Traffic System Analysis and Solution To Ease Traffic Flow

Traffic System Analysis and Solution to Ease Traffic Flow

at Sta. Ines, Mabalacat City, Intersection
A Thesis Presented to
The Civil Engineering Department
School of Engineering and Architecture
Holy Angel University
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
By
Maria Abby Ann D. Aquino
Rommel A. Bathan
Kristian Jan N. Cruz
Edison B. Forten
Jasper R. Kabigting
Fer Angelu L. Mallari
Engr. Marc Neil V. Adizas
Instructor
Engr. Neal Lorenzo P. Castillo

Thesis Advisers
October 27, 2018

APPROVAL SHEET
The thesis hereto titled
“TRAFFIC SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND SOLUTION TO EASE TRAFFIC FLOW

AT STA. INES, MABALACAT CITY, INTERSECTION”
prepared and submitted by Maria Abby Ann D. Aquino, Rommel A. Bathan, Kristian
Jan N. Cruz, Edison B. Forten, Jasper R. Kabigting and Fer Angelu L. Mallari in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil
Engineering has been examined and is recommended for acceptance and approval.
PANEL OF EXAMINERS
Approved by the Committee
_______________________ _______________________
Engr. Neal Lorenzo P. Castillo Engr. Marc Neil V. Adizas
_______________________ _______________________
Engr. Marc Gibson M. Pusod Engr. Michael John O. Septimo
Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering.
_______________________ _______________________
Engr. Renato S. David Dr. Jay Jack R. Manzano
Chairperson Dean
Civil Engineering Department School of Engineering and Architecture
ABSTRACT
This study focuses about the solution to the main problems at Sta. Ines Mabalacat
City Intersection. Some of the problems in the intersection are the massive traffic,
particularly during rush hours, the lack of road facilities like; pedestrian lanes, road signs
and the unutilized traffic lights.
In developing a traffic system, every aspect should be considered, the width of

the road, volume of vehicle, population, location of the road if it is in a rural of urban
road. Effective traffic system of a city can create a big impact to the economic and
personal activities of the citizen. Studies shown that traffic congestion affect the up and
down of economic growth. Traffic congestion is the effect of poor traffic system. The aim
of this study is to counduct a research of traffic system that will suite the traffic flow of
Sta. Ines, Mabalacat City intersection. Traffic simulation is an important tool for
analyzing and solving problem of traffic congestions. Suggested solutions regarding
traffic system may be tested using traffic simulation. In this study, solutions and results
are assessed and evaluated using a traffic simulation called VISSIM. This is a traffic
simulation software that is common in analyzing traffic conditions. It is useful in
visualizing different traffic flow scenarios to choose the best alternative before
implementing the suggested solutions.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We, the researchers whould like to acknowledge and thank our Heavenly Father
for giving us strength, wisdom, hope and determination althoughout this journey. Our
dippest gratitude to our instructor Engr. Marc Neil V. Adizas for being considerate and
patient to us. The reasearchers are thankful to their adviser Engr. Neal Lorenzo P. Castillo
for their guidance and advice. They would like to give recognition to CDC Engineering
Office and all the Engineers there who help and gave them ideas about their simulator.
For the data gathering, the researchers would like to give credit to Mr. Phillip Gamboa of
Mabalacat City Hall in providing them traffic datas and answering their questions about
the rules and regulation applied to Mabalacat City. A salute to Mabalacat City Traffic
Enforcers Group (MCTEG) for assisting them and keeping them safe while performing
manual counting. Special thanks to Instructional Media Center (IMC) of Holy Angel
University for providing them sets of computers for individual use. Lastly the researchers
would like to thank their family and friends for motivating us and proving our financial
needs from the beginning until the end.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE ................................................................................................................ Page

RECOMMENDATION SHEET…………………………………………..…….... .
TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………….....v
List of Figures……………………………………………………………....……..vi
List of Tables……………………………………………………………………...vii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 8
1.1 Background of the Study...................................................................... 8
1.2 Statement of the Problem………………………………………….….9
1.3 Objectives of the Study……………………………………………....11
1.4 Significance of the Study ................................................................... 11
1.5 Scope and Limitations ........................................................................ 11
1.6 Hypotheses………………………………………………………......12
1.7 Definition of Terms……………………………………………….…13
1.8 Review of Related Literature…………………………………...……14
Referencing within the Text ............................................................... 56
CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK………………………………...29
CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY………………………………….30

3.1 Reaserch Design………………………………………………...…....30
3.2 Source of Data………………………………………………………..30
3.3 Materials……………………………………………………….…......31
3.4 Procedure…………………………………………………………......33
3.5 Data Analysis…………………………………………………………33
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION………………………….......……35
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION……………………39

