The effects of customs procedures on trade facilitation at Jomo Kenyatta

international airport (JKIA)

Table of Contents

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 3

1.1 Background ........................................................................................................................... 3
1.1.1 Customs formalities in Jomo Kenyatta International Airport ........................................ 7
1.1.2 Challenges confronting Kenya Customs administration ................................................ 8
1.2 Statement of the problem ...................................................................................................... 9
1.3 Objectives .............................................................................................................................. 9
1.4 Significance of the study ..................................................................................................... 10
Chapter Two: Literature Review .................................................................................................. 11
2.0 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 11
2.1 Clearing and Forwarding in JKIA ....................................................................................... 11
2.2 Need for Trade Facilitation ................................................................................................. 11
2.3 Electronic custom administration ........................................................................................ 12
2.4 Custom administration at global perceptive ........................................................................ 14
2.4.1 World Customs Organization (WCO) .......................................................................... 14
2.5 Custom administration at regional Level ............................................................................ 16
2.6 Custom administration at Kenyan Context ......................................................................... 17
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................................... 19
3.0 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 19
3.1 Research Methods ............................................................................................................... 19
3.1.1 Mixed-Method Approach ............................................................................................. 20
3.2 Research Design .................................................................................................................. 21
3.3 Population............................................................................................................................ 21
3.4 Sampling Method ................................................................................................................ 21
3.5 Data Collection .................................................................................................................... 22
3.6 Research Approach ............................................................................................................. 23
3.6.1 Interviews ..................................................................................................................... 23
3.7 Research instruments........................................................................................................... 24
3.7.1 Reliability of research instruments ............................................................................... 24
3.7.2 Validity of research instruments ................................................................................... 25
3.8 Ethical Considerations......................................................................................................... 25

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References ..................................................................................................................................... 26

Abstract page

Table of contents page

List of Tables Page

List of figures page

Acronyms page

Definition of terms page

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 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Trade facilitation refers to the readjustments and legitimization of traditions and other

managerial procedures that delays or increment the cost of moving stock crosswise over global

borders. On the other hand, custom procedure refers to spiteful formality at the border or airports

for importers and exporters so that products are conveyed in the most proficient and cost-

effective way.

In the present international business condition, the amounts of products that move across

the borders have enlarged detectably because of changes in the global trading conditions. These

progressions result from the global incorporation of present production and conveyance

procedures, the expanding essentialness of Just-in-Time management and new types of electronic

trade (Milner et al, 2008). Organizations engaged with universal trade need to verify that all

procedures are characterized within the timeframe. Delays in the customs procedure of the

supply network can affect other operations in the port. Every delay prompts increments in

business costs, as well as diminishes the nature of merchandise, especially perishable and

sensitive products, for example, horticultural products, dairy products, daily papers, and

magazines, all of which require quick transportation.

In this trade condition in which taxes have been continuously decreased, customs

procedures and practices are viewed as the foremost outstanding barriers to international trade.

The World Bank has presumed that the cost of transporting merchandise between destinations

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and crosswise over global boundaries, together with delays in customs handling, is as essential as

formal exchange barriers, especially in developing nations. Furthermore, world Bank contends

that consistently spent in customs procedures adds the cost of the product to almost one, and this

influences the intensity of nations, especially in the exportation of merchandise. The United

Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) evaluated that the exchange cost in

the mid-1990’s was roughly 7-10 percent of the estimation of world trade, and the assessed cost

of ports customs was around 27 percent of the cost of merchandise. These expenses of trade and

port customs are generally higher nations.

Despite the fact that trade facilitation is vital for both developing and developed nations,

it is significantly more challenging for developing nations to accomplish high assistance of

exchange since their customs procedures are ordinarily less effective than those countries

(Milner et al, 2008). Consequently, there is a specific requirement for developing nations to

upgrade customs procedures proficiency and ability to encourage international trade. In a tropical

custom administration in many developing nations, shipments mostly face capricious delays of

not less than 20 days before the discharging of products from customs control. These postpones

add to business costs and can influence the aggressiveness of the export price of products,

especially for landlocked developing nations that depend on transit to get their merchandise to

export market.

Therefore, the term trade facilitation has developed as a focal point of studies aimed for

diminishing these transaction costs forced through international exchange. WTO characterizes

trade facilitation as the rearrangements and harmonization of global trade strategies covering the

exercises, practices, and conventions involved with gathering, introducing, conveying and

processing information required for the movements of products in international exchange

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(Milner et al, 2008). Trade facilitation has been perceived as a critical method for reducing

exchanging costs. It has been unequivocally advanced by universal associations and the

exchanging network since it is normal that trade facilitation can expand global exchange volume

and diminish the cost of business in the meantime. Unmistakably customs procedures shape a

noteworthy piece of the inventory network. The rearrangements and harmonization of customs

strategies are, in this manner, imperative in adding to the expansion in the volume of

international exchange, the advancement of economies and the flourishing of the global

exchanging network.

