Desalination 395 (2016) 33–40

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Desalination

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/desal

Hybrid solar-wind water distillation system

Moh'd A. Al-Nimr, Suhil M. Kiwan ⁎, Samer Talafha
a
Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 21110, Jordan

H I G H L I G H T S

• Novel solar-wind hybrid system for solar distillers

• Direct use of wind energy to thermal energy convertors via frictional heating
• Increasing the productivity of solar distillers
• Increasing the operating hours of solar stills during nights and in winter

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In this study, a hybrid solar-wind water distillation system (HSWWDS) is proposed and studied. The system con-
Received 11 January 2016 sists of a conventional single basin solar-still and a wind-water heater operating simultaneously. The advantage
Received in revised form 18 April 2016 of the proposed system is its ability to operate day and night and, therefore, it produces larger quantities of distill
Accepted 19 May 2016
water even in cloudy days with good winds. A simple model equations are constructed and simulated. Jordan's
Available online 27 May 2016
summer and winter climate conditions are considered to test the system and to estimate the monthly and annual
Keywords:
yields. Results have shown a significant increase in the distillation output especially at times when the wind en-
Hybrid Solar Wind Water-Desalination Renew- ergy is significant at summer nights. Furthermore, the effect of the size of the wind turbine on the performance of
able Wind-heat-generator the system has been studied and documented. The calculations showed that the yield can be three to four times
more than conventional solar distillers.
© 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Renewable energy in the engineering sector has become very impor-
tant and attractive. It is widely expected in the future that a large pro-
portion of energy used by the human race will derive from a variety of
renewable sources. Renewable energy is used in many processes
where thermal solar energy, wind energy, and geothermal energy
have been used in a large number of thermal systems such as air
heating, heated water, and water desalination [1–3].
Jordan suffers from the lack of drinking water. On a per capita basis,
the lowest levels of water availability in the world are recorded by Jor-
dan [4]. Countries with per capita water production of less than
1000 m3/year are considered to be water-poor countries by most ex-
perts [5]. According to the world bank data [6], the renewable internal
freshwater resources per capita in Jordan is 108 m3/year during the
years 2011–2015. This lists Jordan at only 20% of the water poverty
levels [7].
⁎ Corresponding author at: B.O. Box 3030, Irbid 21110, Jordan.
E-mail addresses: malnimr@just.edu.jo (M.A. Al-Nimr), kiwan@just.edu.jo
(S.M. Kiwan), mechsamer2011@yahoo.com (S. Talafha).
Jordan is blessed with abundance of solar energy. The average daily
solar irradiation in Jordan ranges between 5.5–6.5 kWh/m2/day [8].
Wind Atlas in Jordan indicates that large areas have average annual
wind speed between 6–6.5 m/s, and in some areas may exceed the av-
erage wind speed above 7 m/s at 10 m heights [8].
Several works have been carried out to use solar energy to produce
distill water. Conventional or passive solar stills depend only on the
heat from the sun to produce water, they include different types such
as single effect, multi-effect, basin, double slope, and wick [9]. Solar stills
are very simple systems for water distillation, which are driven by the
thermal energy collected from the sun. Brackish water is fed into a
basin, then it evaporates due to this thermal energy, finally, water
vapor is condensed on the surface of the glass to be collected inside a
container [10]. The maximum efficiency of solar stills has reached 50%.
Stills with bad insulation caused a reduction of 14.5% in the still efficien-
cy. The increase in wind speed from 0–3.6 mph causes a 2% efficiency
loss in the still performance [11]. Even though, solar stills can provide
an effective solution in places that suffer from poor water quality
while having high solar intensities. Solar stills are cheap to manufacture
and need less maintenance, but the main problem is the low water pro-
duction rates [12]. Solar stills can be used in places with smaller needs

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.05.018
0011-9164/© 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
34 M.A. Al-Nimr et al. / Desalination 395 (2016) 33–40

