Kali (demon)

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Not to be confused with the goddess Kali, who is pronounced "Kālī", with both
vowels long.
Kali
Kali.png
Kali (right) wielding a sword
Affiliation Demon god of all evil source, personification of Adharma and archenemy
of Krishna (as Kalki)
Abode Kali Yuga (gambling places, taverns, prostitution, slaughter, greed and gold)
Planet Earth
Weapon Sword
Mount Donkey
Consort Durukti (sister-turned-wife), Alakshmi (second(ary) wife)
This article contains Indic text. Without proper rendering support, you may
see question marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic
text.
According to Hindus, Kali (Devanāgari: कलल, IAST: kali, with both vowels short;
from a root kad, "suffer, hurt, startle, confuse") is the reigning lord of the Kali
Yuga and archenemy of Kalki, the 10th and final avatar of the Hindu God Vishnu. In
the Kalki Purana, he is portrayed as a demon and the source of all evil. In the
Mahabharata, he was a gandharva who possessed Nala, forcing him to lose his Kingdom
in a game of dice to his brother Pushkara. Kali is similar to the demon Kroni and
his incarnation Kaliyan of Ayyavazhi mythology.

Contents
1 Mahabharata
2 Puranic accounts
2.1 Churning of the ocean of milk
2.2 Markandeya Purana
2.3 Bhagavata Purana
2.4 Kalki Purana
2.5 Death
2.6 Family lineage
2.6.1 Vishnu Purana
2.6.2 In Bhagavata Purana
2.6.3 Linga Purana
2.6.4 Dharma personified
2.6.5 Progeny
3 Role in modern communalism
4 In popular culture
5 Notes
6 External links
Mahabharata
See also: The Gandharvas mentioned in Mahabharata

Damayanti speaking with a celestial swan.

According to the Mahabharata, the gandharva Kali became jealous when he was late to
Princess Damayanti's marriage ceremony and discovered she had overlooked the
deities Indra, Agni, Varuna, and Yama (and ultimately himself) to choose Nala as
her husband. In anger, Kali spoke to his companion Dvapara, the personification of
Dvapara Yuga:

I am ill able, O Dvapara, to suppress my anger. I shall possess Nala, deprive him
of his kingdom, and he shall no more sport with Bhima's daughter. Entering the
dice, it behoveth thee to help me.[1]
Kali traveled to Nala's kingdom of Nishadhas and waited twelve long years for the
right moment to strike. Because Nala had rendered himself impure by not washing his
feet before his prayers, Kali was able to bewitch his soul. Kali then appeared
before Pushkara and invited him to play a game of dice with his brother,
guaranteeing Nala's downfall. Dwapara took the form of the Vrisha die that would be
used in the fixed game. Kali forced Nala to lose and, each time, he would raise the
stakes higher despite the protest of his advisors and wife. Finally, Nala lost his
kingdom to Pushkara. Both he and Damayanti were exiled to the forest.

Duryodhana as depicted in Yakshagana popular drama from Karnataka

During their exile, Kali drove Nala to abandon Damayanti, who later enacted a curse
against everyone that had caused the downfall of her husband. She eventually
returned home after a short time as a hand-maiden to the Princess of Chedi. Nala,
meanwhile, saved the Naga Karkotaka from fire (where he was cursed to suffer by
sage Narada). Intending to exorcize the devil within him, the serpent bit Nala,
injecting him with deadly poisons that forever tortured Kali. The venom also
changed Nala into an ugly dwarf named Bahuka. He later became the charioteer of the
Ayodhya King Rituparna, who was a master mathematician and dice player.

Years later, King Rituparna revealed to Bahuka the supreme skill of controlling the
dice in exchange for horsemanship lessons. This skill awakened Nala from Kali's
control and allowed him (with the help of Damayanti's curse and Karkotaka's venom)
to exorcise the demon; vomiting him in the form of poison from his mouth. Nala
forced the Kali's trembling spirit into a Vibhitaka tree. He then counted the
fruits of the tree and left in search of his wife and later regained his true form.
Kali returned to his abode as well.