5.1 Solutions……………………………………………………….……...39
5.2 Conclusion…………………………………………………………….40
5.3 Recommendations……………………………………………….........41
APPENDIX A…………………………………………………………………….42
v
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 Study Area (Sta Ines Mabalacat City)…………………………………..10
Figure 1.2 Vehicle Sale in the Philippines………………………………………….17
Figure 2.1 Conceptual Framework………………………………………………….30
Figure 4.1.1 Traffic distribution (from Angeles)………..…………………………..35
Figure 4.1.2 Traffic distribution (from Sta. Ines)……………………………....…...36
Figure 4.1.3 Traffic Distribution (from Clark)………………………….……….….36
Figure 4.1.4 Traffic Distribution (from Tarlac)………………………..……….…...37
Figure 4.1.5 Vehicular Distribution……………………………………………....…37
vi
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.8.1 LOS for an Intersection…………………………………………………32
Table 3.1 Sample of blank Tally Sheet used in manual counting…………………...32
Table 4.1.1 Current Level of Service (LOS) for unsignalized intersection
at Sta. Ines Mabalacat City…………………………………………….…..38
Table 5.1.1 Generated Level of Service (LOS) for signalized intersection
at Sta. Ines Mabalacat City………………………………………………..39
vii
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Traffic has always been the bane of anyone living in major cities in the
Philippines. One of the reasons cited is that there are too many cars on the road. No blame
to private citizen in wanting to drive instead of commute. Cars give individuals greater
accessibility. They can practically go anywhere as opposed to commuting where their
ability to travel is limited. Furthermore, many public utility vehicles are unsafe and
unreliable, not to mention the quality of the drivers. It can be further inferred that a car is
no longer seen as a luxury but a necessity. Vehicle sales in the Philippines increase up to
18.4% from 2016 to 2017 the study shows a less in the growth of vehicle sales at 2016
while an increase at 2017 of nearly a fifth. One of the solution that the government impose
that may address this massive increase of vehicle that President Rodrigo R. Duterte has
signed into Republic Act No. 10963, the Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion
(TRAIN), that raised the excise tax for vehicles, among other levies. This act aims to
lessen vehicle purchase due to expeditious increase of vehicle volume that causes traffic
congestion in the Philippines. Another cause of traffic congestion is the lack of discipline
in the road packing their vehicles along the road that makes the road even narrower.
Mabalacat City was a former barrio of Bambang, now Bamban, Tarlac, and became one
of the towns in Pampanga in 1712. The total land area of Mabalacat is 15,262 hectares; it
is more than double that of Angeles City. Two-thirds of the land area of Clark Air Base,
now known as Clark Freeport Zone was taken from Mabalacat. In July 1996, Mabalacat
was declared as a first class municipality. Eventually, President Benigno Aquino signed
in June Republic Act 10164, which declared Mabalacat as a component city after meeting
all the requirements imposed by the Local Government Code of 1991. Mabalacat was
8
officially converted into a component. Today Mabacat City is tagged as “The Gateway
to the North”. Being declared as a city entails various economic and infrastructural
improvements which attract investors to create businesses and employment in the area.
Now Mabalacat city, is listed as one of the class cities in the province of Pampanga. The
city last known population is 250,800 in the year of 2015 that was 0.249% of the total
population of the Philippines. Base on Philippine Statistic Authority, Mabalacat is listed
as the top 7 most populous cities/municipalities in Central Luzon. This rapid population
growth increases demand for transportation services that contribute to traffic congestion.
1.2 Problem Statement
As the researchers go to the site, the Sta. Ines Intersection in Mabalacat city (fig.
1.1), the researchers saw some problems like the volume of the vehicles, size of the
roadway, unnecessary unloading or parking of vehicles, traffic light is on standby mode
and sometimes pedestrian crossing that blocking the vehicles to turn or accelerate. The
volume of the vehicles is large especially during rush hours because of the employers
going to their job or going home. In regards to the relationship between the volume of the
vehicles and the size of the roadway, the insufficient size of the roadway can not handle
the large volume of the vehicles. The intersection has roadways going to Angeles city
(Mc Arthur Highway), Bamban (Mc Arthur Highway), Clark (Gil Puyat Avenue) and Sta.
Ines Interchange. The roadways going to Angeles and Bamban has four lanes and the
Clark and Sta. Ines Interchange has only two lanes, which is in general is inefficient and
in the case of the particular intersection it is inefficient and unnecessary especially in the
case of the roadway to Clark during the morning rush hour because most of the vehicles
are going to Clark, most of them are employers, and the inbound roadway is the roadway
going to Clark which is only two lanes compared to the outbound roadways, Bamban and
Angeles roadway which are four-lane roadway and additionally the road in Sta. Ines
Interchange which is a two-lane roadway. The roadway going to Clark is the only
9
congested inbound roadway, it is because it has a short leg road the other inbound
roadway has no problems. Then, there is traffic congestion on the four outbound
roadways, most of the traffic congestion happens on the outbound roadways. The main
reason of the traffic congestion on the outbound lanes is the size of the roadway that
cannot handle the large volume of the vehicles, additionally the unnecessary parking and
pedestrian crossing. Because the intersection does not support a continuous traffic flow,
tendency, in just a few seconds “stop” of a lane can cause a traffic congestion because of
the large traffic volume and even if the lane is in “go” there are few things makes the
traffic flow stop like the pedestrian crossing and unnecessary parking of vehicles.
Luckily, the intersection has traffic enforcers to manage the traffic, but the traffic
enforcers, only takes action during rush hours. The other problem occurs when the traffic
enforcers are not in action, it is the continuous blocking of the roadway because anyone
wants to go first and no one wants to give way, until somehow they get stocked in the
middle of the intersection which is a bigger problem.
Fig. 1.1 Study Area (Sta. Ines, Mabalacat City)
10
1.3 Objectives
The aim of the study is to develop a traffic flow system that may lessen and
overcome the daily traffic congestion in the intersection. The system will help the
motorists to lessen the travel time when travelling on the intersection especially during
peak hours. The study also aims to provide a proper location for pedestrians who are
crossing along the road. This is for the safety of everyone who uses the intersection.
1.4 Significance of the Study
The study may lessen the travel time of each motorist that will pass through the
intersection. The study will also lessen the accident that may occur anytime. The
intersection has its own traffic light but it is not working so the traffic enforcers are the
facilitators in the flow of traffic. These traffic enforcers are having a hard time because
of the number of vehicle passing through the intersection and the daily weather condition.
The study will also benefit these enforcers and lessen their work. The study will also
allow the pedestrians to cross on the other side of the road easily. Less heavy traffics, less
accidents, and less hassle.
1.5 Scope and Limitations
 The design traffic scheme will allow the motorists to reduce their travel time when
crossing the intersection, enhance the traffic flow and decrease the inconvenience
to the people.
 The types of vehicle input were converted in terms of Passenger Car Unit (PCU).
11
 The study does not cover the New Clark-Bamban-Capas Access Road that is
being constructed by Department of Public Works and Highways to lessen the
travel time between Clark Freeport Zone and Capas, Tarlac.
 The researchers manually counted the vehicles travelling along the intersection
from 6:00 am to 10:00 am (Tuesday), from 10:00 am to 2:00 pm (Wednesday),
from 2:00 pm to 6:00 pm (Thursday).
 The researchers did not include the number of pedestrians and cyclists.
 VISSIM can only simulate ten(10) minutes of traffic flow.
1.6 Hypothesis
In this study the researchers are proposing a solution to traffic congestion at Sta.
Ines Mabalacat City Intersection. This solution can ease the flow of traffic during peak
hours. Upon conducting survey, the researcher come up to multiple possible solutions
like; enhancing traffic rules and regulations, rerouting and a new traffic light timing.
Enhancing traffic rules and regulation is one of the most effective and convenient
solution. The New traffic light timing can allow enforcers focus to vehicles that violate
the traffic rules and regulations.
12
1.7 Definition of Terms
 Traffic flow
is the theory developed based on flow of vehicle on the lane, and its connections
with other vehicles, pedestrians, signals present on the road. Free movement of
traffic is affected by many factors like design speed, percentage of heavy vehicles,
number of lanes, and intersections present along the road.
 Traffic congestion
is when vehicles travel at slower speeds
 Simulation
is an imitation of the operation of a real-world process or system.
 Peak Hour Factor (PHF)

is the hourly volume during the maximum-volume hour of the day divided by the
peak 15-minute flow rate within the peak hour; a measure of traffic demand
fluctuations within the peak hour.
 Passenger Car Unit (PCU)

