Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
VEGETATIVE
PROPAGATION
1 1 Tubers
PLANT
2 2
PROPAGATION Rhizomes
3
MICROPROPAGATION 4
Corms
Suckers
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CUTTING ASEXUAL
6 Runners
LAYERING
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DIVISION Offsets
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HISTORY TERMINOLOGY
1560 B.C- Chinese ROOTSTOCK
385-322 B.C -Aristotle
371-287 B.C – Teophrastus
• Lower part of tree
1350-1600 – imported plant in European country maintain by • Including stems + branches @ dormant buds
grafting
16th century – cleft and whip graft in England (cambium layer • Will form root system of new plant
must be matched), nature of the tissue was not
understood, grafting wax by clay + dung.
17th century – budded and grafted tree in England
18th century – SCION
• Stephen Hales – circulation of sap in plants, approach graft
• Ariel part of the tree
• Duhamel – wound healing
• Thoüİn (1821) – described 119 methods of grafting, change habit • Include dormant buds of the tree whose
resulting from grafting
desired characteristics need to multiplicities
Late 19th century- Duhamel – early work of anatomy of the graft union.
1891- Liberty Hyde Bailey – The Nursery Book – describe and illustrated • Will form crown of new plant
methods of grafting and budding in US and Europe
TERMINOLOGY TERMINOLOGY
VASCULAR CAMBIUM
CALLUS
• A thin layer of meristematic cells between trees‟
• Undifferentiated cells form around a plant wound
bark (phloem) and wood (xylem).
• In grafting and budding, callus form around the
• Capable of dividing into new cells that may
wound at the union of scion and rootstock
differentiate into new tissue and organs
• Callus will develop new vascular system
INTERSTOCK
• A piece of stem inserted by means of two graft unions
between the rootstock and scion BUDDING
• Used to avoid incompatibility between stock and scion • Special form graft which is the scion consist single
• To produced special tree forms to control disease (free- buds
blight resistance) • More scion can be produced from single mother
• To take advantages of their growth-controlling properties
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Relative size of apple trees on different rootstock. The reduction in tree size ranges
from dwarfing (25 to 50 percent of a standard full-size tree) to semi-dwarfing (60 to
70 percent) to vigorous to very vigorous (same size as a seedling tree). With the
exception of Antonovka, all listed are clonal rootstock. The absolute size of the
mature, composite tree is determined by soil, climate, culture, and the vigor of the Grafted ornamental (a) cactus and (b) succulents. An easily rooted cultivar is used as
the rootstock and an unusual attractive type is used as the scion. These grafts are
scion cultivar (e.g., the scions of the vigorous cultivar „Mutsu‟ are twice as large as made in large quantities in Japan and Korea, and shipped to wholesale nurseries in
„Golden Delicious‟ on „Malling 9‟ dwarfing rootstock). other countries for rooting, potting, and growing until ready for sale in retail outlets.
TOOLS
Materials
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MEC CH 03
3 4
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2. Bark Grafting
Bark grafting involves making
vertical slits through the bark of
a plant's rootstock, and then
inserting multiple scions
around the rootstock.
Rootstock is at least 4 – 12
inches in diameter.
MEC CH 03
Grafting Waxes
Good grafting waxes :
Grafting waxes serve two purposes:
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To produced a compact or
Both the stock and scion must be of
dwarf form tree the same diameter
Side veneer graft
Splice Grafting
5. Whip and Tongue Grafting
Commonly used to graft nursery crops or woody
ornamentals.
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MEC CH 03
6. Saddle Grafting
Whip and Tongue Grafting; and cleft grafting of 2
varieties of Labisia (alata & pumila)
Saddle grafting is used to propagate evergreen
rhododendron and is a quick and easy grafting
technique.
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8. Inarch Grafting
Bridge Grafting
9. Approach Grafting
Inarch Grafting
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T-shaped cut on
rootstock.
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STEPS IN T- BUDDING
Bottom view of
shield bud
Cambium layer
greenish line
between dark
brown bark
and the white
wood
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CHIP BUDDING
MEC CH 03
BUDDING
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A B
CORRECT INCORRECT
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* Dictyosomes - A series of flattened plates or double lamellae that accumulate along the
graft interface one of the component parts of the Golgi apparatus. They secrete materials
into the cell wall space between the graft components via vesicle migration to the
plasmalemma.
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MEC CH 03
1. Compatibility
Graft union formation in grafted pea roots.
2. Plant sp. and type of graft
This sequence of grafting events is
common to top grafting and root grafting in 3. Environmental conditions during and following grafting
many other woody and herbaceous plant
species. What will vary is the time period in
grafting events with different species.
4. Growth activity of the rootstock
5. Polarity in grafting
• General rules: • Grafting between genera within the same family (rather remote)
• The more closely related plants are (botanically), the better the • Chamaecyparis (cypress) on Thuja (arborvitae)
chances for the graft to be successful • Citrus (citrus) on Poncirus (hardy orange)
• Grafting within a clone (no problems) • Pyrus (pear) on Cydonia (quince)
• Grafting between clones within a species (usually no problems) • In the Solanaceae (nightshade family) grafting between
genera is not a problem! Tomato, tobacco, potato, pepper,
• Problems can occur with Pseudotsuga (evergreen conifer) petunia, morning glory, etc.
and Acer rubrum and Quercus rubra (deciduous angiosperm
plants)
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1. Compatibility - Genetic limits of grafting, Cont… 2. Plant species and type of graft
• Easy plants = apples, grapes, pears
General rules:(continued)
• Difficult plants = hickories, oaks and
• Grafting between families: nearly impossible! beeches
• Gymnosperms are usually grafted scions
• The first known graft union between two • Angiosperms are usually budded scions
different families was published in 2000. The
families were two succulents:
Courtesy M. Edelstein.
• Easy to control in a greenhouse but difficult in the field • “slipping” usually occurs in late spring or early
summer
• Moisture: needed for cell enlargement in the callus bridge
• At certain periods of high growth in spring, plants
• Maintain using plastic bags over scion
(like walnut, maple and grape) can have excessive
• Wrap with grafting tape, Parafilm, grafting rubbers and wax root pressure producing sap and “bleeding”, forcing
• Place union in damp peat moss or wood shavings for off the scion and an result in an unsuccessful graft
callusing
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5. The art and craftsmanship (especially with 7. Plant growth regulators and graft union
conifers) formation
• Only a small portion of the cambial regions of the rootstock
and scion are properly aligned. • Exogenous auxins have not proven beneficial
• Other errors: insufficient or delayed waxing, uneven cuts, use of
• Endogenous auxin is needed in the scion to produce
desiccated scions, and girdling that occurs when polyethylene
wrapping tape is not removed expeditiously after graft “take” callus
occurs.
9. Polarity in grafting
• Top-grafting: proximal end of scion inserted into
distal end of rootstock
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GRAFT INCOMPATIBILITY
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GRAFT INCOMPATIBILITY
Scion or rootstock outgrowth can still lead to a large, strong tree. Such outgrowth
(arrows) is more related to the genetic tendency for growth, than to incompatibility.
(a) Scion overgrowing rootstock:Acer pentaphyllum on A pseudoplatanus rootstock,
and (b) grapefruit scion on sour orange rootstock, which tolerates alkaline, heavy
soils,but can be susceptible toTrestiza. Photo a courtesy B. Upchurch.
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In slide contains pictures and information from the internet that are not specified in the
source. Therefore, it is forbidden to publish in any medium.
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