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Shafa Tiara P. Agusty 17113023

SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE

1. Clearly discuss high and low varieties as the essential two in the study of diglossia!
2. Using the Nigerian linguistic environment as reference, discuss the three models of
polyglottism!
3. Discuss the possible situations that could result in code switching and code mixing in
United Kingdom.
4. Explain the major differences between Code Switching and Code Mixing. Use practical
examples.
5. Discuss the factors that lead to code switching and code mixing!
6. Explain the various types of code switching identified by sociolinguists!
7. Carefully identify the clear-cut reason why people tend to speak more than one language!
8. Compare bilingualism and multilingualism!
9. Distinguish between coordinate and receptive bilingualism!
10. Discuss the common features of bilinguals!
11. Discuss the characteristics of multilinguals in the society!
12. Explain how language contact results in multilingualism!
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Answer

1. Diglossia has three crucial features:

1. Two distinct varieties of the same language are used in the community, with one
regarded as a high (or H) variety and the other a low (or L) variety.
2. Each variety is used for quite distinct functions; H and L complement each other.
3. No one uses the H variety in everyday conversation.

2. - Sequential Model, In this model, learners receive literacy instruction in their native
language until they acquire “threshold” literacy proficiency.
- Bilingual Model, In this model, native language and the community language are
simultaneously taught. The advantage is literacy in two languages as the outcome.
- Coordinate Model This model posits that equal time be spent separately in both
instruction of the native language and the community language. The native language
class however focuses on basic literacy while the community language class focuses
on listening and speaking skills.

3. Code mixing and code switching are useful strategies for the multilingual speakers and
they use them to succeed their communication, depending on the situation and their
interlocutors. These strategies are seen throughout this paper and the studies reviewed
show that code mixing and code switching can be exceptional qualities which are
employed by speakers, either at some point of their lives or continuously-especially in the
case of an environment that supports multiple language use.

4. Code in sociolinguistics simply refers to a language or a language variety. Both Code

Mixing and Code Switching are in one way or another coming together of two or more
languages or codes. Code Mixing is mixing of mostly words, but also phrases, clauses or
even complete sentences from two languages or varieties. Code Switching is nothing but
switching of one language to another to create a special effect. Then The Difference
between Code Mixing and Code Switching is that switching is done in a particular setting
or for a particular purpose. And code mixing is done more out of linguistic requirement.
For the example the word “jhootha” in Hindi. The word is used for something like a
utensil or food that someone has already used or tasted. This concept is totally missing in
a language like English. So while speaking or writing in English, the user has no option
but to use the word as it is. She can also choose to give a description of that word instead.
However, if she knows that the other person knows Hindi as well, she will most likely
use the word as it is without hesitation.

5. The individual characteristics of the speakers, their language environment, the social
status of their languages as well as the everyday usage of them, are all factors that may
influence the mechanisms of code mixing and code switching and should be taken into
consideration by the teaching and the pedagogic community as children need to feel
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assured that their languages are all appreciated and taken into consideration. This can
improve not only their language learning results but also their general learning career.
6. 1. Inter-Sentential
In inter-sentential code switching, the language switch is done at sentence boundaries. This is
seen most often between fluent bilingual speakers. For example: If you are late for the job
interview, işe alınmazsın.
2. Intra-Sentential
In intra-sentential code switching, the shift is done in the middle of a sentence, with no
interruptions, hesitations or pauses indicating a shift. Intra-sentential switching is switching
within a sentence or clause. Some researchers call it also code mixing. For example: You are
sleepy coğu zaman, because you spend a lot of saat in your bed.
3. Tag-switching is switching a tag phrase or word from language B into language A.
(This is a common intra-sentential switch.)
7. Then, according to the science said that bilingual and multilingual people have stronger
thinking skills. This is due to the higher levels of the cognitiv brain function that comes
from switching one language to the next.
8. Bilingualism is the ability to master the use of two languages. Although bilingualism is
relatively rare among native speakers of English, in many parts of the world, it is the
standard rather than the exception. Than in the term of multilingualism can refer to an
occurrence regarding an individual speaker who uses two or more languages, a
community of speakers where two or more languages are used, or between speakers of
different languages.
9. “Coordinate bilingual” as a synonym has also been used for someone who has learned
two languages from birth or I can say that is like mother tounge and in the context of
receptive bilingualism
10. Each person has different bilingual characteristics. They may be distinctions between
ability and use of a language. But, may be of two cultures or one culture that uses two
languages, may or may not speak both languages equally well, can't be expected to
translate quickly, than may mix both languages when talking to each other.
11. People that use different languages influence in the abilities of knowledge language.
When you learn a language this will help you knowing some other, and vice versa how
languages that have been learned early in life affect the acquisition and use of languages
learned later, and vice versa. Be consistently better able to deal with distractions, which
may help offset age-related declines in mental dexterity. Better understand and appreciate
people of other countries, thereby lessening racism, xenophobia, and intolerance, as the
learning of a new language usually brings with it a revelation of a new culture.

12. The definition of multilingualism as used here centres on the practice of using more than
one language, to varying degrees of proficiency, among individuals and societies. It
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includes individuals who use one language at home, and another (or others) outside the
home; it means people who have equal ability in two or three languages; it includes
people who can function much better in one language but who can still communicate in
another (or other) language(s); it refers to societies and nation-states who use more than
one language in a variety of situations to varying degrees. Language contact occurs when
speakers of two or more languages or varieties interact and influence each other. The
study of language contact is called contact linguistics. Multilingualism has likely been
common throughout much of human history, and today most people in the world are
multilingual.