
eastern side of the perimeter, dispersed ROK forces assem-
bled near P'ohang-dong to prevent North Korean movement
down the "Kyongju Corridor" into Pusan. This defense was
successful; the North Korean drive was halted at P'ohang-
dong. The most significant sector of the Pusan Perimeter,
however, was the Taegu front. The North Koreans massed
five divisions in a semi-circle around Taegu and launched a
major offensive in early August. Opposing this drive was a
force consisting of the US 1st Cavalry Division, the 23rd In-
fantry (2nd Division, the first US Army formation to arrive
directly from the US), and the 1st and 6th ROK divisions,
both badly battered. The North Koreans made a major break-
through north of Taegu, advancing to within artillery range
of the city. The ROK government decided to evacuate Taegu,
triggering a massive flow of refugees to Pusan. Nevertheless,
the UN defense held and even executed local counterattacks.
The arrival of the remainder of the US 2nd Division helped
turn the tide. By the end of the month, the Pusan Perimeter
was holding firm although it was being assailed at all points.
Game Turn 4: September 1950
One of the major reasons why the North Korean blitz-
krieg petered out on the banks of the Naktong was the logisti-
cal nightmare created by the flow of supplies over 200 miles
 THE KOREAN WAR, Page 44
Partial set-up for Scenario 2: September 1950
of poor roads and broken-down railways. Supply routes from
North Korea to the Naktong were under incessant air attack
by the Far East Air Force FEAF), based primarily in Japan.
In addition, North Korean units attacking down the east coast
road and those attacking Masan were virtually inaccessible
from the main North Korean supply routes; when these units
attacked, they were quick to run out of ammunition. On the
other hand, US and ROK forces were now fighting on Pusan's
doorstep; huge amounts of supplies were at last beginning
to build up in this port.
Still, the North Korean People's Army - now relying on
thousands of ill-trained replacements rushed into the firing
line, many of them unwilling South Koreans - continued to
hammer at the Pusan Perimeter. Despite a near collapse on
the ROK front near P'ohang-dong and several penetrations
of the American lines near Masan and the southern Naktong,
the Pusan Perimeter was held relatively intact. Walker was
obligated to throw virtually his entire force into the front
lines, including the newly-arrived British 27th Brigade and
the 65th Infantry (Puerto Rico National Guard) of the US 3rd
Division.
In early September, MacArthur pulled the 1st Provisional
Marine Brigade out of Korea, contrary to Walker's advice,
and combined it with a miscellaneous group of Marine forces
from the United States and the 6th Fleet in the Mediterranean
into the 1st Marine Division. The 7th Division, which had
never left Japan since the start of the war, was also augmented
and given amphibious training. With the stabilization of the
Pusan Perimeter, these forces could at last be launched on
MacArthur's pet project - an amphibious end-run, planned
since the beginning of July. MacArthur's choice of Inch'on
as a landing site was highly controversial among the US mili-
tary hierarchy, but its very audacity was perhaps its greatest
strength; the North Koreans were caught completely by sur-
prise. The invasion's greatest roadblock lay in the tricky tides
and channels of Inch'on, an obstacle that was overcome by
masterful naval planning. The landing itself went according
to schedule. Within two weeks, Seoul was recaptured and
the Marines were probing north of Seoul to the Imjin River
and up the Uijongbu Corridor. The 7th Division came across
the beaches on the heels of the Marines and began deploy-
ing south and east to cut the supply lines leading south from
Seoul. North Korean resistance was not insignificant;
however, complete control of the air by FEAF as well as the
fact that the best North Korean men and equipment were
far to the south assured success for MacArthur.
The Inch'on landing was only half of MacArthur's plan;
the other half was an offensive by Walker's 8th Army to break
the stalemate on the Naktong and drive the North Koreans
into the UN forces that had come ashore at Inch'on. This was
no easy task for Walker, for the North Koreans were still
attacking with a force of 13 divisions. Led by an assault by
the revitalized 24th Division from Taegu towards Kumch'on,
UN forces successfully crossed the Naktong. However, North
Korean resistance was firm and a lightning offensive to link
up with the Inch'on force seemed out of the question. It is
apparent that immediately after Inch'on, very few North
Koreans fighting along the Naktong were aware that their sup-
ply lines had been cut. However, by 22 September, the news
had spread and the North Koreans began to suffer severe sup-
ply shortages. On 23 September, the North Koreans on the
Naktong disintegrated. This collapse was complete; only four
days later, elements of the 1st Cavalry Division linked up with
the 7th Division near Osan. Organized resistance in South
Korea virtually ended, although many North Koreans melted
into the Sobaek and Taebaek Mountains to carry out guerrilla
 THE KOREAN WAR, Page 45

war. UN units pursued the North Koreans mercilessly; 2 November, a sudden assault by the CCF 115th and 116th
elements of a ROK division even reached the 38th Parallel Divisions struck the 3rd Battalion, 8th Cavalry Division at
by the end of the month. Unsan, a small village about 10 miles northwest of Kujang-

