Instrumentation and

Control
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL

Instrumentation and Control

Temperature Measurement
Temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness measured on a definite scale.
Temperature measurement relies on the transfer of heat energy from the process
material to the measuring device.
The measuring device therefore needs to be temperature dependent.
TEMPERATURE
MEASUREMENT
METHODS
Mercury in glass Thermometer
( Glass-Stem Thermometer)
• This consist of a glass tube of very fine
bore joined to a veservoier at the bottom
and sealed at the top. A measured
quantity of mercury is the enclosed.
• When the thermometer is heated the
mercury expands much more than the
glass and is therefore forced to rise up in
the tubing. A scale is fixed at the side.
Bimetallic Thermometer
• A bimetallic device is consist of two metals bonded together which have
different coefficients of expansion. Bended occurs as one metal expands more
than the other.
• A straight bimetal strip deflects in proportion to its temperature, to the square
of its length and inversely with its thickness.
Pressure spring
Thermometer
Liquid Filled
• Liquid filled operate on the principle of thermal
expansion. Where the bulb is immersed in a
heated substance.
• The liquid expands causing the pressure
spring to unwind. The indicating recording or
controlling mechanisms are attached to
pressure spring.
Vapour Filled

• Vapour filled pressure thermometer depend

upon vapour pressure of liquid which only
partially fills the system.
• Ethane is used for low temperature
operation typically from -70°C to 30°C
• Ethyl Chloride is used for high temperature
applications with an operating range from
40°C to 175°C .
Gas Filled

• This type depends upon the increase of a confirm gas (constant volume) due
to temperature increase.
• The pressure varies in direct proportion to the absolute temperature.
• Gas filled provide faster response than other filled devices.
Mercury Filled
• Mercury filled also operate on the principle of thermal expansion. Where the
bulb is immersed in a heated substance.
• Mercury filled systems provide the widest range of operation, which range
from the freezing to boiling point of the metal, from -40°C to 650°C.
Electrical Method
Thermocouple
• A thermocouple consists of two wire of dissimilar metals, such as iron and
constantan, electrically connected at one end.
• A thermocouple works on the seebeck effect.
Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD)
• RTD’s are generally used for precise temperature measurement.
• It consist of a five wire wrapped around an insulator and enclosed in a metal.
• RTD’s are built from selected metals (Typically Platinum)
Two basic types of RTD’S
• PT100
• PT1000
Thermistor
• A thermistor is a semiconductor device formed from metal oxides.
• Exhibits large change in electrical resistance when subjected to small amount
of temperature change.
• Exhibits negative temperature coefficient
• Resistance is inversely proportional to temperature.
• If temperature increases in a circuit it become less resistive.
• Generally used for preventive maintenance application.
Thermistor Application
Variation of Thermistor