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Manuscript ID GTD-2017-0661
Complete List of Authors: Alvarez, David L.; Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de
Ingeniería - Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica
Faria da Silva, Filipe
Bak, Claus
Mombello, Enrique; CONICET San Juan, Instituto de Energía Eléctrica
ROSERO , JAVIER ; Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Ólason, Daníel
Case Studies
Abstract: This paper analyzes the influence of weather variations in time and space along overhead lines and the error in syn-
chrophasor measurements for estimating conductor temperature in real line. The analysis begins by computing the thermal and
mechanical parameters which change according to the load and atmospheric conditions. Having computed the thermal and me-
chanical parameters, the values of resistance, inductance and capacitance of an overhead line modeled by means of a π equivalent
circuit are estimated, with the purpose of quantifying the sensibility of the electrical parameters to changes in the temperature of
the conductor. Subsequently, the average conductor temperature is estimated from synchrophasor through the relationship be-
tween resistivity and temperature; this temperature is compared with temperature computed from atmospheric conditions in each
ruling that, are interpolated from nearby weather stations. Additionally, the propagation of the error is calculated and compared with
acceptable error margins, because the estimated temperature from synchrophasor is computed from indirect measures. Finally,
the influence of the load variations in the accuracy of the temperature estimation with synchrophasor is analyzed.
1 Introduction impacts power state estimation [11] and load flows [12], thereby af-
fecting the losses, power flows, bus voltages, protections schemes
Power systems are facing new challenges in operation, control and [13] and the line capacity, among others.
planning. To better face these challenges, it is necessary to optimize The use of PMU for DLR is based on the average conductor
the asset capacity, which have reached their limits as a consequence temperature along the OHL. However, this temperature varies along
of new loads and sources [1]. These new loads and sources increase the line, as a consequence of atmospheric variations in the differ-
the congestion and risk, especially in overhead lines (OHL) [2]. To ent spans. Reference [14] presents a methodology for incorporating
push limits in OHL, new technologies and methods have been devel- temperature variations along the line, which consists in the division
oped with the aim of improving their capacity, reliability, safety and of the line in segments based on the temperature gradients obtained
economic operation [3]. from measurements along the conductor. In the same way, in [15]
Among the technologies for pushing OHL limits is Dynamic Line critical spans for monitoring OHL are estimated by means of weather
Rating (DLR). This technology has the ability to compute the ther- forecasting models, taking into account the climate variations in time
mal ampacity of the conductors in real time, based on the current and space. In summary, the variation of the temperature along the
weather [4]. Traditionally, the line ratings are fixed according to ex- OHL is not negligible when using DLR.
treme climate conditions that rarely happen; however, thanks to the This paper analyzes the influence of the atmospheric variations
development of information technologies, it is possible to compute in time and space, when PMU is used for a real OHL, showing that
the real rating online, via measurements of atmospheric conditions for typical weather conditions, the error in the estimated tempera-
and the current intensity. Two types of measurements for DLR ture using PMU exceeds the acceptable error margins. The paper is
have been defined: direct and indirect [5]. The indirect method uses organized as follows: Section 2 discusses multiphysics behavior of
weather stations near the OHL whereas direct direct methods uses OHLs when changes in weather or load occur. Section 3 describes
sensors of mechanical tension, temperature, sag or results derived the OHL under study and the interpolation method for knowing the
from these three variables. The devices used for direct methods are weather parameters along the line. In section 4, the impact of the
located directly in the OHL, making it difficult to put them into op- weather over conductor temperature is computed in each ruling span
eration and requiring maintenance. Despite this, DLR has low costs and compared with the temperature calculated from PMU measure-
and it is fast to implement, if compared with others methods used ments. Finally, Section 5 analyzes the error in the estimation of the
to increase OHL rating [6]. Additionally, DLR is useful when it is OHL resistance and temperature when PMU measurements are used,
necessary to increase the capacity between 10% and 30%, particu- taking into account the accuracy and load variations.
larly for wind power integration [7], given the relationship between
wind speed, power generation and cooling. In brief, DLR increases
the capacity of OHL most of the time, achieving asset optimization.