Game Turn 5: October 1950

October was a month filled with controversy for the
United Nations. Upon destroying the North Korean Army,
MacArthur faced the decision of whether or not the UN
should attack North Korea proper. ROK forces were not per-
turbed by the consequences of an invasion of North Korea;
they crossed the 38th Parallel early in October, capturing
Wonsan on 11 October and Hungnam on 17 October.
President Truman also did not feel restrained; he approved
the advance of non-ROK UN forces into North Korea in late
September, even though there were casual hints at the United
Nations that to do so would bring Communist China into the
war. The method of invasion was also controversial. Despite
the fact that it was clear that much of North Korea's east coast
would be liberated by ROK forces operating against light
resistance, MacArthur ordered the 1st Marine and 7th Divi-
sions to be loaded on ships again for a circuitous seaborne
voyage around Korea in order to execute an amphibious
assault against Wonsan and Hungnam. Due to limited ship-
ping space at Inch'on, this meant an arduous journey to Pusan
for the 7th Division, consuming precious time and resources.
The Marines landed at Wonsan two weeks after its libera-
tion by the ROKs; extensive mine-clearing and other frus-
trating delays led the leathernecks to nickname the plan
"Operation Yo-Yo." The 7th Division went ashore at Iwon on
29 October, well after the ROKs had passed through the town
on their drive northwards up the coast road.
Meanwhile, Walker's 8th Army was faced with a difficult
logistical situation along the 38th Parallel in western Korea.
Due to the congestion and damage at Inch'on, most of
Walker's supplies were still coming from Pusan - a grueling
journey over poor roads and unrepaired railroads of over 250
miles. In the beginning of October, only a single US corps
(composed of two divisions) could operate north of the 38th
Parallel. Moreover, this corps functioned under severe logisti-
cal constraints. North Korean resistance was minimal,
however, and P'yongyang, the capital of North Korea, was
captured on 19 October. During the next day, the US 187th
Parachute Infantry Regiment was dropped astride the
P'yongyang-Anju road about 20 miles north of P'yongyang,
pocketing a small force of North Koreans. By 24 October, UN
forces (mostly ROKs) had crossed the Ch'ongch'on River and
were advancing steadily towards the Yalu. Additionally, the
8th Army logistical situation had cleared somewhat, allow-
ing the bulk of Walker's forces to participate in what was
thought to be the final offensive of the Korean War. On 26
dong. When the dust had settled, the battalion had lost 600
men, virtually its entire strength. Despite this first confron-
tation between American and Chinese forces in the Korean
War, MacArthur did not yet consider Chinese intervention
significant. In CINCFE's opinion, far too little information
concerning the degree of Chinese involvement in the war was
available. By mid-November, a lull fell across the battle-front,
as the Chinese forces seemed to melt into the mountains. This
lull pointed MacArthur's intelligence prognosis in the wrong
direction: On 17 November, MacArthur claimed that no more
than 30,000 Chinese troops were in Korea - a statement that
proved to be about 250,000 shy of the real figure. CINCFE
called for the UN offensive to continue in late November to
occupy North Korea to the line of the Yalu and the Chinese
border.
UN forces were now operating in two separate com-
mands with no contact and little communication between
them. In eastern Korea, X Corps was operating along the east
coast and in the vast Korean mountain range stretching from
the Yalu southwestward for hundreds of miles. As ROKs ad-
vanced up the coast road towards the Korean-Soviet border,
MacArthur ordered the X Corps to drive to the Yalu in
two separate columns: The 1st Marine Division was to use
Hungnam as a base of operations and advance northward
along a narrow, rapidly deteriorating road past the Chongjin
( Chosin) Reservoir and on to the Yalu; the 7th Division was
to attack further to the east along the P'ungsan-Hyesanjin
road. In western Korea, Walker's 8th Army was to launch
a methodical offensive from the line of the Ch'ongch'on River
northward to the Yalu. These plans had just been put into
motion when the Chinese, now reinforced to 30 divisions,
struck. Concentrating their massive assault against Walker's
right flank, the blow fell on the unfortunate ROKs strung out
on mountain roads east of the Ch'ongch'on. Three ROK divi-
sions were virtually wiped out in this assault. the ROK
collapse left the US 2nd Division in a predicament, and this
unit was badly mauled in the last days of November while
trying to extricate itself from the Chinese tidal wave. Walker
ordered a precipitate withdrawal and rushed new UN forces,
including the Turkish brigade and the Commonwealth 29th
Brigade, into the fray. Meanwhile, in the X Corps sector, the
1st Marine Division, which was fortunately advancing only
cautiously up the Changjin Reservoir road (much to Mac-
Arthur's displeasure), was virtually surrounded by a Chinese
army that suddenly appeared out of the mountains. However,
the 7th Division, which reached Hyesanjin on the Yalu on
26 November, was not attacked.

Game Turn 7: December 1950

October, detachments of the ROK 6th Division reached the
Yalu at Ch'osan, about 35 miles southwest of Manp'o.

December was the UN's darkest month in the three years

However, unbeknownst to MacArthur and the FEC In-

of the Korean War. In the first week of the month, Walker's

telligence staff, the Communist Chinese had intervened in

forces were swept southward. The Chinese recaptured

the conflict in force. Twelve divisions of the 13th Army Group

P'yongyang handily, but pursued the 8th Army only

of Lin Piao's famous 4th Field Army, heroes of the Chinese

cautiously. Walker's forces, almost all motorized, were able

Civil War, had stealthily moved into North Korea and were

to out-pace the Chinese advance, even though Lin Piao's

deploying for a counterattack near Puckchin, deep in the

forces demonstrated remarkable mobility in moving down

North Korean mountains. On 25 October, this counterattack

the inhospitable terrain of the central Korean mountain spine.

struck two ROK divisions and virtually destroyed them.