Kali was later incarnated as king Duryodhana, eldest of the one hundred Kaurava
brothers. His companion Dvapara became his uncle Shakuni. The day Duryodhana was
born, he unleashed a donkey-like scream which the donkeys outside the home replied
to. Despite the advice from Vidura to discard the evil baby, Duryodhana's father
Dhritarashtra kept the child because demons had received a boon from Shiva that the
future king would be invincible.

At the onset of Kali Yuga, once king Parikshit went hunting in the forest. Just
then in the middle of the way, Kali, appeared before him and asked permission to
enter his kingdom, which the king denied. Upon insisting, Parikshit allowed him
five places to reside: where there is gambling, alcohol consumption, prostitution,
animal slaughter and gold. Kali smartly entered into Parikshit's golden crown and
spoiled his thoughts. Parikshit entered the hut of a sage named Shamika as he was
thirsty. He found the sage in deep meditation. He bowed to him several times but as
there was no response. In anger, he took a dead snake and threw it around the
sage's neck. Later when the sage's son, Shringin, heard of this incident he cursed
the king to die of snake bite on the seventh day. On hearing this, the king
forswore the throne for his son Janamejaya and spent his last seven days listening
to the discourses of sage Shuka, compiled as the Bhagavata Purana under the banyan
tree of Shukratal. As prophesied, the snake king Takshaka bit Parikshita, who left
his mortal remains behind and attained Moksha.

Puranic accounts
The Kalki Purana describes him as a huge being, the color of "soot," with a large
tongue, and a terrible stench. From his birth, he carried an Upaasthi (worship)
bone. The Kalki Purana says that this demon chose gambling, liquor, prostitution,
slaughter and gold as his permanent abodes."[2] The Sanskrit-English Dictionary
states Kali is "of a class of mythic beings (related to the Gandharvas, and
supposed by some to be fond of gambling)".[3] The Bhagavata Purana describes him as
a sudra wearing the garments of a king.[4] An early 20th century anti-beef eating
pamphlet protesting the slaughter of the sacred cow in India portrays Kali as a
brownish-skinned demon with a dog-like face, protruding fangs, pointed ears, long
green bushy hair and wearing a red loin cloth and golden jewelry. (See Religion and
politics)

The names of the four yugas of time—Satya, Treta, Dvapara and Kali—are named after
"dice throws" from a game of dice popular during the Vedic period. Their order
coincides with the favorability of each throw: Satya is the best throw, whereas
Kali is considered the worst.[5][6] During the Mahabharata, king Nala exorcises the
disembodied spirit of Kali to a vibhīdaka tree (Terminalia belerica), whose fruits
contain nuts which were used as the dice for the vedic dice game.[7] Therefore, not
only Kali's name, but his penchant for gambling and reputation as being evil comes
from this dice game.

Churning of the ocean of milk

According to a lesser known Madhva version of the legend, during the churning of
the ocean of milk, a great poison known as halahala was produced, which Vayu, the
god of wind, rubbed in his hands to reduce its potency. Then a small portion was
given to god Shiva, turning his throat blue. The rest was collected in a golden
vessel and digested by Vayu. (One source states he drank the Kalakuta poison of
Vasuki nāga.[8] Still others more commonly state that Shiva drank alone.[9]) A
little portion of poison that wasn't swallowed by Shiva became the body of Kali.
From this poison also came, "cruel objects like snakes, wolves, and tigers."[10]

Later, when the asura Rahu was decapitated by Vishnu's Mohini Avatar, the demon's
allies attacked her and all except Kali were killed. Having the power to possess
the bodies of immortal and mortal beings, he entered the hearts of man and
escaped . Because Kali was "invisible, unimaginable, and present in all" the only
way to correct the chaos born from the miswritten texts was to completely renew the
sacred scriptures entirely. Thus Vishnu descended to earth as Vedavyasa, the
compiler of the sacred scriptures Vedas and the writer of the Puranas.[10]

Markandeya Purana
According to Markandeya Purana, the Brahmin Pravara was given a magical ointment
that allowed him to fly. But when he flew to the Himalayas, the ointment was washed
away from the bottoms of his feet keeping him from returning home to his wife.
During this time, the nymph Varuthini fell madly in love with him and begged the
Brahmin to stay with her forever. But eventually, he rejected her. He prayed to
Agni who returned him home safely.