It is normal that change in customs procedures can likewise prompt a decline in the time

and the cost of global exchange transactions. In order to manage international exchange

necessities, various global associations have taken activities in trade facilitation , for example,

the World Customs Organization (WCO), World Trade Organization (WTO), the Organization

for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the World Bank, the United Nations

Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the United Nations Centre for Trade

Facilitation and Electronic Business (UN/CEFACT) (Milner et al, 2008). In connection to

international exchange, the WTO is one of the supreme associations engaged with the

advancement of global exchange. Its fundamental capacities incorporate the improvement of

trade facilitation through multilateral exchange agreements and collaboration among concerned

parties, in both the private and government sector. Trade facilitation is one of the issues which

WTO views as imperative in developing countries such as Kenya.

Trade facilitation is not only the main vital factor in global exchange. Effective customs

administration is likewise important to confirm consistency with national and global

commitments in the contemporary customs condition. The role of customs administration was

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introduced in various countries following number occurrences terrorism. For instance, the United

States Custom and Border Protection have started measures to upgrade supply network security,

for example, the Container Security Initiative (Buyonge and Kireeva, 2008). Custom procedures

depend on the use of propelling cargo information and administration of risks hence enabling

customs administration to recognize high-risk shipments to guarantee security in the

international inventory network while as well encouraging international exchange. Likewise,

customs procedures around the globe were advocated by universal associations, for example,

United Nations Counter-Terrorism Committee, the International Maritime Organization, and

other significant associations to embrace a powerful role in supply network security with a

specific end goal to guarantee anchored trade among countries.

Customs procedures are one of the tools used by government agencies to regulate the

movement of goods across the boundary. Therefore, in reacting to this new security condition

and grow their role and duties to encourage production network security, these custom

procedures need to guarantee the certainty of traders in a global exchange with proper levels. In

an open economy like Kenya applies an overwhelming interest for trade facilitation with respect

to Customs procedures and other government offices assigned to port responsibilities. Customs

procedures in Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (JKIA) have recognized that streamlining and

improving leeway systems is helpful to their merchants, exporters and the national economies in

general (Awitta, 2010). This is so since it has a heading on the effectiveness of traders in

addressing the difficulties for better item quality, lower expenses, and speedier conveyance.

What's more, trade-related costs, for example, cargo charges and other strategic costs are a

significant determinant of JKIA’s capacity to take an interest aggressively facilitates global trade

(Buyonge and Kireeva, 2008). A few issues that add to the expenses of trade in JKIA includes

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port blockage that influences pivot time for feeder vessels, complex customs administration,

complicated and non-transparent authoritative prerequisites, regularly relating to documentation

and high expenses for processing data resulting from constrained automation.

1.1.1 Customs formalities in Jomo Kenyatta International Airport

Customs refers to restraining information required in merchandise announcement to that vital

for the appraisal and accumulation of obligations and charges, the assemblage of measurements

and the use of customs Law (Awitta, 2010). The time period inside which the material

obligations and charges are evaluated is to be stipulated in the national enactment and the

appraisal is required the soonest after the Goods statement is stopped or the risk is generally

incurred.

 Obligations and taxes. Kenya legislators are required to characterize the conditions when

the risk to obligations and expenses is to be incurred, the period inside which the

appropriate obligations and duties are evaluated and the conditions and factors on which

the appraisal is based (Awitta, 2010). The time is taken to decide the rates, techniques

that might be utilized to pay the obligations and assessments, people in charge of the

instalment, the period inside which the customs may make lawful move to gather

obligations and expenses not paid on due date likewise should be administered. The rate

of intrigue chargeable on duties and expenses not paid on the due date and the states of

use of such intrigue likewise must be enacted. The rates of obligations and duties are to

be distributed authoritatively.

 Security National enactment in Kenya demonstrate situations where security is required

and indicate frames in which the security is to be given and the customs is to decide the

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 measure of such security. Charges on the security are to be as low as could reasonably be

expected and are not to surpass the sum possibly chargeable on assessments and

obligations.

 Customs procedures in JKIA, including methods for transport, entering or leaving the

custom domain are liable to the customs control. Therefore, the control procedures are

any way to be restricted to that necessary to guarantee consistency with the Customs Law

as enacted by the parliament. Risk administration is utilized to figure out which people or

products, including methods for transport and how they ought to be inspected and to what

degree (Awitta, 2010). Custom administration in JKIA incorporate review based controls

which utilize information technology and electronic business to the best conceivable

degree to improve customs procedures.