Nomenclature Fc convective energy fraction

Fe evaporative energy fraction
Ab basin area (m2) Fr radiative energy fraction
Ag glass cover area (m2)
As sidewall area (m2)
At swept area of the wind turbine (m2)
Cw specific heat of water (J/kg °C)
for water and passive water supplying systems which depend on solar
h1 total heat transfer coefficient from water to the glass
energy [13].
cover (W/m2 °C)
In summary, conventional solar distillation systems have low pro-
h2 convective heat transfer coefficient from glass to ambi-
ductivity due to the following reasons: (1) the low evaporation rate in
ent (W/m2 °C)
the still basin and (2) the low condensation rate at the glass cover. Nu-
h3 convective heat transfer coefficient from base liner to
merous numbers of investigations have been conducted to overcome
water (W/m2 °C)
these two problems. The summary of the different implemented tech-
hcw convective heat transfer from water to glass (W/m2 °C)
niques will be presented in the next paragraph, while, the details of
hew evaporative heat transfer coefficient from water to glass
some of these techniques will be presented in the following paragraphs.
(W/m2 °C)
In general, modifications and/or hybridizations introduced to con-
hrw radiative heat transfer coefficient from water to glass
ventional solar desalination system included an element of sophistica-
(W/m2 °C)
tion to the base design but this alteration would make fresh water
I solar irradiance (W/m2)
generation faster and of larger quantities. The evaporation rates is en-
Kg thermal conductivity of the glass (W/m °C)
hanced by using several techniques: concentrating solar radiation by
Kv thermal conductivity of the vapor (W/m °C)
using radiation concentrators or reflecting mirrors, or, enhancing the
Lg glass cover thickness (m)
surface area of water evaporation by using porous domains and multi-
m _ mass flow rate (kg/day)
stage (surfaces) of evaporations, or, enhance solar absorption, creating
Mw mass of water (kg)
subvacuum conditions inside the still, or, using phase change materials
Pc partial pressure at the inner surface of the glass cover
to store heat and create a phase lag between evaporation and condensa-
(Pa)
tion processes, or, preheating the impure water before being used in the
Pw partial pressure at the water surface (Pa)
still. To enhance the condensations rates inside the still numerous num-
Pin power generated by wind turbine (W)
bers of techniques have been proposed and analyzed. These techniques
Rg reflectivity of glass (−)
included cooling the external side of the glass cover, or, using external
Rw reflectivity of water (−)
condensers that condensate the extracted steam with the help of
t time (s)
cooling sources such as cool water or geothermal cool resources.
Ta ambient temperature (°C)
Solar collectors are used to enhance the thermal processes by
Tc glass cover temperature (°C)
preheating water fed into the solar still [14,15]. Nakatake et al. [16] pro-
Tw water temperature (°C)
posed a newly designed in a very small scale, maritime lifesaving which
Tb basin liner temperature (°C)
is a small distillery composed of a windmill and number of cylindrical
Ub overall heat transfer coefficient from basin to ambient
partitions emerged in saline-soaked wicks. Eltawil and Zhao [17] pro-
through bottom and sides (W/m2 °C) insulation
posed a hybrid desalination system that contains of wind turbine and
V ambient air velocity (m/s)
inclined solar water still integrated with main solar still. The small mill
Vin cut-in wind speed (m/s)
turbine contribution was limited to operate a rotating shaft installed
Vr rated power wind speed (m/s)
in the main solar still to break boundary layer of the basin water surface.
Vco cut-out wind speed (m/s)
Ninic et al. [18,19] have elaborated the idea of a solar distiller and an off-
αb absorptivity of the basin liner
shore wind power plant operating together. The system discussed is a
α'b fraction by which solar radiation is absorbed by the
single-stage solar distillation plant with vaporization, using adiabatic
basin liner
expansion in the gravitational field inside a wind power plant
αg absorptivity of glass
supporting column.
α'g fraction by which solar radiation is absorbed by glass
Another use of wind turbines is to supply electricity or mechanical
cover
power for desalination plants. Few applications have been installed
α'w fraction by which solar radiation is absorbed by water
using wind energy to drive a mechanical vapor compression (MVC)
mass
unit. In 1991, a pilot plant was installed in island in Germany, where a
εg emissivity of glass cover
wind turbine with a nominal power of 45 kW was joined to a 48-m3/
εw emissivity of water
day MVC evaporator, in addition to a 36-kW compressor. The experi-
εeff effective emissivity
ment has been repeated in 1995 with a larger plant in the island of
η system efficiency (%)
Rugen. A 50-m3/day wind MVC plant was implemented in 1999 in
ρa ambient air density (kg/m3)
Gran Canaria, Spain, within the Sea Desalination Autonomous Wind En-
σ Stephan-Boltzman constant
ergy System (SDAWES) project [20]. In addition to wind energy and RO
Q : cw convective heat transfer within still from water to glass
combinations, few number of units have been designed and tested but
(W)
all in a small scale [21,22].
Q : rw radiative heat transfer within still from water to glass
Water preheating is the technique that has been followed in our
(W)
work. Up to our knowledge this investigation is the first that utilizes
Q : ew evaporative heat transfer within still from water to glass
the frictional thermal energy generated by a wind machine to preheat
(W)
the impure water in order to enhance the solar still productivity. The
Q :1 total heat transfer within still from water to glass (W)
positive features of the proposed solar/wind hybrid system may is that
Q :u energy transferred from heat exchanger fluid to water
wind and solar resources complement each other. During winter and
(W)
nights the still depends on the thermal energy generated by the wind
machine to evaporate water. In summer and daylight time the still
 M.A. Al-Nimr et al. / Desalination 395 (2016) 33–40 35