The gandharva Kali was in love with Varuthini and had been rejected by her in the
past. He saw how she hungered for the Brahmin, so he took on the appearance of
Pravara and came before the courtesan. He led her into the bedchamber and told her
to close her eyes during their sex [sambhoga]. As they made love, Varuthini noticed
that his body became flaming hot and believed it was because his Brahmin spirit was
infused with the sacrificial fire. After climax, Kali, still-as-Pravara, left the
apsara and returned to his abode. Varuthini soon became pregnant and nine months
later gave birth to a human child that not only looked like the Brahmin but
possessed his soul as well.[11] The authors of the book Science in Culture comment
this was an example of the Sanskrit phrase "from his semen and from her thinking,"
meaning the child was indeed Pravara's child because she believed it was his.[12]

In another version, Kali stipulates he will only marry the apsara if she keeps her
eyes closed while they are in the forest (presumably making love). However, Kali
leaves after their marriage and the birth of their son Svarocisa. Svarocisa grows
up to become a very learned scholar of the Vedas and learns to speak the languages
of all creatures from one of his three wives. He later marries a goddess and
fathers Svarocisa Manu, one of the progenitors of mankind.[13] (See Progeny)

Bhagavata Purana
The Bhagavata Purana states the very day and moment avatar Krishna left this earth,
Kali, "who promotes all kinds of irreligious activities, came into this world."[14]

After setting off to wage war against the evils of the world with his armies,
Emperor Parikshit, the grandson of Arjuna, came across a Sudra dressed as a king
who was beating a cow and an ox with a club. Parikshit immediately lead his chariot
over to the scene and angrily berated the sudra for abusing the sacred cow and her
mate. However, this was no ordinary sudra and these were no ordinary bovine, for
the sudra was Kali and the cow and ox were embodiments of the earth goddess and
Dharma. The Emperor noticed the ox was standing on one of his legs because the
other three had been broken by Kali. Dharma explained his four legs represented
"austerity, cleanliness, mercy and truthfulness", but he had only the leg of
"truth" to stand on since the other three had been broken by kali over the
preceding yugas.[4] Kali was intent on breaking all the legs that supported the
reign of dharma so he could effect the expansion of his own dark reign on earth.
The earth goddess cried for she had once been plentiful, but when Krishna ascended
to heaven, she was forsaken and all of the prosperity left from the world. She
feared evil kings like Kali would continue to lay waste to the earth.

When Parikshit raised his sword to kill Kali, the sudra stripped himself of his
royal garments and prostrated himself at the emperor's feet. The emperor knew Kali
tainted the world with his evil and so had no place in it and raised his sword once
more. But Kali interceded again and begged the emperor to spare his life and allow
him a place to live within his empire. Parikshit decided that Kali would live in
"gambling houses, in taverns, in women of unchaste lives, in slaughtering places
and in gold".[15] And as long as Parikshit ruled India, Kali stayed within the
confines of these five places. This act allowed Dharma to regain his legs and the
earth to be relieved of much burden. However, Parikshit was later cursed to die by
snake bite after hunting in the forest and throwing a dead snake on an unresponsive
sage practicing austerities. Upon the emperor's death, "Kali made his way to other
places like wild fire and established his power throughout the length and breadth
of the whole world."[15][16]

In another version of the tale, Kali enters into the Emperor's crown when Parikshit
gives him permission to reside wherever there is gold. Upon returning home after
offending the sage, Parikshit says to himself, "Kali-yug's abode is in gold; this
was on my head; hence I had so evil a thought that, having taken a dead snake cast
it on the sage’s neck. Therefore, I now understand that Kali-yug has taken his
revenge on me. How shall I escape this grievous sin?"[17][18]

Kalki Purana

Kalki
Main article: Kalki Purana
The beginning of the Kalki Purana describes Kali's lineage starting with the
creator-god Brahma, his great-great-grandfather, and ending with the birth of his
children's children. Instead of being born of poison from the churning of the ocean
of milk, he is the product of a long line of incestuous monsters born from Brahma's
back. (See Family Lineage below) Kali and his family were created by Brahma to
hurry the dissolution of the cosmos after the pralaya period was over. When his
family takes human form on earth, they further taint the hearts and minds of
mankind to bring about the end of Dvapara Yuga and the beginning of Kali Yuga.
During the first stage of Kali-Yuga, the varnashrama breaks down and God-worship is
forsaken by man. All through the second, third, and fourth stages, man forgets the
name of god and no longer offers Yajna (offerings) to the Devas. It is at this
point when God Vishnu reincarnates as Kalki in the name of the Devas and all of
mankind to rid the cosmos of Kali's dark influence.