The use of PMUs allows the real-time estimation of the thermal 2 Multiphysics Phenomena
capacity in conductors. This method is considered as DLR tech-
nology, with the advantage that it uses an existing infrastructure During operation, an OHL is under the influence of thermal, mechan-
capable of guaranteeing the functioning and reliability of the DLR ical and electrical phenomena [16]. Figure 1 shows the relationship
system [8]. With PMU, the conductors’ ratings are estimated from between these physical phenomena. At first, a heat transfer (Q) is
the impedance of OHL equivalent circuit [9, 10]. The impedance presented as a product of a heat gain (mainly by Joule effect (P )
changes according to the conductors’ temperatures, a parameter that and solar radiation (S)) and a heat loss (radiation and convection).
That heat transfer is determined by the current intensity ikm , the
R(TS , ℓ) L(ℓ)
ik im
+ +
Electro-Magnetic
i, v
vk 1 1 vm
C(D, ℓ) C(D, ℓ)
2 2
Ts , P, σ ~
E − −
R, L, C
ℓTS
2.2 Mechanical phenomena RTS = RTref 1 + α TS − Tref · (5)
ℓTref
Temperature variations in the conductor result in changes in its The equivalent inductance (L) depends on the arrangement of
length and variations on the forces that act on the catenary. To model the conductors, distances among them, and length of phase conduc-
this behavior, numerical or analytic formulations are used. Numer- tor. This parameter can be computed from (6), where GM D is the
ical methods such as Finite Elements are not commonly used for geometric mean distance and GM R is the geometric mean radius.
DLR, because they require specialized software and large computa-
tional resources when compared with analitycal approximations. As
GM D
an analytical method, the state change equation (2) is normally used L = 2 · 10−4 ln ·ℓ (6)
GM R
for modeling the tension in a line section (ruling span) [19]. This
equation related the tension HS at a temperature TS by means of a The length of phase conductor and the average distance (havg )
known HT ref at a known temperature Tref , where E is the mod- between conductor and ground influences the value of equivalent ca-
ulus of elasticity of the conductor, A is the conductor cross section, pacitance (C). To calculate C from geometry, (7) can be used [20],
g is the gravitational constant, mc is the conductor mass per unit where k1 depends on havg . Reference [21] uses (8) for computing
havg , where Davg is the average sag and hM is the conductor height Table 1 BR1 OHL - Ruling spans characteristics
at the tower. This expression takes into account the sag variation,
Ruling Conductor Capacity Spans Length [m]
which is function of temperature. Span Type [MVA]
1
64.5° N
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
21.5° W
Fig. 3: Geographic location of BR1-OHL ruling spans (blue
squares) and nearby weather stations (red diamonds) a
7
order to evaluate the PMU performance. From the PMU measures
of vk , ik , vm , im and with (9) and (10), the value of average tem-
6.5
perature TS is computed through the estimation of the parameters
for circuit of Figure 2. In this work, the PMU values were ob-
tained through SIMULINK
R
simulations as follows: a power flow 64.5° N
6
for the circuit of Figure 2 is run initially assuming the design val-
ues of resistance, inductance and capacitance under rate conditions, 5.5
model according to (5), (6) and (7), with the aim of updating the
electrical parameters considering the changes in the temperature TS . 4.5
This script runs until the current intensity computed through the load
flow is equal to the current ikm used for calculating the resistance 4
from (5). Figure 6a shows the values of current intensity ikm and
voltage vm for each sample. 3.5
vk 2 − vm 2 3
Z= (9)
vm ik − vk im
2.5
ik + im
Y = Im 2 · (10) 2
vk + vm
Figure 6 shows variations of the ℓ, XL , YC , R, D and TS pa- 21.5° W
a b
c d
Fig. 6: Variation of the parameters of the BR1-OHL for each weather sample
a Current intensity (ikm ) flowing through the OHL and voltage at end m (vm )
b Inductance (reactance) and phase conductor length
c Capacitance (admittance) and sag of ruling span number 8
d Resistance, average temperature and, maximum and minimum temperature along the OHL
The value of TS in each ruling span of the OHL under study Start