Is a metric used in Transportation Engineering, to assess traffic-flow rate on a
highway. It is a measure of the impact that a mode of transport has on traffic
variables (such as headway, speed, density) compared to a single standard
passenger car. This is also known as passenger car equivalent (PCE).
 Level of Service (LOS)

It is the maximum service volume of vehicle that a road can accommodate
13
1.8 Review of Related Literature
Traffic flow in a particular road is expressed as number of vehicles in a road per

unit duration of one hour. It is measured at one point on the lane stretch using traffic
counts made for a particular duration. The counts made during different hours of time on
a particular day may have variations. Peak hour traffic is considered for any analysis to
be made based on traffic flow.
To locate the point on the road, where congestion happens, assessing the requirement of
traffic signal at an intersection, estimating the capacity of the road way to meet with the
present flow, etc. traffic flow measurement is required on the road. There are two
parameters that traffic flow is dependent, the speed of traffic and density of vehicles on
the road.
The density of vehicles should not be more than 30 vehicles per mile length to avoid
congestion on the flow. It should be 75 for improved level of service on a free flow speed
freeway in a particular road. Free flow speed should be maintained around 50mph on an
urban road.
Measuring traffic is converted as Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT), it is a design

hourly volume for the purpose of pavement design, provision of lanes, etc. Traffic flow
is measured using sensors, loop detectors, video measurement, and manual count of
vehicles subject to the magnitude of traffic counts.
The condition on road networks that occurs as use increases, and is characterized
by slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicular queueing is called traffic
congestion. The physical use of roads by vehicles is the most common example. The
physical use of the roads by vehicle is the most common example of traffic congestion.
The result of traffic congestion is when traffic demand is great enough that the interaction
between vehicles slows the speed of the traffic stream. Extreme traffic congestion is set
14
in when the demand approaches the capacity of a road. While traffic jam or traffic snarl-
up is when vehicles are fully stopped for a period of time.
The situation in which the demand for road space that exceeds the supply is called traffic
congestion according to European Conference of ministers of transportation. Due to the
speed-flow relationship, when the use of a transport system approaches capacity,
Congestion is the impedance vehicles impose on each other. since there is no standard of
traffic congestion worldwide and traffic system varies from one city to another, it is hard
to say what exactly traffic congestion is.
Downs (2003) has noted that when the traffic is moving at speeds below the design
capacity of any given artery because drivers are unable to go faster, then the traffic on
any given artery can be considered congested. There is a traffic congestion, if there is a
street designed 50 miles per hour, and most of vehicles’ speeds on this street are lower
than 50miles per hour. The researcher study that traffic congestion is closely related with
designed standard. Generally speaking, it could be defined as vehicles blocked on the
street and their average speed lower than one level or people spend much more time on
the road which is unendurable.
Traffic congestion could be a temporal condition on a system that happens because the
volume of car will increase, and is characterised by slower speeds, longer trip times, and
accumulated queuing. Traffic congestion happens once the volume of the traffic is high
and the heterogeneous that the interaction between vehicles slows down the speed of
traffic. As demand approaches the total capacity of a road (or of the intersections on the
road), traffic congestion sets in. Traffic jam happens once vehicles are totally stopped for
a amount of time.
Traffic jams can happen anytime, that is why traffic research still cannot predict it. Traffic
congestion is a constant. With their dependence of the automobile, some cities have
managed to break free. Others haven’t and have lost themselves to congestion. The
technique each city takes to the problem of urban congestion and transport is a vision into
15
their priorities and to determine on how successful their efforts will be. The major factor
in any urban congestion and transportation decisions is the urban growth and future trends
in urban development.
Causes of traffic congestion
Narrow Roads
The lane width of the carriage way is not enough to support the volume of vehicles
traveling through the intersection of Sta Ines, Mabalacat City that causes a traffic jam.
According to A.R. Khanorkar et al (2014), narrow lane width provides an inadequate
margin for the movement of vehicles that causes the vehicles to slow down until it stops.
Increasing number of Population
Rapid increase of population in Mabalacat City affects the traffic management

that may result to traffic congestion. Increase in population also increase the need for
goods and services and more vehicles with respect to the travel of goods and services.
The increase in population and the demand of people to travel another location shows
longer commutes and increased traffic congestion. (Conley, 2008)
Commercial Buildings around the intersection
Commercial buildings around the intersection makes the intersection prone to