The remainder of the tale describes Kalki's childhood, military training under the
immortal Parashurama, his marriage, his preparation for war against Kali, and the
decisive war between the two. Kalki kicks off his campaign by performing the
Ashvamedha sacrifice and leading his armies behind the horse as it runs freely from
kingdom to kingdom. If any evil king tries to stop the horse, Kalki engages them in
combat. After defeating them, he continues to follow the horse until all evil
kingdoms are vanquished. When Kali finally faces Kalki's forces, his entire family
blood line is wiped out by the avatar's generals and he presumably dies from wounds
inflicted by Dharma and Satya Yuga personified. Kalki, meanwhile, battles and
simultaneously kills the demon's most powerful generals, Koka and Vikoka, twin
devils adept in the dark arts.[2]

Death
Kali dies one-third of the way through the Kalki Purana. During the decisive battle
between Kali and Kalki's armies, Kali tried to face both Dharma and Satya Yuga
personified, but was overwhelmed and fled on his donkey because his chariot had
been destroyed, leaving his owl-charged war flag to be trampled on the battlefield.
Kali retreated to the citadel of his capital city of Vishasha where he discovered
his body had been mortally stabbed and burned during his battle with the two devas.
The stench of his blood billowed out and filled the atmosphere with a foul odor.
When Dharma and Satya burst into the city, Kali tried to run away, but, knowing his
family had been destroyed, coupled with his grievous wounds, he "entered his
unmanifested years".[2] This might lead some to believe he died, but one version of
the Kalki Purana in the book The Origins of Evil in Hindu Mythology states Kali
does not die but, instead, escapes through time and space to live in the Kali Yuga
of the next Kalpa. The author comments, "Unlike most battles between gods and
demons, however, this apparent victory is immediately undercut, for Kali escapes to
reappear in 'another age'—in our age, or the next Kali Age."[19] Since he had the
power to manifest himself in human form on earth, he was able to forsake his dying
corporal form to escape in spirit.

Family lineage
Kali is the great-great-grandson of Lord Brahma. He is the son of Krodha (Anger)
and his sister-turned-wife Himsa (Violence). He is the grandson of Dambha (Vanity)
and his sister-turned-wife, Maya (Illusion). He is the great-grandson of Adharma
(Impropriety) and his wife, Mithya (Falsehood). Adharma was originally created from
Lord Brahma's back as a Maleen Pataka (a very dark and deadly sinful object).

B. K. Chaturvedi, a modern translator of the Kalki Purana, states in a foot note

that the growth of this dark sinful object into Adharma seems to, "convey the
growth of Kali Yuga and its obnoxious offshoots."[2]

Vishnu Purana
Kali's family lineage is told differently in the Vishnu Purana, which is a father
purana to the Kalki Purana:

The wife of Adharma (vice) was Himsá (violence), on whom he begot a son Anrita
(falsehood), and a daughter Nikriti (immorality): they intermarried, and had two
sons, Bhaya (fear) and Naraka (hell); and twins to them, two daughters, Maya
(deceit) and Vedaná (grief), who became their wives. The son of Bhaya and Máyá was
the destroyer of living creatures, or Mrityu (death); and Dukha (pain) was the
offspring of Naraka and Vedaná. The children of Mrityu were Vyádhi (disease), Jará
(decay), Soka (sorrow), Trishńa (greediness), and Krodha (wrath). These are all
called the inflictors of misery, and are characterised as the progeny of Vice
(Adharma). They are all without wives, without posterity, without the faculty to
procreate; they are the terrible forms of Vishńu, and perpetually operate as causes
of the destruction of this world. On the contrary, Daksha and the other Rishis, the
elders of mankind, tend perpetually to influence its renovation: whilst the Manus
and their sons, the heroes endowed with mighty power, and treading in the path of
truth, as constantly contribute to its preservation.
In this version, Himsa is Adharma's wife instead of his granddaughter.[20]