In reality, Walker's defeat was by no means total; instead,

Game Turn 6: November 1950
Despite increasing evidence of Chinese intervention in
when the intelligence information of Chinese strength became
clearer, the 8th Army retreated southward out of necessity
- to do otherwise would have risked annihilation. By mid-
December, Walker's force had reached the 38th Parallel;

although not defeated, the 8th Army was disorganized and

the war, UN units remained on the offensive for a time. On

dispirited. Walker intended to make a stand along this line.

the west coast road, for example, units of the 24th Division

Hindered by logistical difficulties and UN air power, the

advanced to a point only 18 miles south of Sinuiju, a North

Chinese probed up to the 38th Parallel but declined to at-

Korean city on the Yalu directly across the river from China.

tack. On 23 December, just when the new UN line was

However, the collapse of the ROKs on the right flank of 8th

beginning to take share. Walker was killed in a jeep acci-

Army in the face of the Chinese surprise attack caused Walker
to pull these forces hurriedly back to avoid entrapment. On
 THE KOREAN WAR, Page 4 6
dent near Uijongbu. MacArthur promptly selected General
Matthew Ridgway, former commander of the "All-American"
82nd Airborne Division and the XVIII Airborne Corps in
World War II, to succeed Walker.
After what Time magazine called "the worst defeat the
United States had ever suffered," the Truman Administration
seriously began to consider abandoning the Korean military
effort and evacuating UN forces out of Inch'on or Pusan. On
15 December, Truman declared a National Emergency; car-
rying the conflict to the Chinese mainland by means of a naval
blockade and a strategic bombing campaign appeared to be
a distinct possibility. A major consideration was the fate of
the isolated X Corps, hanging on to a defensive perimeter
in northeastern Korea, utterly isolated from Walker's forces
to the south. Informed by the Joints Chiefs of Staff that "the
preservation of your forces is now the primary consideration,"
MacArthur called for the evacuation of X Corps through
Hungnam. Withdrawing five UN divisions by sea would be
another Dunkirk; to make matters worse, the five divisions
were strung out in widely separated columns along moun-
tain tracks in the Korean wilderness. In an operation that has
passed into American military folklore, the US 1st Marine
Division "attacked in the opposite direction" and successfully
reached Hungnam. Likewise, the other four divisions retraced
their steps and marched back into the Hungnam Perimeter.
Finally, X Corps was evacuated on 24 December, abandon-
ing not a single man (and taking about 98,000 Korean civilians
with them).
Game Turn 8: January 1951
Following a period of mystery at the end of December
in which Ridgway knew little of Chinese whereabouts or in-
tentions, the Chinese struck 8th Army on 1 January. Repeat-
ing their failure of late November, UN intelligence was unable
to detect the massive build-up of Chinese and North Korean
supplies and troops. Moreover, although UN forces had bol-
stered their line to a moderate degree, it was in no condition
to withstand another Chinese blitzkrieg. Seoul fell on 4
January. UN forces fell back to a general line running across
the Korean peninsula from P'yongt'aek in the west to
Samch'ok in the east. By late January, the UN defense had
solidified, helped by the shortened front (Korea was at about
its narrowest along this line) and by the X Corps troops -
just reaching the front after their arduous journey out of
Hungnam, into Pusan, and back northward into the - battle.
Chinese logistical difficulties again were apparent, so much
so that the offensive dwindled after about three weeks. Ridg-
way even ordered a limited UN offensive, Operation Wolf-
hound, on 15 January.
Game Turn 9: February 1951
As in December, Chinese forces along the front broke
contact with 8th Army in late January; Ridgway was hard-
pressed to determine their positions and intentions. His
solution to this dilemma was to attack, with the dual pur-
 THE KOREAN WAR, Page 4 7
pose of fixing the Chinese positions and establishing an offen-
sive spirit among his troops. Ridgway's main goal was not
the capture of territory, even Seoul - which was a devastated,
abandoned city; instead, Ridgway strove for the maximum
possible effort to inflict losses on the Chinese and North
Korean forces. In the beginning of February, Operation
Round-up pushed back light enemy resistance to the outskirts
of Seoul. However, opposition stiffened as Operations Killer
and Ripper were launched. Nevertheless, the 8th Army
pushed on; fighting now became vicious, as for the first time
in the Korean War the UN and Chinese launched simul-
taneous offensives. UN firepower and a vast logistical superi-
ority usually proved decisive, as General MacArthur pointed
out: "The enemy is finding it an entirely different problem
fighting 350 miles from his base than when he had a 'sanc-
tuary' in his immediate rear, with our air and naval forces
practically zeroed out."
Game Turn 10: March 1951
Ridgway's methodical advances continued with surpris-
ing success. By the middle of the month, Seoul was recap-
tured; by the end of the month, the 8th Army had advanced
to the 38th Parallel and slightly beyond into North Korea.
The North Koreans and the Chinese appeared to be willing
to give up ground to avoid the UN's devastating firepower.
Now that South Korea had once again been cleared of the
communists, the future of UN military strategy was unclear.
Should the UN seek the destruction of the enemy in Korea,
or even widen the war to Manchuria and mainland China?
Or now that the status quo ante was achieved, should the UN
seek peace? MacArthur adamantly proposed the former
course, pointing out that military operations within North
Korea would be impossible without the bombing of Manchu-
rian airfields and supply depots. However, most UN coun-
tries with forces participating in the war desired a quick end
to the conflict.
Game Turn 11: April 1951
8th Army continued its methodical advances-with Oper-
ations Rugged and Dauntless, moving deeper into North Korea
in an attempt to seize the critical road and rail centers of the
"Iron Triangle" near Ch'orwon and Kumhwa. However,
Ridgway was aware of a large Chinese build-up that could
erupt into a major enemy offensive at any time. This offen-
sive came on 22 April as 500,000 North Korean and Chinese
troops from the Hwach'on Reservoir west to the Imjin
launched a coordinated assault. UN forces withdrew about
30 to 35 miles southward in fairly good order, inflicting huge
losses on the enemy. However, the major news of the month
occurred when MacArthur received an unexpected telegram
from Washington: "I deeply regret that it becomes my duty
as President and Commander-in-Chief of the US Military
Forces to replace you as Supreme Commander, Allied Powers
. . . You will turn over your command, effective at once, to
Lt. Gen. Matthew B. Ridgway." 8th Army passed to the con-