users/customers. This make the intersection to be frequently used by the customers
patronizing the businesses around it.
16
Pedestrian Crossing
Due to the business facility around the intersection, pedestrians have to cross the
intersection in order to reach the other side of the road. This make the vehicles to slow
down or stop that interrupt the traffic flow and cause the vehicles queueing.
Rapid Increase of Vehicle Volume
Rapid Increase of Vehicle Volume is one of the major reason of traffic congestion
due to the increase of vehicle it surpasses the capacity of the road. Total Vehicle Sales in
Philippines decreased to 7766 in June from 9401 in May of 2018. Total Vehicle Sales in
Philippines averaged 5229.89 from 2002 until 2018, reaching an all-time high of 14182
in December of 2017 and a record low of 993 in May of 2003.
Fig. 1.2 Vehicle sales in the Philippines
17
Traffic Management in the Philippines
Schafer (2010) cited that managers were leaders UN agency by choice build
choices and as leaders; they'd the capability to maneuver a gaggle and organization
through a method of amendment. Management, however, was additional of technical
proficiency at a finite set of tasks. Moreover, to a really effective leader, one should
understand how to guide and manage, particularly in a very public safety organization.
The supply and Lipton Fleming Company (2016) steered that transport managers should
be a logical thinker UN agency thinks ahead before every needed step was enforced.
Career Planning (2016) declared that downside sensitivity talent was terribly important.
Further, communication skills were conjointly of important importance. It additional that
strategic designing, resource allocation; human resources modeling, leadership
technique, production ways, and coordination of individuals and resources should be
concerned. Peterson (2004) as cited by Tancredi (2013) steered 3 steps within the
leadership method that aren't solely logical however conjointly applicable to public safety
organizations. First, verify wherever the organization currently, then verify wherever the
organization needed to be, and outline however the organization would get there.
Carillo (2010) assumed that before a pacesetter may amendment the means a public safety
organization works, a pacesetter should begin a ever-changing culture by initial
correcting his/her false assumptions, also as produce opportunities for others to follow.
He additional if a ever-changing culture was visiting be effective, it should initial
fastidiously valuate what was presently operating, and what wasn't operating.
Thiel and Jennings (2012) supported that for the temporary growth of the organization,
there was a vital must scrutinize the prevailing culture for parts that were operating, also
as bring worth, and verify parts that weren't adding worth. consequently, an efficient
amendment consisted of your time, political capital, competence, also as money
18
resources. Road Safety Manual aforesaid roles and responsibilities ought to be clearly set
and declared by legislatures. To support this challenge, there would be a demand for
structured coaching.
Competencies of Traffic Managers and Traffic Enforcers
Maputi (2017) cited, one thing that will enhance economy and a high quality of
life is an efficient, effective and safe transportation service. Maputi (2017) stated that
Traffic Enforcers and Traffic Managers are given an authority to implement and enforce
traffic laws and orders to secure the Local Ordinance No. 468 Series of 2000 of the City
of Malaybalay. The conduct of traffic order and control must develop accordingly by
police primarily in highway and secondary streets of the city. Study demonstrated that
economy depends in a general sense on the volume of exchange and business. Exchange
and business rely upon the proficiency and effectivity of Traffic Managers (TMs) and
Traffic Enforcers' (TEs) conveyance of essential transport administration and services.
To include, guarantee the wellbeing and portability of individuals, administrations, and
merchandise. The International Conference on Design and Decision Support System
(2014) implies the expansion of help of activity administrators and neighborhood
organization – official and authoritative. In like manner, proactive measures can
counteract or confine the impact of transport urbanization issue. This theory guarantees
that the expanding activity issues in the Philippines are because of improper planning and
inefficient traffic management and enforcement. The capacity of Local Government Units
(LGU) to manage these issues is a significant component in the advancement of practical
urban improvement and open security. In this way, improving limit working in transport
arranging, implementation and movement administration isn't an option in contrast to
being underestimated. Besides, Review of Self Diagnostic Tools for Managers refers to
that disappointments are visit and regularly thought to be because of administration and
19
authority shortcoming and enhancing the quality, gauge and limit of pioneers can
significantly affect the economy.
Hon. Gatchalian (2017), author of H.B. No. 5242, otherwise called “An Act
Establishing the National Traffic social control and Management Center, process Its
Powers, Functions and Duties, and Appropriating Funds,” claims that traffic enforcers
play a significant role in maintaining public order and safety in our roads. A properly
trained traffic helper let alone the simplest practices within the social control of traffic
laws can guarantee a safer road for the general public significantly to motorists and
pedestrians, he added. Knowledge, consequently, isn't enough however optimizing it's a
necessity to boost their skills. political leader (2014) preempts the mandate to create the
capability of the traffic enforcers by providing them formal coaching and instruction all
told the areas. The social process includes the principles of social control, road safety,
accident investigation, post-accident management, and understanding traffic violations.
Correspondingly, McQuerry (2011) cites that an expert traffic helper and manager take
responsibility and commitment towards services and performance. Thus, TEs and TMs
acknowledge mistakes or shortcomings and works to correct issues and things.
Consequently, once expertise is institutionalized in a corporation, Associate in Nursing
worker can do his/her best to completely represent the organization publicly settings. The
1995 Philippine Constitution, Section 5, clearly stipulates the protection of life and also
the general welfare of its individuals. However, insurance of this protection and welfare
depends on the capability of the enforcers tasked on this matter. This capability, on the
opposite hand, depends on however trained and the way knowledgeable these individuals
area unit. beneath the mandates of the Philippine Constitution, R.A 4136 creates the
fundamental law regulation rules and also the creation of land transportation commission
within the Philippines. In congruent to those laws, Malaybalay town native Ordinance
(L.O) 468, Series of 2000, stipulates that achievement of adequate members of the Traffic
Aides (who operate as enforcers) should be educationally, mentally, and physically
20
qualified. Vollmer (1953), the daddy of enforcement expertise advanced that each helper
should be registered in a very pre-employment class to take care of skilled standing. This
stage can train the enforcers to achieve competency and information. Once Associate in
Nursing helper passes the qualification, solely then he/she are permitted to impose laws
and orders on the streets.
• RA 4136 may have to be reexamined to manage automotive purchases and

registrations to mitigate traffic volume.
• RA 4136 has no provisions on the parking rules of vehicles on slender or of