In Bhagavata Purana
According to the Bhagavata Purana, Adharma is the husband of Mrishá (falsehood),
and the father of Dambha (hypocrisy) and Máyá (deceit), who were adopted by
Nirritti (Hindu god/dess of misery). The series of their descendants is also
somewhat varied from our text; being in each descent, however, twins which
intermarry, or Lobha (covetousness) and Nikriti, who produce Krodha (wrath) and
Hinsá: their children are, Kali (wickedness) and Durukti (evil speech): their
progeny are, Mrityu and Bhí (fear); whose offspring are, Niraya (hell) and Yátaná
(torment).[21]

In this version, Mrisha is the wife of Adharma and not Himsa or Mithya.

Linga Purana
The Linga Purana enumerates Adharma among the Prajapatis (Lords of Creatures).[21]

Dharma personified
Since Dharma is one of the major antagonists of Kali, it is important to note this
personified deity has his own line of offspring that work against the demon and his
family to bring balance to the world. The following comes from the Vishnu Purana:

The progeny of Dharma by the daughters of Daksha were as follows: by Sraddha he had
Kama (desire); by Lakshmi, Darpa (pride); by Dhriti, Niyama (precept); by Tushti,
Santosha (content); by Pushti, Lobha (cupidity); by Medhá, Sruta (sacred
tradition); by Kriya, Danda, Naya, and Vinaya (correction, polity, and prudence);
by Buddhi, Bodha (understanding); by Lajj, Vinaya (good behaviour); by Vapu,
Vyavasaya (perseverance). Santi gave birth to Kshema (prosperity); Siddhi to Sukha
(enjoyment); and Kírtti to Yasas. These were the sons of Dharma; one of whom, Kama,
had Hersha (joy) by his wife Nandi (delight).

Again, the Bhagavata Purana gives a different account of his children's names.[22]

It is described in Mahabharata as the eldest Pandava brother, Yudhishthira was the

son of Dharma.

Progeny
Kali's sister-turned-wife, Durukti (Calumny), gave him two offspring: a son named
Bhayanak (Fear) and a daughter named Mrityu (Death). His son and daughter gave him
two grandchildren: a boy named Naraka (Hell) and a girl named Yatana (Torture).[2]
Again, there are some discrepancies here. The Vishnu Purana says Mrityu and
Bhayanak are his brother and sister. Mrityu is even represented as male instead of
female.[2]

Kali is the grandfather of Svarocisa Manu, one of the progenitors of mankind.[13]

As previously mentioned, Kali had a son named Svarocisa with the Apsara Varuthini.
Svarocisa once traveld to Mt. Mandara and was met by Manorama, a cursed-woman being
chased by a demon. In the past, she had made fun of a sage practicing Tapasya
austerities on Mt. Kailas and was cursed to be captured by a demon. When her
friends Vibhavari and Kalavati berated the sage for enacting a curse for such a
minor offence, he cursed one to be a leper and the other a carrier of diseases.
Manorama had knowledge of a powerful spiritual weapon, but did not know how to
wield it, so she taught it to Svarocisa. When the demon leaped out of the forest
and grabbed a hold of the woman, Svarocis called forth the weapon. But the demon
stayed his hand and explained he was actually Manorama's father, Indivara. He had
also been cursed to become a demon by the sage Brahmamitra because he tried to
covertly obtain the secrets of Ayurveda medicine without the sage's knowledge. The
sage told him that the curse would end when he was about to eat his own daughter.
Once he regained his true form, Indivara taught Svarocisa the Ayurveda medication,
which he used to cure Manorama's friends. He later married the three and had three
sons with them. He learned the languages of all creatures from Vibhavari and the
Padmini vidya from Kalavati.