trol of General James Van Fleet, former commander of the
90th Division under General George Patton in the Second
World War.
Game Turn 12: May 1951
The month opened with a lull in the fighting, but the
North Koreans and Chinese suddenly launched a 25-division
offensive on 16 May. This assault was launched on a 25-mile
front in a quiet sector east of the Chungpyong Reservoir in
the vicinity of Kap-yong and Ch'unch'on. This offensive was
contained; at the same time, Ridgway ordered a UN advance,
recognizing that Chinese forces in the west were weak and
over-extended. Ridgway's offensive was remarkably success-
ful, inflicting on the Chinese their worst defeat of the Korean
War; in one day, UN forces claimed to have killed 21,000
enemy troops - if true, this loss was comparable to the British
 THE KOREAN WAR, Page 48
loss on the first day of the Battle of the Somme in July 1916,
known as "the bloodiest day in the history of warfare." The
offensive probed well inside North Korea yet again. The
seesaw nature of the conflict and the recognition by both sides
that a military victory was either undesirable or unachiev-
able led to the first tentative approaches to peace. By June,
Korean Culture and
Geography
"In the battle of the whales, the shrimp gets hurt." So goes
an old proverb that is often quoted by Koreans to describe
the sorrowful role their homeland has played in the history
of the Orient. The Korean peninsula is a relatively small land-
mass of about 85,000 square miles (about the size of Utah)
that is physically separated from the rest of Asia by wide seas,
desolate mountain ranges and broad rivers. Despite the fact
that Korea has been divided into two separate countries since
the end of the Second World War, the people speak a com-
mon language and are of a homogeneous culture. Dominat-
ed in the struggle for hegemony in the Far East by the
Chinese, Japanese and Russians, and later fought over by
soldiers from around the globe, Korean culture has somehow
managed to survive. "The cost of that survival is written on
every Korean's face," wrote one Korean scholar. This
emotional history, coupled with the remoteness and stark
beauty of the peninsula, have led many observers to label
Korea as the "Ireland of the Orient." An interesting parallel
with Ireland is Korea's relationship with its "big brother" to
the east, Japan; even today, the average Korean will express
a certain animosity towards Japan - much in the same way
that an Irishman will lambast an Englishman for the inequi-
ties of years gone by.
The front line at which the Korean War ended in 1953
was more than just a zone of military demarcation. In fact,
what became known as the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) is
roughly analogous to the dividing line between two very
different Koreas. Despite their common language and cul-
ture, North and South Korea contrast sharply in terms of
topography, climate and economy. These and other factors
were causing divisions within Korean society well before the
outbreak of the Korean War. Just as the American Civil War
has been viewed by historians as the "irrepressible conflict"
because of the sharp and ever-increasing cultural differences
between Northern and Southern societies in the early years
of the 19th century, the Korean War can be viewed as an in-
evitable struggle within a society that could not come to terms
with itself concerning the means by which it would progress
into the 20th century. Unfortunately for Korea, what would
normally have been confined to a limited civil war in the
years before realpolitik diplomacy was turned into an inter-
national struggle that came very close to triggering World War
Three. The shrimp was hurt yet again in the battle among
the whales.
Land of Contrasts
Relative to the equator, the Korean peninsula is roughly
analogous to the continental United States. Its southernmost
point (34°, 18' North) is on the same latitude as Los Angeles
or Cape Fear, North Carolina. Its northernmost point (43°,
01' North) is comparable to Eugene, Oregon, or Portland,
Maine. Except for a tiny portion of the border with China
in the northeast, Korea is entirely surrounded by water. To
the west is the shallow Yellow ( Hwanghae, or western) Sea,
famous for its dramatic tides, which occasionally rise and fall
by 25 feet. (This is the second greatest tide change in the
world; Nova Scotia's Bay of Fundy, at 53 feet, has the greatest
tidal fluctuation.) These tides, coupled with the underwater
mountains of the Yellow Sea, result in a bizarre coastline with
a rapidly shifting shore and over 3,300 islands. When General
the front had stabilized along the lines at which the war would
eventually end; this, however, would take two long years of
frustrating negotiations. Peace talks began in mid-July in the
Kaesong area. Any hopes for a quick end to the conflict soon
vanished as the war of words became virtually a second, but
very different, war.
MacArthur declared that he would make an amphibious
assault at Inch'on on the west coast, the joint Chiefs of Staff
were horrified at the potential problems caused by the geo-
logic eccentricities of the Yellow Sea.
To the east of Korea is the Sea of Japan ( Tonghae, or
eastern sea), a far deeper body of water than the Yellow Sea.
The eastern Korean mountains come directly down to the
water on this coast, producing a shoreline that is relatively
straight with very few deep-water harbors. At its southern
extremity, the Sea of Japan narrows - only 120 miles
separates Korea from Japan at this point. Within this strait,
the decisive naval battle of Tsushima was fought between
the Russian and Japanese navies in 1905.
In northern Korea, the desolate wastes of the Yalu
( Amnok-kang) and Tumen (Tuman-gang) river valleys
separate Korea from China and, for a short 11-mile span, the
Soviet Union. These rivers are relatively insignificant for
much of their courses, although they wind through remote
mountainous areas. As UN forces of the 8th Army discovered
in the fall of 1950, approaching these rivers is no easy matter.
The Yalu is a major source of hydroelectric power for North
Korea, so much so that General MacArthur asked to be al-
lowed to destroy various power stations along the river in
the early phases of the Korean War. However, he was de-
nied permission by the joint Chiefs of Staff for fear of bring-
ing China or the Soviet Union into the war.
Shifting Winds
Recalling photographs of frigid Marines amid the snowy
mountains around "frozen Chosin," most Americans picture
Korea as an arctic wasteland. In reality, Korea's climate is
extremely diverse; in fact, it is virtually as variable as the
weather across the length and breadth of the continental
United States. Beginning in November, the Korean peninsula
is dominated by the freezing dry air moving southwards from
Siberia and Manchuria. In the high inland regions of North
Korea, these prevailing winds can bring bitterly cold temper-
atures. At some points in Chagang and Yanggang provinces,
