Shared the belief that philosophical thinking begins with the human subject.

Existentialism is a philosophy concerned with finding self and the meaning of life through free will,
choice, and personal responsibility. The belief is that people are searching to find out who and what
they are throughout life as they make choices based on their experiences, beliefs, and outlook.
The core position of this approach is subjectivity.

Carl Rogers (1902-1987) was a humanistic psychologist who agreed with the main
assumptions of Abraham Maslow, but added that for a person to "grow", they need an
environment that provides them with conditional positive regard or acceptance provided
that they meet the certain standards of attitude and behaviour or also called conditions of
worth.
Rogers believed that we need to be regarded positively by others; we need to feel valued,
respected, treated with affection and loved. Positive regard is to do with how other people
evaluate and judge us in social interaction.
Carl Rogers believed that for a person to achieve self-actualization they must be in a state of
congruence.
This means that self-actualization occurs when a person’s “ideal self” (i.e. who they would
like to be) is congruent with their actual behavior (self-image).
Since he promotes the phenomenological paradigm, he believes that the subjective feeling of a
person would be the most useful data.

Since he said that for a person to "grow", they need an environment that provides them
with genuineness (openness and self-disclosure), acceptance (being seen with
unconditional positive regard), and empathy (being listened to and understood), he
designed the person-centered approach to provide a supportive environment for
treatment.
Carl Rogers (1959) believed that humans have one basic motive, that is the tendency to self-
actualize - i.e. to fulfill one's potential and achieve the highest level of 'human-beingness'
we can. Like a flower that will grow to its full potential if the conditions are right, but which
is constrained by its environment, so people will flourish and reach their potential if their
environment is good enough.
Idiographic describes the study of the individual, who is seen as a unique agent with a unique life
history, with properties setting him/her apart from other individuals

One technique for evaluating feelings and attitudes is the "Q-sort", a self-assessment
procedure for measuring congruence, a state of internal consistency
The Q sort provides cards with statements or words on them which participants must
sort into piles ranging from most relevant to the least relevant. This can be repeated.
Personal constructs theory by George Kelly
Kelly thought that internal models called constructs were formed by individual and
these constructs
A main tenet of PCP theory is that a person's unique psychological processes are channeled by the
way s/he anticipates events. Kelly believed that anticipation and prediction are the main drivers of
our mind. "Every man is, in his own particular way, a scientist," said Kelly, in that he is always
building up and refining theories and models about how the world works so that he can anticipate
events. In this way they develop personal systems which determine behaviour and personality and
relationships with other people.

he was also a mathematician. It was that training that led him to

create repertory grid technique to explore the ways in which individuals
construe their worlds
Murray describe personality in terms of needs. Individual differences of these needs lead to the
uniqueness of a person's personality due to varying amounts of each need. In other words, specific
needs are more important to some than to others.
He defines a need as a "potentiality or readiness to respond in a certain way under certain given
circumstances"

Primary needs are any biological need, such as food, water, and oxygen and secondary needs as
needs that are generally psychological- such as nurturing, achievement, and independence. Murray
identified a total of 17 needs—each belonging to one of five particular need categories. The five
categories of needs that Murray identified are Ambition, Materialism, Power, Affection, and
Information.

Thematic apperception test[edit]

Henry Murray, along with Christina Morgan, developed the thematic apperception test (TAT) as a
tool to assess personality. The Thematic Apperception Test is a test that is based on the main
assumption that human unconscious needs are directed towards an external stimulus. Murray and
Morgan created the TAT to evaluate "press" and "need", which Murray emphasized in his theory of
personality.
While implementing TAT, the assessor chooses a subset of a particular subject out of 30 cards.
Each card features various ambiguous scenes which relate to interpersonal situations. The test-taker
is asked to give a detailed explanation of what they see. For example, an explanation may include a
narrative of what is happening and what may unfold, and what the characters in the scene are
feeling or thinking. From this narrative, the assessor uses Murray's theoretical themes to infer
personality characteristics
BIOLOGICAL
Sitting at the base is the ARAS
Most people wants to keep it moderate because any high or low arousal is
unpleasant. So, since introverts’ cortex are more aroused, if there’s an
external stimulation, they will easily feel unpleasant because of high arousal.
And since extraverts need more arousal, they are comfortable with external
stimulations. Introverts avoid it while extraverts seek it.
Neuroticism – which is made up of anxiety etc.
Eysenck viewed this in terms of emotionality. So highly neurotic people tend
to experience more extreme emotional response. This is due to the arousal of
the limbic system which is connected to the ANS which is also called PNS.
And PNS is composed of these two.
Sympathetic – fight or flight, over-active in anxious persons.
And parasympathetic – for calm people

Behavioral inhibition system

a neuropsychological system that predicts an individual's response to anxiety-relevant cues in a
given environment. This system is activated in times of punishment, boring things, or negative
events.[8] By responding to cues such as negative stimuli or events that involve punishment or
frustration, this system ultimately results in avoidance of such negative and unpleasant
events.[6] According to Gray's Theory, the BIS is related to sensitivity to punishment as well as
avoidance motivation. It has also been proposed that the BIS is the causal basis of anxiety.[9] High
activity of the BIS means a heightened sensitivity to nonreward, punishment, and novel experience.
This higher level of sensitivity to these cues results in a natural avoidance of such environments in
order to prevent negative experiences such as fear, anxiety, frustration, and sadness. People who
are highly sensitive to punishment perceive punishments as more aversive and are more likely to be
distracted by punishments.[10]
[11]

Behavioral activation system

is based on a model of appetitive motivation - in this case, an individual's disposition to pursue and
achieve goals. The BAS is aroused when it receives cues corresponding to rewards and controls
actions that are not related to punishment, rather actions regulating approachment type behaviors.
This system has an association with hope.[8] According to Gray's theory, the BAS is sensitive to
conditioned appealing stimuli, and is associated with impulsivity.[7] It is also thought to be related to
sensitivity to reward as well as approach motivation. The BAS is sensitive to nonpunishment and
reward. Individuals with a highly active BAS show higher levels of positive emotions such as elation,
happiness, and hope in response to environmental cues consistent with nonpunishment and reward,
along with goal-achievement. In terms of personality, these individuals are also more likely to
engage in goal-directed efforts and experience these positive emotions when exposed to impending
reward.
A trait can be thought of as a relatively stable characteristic that causes individuals to
behave in certain ways.
the trait approach to personality is focused on differences between individuals. The
combination and interaction of various traits form a personality that is unique to each
individual. Trait theory is focused on identifying and measuring these individual personality
characteristics.
And these can be measured using a normal curve. So, someone can be above average when it
comes to anxiety, at the center when it comes to intelligence etc.
Factor analysis is a term used to refer to a set of statistical procedures designed to determine the number of distinct
unobservable constructs needed to account for the pattern of correlations among a set of measures

For example, under extraversion in the big five are the factors of warmth, gregariousness, assertiveness etc.

This just means that under the 16 factors are many more traits.