multilane primary roads.
The safety of the human, and vehicles area unit the priority of this study, that introduce
new safety system approach to a winning road safety. this technique solely minimizes the
results of road accidents. The diagram is information driven that shows the competencies
of each atomic number 69 and TEs that will result in the look of the system.
Schafer (2010) cited that managers were leaders UN agency by choice build
choices and as leaders; they'd the capability to maneuver a gaggle and organization
through a method of amendment. Management, however, was additional of technical
proficiency at a finite set of tasks. Moreover, to a really effective leader, one should
understand how to guide and manage, particularly in a very public safety organization.
The supply and Lipton Fleming Company (2016) steered that transport managers should
be a logical thinker UN agency thinks ahead before every needed step was enforced.
Career Planning (2016) declared that downside sensitivity talent was terribly important.
Further, communication skills were conjointly of important importance. It additional that
strategic designing, resource allocation; human resources modeling, leadership
technique, production ways, and coordination of individuals and resources should be
21
concerned. Peterson (2004) as cited by Tancredi (2013) steered 3 steps within the
leadership method that aren't solely logical however conjointly applicable to public safety
organizations. First, verify wherever the organization currently, then verify wherever the
organization needed to be, and outline however the organization would get there.
Carillo (2010) assumed that before a pacesetter may amendment the means a public safety
organization works, a pacesetter should begin a ever-changing culture by initial
correcting his/her false assumptions, also as produce opportunities for others to follow.
He additional if a ever-changing culture was visiting be effective, it should initial
fastidiously valuate what was presently operating, and what wasn't operating.
Thiel and Jennings (2012) supported that for the temporary growth of the organization,
there was a vital must scrutinize the prevailing culture for parts that were operating, also
as bring worth, and verify parts that weren't adding worth. consequently, an efficient
amendment consisted of your time, political capital, competence, also as money
resources. Road Safety Manual aforesaid roles and responsibilities ought to be clearly set
and declared by legislatures. To support this challenge, there would be a demand for
structured coaching.
In order to analyze traffic properties, traffic studies are conducted. These studies
are done in order to have a safe and effective traffic flow and to also get the proper design
scheme of the traffic.
These are the following traffic studies:
• Traffic volume study
The amount of traffic in a specific road and time is one of the several factors of traffic in
a road system. It is also known as the flow of the traffic and sometimes it is indicate as
the vehicle per day. In a traffic, there are a lot of types of vehilcles examples of these are
22
trucks, bus, jeepneys, cars, tricycles and motorcycles. These types of vehicles are
converted into passenger car unit (PCUs) base on corresponding charactersitics. After
that, the flow of the traffic will be known as PCUs per day.
• Speed Studies
One of the most essential characteristic of a flow of the traffic is the speed and its
quantifications are often required. All vehicles do not have the same speed in travelling a
certain portion of the road. The speed affects the flow and safety of the traffic. The speed
of a vehicle travelling in a specific road may change abundantly based on the
characteristics of the road.
• Traffic flow characteristics
There are factors that affects the level of service (LOS) of traffic system. These factors
are the dynamic factors of the traffic. These factors are too broad for the users because
users have different purpose in using the road. In doing this study, determining and
studying the vehicular factors are very important. These are the following traffic flow
factors:
1. Headway in seconds (H)
2. V/C Ratio (VCR)
3. Intensity of Parking (PBE), business activities and road side
activities encroachments in a point scale.
4. Speed in kmph (V)
5. Delay in seconds (D)
23
Speed and Delay Study
Running speeds, overall speeds, actual speed, change in speeds and the delay
between a two points of the roads are part of the speed and delay study. This study also
shows and contains data about location, amount, frequency of duration and delay causes
in the traffic system. The results of this study are very functional in identifying the
location of congestion.
Delay Studies
Delay studies on routes are best done by the moving observer methodology
delineated earlier. The delays occurring because of stopping are often conveniently
recorded by separate stop watch. Special watches which might accumulate the delay time
because the observer operates buttons are going to be found convenient for this purpose.
The delays which will be measured therefore are stopped delays or fastened delays that
occur at intersections, railway crossing and stop signs.
Research on Urban Road Traffic Congestion Charging Based on Sustainable

Development
Sun Y. (2012), One of the worldwide urban problems is traffic congestion, which
can cause longer travel time, increase use of energy, worsen environmental pollution and
result of traffic accident. If we take no action about it, not only individual travel will
increase, but also the whole city or town transportation system be paralyzing and urban
sustainable development will be limited. For that reason, how to solve traffic congestion
becomes a big deal for each city.
Unbalanced transportation supplies and demand is the core of traffic congestion.

Increasing road supply is an option to solve or lessen the problem of inconsistency in
24
transportation supply and demand. However, practices from different countries and
places show that relying on constructing more roads would only cause cruel cycle of
“traffic congestion – road construction – lessening congestion – attracting more vehicles
– resulting new traffic congestion – constructing more roads”, which is not a true solution
for traffic congestion problem. Therefore, more and more experts try to find new solution
for transportation demand, in which traffic congestion charging as one of the effective
measure that get the attention of the experts.
Urban road traffic congestion charge mention that vehicle which enter into a specific
region or road section in a certain travel time interval will be charged a special payment.
The goal of urban road traffic congestion charging is as the following; to increase
traveler’s travel cost, forcing people to choose proper travel time and travel way,
diverging traffic demand from time and space, to increase average speed of vehicles, in
other hand guiding travelers to change traffic route, shifting private car users to ride large
capacity public transportation, thus to lessen the conflict between transportation supply
and demand, realizing unrestricted roads, and achieving the motive of reducing traffic
pollution, economical energy and safeguarding traffic safety in order to see the possibility
of sustainable development of transportation and city.
VISSIM
Adnan (2013) declared that passenger car equivalent factors area unit very
important as they supply mechanism through that vehicles area unit regenerate into
reference vehicle. PCE factors area unit sometimes will not convert heterogeneous traffic
surroundings into homogenized stream during which it's assumed that solely cars area
unit motion. PCE area unit derived from varied characteristics of the traffic streams, like
headway, speed and volume together with conveyance and road characteristics. As
indicated higher than, PCE factors area unit addicted to the traffic flow parameters, these
values area unit subject to variations thanks to the factors influencing the traffic flow
25
parameters. Therefore, it's going to not be exactly correct to adopt a continuing set of
PCE values beneath totally different road and traffic conditions. this is often the most
reason that development authorities have developed standards on regional basis.
Olwan (2017), railroad car Equivalent (PCE) or railroad car Unit (PCU) is employed in
road capability analysis to convert a mixed vehicle flow into identical railroad car flow.
PCE worth for a vehicle isn't a continuing worth, however it varies with traffic and road
conditions around.
Hidayati, Liu and Montgomery (2016), PCE values also are wont to analyze the
performance of road network in term of road phase capability and intersections saturation
flow.
The microscopic traffic simulation program VISSIM may be a powerful tool that has been
utilized by transportation engineers and concrete planners round the world. A VISSIM
simulation is supposed to depict the performance of the physical road network through
the utilization of modeling tools and activity parameters. the method that gets the model
to the purpose of matching planet conditions is termed standardization and needs a
method of relating the $64000 world to the simulated world. Crowe (2009)
The default program that is getting used for simulations is PTV VISSIM. it's the leading
microscopic simulation program for modelling multimodal transport operations. It
displays all road users and their interactions in one model. Scientifically sound motion
models give a sensible modelling of all road users. Skružný (2017)
26
Level of Service (LOS)
A term closely associated with capability and infrequently confused with it's
service volume. once capability offers a quantitative live of traffic, level of service or
LOS tries to administer a qualitative live. A service volume is that the most variety of
vehicles, passengers, or kind, which might be accommodated by a given facility or system
beneath given conditions at a given level of service. For a given road or facility, capability
may well be constant. however actual flow are different for different days and different
times in a very day itself. The intention of LOS is to relate the traffic service quality to a
given flow rate of traffic. it's a term that designates a variety of operational conditions on
a specific sort of facility. road capability manual (HCM) developed by the transportation
analysis board of USA provides some procedure to work out level of service. It divides
the standard of traffic into six levels locomote kind level A to level F. Level A represents
the simplest quality of traffic wherever the motive force has the liberty to drive with free
flow speed and level F represents the worst quality of traffic. Level of service is defined
supported the live of effectiveness or (MOE). sometimes 3 parameters area unit used
beneath this and that they area unit speed and period, density, and delay. one amongst the
vital measures of service quality is that the quantity of your time spent in travel.
Therefore, speed and period area unit thought of to be additional effective in defining
LOS of a facility. Density offers the proximity of different vehicles within the stream.
Since it affects the flexibility of drivers to maneuver within the traffic stream, it's
conjointly wont to describe LOS. Delay may be a term that describes excess or surprising
time spent in travel. several specific delay measures area unit defined and used as MOE’s
within the road capability manual.
Interrupted flow may be a condition once the flow of traffic on the road is engorged thanks
to some reasons. At Associate in Nursing intersection the explanations declared is be
some reasonably active management and also the vehicle will must stop or generally to
scale back its speed and also the flow of traffic is interrupted. Here, the capability is
expressed in terms of average travel speed. another facilities area unit facility for
27
pedestrians, bicycles, bus-transit, rail-transit etc. Example for pedestrian facility may be
a provision of subway solely for the utilization of pedestrians. Here, the capability is also
expressed in terms of variety of passengers.
Table 1.8.1 LOS for an Intersection
CONTROL DELAY DELAY