storage tank, a circulating pumping system, a float valve, and a single

basin solar still.

3. Mathematical modeling

The mathematical model presented below is based on the assump-

tions that (1) the wind turbine works on low cut-in wind speed (around
0.5 m/s) and a relatively high cut-off speed, this assumption is justified
by the fact of not having any electric components like generators in the
wind turbine, only the concentric frictional drums that heat water, (2)
kinetic energy is directly converted into heat, because of using the
wind water heater design mentioned in reference [23] (3) all heat gen-
erated is completely injected into the brackish water, this assumption
can be justified by using good thermal insulation for the hot water
pipes and storage tank, and (4) the glass cover assumed to have a neg-
ligible thermal response since it has a small thickness and low specific
heat.

Fig. 1. Proposed hybrid solar-wind water distillation system.

3.1. Governing equations

The system uses a model similar to the model proposed by Tiwari

depends mainly on the thermal solar energy. The productivity of the still and Tiwari [24]. This model describes the transient behavior of the con-
will be enhanced without adding significant cost to the system. The ventional solar still. However, a modification has been made to take the
needed wind machine has relatively low cost because it is not aimed wind water heating element into account.
to generate electricity. The needed wind energy conversion system Energy balance for water:
(WECS) has no electric generators, gear boxes, control units, electric
connections and transformers. In addition, the frictional wind heater is dT w

Q : u þ h3 ðT b −T w ÞAb ¼ M w þ h1 T w −T g Ab ð1Þ
able to produce hot water for other applications. The recommended dt
types of WECS to be used are the ones that have high torque and low ro-
tational speed to be able to overcome the friction within the viscous Where
layer and generate frictional thermal energy. This implies that the need-
ed turbines must have low tip speed ratios such as Savonius and multi- Q : u ¼ P in ð2Þ
blade types. Savonius type will be perfect choice because it is simple and
not sophisticated and it may be manufactured locally with relatively The differential equation describing the solar still after applying the
low cost. However, due to its simplicity, the multi-blade wind turbine energy balance of the water basin is:
is modeled and used in this analysis.
The objective of this work is to hybrid solar and wind energy to en- dT w
hance the production of stand-alone distillers in remote and outlying ¼ f ðt Þ−aT w ð3Þ
dt
areas. An analytical study is performed, and the merits of the system
are going to be discussed. This system, as shown in Fig. 1, consists of a α e Iðt Þ=As þ UT a ðt Þ=As þ P in =As
f ðt Þ ¼ ð4Þ
wind thermal frictional energy conversion system that heats oil with Mw C w
high efficiency. This heat is transferred to saline water through a heat
exchanger and then the heated water is pumped into the still, where Solar radiation absorption coefficients are found as [24,25]:
water evaporates and then condensates.
α e ¼ α 0w þ H 2 α 0b þ H 1 α ″g ð5Þ
2. System description


  
The proposed system consists of two main parts, the first one is the α 0w ¼ 1−α g 1−Rg ð1−Rw Þ 1−∑ j μ j e−η j dw ð6Þ
wind water heater (WWH) [23], and the second part is a simple solar