the average January temperature is -6° Fahrenheit. However,
temperatures are far warmer along the coasts and through-
out the south. In fact, frosts are fairly rare in the southern
coastal regions of South Korea.
With the coming of spring, the northerly winds bring
clouds of golden dust from the Mongolian desert. As spring
progresses, the Siberian northerly winds begin to relent and
are replaced by an opposite air flow. These southerly winds
bring warm humid air to the peninsula with large amounts
of rain. In fact, two-thirds of Korea's precipitation occurs be-
tween June and September. During this period, Korea can
expect one or more typhoons to whip in from the south,
especially in August. The proverbial calm before the winter
storm occurs in October when the southerlies begin to defer
to the returning Siberian winds. It is in this month that Korea
exhibits its greatest natural splendor.
Land of Plenty
The Korean peninsula is essentially a giant mountain
spine, 600 miles long. One of the most amazing features of
Korean topography is that only about 20 percent of the penin-
sula is flat and arable. This fact is all the more remarkable
 THE KOREAN WAR, Page 49
when one considers that the two Koreas pack well over 50
million people (as of the 1980's) in this small landmass. Today,
South Korea is one of the most densely populated areas in
the world.
Before the outbreak of the Korean War, southern Korean
society was virtually non-industrial. Due to warmer temper-
atures and heavier rainfall in the south, the southern popu-
lation was overwhelmingly agrarian. A huge fishing industry
also thrived in South Korea, at one point the seventh largest
in the world. South Korean industry was slow to develop be-
cause mineral deposits and good sources of hydroelectric
power were scarce.
South Korea is actually divided into two different regions,
separated from one another by the Taebaek Mountain range
in eastern Korea. From the Taebaeks (and their extension to
the south, the Sobaeks), the land slopes down gradually to
the west. Because the topography is relatively tame west of
the mountains, agriculture has always been paramount. East
of the Taebaeks, however, the mountains drop precipitously
to the sea, yielding a long and narrow coastal zone that is
rarely more than 20 miles across. The young rivers and
streams that flow rapidly from the mountains to the Sea of
Japan have formed hundreds of tiny pockets of arable land,
isolated from one another by the steep valley walls. Unlike
the west coast, the eastern littoral has very few suitable ports.
In addition, its population density is low compared to the rest
of South Korea.
The isolation of the South Korean east coast had a pro-
found effect on the conduct of the early stages of the Korean
War. Both the initial North Korean invasion in the summer
of 1950 as well as the UN-ROK counterattack in the fall were
essentially divided into two separate and distinct campaigns.
The primary struggle, involving the vast majority of both
sides' forces, was fought west of the Taebaeks; a secondary
campaign, encompassing only a handful of divisions on each
side, raged along the coastal road east of the mountains. The
distinctiveness of these campaigns was very real, for the
Taebaeks are crossed by roads in very few places and those
roads that do transit the mountains are hardly suitable for
major military operations. Moreover, a railroad crosses the
Taebaeks at only one point. All of South Korea's major high-
ways are oriented in a general north-south direction and
virtually all of these roads lead to Seoul. Generally, military
historians accuse the North Koreans of a fundamental error
in their invasion strategy by attempting to simultaneously
support two separate offensives both west and east of the
mountains. Given the poor logistical flexibility and the limited
resources of the North Korean forces, simultaneous offen-
sives doomed both to failure. On the other hand, General
MacArthur clearly took advantage of the unusual South
Korean topography in the formulation of his grand strategy.
His insistence on the Inch'on invasion in September 1950
presupposed that a quick recapture of Seoul would, for all
intents and purposes, prevent any significant resupply of
North Korean forces engaged around the Pusan Perimeter.
The actual campaign prove him dramatically correct.
A Land Divided
One of the reasons for the stratification of Korean society
in the years before the outbreak of the Korean War was the
diversity of the land. By accident of geology, virtually all sig-
nificant mineral deposits, such as coal, zinc, tungsten and
iron, lie within North Korea. As a result, almost all of Korea's
industrial complexes were situated north of the 38th Parallel
in 1950, particularly on the west coast near P'yongyang and
in the east around Hamhung. However, agricultural produc-
tion within North Korea has always been poor in compari-
son with the south, mostly because over 80 percent of the
land in the north is mountainous. Moreover, the few areas
suitable for farming possess infertile soil.
The Taebaek Mountain spine that runs up the east coast
of South Korea continues northward for the entire length of
the peninsula. However, north of the 38th Parallel, the moun-
tains branch out into bigger ranges, paralleling one another
on a southwest-northeast axis. These mountain ranges are
so extensive that many of the interior regions of North Korea
are virtually devoid of people. During the UN offensive into
North Korea in the fall of 1950, these mountains had a sig-
nificant effect on the course of the campaign. Because of the
poor east-west communication routes across the mountains,
MacArthur's northward thrust was conducted on two separate
fronts: the concentrated 8th Army under Walker on the west
coast and the dispersed X Corps under Almond to the east.
There was little or no communication between the two; in
fact, a patrol from the easternmost unit of the 8th Army took
a week of arduous cross-country travel just to discover the
whereabouts of the X Corps' western flank. X Corps had the
most difficult job; with a limited number of troops and meager
resources, the corps was ordered to advance to the Yalu along
mountain roads and tracks that were hardly suitable for the
logistical tail of a modern army. When the US 7th Division
reached the Yalu at Hyesanjin in November, they were sepa-
rated from the nearest friendly unit, the 1st Marine Division,
by over 60 miles of trackless wilderness. The vicious counter-
attack, triggered by the Chinese on 25 November, exploited
the huge gaps between UN forces and saw the deployment
of hordes of infantry, with little or no logistical tail, across
desolate mountain paths that UN commanders had regard-
ed as impassable for military formations. Attacked from all
sides, the UN forces suffered their worst defeat of the war.
 THE KOREAN WAR, Page 50
Notes on the War
I nteresting and Little-known Facts about the Korean
War
Korean Veterans of the Chinese Civil War
About one-third of the North Korean Peoples' Army that