LOS
sec / veh (signalised) sec / veh (unsignalized)
A < 10 < 10
B 10 - 20 10 - 15
C 20 - 35 15 - 25
D 35 - 55 25 - 35
E 55 - 80 35 - 50
F >80 >80
28
Chapter Two
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Conceptual Framework
Figure 2.1 Conceptual Framework
29
Chapter Three
MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
3.1 Reaserch Design
The aim of this study was to analyze the traffic situation at the intersection of Sta
Ines, Mabalacat City. The intersection was chosen by the researchers because of the
traffic system experiencing by the motorists. This study also aims to give some solutions
and recommendations to improve the traffic flow system of the intersection. For this
purpose, manual traffic count was used in this study. Manual traffic count is the most
common method in collecting traffic flow data that assigns a person to record traffic as it
passes. Vehicles coming from each arm of the intersection have been counted by the
researchers and recorded it separately according to the direction of the vehicle. The
researchers collected the quantitative data through the help of video recordings around
the area. These video recordings help the researchers to be more accurate in counting the
vehicles travelling through the intersection. The researchers manually counted the
vehicles travelling along the intersection from 6:00 am to 10:00 am (Tuesday), from
10:00 am to 2:00 pm (Wednesday), from 2:00 pm to 6:00 pm (Thursday).
3.2 Source of Data
The researchers manually count each arm of the intersection of Sta. Ines,
Mabalacat City. Vehicles are recorded separately according to their types and direction
where they come from and where it goes. The researchers also use video recordings in
able to count the vehicles more accurate. Local Government Unit of Mabalacat City
provides all the data they have about the intersection. This includes the profile of the road,
30
Level of Service, Annual Average Daily Traffic, etc. This data shows the time when the
heavy wave of vehicles approaches the intersection.
3.3 Materials
3.3.1 Tally Sheets
Tally Sheets are frequently used as form for collecting data by means of counting
and observation. The researchers provide their own tally sheet according to types of
vehicle and direction where they come from and where it goes. A blank tally sheet is
shown in Table 3.1
Table 3.1 Sample of blank Tally Sheet used in manual counting.
Date & Time:

Station Station Station Station
_____________ __________ __________ __________
Inbound Outbound 1 Outbound 2 Outbound 3
Motorcycle
Tricycle
Public Utility Jeep
Car
Bus
Small Vehicles (Elf,

L300, etc...)
Large Heavy Duty
Vehicles (Trailer truck,
14 wheeler and above)
31
3.3.2 VISSIM a traffic simulator software
Vissim is a microscopic traffic flow simulation software developed during 1970’s

by PTV Planung Transport Verkehr AG, in the University of Karlsruhe in Germany. It is
useful in comparing, analyzing or considering the effects of certain traffic flow system.
Vissim displays public and private motorized transport, transport of goods, rail and road
related transport, cyclist and pedestrians and their behaviors in one model. It provides a
realistic modelling and allows to simulate traffic patterns more accurate. This software
may be used in creating a detailed calculation of results or impressive 3D animations for
different scenarios. The traffic flow model in VISSIM is a distinct, theoretical, time step
based, microscopic model with driver-vehicle-units as single entities. The simulator
incorporates a psycho-physical car following model for longitudinal vehicle movement
and a ruled based algorithm for lateral movements (M. Fellendorf and P. Vortisch, 2011).
Figure 3.1 Screenshot of VISSIM
32
Video Recording Device
Video recording device can be used to performed manual counting it improves

the accurancy of the data. According to (C. Grant, 2016) the advance traffic management
systems (ATMS) has demonstrated that this is a practical alternatives to conventional
sensors for signalized intersection.
3.4 Procedure
The researchers analyze first the situation in the intersection of Sta. Ines,
Mabalacat City by knowing what are the causes of congestion. Data are collected through
manual counting of vehicles in the recorded video. The researchers recorded the number
of vehicles every fiteen(15) minutes for the peak hour factor (PHF) value. The solution
is provided by the researchers regarding the current situation of traffic flow system in the
said intersection. The solution will then be analyzed through the help of a traffic simulator
named VISSIM. The researchers conduct a trial and error method on the timing of traffic
lights in the simulator to increased the level of service (LOS) in the said intersection.
3.5 Data Analysis
Using VISSIM, the researchers generated the results regarding to the current
situation at Sta. Ines, Mabalacat City using the traffic volume count. The generated
results, in terms of level of service (LOS), became the basis of other alternatives or
solutions that was simulated in VISSIM. The researchers aim to increase the level of
service and the current average speed performed by the motorists approaching in each
arm of the intersection. Generated results from the suggested solutions will be compared
33
from the current traffic flow system occurring in the said intersection. With this process,
the researchers were able to know if the proposed solution will be effective. Increase in
level of service (LOS) will be considered effective because of the improvement occur in
traffic flow system.
34
Chapter Four
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results
Traffic distribution was determined by the researchers during the manual counting
at Sta. Ines, Mabalacat City. It shows the total number of vehicles approaching on each
arm of the intersection every fifteen(15) minutes (Refer to Figure 4.1.1 – 4.1.4). Figure
4.1.5 shows the vehicular distribution approaching the intersection. These results were
used to determine the current level of service (LOS) of the intersection using the
simulator software named VISSIM.
BAMBAN CLARK STA. INES