 Application of modern technology. Customs administration in JKIA applies modern

technology to help customs activities, where it is cost effective and productive for the

international trade (Awitta, 2010). These incorporate use of computer systems, which

utilize important globally accepted guidelines. However, an acquaintance of modern

technology is completed in consultation with every single significant party directly

involved such as the government, in particular, the ministry of ICT.

 The connection between the custom and the outsiders. Persons concerned may execute

business with the customs either specifically or by assigning an outsider to follow up on

their behalf and the national enactment has set such conditions and in addition, the

conditions under which they are not to execute business with an outsider.

1.1.2 Challenges confronting Kenya Customs administration

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 The Customs administration in JKIA is faced with too great unique difficult. Firstly, there

is expanding the volume of trade which needs to be controlled inside the order given by the

government and to the desires of the general community (Buyonge and Kireeva, 2008).

Secondly, there is expanded request by traders for quicker clearance of freight and the Kenya

administration's regularly expanding income expectation (Buyonge and Kireeva, 2008). The

Customs administrators in this way need to address these challenges and desires against the

foundation of human and monetary resources requirements. It is accordingly basic that customs

utilizes its assets all the more effectively by grasping current innovation and working strategies.

1.2 Statement of the problem

It is evident that customs is fully dedicated to facilitate trade between Kenya and other

countries .This is made possible by through various customs procedures like:

-declaration process

-verification process

-enforcement processes

-cargo clearance

Unfortunately these procedures really delay fast clearance of goods which in turns slows

trade

1.3 Objectives

The general objective of this study is to establish the effects of customs procedures on trade

facilitation at J.K.I.A

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Specific objectives

-To establish how the declaration process slows trade

-To determine how the verification process inhibits fast movement of goods from the port.

1.4 Significance of the study

One of the most sensational and huge world patterns in the current decades has been the

quick, managed development of global business. Global trade have expanded from 6% in the

year 1950 to 50% as per today. Therefore, recently, trade facilitation has turned out to be a

greater importance in the global trade and however defending a strong national Customs

administration has been of less significance. Trade facilitation in past generations tried to fit

distinctive custom administrations, or if nothing else set up a component of shared

acknowledgment between various custom administrations situations. It is not just the

advancement of technology that is filling the requirement for reinventing custom administration

but is to enable the country boast its economic coordination.

It is clear, trade facilitation boast economic integration through enhancing bilateral and

regional trade agreement that regularly include complex customs necessities. Technological

advancement in the world has likewise presented quicker and less expensive types of custom

administration, for example, utilization of electronic customs control system in the ports.

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 Chapter Two: Literature Review
2.0 Introduction

This chapter tends to address different hypotheses, ideas, empirical works and audits on

on Customs administration and their impact on trade facilitation. Broad literature audits

covering, among others, pertinent national-levels studies and reports on custom procedures,

working research and different wellsprings of information will be investigated in this chapter.

2.1 Clearing and Forwarding in JKIA

In Kenya, as in numerous different nations, Customs is in the front line of the different

offices that intercedes in global trade merchandise. Various custom administrators are

profoundly associated with controlling products which cross border, deciding merchandise origin

and classification, collection of revenue and additionally regulating trade policies (Mbithi, 2005).

Thus the way in which custom procedure is administered profoundly influence trade facilitation

either adversely or emphatically. In other words, the way in which custom is administered in

major ports can either convolute or improve global trade merchandise (McIntyre, 2005).

Furthermore, this acquaints us with the idea of how custom procedures affect trade facilitation.

In Kenya, all the custom operation are authorized and managed by the Kenya Revenue Authority

(KRA) under the Customs Services Department (Awitta, 2010).

2.2 Need for Trade Facilitation

The idea of trade facilitation is receiving uncommon consideration and is at the core of various

activities inside the Customs world. In addition, trade facilitation has turned into a substantive

item inside WTO arrangements and therefore there needs to have a supply chain security

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activities in the ports, and is an element in numerous customs administration programs.

Therefore, trade facilitation conceivably covers a huge number of issues that are applicable to the

smooth and effective flow of global trade (McIntyre, 2005). Trade facilitation involves various

initiatives such as Non-Tariff Barriers for example, import permitting, products testing and

excessively perplexing customs procedures. Expanded use of technology in the custom

administration has resulted in enhanced economic development for nations and enhanced

competitiveness of their businesses by lessening pointless bureaucratic necessities.