invaded South Korea in June 1950 were combat veterans of
the Chinese Civil War. Thousands of Koreans volunteered
for Mao Tse-tung's People's Liberation Army in the 1940's to
fight the Nationalists in China. After the defeat of Chiang Kai-
shek's forces in 1949, the Koreans within the PLA were
repatriated to form the North Korean 5th, 6th and 7th Divi-
sions. In addition, numerous other divisions contained at least
a regiment of Korean veterans of the Chinese Civil War.
MacArthur's Personal Bravery
In World War Two, General Douglas MacArthur was
known to walk calmly into the front lines to observe the fight-
ing conditions for himself. Although 70 years old at the time
of Inch'on, MacArthur reinitiated this practice on the drive
for Seoul. A US Marine officer tried to stop MacArthur from
climbing the crest of a hill near the front. "We just knocked
out six Red tanks over the top of this hill," he said. "That was
the proper thing to do," MacArthur replied, brushing past the
officer and walking to the top of the hill to observe the fight-
ing below.
Korean Augmentation to the US Army (KATUSA)
One of the most amazing facts about the Korean War was
that at various times during the conflict, US Army divisions
filled up to one-third of their ranks not with Americans but
with South Korean recruits called KATUSAs. Most US divi-
sions had about 2,000 KATUSAs at any given time; the 7th
Division, however, had 8,325 when it came ashore at Inch'on
on the heels of the 1st Marine Division in September 1950.
In the 24th Division, the Koreans were organized into all-
Korean platoons led by an American officer. In the 7th, 2nd,
1st Cavalry and 25th Divisions, the KATUSAs were integrated
using the "buddy-system," in which one American soldier
befriended a Korean counterpart. The "buddy-system" was
disastrous; one American officer wrote, "These men had no
idea of sanitation let alone the more complicated activities
of military life. Yet high-level policy dictated that we treat
them as our equals in every respect. They were to receive
the same clothing and equipment, the same treatment, the
same rations. Later they even had to have chocolate bars and
comic books." Very soon, thousands of Koreans were fitted
with over-sized American uniforms, carrying M-1 Garand
rifles that were far too large for the average Korean male.
Inevitable hostilities arose between the Americans and the
Koreans; the most common American complaints were that
the Koreans constantly spit in the barracks and used the
latrines while standing on the toilet seats. Nevertheless, the
KATUSAs proved to be valuable soldiers to have in American
units due to their intelligence-gathering and interpretive skills.
The Turkish Brigade at Tokch'on
Of all the combat units in the Korean War, the Turkish
Brigade had one of the most fearsome reputations. Their first
action, however, was not auspicious. Immediately after the
communist Chinese offensive of 25 November 1950 broke
through the ROKs on the right flank of 8th Army, the Turkish
Brigade, which had only been in the Army zone for three
days, was rushed to the front to plug the widening gap.
Shortly, the Turks reported that they had met the "onrushing
Chinese" and won "a bloody battle" as well as taking "hundreds
of prisoners." Unfortunately, the "Chinese" were retreating
ROKs, fleeing the Chinese onslaught. The Turks had little
ti me to analyze their mistake; the next day they ran into the
real enemy at a village called Wawon and were almost wiped
out.
More Mistaken Identity
Determining who was on which side was frequently
difficult in the Korean War. In the rapid UN advance into
North Korea after the Inch'on invasion, a unit of the British
27th Brigade advanced into a North Korean town. Encounter-
ing a group of Oriental soldiers, for some reason they assumed
they were ROKs. The Orientals, which proved to be North
Korean, assumed the British were Soviets. The two parties
happily celebrated with some illicit alcohol until the Koreans
eagerly proposed a toast to Joseph Stalin and Karl Marx. As
mutual surprise erupted into gunfire, both sides beat a hasty
withdrawal.
The 65th Infantry Regiment
Normally, the US 3rd Division, which was shipped to
Korea in the fall of 1950, contained three infantry regiments.
However, due to personnel shortfalls, it was able to ship only
t wo regiments to Korea for combat duty. General MacArthur
objected strenuously to the use of a two-regiment division,
but was pacified when he was informed by the JCS that the
missing third regiment would be replaced by the 65th Infan-
try of the Puerto Rican National Guard. The 65th Infantry
left Puerto Rico on 25 August and arrived in Korea on 23 Sep-
tember. All of the enlisted men in the regiment were Puerto
Rican as well as about one-third of the officers.
The 24th Infantry Regiment
An unhappier regiment was the 24th Infantry of the 25th
Division, an all-Black unit. Shipped to Korea on short notice
in the summer of 1950, the regiment entered combat and was
promptly routed by a North Korean offensive near Kumch'on.
The 24th was quickly labeled as a "bug-out" unit, although
this sad episode helped trigger the integration of the Army,
an accomplishment that was achieved before the end of the
Korean War.
The 5th Infantry Regiment
When the Korean War broke out, the 5th Infantry was
stationed on Hawaii as an independent regimental combat
team. The regiment contained many Second World War
veterans of the 442nd "Go for Broke" Regiment of Nisei
(Japanese-Americans). On 31 July, the regiment arrived in
Pusan and fought for a short time as an independent unit.
Shortly, however, the regiment was amalgamated with others
to augment the understrength Far East Command divisions
that were rushed to Korea without adequate preparation in
the summer of 1950. The commander of the 5th Infantry was
Colonel Godwin Ordway, who had been relieved of com-
mand of the 115th Infantry, 29th Division in the Battle of
St. Lo in July 1944.
3rd Battalion, 9th Infantry
The 3rd Battalion, 9th Infantry, 2nd Division was another
all-Black unit that was committed to Korea on short notice
from its base in the state of Washington. The 3/9th arrived
in Korea at the end of July 1950 and participated in the
defense of the Pusan perimeter.
American Prisoners of War
At the end of the Korean War, over 500 American
prisoners of war who had been repatriated to the US were
investigated on charges of collaboration with the enemy and
misconduct while in North Korean camps. Only a handful
of POWs were convicted of these charges, but the investiga-
tions caused a great deal of publicity in the American press
in the mid-1950's - so much so that the code of conduct for
American POWs was rewritten. However, an examination
of the immense psychological stress undergone by Korean
War POWs opened the eyes of many Americans to the
realities of modern war against a non-Western enemy. Dozens
of cases of executions of American prisoners by their North
Korean captors were documented during the war. Similarly,
UN prisoners were routinely tortured.