Despite his prosperity, Svarocis was unhappy in his life and could hear the ducks
and deer talking about him behind his back. One day he went hunting and took aim at
a boar, but a deer came through the clearing and asked to be shot in its place.
When he enquired why, the deer told him that she was really the goddess of the
forest and wished to marry Svarocisa. So he embraced the deer and she turned into a
beautiful woman. Together, they had a son named Dyutiman, who later became the
Svarocisa Manu.[13]

One source states, "Kali's wife
from Kshirasagara [the ocean of
Goddess Lakshmi, the consort of
Durukti is his sister, Alakshmi
related to him.
Alakshmi and her sons who supervise evil also came
milk]."[10] Alakshmi is the elder sister of the
Vishnu.[23] Since the Kalki Purana states his wife
would be a second wife because she is not directly

There are a number of connections and similarities between Kali and Alakshmi. First
and foremost, Alakshmi's sister is the consort of Lord Vishnu, who sent his Kalki
avatar to earth to defeat Kali.[23] Second, legends say she was born either from
the churning of the ocean of milk, the poison from Vasuki (who helped churn the
ocean) or the back of Prajapati.[23][24] As previously mentioned, Kali is said to
have been born from the halahala poison created from churning the ocean or from a
lineage created from Lord Brahma’s back.[2][10] Third, Alakshmi takes the form of
an owl.[23] Kali's emblem on his war flag is of an owl.[2] Fourth, whenever
Alakshmi enters a house, families fight and turn on one another.[25] The presence
of Kali and his family on earth causes mankind to fight and turn on one another.
Finally, Alakshmi is said to ride a donkey.[23] Kali also rides a donkey in the
Kalki Purana.[2]

Role in modern communalism

Further information: Communalism (South Asia) and Religious violence in India

Anti-beef eating pamphlet (1890 CE) showing Kali (far right) attempting to
slaughter a sacred cow.

The color version run by the Ravi Varma Press (c. 1912).
Kali's image was used in several pamphlets circulated by various Agorakshanasabh
("cow protection leagues") and "wandering ascetics" as a protest against the Muslim
practice of beef-eating during the British raj.[26][27] These pamphlets were
produced in a time when Hindu-Muslim riots over cow slaughter occurred in several
areas of India; including Azamgarh district (1893), when a total of 100 people died
in similar conflagrations throughout the empire; Ayodhya (1912–1913); and Shahabad
(1917).[28] One such pamphlet entitled "The Present State" showed a cow being
slaughtered by a trio of "Muhammadan" butchers.[26][27] Another portrayed Kali
raising a sword above the head of a sacred cow, whose body was illustrated to be a
microcosmic paradise in which all the Hindu gods resided. There were many different
editions of this version. For instance, one showed a woman labeled "The Hindu"
waiting with bowl-in-hand for the cow's calf to finish suckling before she could
get milk. A form of Krishna labeled Darmaraj ("Ruler of Dharma") stood behind the
cow and Kali was, again, harassing her with his sword. Still, a different one
deleted the woman and calf and instead portrayed Dharmaraj in front of the cow
pleading mat maro gay sarv ka jivan hai ("don't kill the cow, everyone is dependent
on it"), while Kali rebuts he manusyaho! Kaliyugi Mansahari jivom ko dekho
("mankind, look at the meat-eating souls of the kaligyug").[26]

Some Hindus considered Kali's presence in the picture to be a representation of the

Muslim community.[26][27] When one of the versions of these pamphlets came into the
possession of a state official in 1893, he commented that the image "contained a
representation of a Musalman [Muslim] advancing to slay the cow ...".[26] One book
states, "The Magistrate [at Deoria] found Muhammadans excited because they heard a
picture was in circulation representing a Muhammadan with a sword drawn sacrificing
a cow, and this they considered an insult."[26] In 1915, a color version of this
picture ran by the Ravi Varma Press[29] caught the attention of the colonial
censors and was presumably censored in some way.[26]

In popular culture
Nala Damayanti (1921): This big-budget film depicts a famous episode from the
Mahabharata, starting with Narada's ascent of Mount Meru. It shows Swarga, the
Heaven of Indra, the Transformation in the Clouds of the Four Gods into
impersonations of King Nala, Swan Messengers of Love, the Transformation of Kali
into a Serpent, the Meeting of Kali and Dwarpa and the Four Gods amidst the Blue
Air.[30]