Majority of the countries involves the various ministry maintain a sound harmony between the

custom operational strategies and stakeholders’ prerequisites in order to facilitate global trade

(McIntyre, 2005). The global trading network has for quite some time been striving to move

towards the idea of paperless exchange in order to reduce lengthy custom procedures. This infers

a move towards automation and the virtual relinquishment of all printed material in the custom

agencies in order to facilitate global trade.

2.3 Electronic custom administration

The reception of Customs electronic administration has greatly affected trade facilitation effort in

most of the countries. The Customs electronic administration has enormously decreased the

normal lodgement time and also the clearance time in the ports. The cost and lodgement costs

have likewise been definitely diminished due to the appropriation of customs electronic

administration (Mbithi, 2005).From these perceptions, we can presume that with the reception of

customs electronic strategies, there is currently speedier movement of products, thus it has has

greatly affected on trade facilitation. Therefore, trade facilitation is one of those key areas on

which nations must spotlight on in request to acknowledge completely the advantages

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accumulating from the expulsion/decrease on custom administration under the different trade

administrations.

Trade facilitation is getting to be progressively vital in improving competitiveness nations in the

current setting of nullification of formal trade hindrances at both the local and the universal

levels, therefore custom administration in any country should be faster and effective in order to

realize this objective (Mbithi, 2005). This is on the grounds that; exports will be proficient and

cost effective, imports of crude materials for the for manufacturing sector will be less expensive

and small and medium-sized ventures will have the capacity to take part in global trade as the

nation's trade controls and custom procedures become less demanding.

Technological advancement that enables linking various customs administers in the world

has created new opportunities for nations to outfit global markets for economic development and

advancement. In any case, custom administration exercise has boosted supply chains and

international network to put another premium on moving products in an anticipated, opportune,

and cost effective manner (Buyonge and Kireeva, 2008). Today, in high competitive world, the

nature of logistics in port can have a noteworthy bearing on a international company's choices

about which nation to locate to, which providers to purchase from, and which markets to enter.

High custom administration costs, more particularly low level logistics administrations are a

barriers to international trade and also, foreign direct investment (FDI) and thusly to economic

development of the country (Mbithi, 2005). Nations with high in customs administration costs

will probably miss the chances of globalization. This is the reason trade facilitation, in particular

custom procedures, has turned out to be one of the key issues of trade negotiation inside the

World Customs Organization (WCO).

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2.4 Custom administration at global perceptive
2.4.1 World Customs Organization (WCO)

The WCO provides gauges and technical bolster for empowering custom administrators

across the world to operate adequately. The Revised Kyoto Convention (RKC) traces standards

and practices for applying present day improved blended and institutionalized techniques by the

custom administrators in order to boast trade facilitation in the world. It is pivotal in the

improvement of global trade strategy and portrayal of merchandise for the reasons for customs

that products be depicted and characterized in standard codes. The WCO perceives that effective

custom administration initiative benefits both the government and business network.

The business network benefits by acquiring upgraded competitiveness in national and

worldwide markets due to decrease in delays and costs which are accomplished with

unsurprising and proficient movement of products crosswise over border. WCO has additionally

valued the requirement for security of supply chains as an aggregate test, consequently the need

to work in a united effective risk administration arrangement around the world. This implies

anchoring each phase of the journey made by products, from the point where they are packed to

their last destination, this has facilitated faster custom administration. Subsequently it is

indispensable to the achievement of this enterprise alongside traditions, each connection in the

supply network, regardless of whether private of public, be focused on handling this challenge

successfully. Fortifying co-operation and trade of information between the different players of

custom administration is therefore a crucial achievement factor in trade facilitation.

As result of substantive meetings between the universal Customs, business networks, the

WCO has built up a custom administration that will upgrade the security and assistance of

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international trade which is known as the WCO SAFE Framework .This framework is viewed as

a response to the potential risk of terrorists’ movement of products around the globe. WCO

SAFE Framework is a union of different settled upon security and facilitation measures that

ought to be adopted and actualized by Customs' administrators and their business accomplices in

order to facilitate global trade. WCO SAFE Framework is gone for giving consistency and

uniformity to the global trade condition by defending the end- to-end security of the in

international trade even encouraging the entry of legitimate products through faster customs

control.

WCO SAFE Framework was created in view of four standards components, in particular;

customs procedures focus on fitting advanced electronic in order to manifest the necessary

information to permit risk appraisal of cargos, apply a typical risk custom administration

approach, utilize non-nosy detection gear to impact cargo checking and give a benefit to

international firms that meet insignificant supply network security measures and best practices.