THE KOREAN WAR, Page 51

The Ghost Army of Korea The Chinese Cavalry

One of the most famous songs to come out of the war Although never adequately documented, it was report-
was "The Ghost Army of Korea," a ballad that originated in ed that the Chinese XIII Army Group employed horse cavalry
the Gloustershire Regiment of the British 29th Brigade: in its "First Phase" offensive against the ROKs and the US 1st
Cavalry Division in October 1950. It is certain that the Army
Just below the Manchurian border,
Group maintained a unit called the 1st Cavalry Regiment in
Korea's the name of the spot,
its order of battle; whether it was actually used or not is open
We're due to be spending our time here,
to question. Several American troops reported hearing
In the land that God forgot.
hundreds of horses' hooves in the Korean mountains during
Down with the snakes and the lizards, this time. If true, it would be a quirk of history that the
Down where a swaddie is blue, Chinese 1st Cavalry Regiment engaged the US 1st Cavalry
Right in the middle of nowhere, Division, a unit that had long ago discarded its horses.
And thousands of miles from you.
We sweat and we freeze and we shiver, Philby, Burgess and Maclean
It's more than a man can bear, One of the ironic facts of the Korean War is that the North
We're not a bunch of convicts, Koreans and Chinese enjoyed a consistent intelligence advan-
We are only a-doing our share. tage over the United Nations - this despite the vast techno-
We are soldiers of the army, logical superiority of the UN and the recent ULTRA triumph
Earning our measly pay, in the Second World War. "That there was some leak in in-
Guarding all the millionaires, telligence was evident to everyone," MacArthur wrote.
For four lousy shillings a day. " Walker continually complained to me that his operations
were known to the enemy in advance through sources in
Living with photos and memories,
Washington." The uncanny accuracy of this statement did not
Thinking sometimes of our gals,
become evident until the mid-1950's when it was revealed
Hoping that while we have been away,
that three British diplomats, H.A.R. Philby, Guy Burgess and
They have not married our pals.
Donald Maclean, were regularly passing UN military infor-
Few people know what we are doing, mation of vital significance to the Soviet Union. Philby and
And nobody gives a damn, Burgess worked in high positions in the British Embassy in
Although we are almost forgotten, Washington and participated in secret meetings of British and
We belong to the khaki clan. American diplomats. Maclean was an American affairs
The good times we've had in the army, specialist working for the British government in London.
And the good times we have missed, Although the exact information passed to the communists by
Here's hoping the army don't get you, these three men is unclear, historians have concluded that
So for God's sake don't go and enlist. the bold Chinese intervention in the Korean War and the sub-
sequent startling offensive in November 1950 were directly
And when we arrive in heaven,
attributable to information passed from Philby, Burgess and
St. Peter will surely tell,
Maclean to the Soviets and on to the Chinese.
'They've just come back from Korea,
Dear God, they've been serving their time in Hell.' The Bug-Out
The term "bug-out," meaning a quick retreat in the face
The End of Free Beer of an enemy attack, gained widespread use in the Korean
War. When the US 2nd Division was virtually annihilated
Cigarettes and beer were to the US Army of the mid-20th
in the Chinese offensive of 25 November 1950, the ballad
century what rum was to the Royal Navy of the 19th century.
"Bugout Boogie" soon became popular in the 8th Army:
Beer was normally issued to combat troops for free once they
came off the firing line. However, a widespread temperance Lordy, Lordy, listen to me,
movement within the United States called for the elimina- While I tell of the Battle of Kunu-ri,
tion of the free beer ration. Despite vociferous arguments We're bugging-out,
against the ban of free beer, including one Congressman who We're moving on!
said, 'Water in Korea is deadlier than bullets," the ban on free
beer within the Far East Command went into effect on 12 The End of the Korean War
September 1950 amid widespread grumbling among the US The Korean War has never officially ended. The docu-
troops. ment that terminated the fighting was an armistice only, and
both North and South Korea have remained on a virtual war-
A Guide to Korean Place Names footing since that time. The front line at which the Korean
War came to an end has become known as the demilitarized
In Korean geography, a word is usually added on to a
zone (DMZ), although this label is one of the great misnomers
place name to denote its meaning. This practice was followed
of history. Today, the DMZ separates two of the world's
in THE KOREAN WAR game-map, and for the convenience of
greatest armed camps, including a full US infantry division
the players a list of Korean geographic suffixes is provided
(the 2nd). There have been several altercations along the
below. (At the time of the Korean War, US Army maps of
DMZ over the past 30 years, many involving the deaths of
Korea were frequently sketchy and inconsistent. On the
American personnel. North Korea is perhaps the United
game-map, spellings of Korean place-names adhere to US
States' most implacable enemy. Despite the fact that America's
Army maps of the 1950's and 1960's , although variations may
role in the Korean War is being examined in a new light due
appear on more modern maps.)
to the Vietnam experience, it is clear that the United States
SUFFIX MEANING SUFFIX MEANING is committed to replay the 1950 scenario should the North
ch'on River namdo South Koreans again attack across the DMZ in the near-future.
dong Village ni Town
gang River pukto North
gol Town ri Village
hang Harbor San Mountain
li Village tong Town
 THE KOREAN WAR, Page 52