300
250
Number of vehicles
200
150
100
50
0
12:45-1:00
8:00-8:15
9:15-9:30
9:45-10:00
3:15-3:30
6:00-6:15
6:15-6:30
6:30-6:45
6:45-7:00
7:00-7:15
7:15-7:30
7:30-7:45
7:45-8:00
8:15-8:30
8:30-8:45
8:45-9:00
9:00-9:15
9:30-9:45
1:00-1:15
1:15-1:30
1:30-1:45
1:45-2:00
2:00-2:15
2:15-2:30
2:30-2:45
2:45-3:00
3:00-3:15
3:30-3:45
3:45-4:00
4:00-4:15
4:15-4:30
4:30-4:45
4:45-5:00
5:00-5:15
5:15-5:30
5:30-5:45
5:45-6:00
10:00-10:15
10:15-10:30
10:30-10:45
10:45-11:00
11:00-11:15
11:15-11:30
11:30-11:45
11:45-12:00
12:00-12:15
12:15-12:30
12:30-12:45
Figure 4.1.1 Traffic distribution (from Angeles)
35
Number of vehicles Number of vehicles
100
120
140
160
180
100
120
140
160
180
200
0
0
20
40
60
80
20
40
60
80
6:00-6:15 6:00-6:15
6:15-6:30 6:15-6:30
6:30-6:45 6:30-6:45
6:45-7:00 6:45-7:00
7:00-7:15 7:00-7:15
7:15-7:30 7:15-7:30
7:30-7:45 7:30-7:45
7:45-8:00 7:45-8:00
8:00-8:15 8:00-8:15
8:15-8:30 8:15-8:30
8:30-8:45 8:30-8:45
8:45-9:00 8:45-9:00
9:00-9:15 9:00-9:15
9:15-9:30 9:15-9:30
9:30-9:45 9:30-9:45
9:45-10:00 9:45-10:00
ANGELES
10:00-10:15 10:00-10:15
ANGELES
10:15-10:30 10:15-10:30
10:30-10:45 10:30-10:45
10:45-11:00 10:45-11:00
11:00-11:15 11:00-11:15
11:15-11:30 11:15-11:30
36
11:30-11:45 11:30-11:45
11:45-12:00 11:45-12:00
12:00-12:15 12:00-12:15
BAMBAN
12:15-12:30 12:15-12:30
BAMBAN
12:30-12:45 12:30-12:45
12:45-1:00 12:45-1:00
1:00-1:15 1:00-1:15
1:15-1:30 1:15-1:30
1:30-1:45 1:30-1:45
Figure 4.1.3 Traffic Distribution (from Clark)

1:45-2:00 1:45-2:00
2:00-2:15
Figure 4.1.2 Traffic distribution (from Sta. Ines) 2:00-2:15
CLARK
2:15-2:30 2:15-2:30
STA. INES
2:30-2:45 2:30-2:45
2:45-3:00 2:45-3:00
3:00-3:15 3:00-3:15
3:15-3:30 3:15-3:30
3:30-3:45 3:30-3:45
3:45-4:00 3:45-4:00
4:00-4:15 4:00-4:15
4:15-4:30 4:15-4:30
4:30-4:45 4:30-4:45
4:45-5:00 4:45-5:00
5:00-5:15 5:00-5:15
5:15-5:30 5:15-5:30
5:30-5:45 5:30-5:45
5:45-6:00 5:45-6:00
Number of vehicles Number of vehicles
100
150
200
250
350
300
0
50
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
6:00-6:15 6:00-6:15
6:15-6:30 6:15-6:30
6:30-6:45 6:30-6:45
6:45-7:00 6:45-7:00
7:00-7:15 7:00-7:15
7:15-7:30 7:15-7:30
7:30-7:45 7:30-7:45
7:45-8:00 7:45-8:00
8:00-8:15 8:00-8:15
8:15-8:30 8:15-8:30
8:30-8:45 8:30-8:45
8:45-9:00 8:45-9:00
9:00-9:15 9:00-9:15
9:15-9:30 9:15-9:30
9:30-9:45 9:30-9:45
9:45-10:00 9:45-10:00
10:00-10:15
ANGELES
10:00-10:15
10:15-10:30 10:15-10:30
10:30-10:45 10:30-10:45
10:45-11:00 10:45-11:00
11:00-11:15 11:00-11:15
11:15-11:30 11:15-11:30
37
11:30-11:45 11:30-11:45
11:45-12:00 11:45-12:00
CLARK
12:00-12:15 12:00-12:15
12:15-12:30 12:15-12:30
12:30-12:45 12:30-12:45
12:45-1:00 12:45-1:00
1:00-1:15 1:00-1:15
1:15-1:30 1:15-1:30
Figure 4.1.5 Vehicular Distribution

1:30-1:45 1:30-1:45
1:45-2:00 1:45-2:00
Figure 4.1.4 Traffic Distribution (to Tarlac)
2:00-2:15 2:00-2:15
STA.INES
2:15-2:30 2:15-2:30
2:30-2:45 2:30-2:45
2:45-3:00 2:45-3:00
3:00-3:15 3:00-3:15
3:15-3:30 3:15-3:30
3:30-3:45 3:30-3:45
3:45-4:00 3:45-4:00
4:00-4:15 4:00-4:15
4:15-4:30 4:15-4:30
4:30-4:45 4:30-4:45
4:45-5:00 4:45-5:00
5:00-5:15 5:00-5:15
5:15-5:30 5:15-5:30
5:30-5:45 5:30-5:45
5:45-6:00 5:45-6:00
Table 4.1.1 Current Level of Service for unsignalized intersection at Sta. Ines Mabalacat City
Fuel Consumption
Type of Intersection Level of Service (LOS)
(US Gallons)
Unsignalized LOS_F 5.973
38
Chapter Five
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Solution
Signalized Intersection
Sta. Ines, Mabalacat City intersection already have an installed traffic lights on
each arm of the intersection but the Mabalacat City Traffic Enforcer Group (MCTEG)
was not using it because they said that the traffic lights make the traffic flow more
congested. The researchers conclude that the traffic light was not properly timed that is
why the researchers proposed a new timing that increased the level of service (LOS) the
said intersection. Using a two phase traffic signal system where the vehicles coming from
Bamban and Sta. Ines are grouped in a single phase and vehicles coming from Angeles
and Clark are grouped in the second phase (see figure ).
39
Table 5.1.1 Generated Level of Service (LOS) for signalized intersection at Sta. Ines Mabalacat City
(using trial and error method)
Timing (seconds) Level of Fuel
Trial Service Consumption
Bamban Sta. Ines Angeles Clark
(LOS) (US Gallons)
1 40 10 40 15 LOS_E 5.607
2 40 15 40 15 LOS_E 6.076
3 40 10 40 10 LOS_E 5.591
4 40 15 40 10 LOS_E 5.756
5 45 15 35 15 LOS_E 5.946
6 45 15 35 10 LOS_E 6.022
7 45 10 35 15 LOS_E 5.803
8 45 10 35 10 LOS_E 5.946
9 45 10 40 15 LOS_E 6.047
10 45 15 40 15 LOS_E 6.137
5.2 Conclusion
From the table 4.1.1, it shows that the Sta. Ines, Mabalacat City Intersection has
a level of service of F where vehicles are in extremely low speeds caused by intersection
congestion, high delay, and adverse signal progression. It also shows the average fuel
consumption of a vehicle traveling along the intersection. Based on the generated results
(see table 5.1.1) from VISSIM, trial 3 shows the optimal timing for the traffic lights at
the intersection. All proposed timings increased the level of service of the intersection but
trial 3 lessen also the fuel consumption which is very helpful to motorists. Therefore, the
researchers concluded that trial 3 timing is effective because it lessen the fuel
consumption and increase the level of service of the vehicle.
40
5.3 Recommendations
It is recommended that further studies should conduct a sixteen (16) hour or a