  
still. The first part deals with wind energy, converts it into frictional
α 0b ¼ α b 1−α g 1−Rg ð1−Rw Þ ∑ j μ j e−η j dw ð7Þ
heat by interpose of a thin layer of oil filled in an annular gap placed
in between two concentric cylinders with different diameters, the
outer cylinder rotating around the fixed inner cylinder, this rotational Table 1
kinetic energy generates heat that transfer into the inner cylinder that Comparison of the results obtained by the current model and the model of reference [24]
is linked to the heat exchanger (more details about WWH can be for conventional solar still.
found in reference [23]). Hot water comes out heat exchanger and
Input Value Input Value Input Value
pumped to storage tank which is has to be well thermally insulated. 2
Ab 1m lg 1.04 hb 0.77
The second part of this system is a conventional solar still. However,
m
the temperature of the fed water to the still is high (from the storage 2
Ag 1.04 m Mw 40 kg Kg 0.78
tank). This energy with the incoming solar radiation will increase the W/m °C
vaporization rate of water. Whereas, the condensation rate depends As 0.16 m2 Rg 0.05 Lg 0.0004
mainly on the glass cover temperature. After the sunset, the condensa- m
tion rate increases and the system can still evaporates water relying on At 7 m2 Rw 0.05 εg 0.94
wind energy. Cw 4190 J/kg °C αb 0.55 εw 0.95
h3 612 W/m2 °C for summer, 496 αg 0.05 ∑ μ j e−η j dw 0.6185
The HSWWDS is composed of a wind rotor, a speed torque regulator j
W/m2 °C for winter
(gear box), a heat generator (two annular cylinders), and a water
36 M.A. Al-Nimr et al. / Desalination 395 (2016) 33–40

Table 2
Data used in the current model simulation.

Twmax (°C) Tcmax (°C) Distillate rate (kg/day)

Present work 67.872 66.12 2.15

Results of reference [24] 66.65 65.57 2.2

Ag
α ″g ¼ α 0g ð8Þ
Ab


α 0g ¼ α g 1−Rg ð9Þ

In Eqs. (3)–(7), (∑jμje−ηjdw) is the attenuation factor which equals

0.6185 for water depth of (0.04 m) [26]. Also, (αw′, αb′, αg′) are factors
that describe solar radiation absorption by water, basin and glass,
respectively.
The heat transfer coefficients of the solar still are as follows [24]:

h3
H2 ¼ 0 ð10Þ
h3 þ hb Fig. 3. Weather data for 21st of December at the simulated site.

h1
H1 ¼ ð11Þ
h1 þ U 0cg−a
0
h3 hb
  U 3b ¼ 0 ð18Þ
0 As h3 þ hb
hb ¼ U b 1 þ ð12Þ
Ab
  The total heat transfer coefficient from water to glass can be obtain-
As
U 0cg−a ¼ U cg−a ð13Þ ed by the summation of all these three heat transfer coefficients:
Ab
  h1 ¼ hcw þ hew þ hrw ð19Þ
Kg
h2
Lg
U cg−a ¼  ð14Þ
Kg The radiative heat transfer coefficient (hrw) is given by the following
þ h2
Lg expression:

 
h2 ¼ 5:8 þ 5V ð15Þ
hrw ¼ ε eff σ ðT w þ 273Þ2 þ ðT c þ 273Þ2 ðT w þ T c þ 546Þ ð20Þ

U ¼ U 12 þ U 3b ð16Þ
1 1
εeff ¼ þ −1 ð21Þ
h1 U 0cg−a εw εg
U 12 ¼ ð17Þ
h1 þ U 0cg−a

Fig. 4. Variation of glass and water temperatures for stand-alone still during 21st of June
Fig. 2. Weather data for 21st of June at the simulated site. with h3 = 612 W/m2 °C.
 M.A. Al-Nimr et al. / Desalination 395 (2016) 33–40 37

Fig. 5. Variation of glass and water temperatures for the hybrid system during 21st of June,
Fig. 7. Variation of glass and water temperatures for the hybrid system during 21st of
with h3 = 612 W/m2 °C and At = 7 m2.
December with h3 = 496 and At = 7 m2.

While the convection heat transfer coefficient from water to glass is

given by [24]:
Q : rw ¼ hrw  ðT w −T c Þ ð27Þ
0 113
ðP w −P c ÞT w And
hcw ¼ 0:884@T w −T c þ   A ð22Þ
268:9  103 −P w
Q : ew ¼ 0:016  hcw  ðP w −P c Þ ð28Þ

Evaporation as a function of partial pressure relation of water vapor Q : 1 ¼ Q : cw þ Q : ew þ Q : rw ð29Þ

at water and inner glass temperatures within the still as following by
[27] Eqs. (26)–(28) give the absolute value of the total rate of energy
transfer within the still. The evaporative (Fe), radiative (Fr), and convec-
P w ¼ eð25:317−T w þ273Þ
5144
ð23Þ tive (Fc), fractions are given by:

Q : cw
P c ¼ eð25:317−T c þ273Þ Fc ¼ ð30Þ
5144
ð24Þ
Q :1
  P w −P c
hew ¼ 16:27  10−3 hcw ð25Þ Q : ew
T w −T c Fe ¼ ð31Þ
Q :1

Q : cw ¼ hcw  ðT w −T c Þ ð26Þ

Fig. 6. Variation of glass and water temperatures for stand-alone still during 21st of Fig 8. Time variation of water temperature and solar irradiation for conventional system
December with h3 = 496 W/m2 °C. during December 21st.
38 M.A. Al-Nimr et al. / Desalination 395 (2016) 33–40

The power produced by the wind turbine is calculated as [2,28]:

8 9
>
> 0 ! VbV in >
>
>
> >
>
>
> P V 3 −V 3in >
>
>
<At
R
V in bVbV r >
=
Atd V 3r −V 3in
P in ðV Þ ¼ ð35Þ
>
> PR >
>
>
> A V co NV ≥V r >
>
>
> t Atd >
>
>
: >
;
0 VNV co

Where PR/Atd is the rated power density of the selected wind turbine
and Vco = 25 m/s, Vin = 3 m/s and Vr = 11.5 m/s, are the cut-off, cut-in
and rated velocities, respectively. Eq. (35) is written in this form (i.e.,
function of rotor area) to simplify the analysis later while investigating
the effect of wind turbine power or rotor blade diameter on the yield of
the still. It should be noted that for the base case the rotor area At was
selected to be 7 m2 at which the wind turbine rated power is 1750 W.
This is comparable to the solar irradiation at turbine design speed.
The differential equation given by Eq. (3) is solved to obtain the var-
iation of the temperature of water and glass. Evaporation rate can be
calculated after knowing the temperatures, then distillate rate and effi-
Fig. 9. Variation of distillate water ratio of hybrid system to conventional system with ciencies can be calculated using:
power ratio.
∑hev ðT w −T c ÞΔt
η¼ ð36Þ
And ∑ðI þ P in ðV Þ=As ÞΔt

hev ðT w −T c Þ
_ ¼
m ð37Þ
Q: hfg
F r ¼ :rw ð32Þ
Q1

3.2. Simulation
The glass cover temperature is found by applying the steady state
energy equation as: The differential equation was solved numerically using multi-itera-
tion Huen's method:

h1 T w þ h2 T a 1
Tc ¼ ð33Þ T iþ1 i
w ¼ T w þ ðm1 þ m2 Þh ð38Þ
h1 þ h2 2

T iþ1 p
−T iw
m1 ¼ w
ð39Þ
U h
a¼ ð34Þ
Mw C w
T iþ2
w
p
−T iþ1
w
p
m2 ¼ ð40Þ
h

This method is used instead of Runge-Kutta method because conver-

gence is achieved by increasing the number of iterations rather than the
step size, where the step size is determined and fixed according to data
and measurements. The previous three equations can be iterated multi-
ple times to obtain the better convergence.