varies, even if the weather does not change along it; this is a
State estimation
consequence of using different conductors. In this work, this is con- vk , ik , vm , im
Requiv (vk , ik , vm , im )
sidered by using the following procedure: an equivalent temperature
TSavg is computed with (11) from the resistance Requiv cal- TSavg (11)
N
P PN Yes
Requiv − Ri Tref + Ri Tref · αi · Tref Finish
i=1 i=1
TSavg =
N
P Fig. 7: Flow chart for computing TS in each ruling span from PMU
Ri Tref · αi
i=1
measurements
(11)
Figure 8 shows both the temperature and the error calculated with
the atmospheric conditions in each ruling span and the temperature 8a shows a dynamic behavior in time and space (along the OHL) of
computed from PMU by simulations of the OHL under study. Figure the temperature in the conductor. Moreover, the critical ruling span
25
PMU18.04 00:00 Weather Interpolation18.04 00:00
PMU18.04 03:00 Weather Interpolation18.04 03:00
PMU18.04 06:00 Weather Interpolation18.04 06:00
20 PMU18.04 09:00 Weather Interpolation18.04 09:00
PMU18.04 12:00 Weather Interpolation18.04 12:00
PMU18.04 15:00 Weather Interpolation18.04 15:00
PMU18.04 18:00 Weather Interpolation18.04 18:00
15 PMU18.04 21:00 Weather Interpolation18.04 21:00
10
-5
-10
5 10 15 20 25 30
R
a
12
18.04 00:00
18.04 03:00
18.04 06:00
18.04 09:00
10 18.04 12:00
18.04 15:00
18.04 18:00
18.04 21:00
0
5 10 15 20 25 30
Ruling Span
b
Fig. 8: Comparison between temperatures computed from weather interpolation and from PMU estimation in each ruling span for different
times
a Temperature of the conductor - TS
b Error between TS computed from weather interpolation and PMU estimation
changes for each weather sample, and the acceptable error margin in Figure 8b. The critical span was assumed as the span with the
(4[K]) is exceeded between the different critical spans, as shown highest temperature.
′
!
1 RT S -20
TS = ′ − 1 + Tref (12)
α RT ref
-40
dTS 1
σTS = ′ = αR′ σR (13)
dRT S Tref -60
18.04 00:00 18.04 03:00 18.04 06:00 18.04 09:00 18.04 12:00 18.04 15:00 18.04 18:00 18.04 21:00
Date
0.5 Acknowledgment
0 Authors thank LANDSNET-Iceland, for providing the test cases in
0 0
section 3. This research was supported by the Colombian Depart-
0.5 0.5 ment of Science, Technology and Innovation (Colciencias) under the
project 617 - National Doctorates.
1 1
a
8 References
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document/6519364/
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b Existing Overhead Transmission Lines’. (CIGRE, 2008).
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Fig. 10: Influence of the load on the estimation of both: resistance
and temperature of the conductor using PMU measurements
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wrapper.htm?arnumber=6991585
The use of PMU measurements for DLR faces challenges when at-
mospheric conditions and properties of the conductor change along 5 Rob, S., Jean.Louis, L., Tap, S., Dale, D., Mark, L.,
overhead line, together with inaccuracy due to the error propagation Gerhard, B., et al.: ‘Guide for Application of Direct
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6 International des grands réseaux électriques. Joint work-
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7 Conclusions 7 Fernandez, E., Albizu, I., Bedialauneta, M.T., Mazon,
A.J., Leite, P.T.: ‘Review of dynamic line rating sys-
The changes in the load and the atmospheric conditions along an
OHL result in alteration of thermal and mechanical variables, which tems for wind power integration’, Renewable and Sus-
affect the electrical RLC parameters. This influence is negligible for tainable Energy Reviews, 2016, 53, pp. 80–92. Avail-
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low impact of the sag on the capacitance. On the contrary, the value 8 Alvarez, D.L., Rosero, J.A., Silva, F.F., Bak, C.L.,
of the resistance changes in a non-neglected way.
The computing of conductor average temperature solely from the Mombello, E.E., da Silva, F.M.F., et al. ‘Dynamic
resistivity using PMUs jeopardizes the OHL when a DLR system Line Rating - Technologies and Challenges of PMU on
is implemented, as the conductor’s temperature in critical spans can Overhead Lines: A Survey’. In: Proceedings of the