Divisional Affiliation of US Army Regiments Suggested Reading

US Army divisional organization in the Korean war was For those wishing to read further about the Korean War,
significantly different than today. Each division contained a small bibliography of the best books available is provided
three regiments, permanently assigned to that division's Table below:
of Organization and Equipment (TO&E). The divisional
Appleman, Roy. South to the Naktong, North to the Yalu.
affiliations of US regiments portrayed in the game are as
Washington: Office of the Chief of Military History,
follows:
1961.
1st Infantry Division Fehrenbach, T.R. This Kind of War. New York:
16th Infantry Macmillan, 1963.
18th Infantry Hermes, Walter G. Truce Tent and Fighting Front.
26th Infantry Washington: Office of Chief of Military History,
1963.
Marshall, S.L.A. The River and the Gauntlet. New York:
4th Infantry Division
8th Infantry
12th Infantry Time Reading Program. 1962.
22nd Infantry Montross, Lynn. U.S. Marine Operations in Korea
( 5 vols.). Washington: Historical Branch HQ USMC,
9th Infantry
2nd Infantry Division
1954.
23rd Infantry Sawyer, Robert K. Military Advisors in Korea: KMAG in
38th Infantry Peace and War. Washington: Office of the Chief of
Military History, 1962.
Schnabel, James F. Policy and Direction: The First Year.
7th Infantry Division
17th Infantry
31st Infantry Washington: Office of the Chief of Military History,
32nd Infantry 1978.

5th Cavalry
1st Cavalry Division

7th Cavalry
8th Cavalry
3rd Infantry Division
7th Infantry
15th Infantry
65th Infantry (Puerto Rico National Guard)
24th Infantry Division
19th Infantry
21st Infantry
34th Infantry
25th Infantry Division
24th Infantry (Black)
27th Infantry
35th Infantry
28th Infantry Division
( Pennsylvania National Guard)
109th Infantry
110th Infantry
112th Infantry
29th Infantry Division
( Maryland/Virginia National Guard)
115th Infantry
116th Infantry
175th Infantry The Korean War Design Credits
43rd Infantry Division Game Design and Development: Joseph M. Balkoski
( Rhode Island/Connecticut National Guard) Developmental Editor: Michael E. Moore
103rd Infantry
169th Infantry Graphics: Ted Koller
172nd Infantry Cover Painting/Illustrations: James Talbot
45th Infantry Division Development Assistance: Roger Hollenbaugh
( Oklahoma National Guard) Historical Assistance: Colonel Robert Miller, US Army
157th Infantry Graphics Assistance: Rosaria Baldari
179th Infantry Editorial Assistance: Elizabeth Mizell
180th Infantry
Special Thanks: Thaek S. Choe, National Archives
Playtesters: Roger Hollenbaugh, Michael E. Moore,
1st Marine Division
1st Marines
Ron Nickelson, Michael Panicali,
7th Marines
Thom Roberts
5th Marines
Camera Dept. Supervision : Elaine M. Adkins
Production: Ted Koller, Michael E. Moore, Rosaria Baldari,
2nd Marine Division
2nd Marines
Robert Ryer, Colonial Composition,
3rd Marines
Monarch Services, Inc.
8th Marines
Project Oversight : W. Bill
Z4062 2/86