whole week count of traffic volume in order to understood the behavior of the intersection
and motorists during holiday, non working and no classes. It is recommended that further
study could input all types of vehicle, including cyclists and pedestrians, in the simulation
software for more accurate results. It is suggested that automatic method or other methods
in counting the traffic volume could be used for less hassle and more accurate analysis of
traffic flow. It is recommended to conduct a further study in computing the timing of the
traffic lights.
41
Appendix A
Tally sheets used in manual counting.
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
LIST OF REFERENCES
Jan A. A., Niño B. A.,John F. T., Joel I. Ph.D. (2014). Vehicle Count Estimation on
Traffic Images
Republic Act No. 10963 “Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion” (2017)
Francois M. (2012) Study of Vehicular Traffic Congestion in the Sekondi-Takoradi

Metropolis
Wenjie Z. (2010) Managing Traffic Congestion
Jeanyben M. D. (2017) Competencies of Traffic Managers and Traffic Enforcers of

the City of Malaybalay: Basis for an Intervention Plan
Sen. Joel V. (2016) Senate Bill No. 1165 “No Garage, No Car Act of 2016”
Hyeok J., In-Su W., Dong-Seok J. (2014) Automatic Vehicle Detection and
Counting Algorithm
P.M. Daigavene, P.R. Bajaj (2010) Real Time Vehicle Detection and Counting Method
for Unsupervised Traffic Video on Highways
Zlatko Z., Nikolai V., Slobodan O. (2015) Planning of the Traffic System in Urban
Environments
Urban traffic management system in Manila, the Philippines: Centralized urban traffic
control and management system (https://www.indracompany.com/en/urban-
traffic-management-system-manila-philippines)
Traffic Problems in the Philippines and Proposed Solutions

(http://www.flatplanet.com.au/hard-heads-the-bpo-business-case/229-traffic-
problems-in-the-philippines-and-proposed-solutions)
Vehicle Sales in the Philippines (http://www.bworldonline.com/vehicles-sales-

philippines/)
Traffic Study
(http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/18695/9/09chapter%202.pdf
56

Traffic System Analysis and Solution To Ease Traffic Flow

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Traffic System Analysis and Solution to Ease Traffic Flow

Traffic System Analysis and Solution to Ease Traffic Flow

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Engr. Marc Neil V. Adizas

Engr. Neal Lorenzo P. Castillo

October 27, 2018

The thesis hereto titled

“TRAFFIC SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND SOLUTION TO EASE TRAFFIC FLOW

Approved by the Committee

In developing a traffic system, every aspect should be considered, the width of

TITLE ................................................................................................................ Page

CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK………………………………...29

CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY………………………………….30

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION………………………….......……35

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION……………………39

Figure 1.1 Study Area (Sta Ines Mabalacat City)…………………………………..10

Figure 1.2 Vehicle Sale in the Philippines………………………………………….17

Figure 2.1 Conceptual Framework………………………………………………….30

Figure 4.1.1 Traffic distribution (from Angeles)………..…………………………..35

Figure 4.1.2 Traffic distribution (from Sta. Ines)……………………………....…...36

Figure 4.1.3 Traffic Distribution (from Clark)………………………….……….….36

Figure 4.1.4 Traffic Distribution (from Tarlac)………………………..……….…...37

Figure 4.1.5 Vehicular Distribution……………………………………………....…37

Table 1.8.1 LOS for an Intersection…………………………………………………32

Table 3.1 Sample of blank Tally Sheet used in manual counting…………………...32

Table 4.1.1 Current Level of Service (LOS) for unsignalized intersection

at Sta. Ines Mabalacat City…………………………………………….…..38

Table 5.1.1 Generated Level of Service (LOS) for signalized intersection

at Sta. Ines Mabalacat City………………………………………………..39

1.1 Background of the Study

1.2 Problem Statement

Fig. 1.1 Study Area (Sta. Ines, Mabalacat City)

1.4 Significance of the Study

1.5 Scope and Limitations

 VISSIM can only simulate ten(10) minutes of traffic flow.

1.7 Definition of Terms

 Peak Hour Factor (PHF)

 Passenger Car Unit (PCU)

 Level of Service (LOS)

1.8 Review of Related Literature

Traffic flow in a particular road is expressed as number of vehicles in a road per

Measuring traffic is converted as Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT), it is a design

Causes of traffic congestion

Increasing number of Population

Rapid increase of population in Mabalacat City affects the traffic management

Commercial Buildings around the intersection

Commercial buildings around the intersection makes the intersection prone to

Rapid Increase of Vehicle Volume

Fig. 1.2 Vehicle sales in the Philippines

Traffic Management in the Philippines

Competencies of Traffic Managers and Traffic Enforcers

• RA 4136 may have to be reexamined to manage automotive purchases and

• RA 4136 has no provisions on the parking rules of vehicles on slender or of

These are the following traffic studies:

• Traffic volume study

• Traffic flow characteristics

1. Headway in seconds (H)

2. V/C Ratio (VCR)

3. Intensity of Parking (PBE), business activities and road side

activities encroachments in a point scale.

4. Speed in kmph (V)

5. Delay in seconds (D)

Speed and Delay Study