Different Computers are assembled differently, so it varies somewhat from one

computer to another. I will give you the basic parts of a standard desktop
computer:

 The Case - It holds everything inside it. I seriously hope you already
knew about this one.

 The Central Processing Unit (CPU) - This term is often

erroneously used to refer to a computer tower. It is the primary chip
that performs most of the computing tasks of a the computer. Major
manufacturers are Intel and AMD. It is the primary determiner of a
computer’s performance.
 The Motherboard - A large printed printed circuit board that
connects all the parts together. Most of the computer’s ports are
located on the motherboard. It also holds some lesser chips such as the
Chipset (which is actually one chip. It used to be multiple chips, but on
modern platforms the functions of these chips have been either moved
directly onto the CPU, or onto one chip which is surface mounted to
the motherboard.) It holds a socket for the CPU, slots for RAM, as well
as various other connectors for expansion, including PCIe, USB and
SATA. It also holds the CPU voltage regulation module as well as other
power delivery circuitry. Features and exact expansion and ports vary
from one model to another. It is the primary determiner of features on
the computer.

 CPU Cooler - This is usually a heatsink with a fan on it, however it

can also sometimes be a watercooling system. Its role is to dissipate
heat from the CPU into the air.

 Random Access Memory (RAM) - This is where data relating to
what you are currently doing is stored. It is a very fast-access type of
memory, but it is volatile, meaning that it is not for long term storage,
and loses all the data it holds when powered off. RAM is made in chips,
but each chip holds very little. In desktops and laptops, there are
multiple chips that are surface mounted to a PCB that is inserted into
RAM slots on the motherboard. In laptops, it is sometimes surface
mounted directly to the motherboard.

 The Graphics Card or Video Card - This is different from a GPU.

The GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) is the chip that handles graphics
processing in a particular computer. The GPU is surface mounted to
the Graphics Card, but the graphics card also has power delivery
circuitry, cooling, and video output ports.

 The Power Supply - The name is self-explanatory. It supplies power

to the different components in a computer. It is usually internal, but
sometimes can be an external brick, in which case the motherboard
contains additional power delivery circuitry.
 Wireless Network Card - Allow the computer to connect to Wi-Fi.
 Storage Drives - Several types exist. Many computers have multiple
storage drives:
 Solid State Drives - an internal device that stores data long-term. It
uses NAND flash memory to store data that can be accessed quickly. It
is much faster and somewhat more reliable than a hard disk drive, but
are much more expensive for the same capacity. (1 TB HDD about 50
USD, 1 TB SSD often over 250 USD) They are usually used as primary
boot drives (C:) because of their speed. However, they are often cost-
prohibitive to use as the only storage drive in a computer. They are
usually 2.5-inch drives connected to the motherboard by SATA, or
PCBs inserted into a slot on the motherboard (M.2 or mSATA)

 Hard Disk Drives - Slow, long-term data storage. They are

inexpensive, so usually used as a secondary drive to store large
amounts of data that does not need to be accessed quickly.
  Keyboard, Mouse, Microphone, Camera - usually external
devices that allow input to the computer
 Screen, Speakers - I seriously hope you know what these do.
Keep in mind that many other parts exist that are sometimes present, and that
parts vary from one computer to another. This is in no way an exhaustive list,
but a list of the primary components.