4. Results and discussion

The current model equations is validated against the results obtain-

Fig. 10. Daily monthly averaged distillate water for conventional and hybrid systems.
ed by [25] for conventional single basin solar-still. The input and weath-
er data of reference [25] are used. A comparison of the results obtained
is shown in Table 1. It is clear that the results of both codes are close
within an error of 2.36%.
To simulate the current model, the input data shown in Table 2 is
used. In addition to the Climatic data which have been recorded by En-
ergy Center at Jordan University of Science and Technology at the coor-
dinates (32.492584 N, 35.986349 W). Measurements are taken at
(15 m) elevation. Figs. 2 and 3 below show the data taken in the 21st
of June and December of 2014, respectively.
To get a reference case, the current model equations are used to sim-
ulate a conventional solar still without introducing the wind turbine and
using the weather data at the test site in a typical summer and winter
days. Then, using the same days, the new proposed system (i.e., the hy-
brid system) will be simulated and the results will be compared.
 M.A. Al-Nimr et al. / Desalination 395 (2016) 33–40
Fig. 4 shows the variation of the saline water and glass cover temper-
atures during the summer day for the conventional system. While Fig. 5
shows the variation of the saline water and glass cover temperatures
during the summer day for the hybrid system. It is worth mentioning
that the results obtained in this case are close to the experimental re-
sults reported by [24] for a similar system. They reported still efficiency
of 20.2% and the distillate water production of 2.36 kg/day.
Close inspection of Figs. 4 and 5 shows that the temperatures of the
brackish water and the glass covers for the hybrid system are higher
than for the stand alone system due to the energy introduced by the
wind water heater. It is also noticed that for the hybrid system the tem-
perature difference between the brackish water and the glass cover
temperatures is slightly increased. This is due to the increase of the
water temperature associated with the wind water heater. It is also no-
ticed that a temperature gradient is developed during the night due to
the wind water heating, which causes the system to stay operational
at night. It is expected to have good yield during the night because the
outside temperature is low and then, the condensation process is faster
than the day. The daily yield for the hybrid system was calculated to be
5.1 kg/day. This means that the yield of the hybrid system 216% of the
conventional system during this summer day.
Figs. 6 and 7 show the time variation of the glass and water temper-
atures during 21st of December for the stand alone system and for the
hybrid system, respectively. The weather data shown in Fig. 3 are
used. The efficiency of the stand-alone still is calculated to be 11.34%,
and the distillate rate is calculated to be 0.5296 kg/day. It is noticed
that the temperatures of the brackish water and the glass covers for
the hybrid system are higher than for the stand alone system in the
same way during summer. It is also noticed that there is a noticeable in-
crease in the temperature difference between the brackish water and
the glass cover temperatures, this due to the increase of the water tem-
perature associated with the wind water heater. It is also noticed that a
temperature gradient is developed during the night due to the wind
water heating, which causes the system to stay operational at night
and at cloudy times. The efficiency of the system was calculated to be
15.61%, and the daily yield was calculated to be 1.0871 kg/day.
Fig. 8 shows the relationship between brackish water temperature
and the solar irradiance for the conventional distillation system. It is
shown that there is a thermal response of the brackish water when
heated by the sun. The thermal lag (describes a body's thermal mass
with respect to time, body with high thermal mass will have a large
thermal lag) between the maximum solar irradiance and the maximum
water temperature is found to be 1 h and 40 min while it is found to be
2 h for the hybrid system (not shown).
To investigate the effect of wind power introduced to the system on
the overall system performance, Fig. 9 has been produced. The rated
power of the wind turbine is varied by changing the swept area of the
turbine. It is then assumed that area is the only variable that affect the
wind turbine output. Other variables such as power coefficient, cut-in,
rated and cut-out wind speeds are kept unchanged. Fig. 9 shows the re-
lationship between the ratio of power input to the system by wind and
solar and the ratio of distillate water of the hybrid system to conven-
tional system. As expected, the amount of distillate water increases
with increasing the power input ratio. However, this change of distillate
water is subjected to increase or decrease according to the wind distri-
bution. Nevertheless, for this location it is clear the distillate water for
the hybrid system can reach 4 times larger than that of conventional
system.
Finally, the yield of the water distillate was calculated for each
month for conventional and the hybrid systems. The values are listed
based on daily average and plotted in Fig. 10. It is clear that for this
site the wind energy potential in spring and summer is high and, there-
fore, the amount of water distillate for the hybrid system is higher than
that of the conventional system. On annual basis, the amount of water
produced by the hybrid system reached four times of those quantities
produced by conventional system.
39
5. Conclusion
In this study, a hybrid wind water distillation system is proposed and
studied. The system is consisted of a single basin solar still and a wind
water heater. The advantages of this system are: increasing the distillate
output and the efficiency, and being operational in night and cloudy
times. A validated mathematical model is selected from literature and
modified to describe the hybrid system. Simulation is carried out
under Jordanian summer and winter climates.
Results have shown an increase in distillation efficiency and distilla-
tion output. Result have also shown an increase in thermal lag of 20 min.
In addition, the relationship between the wind turbine radius and the
performance of the system has been shown, it has been shown that in-
creasing the wind turbine radius increases the efficiency and the distil-
lation output of the system.
It should be noted that the results presented here are dependent on
the climate conditions of the selected site. The system, as many renew-
able energy systems, is very sensitive to the assumed values of design
operating parameters such as wind machine size (diameter) and solar
still. However, the proposed design itself is very flexible and the ratio
between the sizes of the two systems are left to the users. In locations
with high wind speeds then the size of the wind machine may be small-
er to produce same amount of distilled water. On the other side if the lo-
cation has high solar radiation the solar still may be smaller and so on.
Finally, the authors would like to thank Mr. ME Dahdolan for his help
in editing the manuscript.
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