WCO SAFE Framework lies on the twin mainstays of Customs-to-Customs and

Customs-to-Business organizations. The mainstays include an arrangement of models that are

combined to ensure simplicity of understanding and fast global execution. In addition, this

instrument draws specifically from existing WCO security and help measures and projects

created by Member organizations in order to facilitate international trade (Devas et al, 2001). On

one side, the Customs-to-Customs pillar advances the consistent development of merchandise

through secure global international supply chains (Lesser and Moisé-Leeman, 2009). Therefore,

this pillar has enabled exchange of timely and precise information between customs

administrators in the situation of overseeing risks on a more compelling premise. On the other

hand, Customs-to-Business pillar on the production of a global framework for identifying

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organizations that offer a high level of security ensures in regard of their role in the trade

network.

Organizations that satisfy the criteria characterized in the WCO SAFE Framework are

regarded as accomplices and are qualified for a host of unmistakable advantages that include;

quicker movement of generally safe freight through customs, minimized customs control

mediations, enhanced production network costs through security efficiencies, enhanced trade

notoriety' ,improved comprehension of customs necessities and better correspondence amongst

organizations and Customs administrates thus, facilitating international trade (Lesser and Moisé-

Leeman, 2009). Nevertheless, effective execution of the SAFE Framework is one of the key

challenges confronting the universal customs administrator in the 21st Century.

Changes to the multilateral trade rules can help in advancing transparency and

unsurprising custom procedures for both importers and exporters. Achieving the trade facilitation

objectives in a more extensive and more profound setting, however, will require activity from

outside as well past the WTO standards and WCO structure (Devas et al, 2001). More viable

conveyance of advancement control procedures helps in advancing administrative change and

bolsters public agencies that declare and oversee customs (Devas et al, 2001). At regional level,

custom administration is expected to supplement international trade so as international

organization can find it attractive to move in the country.

2.5 Custom administration at regional Level

At the regional level, Kenya custom procedures are controlled the by COMESA and East

African Community (EAC). The two bodies have been dynamic in inventing custom facilitation

programs to orchestrate strategies and directions for the smooth movement of merchandise and

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people in the region. Various instruments and regular models have been acquainted to facilitate

easier administration of customs such as pivot stack limits, fit transit charges, provincial

transporter licencing, and coordinated regional custom system

2.6 Custom administration at Kenyan Context

Kenya is an establishing member of WTO and thusly, pledge to WTO standards is

necessary to its economic arrangements. Kenya is additionally an individual from COMESA,

EAC, and OAU and seeks after special trade assentation as a method for expanding the stream of

trade Kenya has amended some of custom legislation, such as countervailing and licensed

innovation to facilitate international trade which are in conformity with WTO Agreements

(Lesser and Moisé-Leeman, 2009). The 2002 improvement plan illuminates a faster custom

strategy to be executed; the proceeded with decrease and possibly eliminate lengthy custom

procedures and government role route from control and direction toward the help of private

sector advancement.

Kenya presently depends on the tax as its primary custom approach instrument. Kenya

likewise perceives the significance of trade facilitation and plays a huge role towards

international trade strategy particularly with the real advancements occurring in the different

trade agreements (Buyonge and Kireeva, 2008). Kenya is executing all the WTO Agreements

which identify with trade facilitation. These incorporate the Customs Valuation Agreement, and

Agreements on Pre-shipment Inspection, Rules of Origin, Import Licensing Procedures,

Technical Barriers to Trade and Sanitary and Phytosanitary measures.

In the meantime, Kenya takes an interest in arrangements towards increase to custom

concurrences with global application. for example, the Harmonized System Convention that

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structures the reason for levy characterization of products exchanged the global market , thus

enabling the country to attracts more traders in the country. WCO helps with growing best global

practices through benchmarking, preparing of custom administrators and networking with

different individuals and associations that have a stake in global trade, such as the International

Chamber of Commerce, and UNCTAD (Buyonge and Kireeva, 2008). Furthermore, in 2008/09

financial year, Kenya has set out on a Customs Services Department Reform and Modernization

Project (CRM) in order to improve custom administration into a cutting edge in order to facilitate

global trade.

As per globally acknowledged customs models, Kenya has not yet endorsed the Revised

Kyoto Convention. Currently, trade facilitation in Kenya remains a challenge in spite of the

marking of the different multilateral agreements with other countries due to unfavourable custom

administration procedures (Engman, 2005). The overall deficiency of a legitimate and

administrative structure, institutional and human limit, poor ports, and the wastefulness of

exchange documentation forms keep influencing the exchange network by exacting deferrals in

the development and freedom of merchandise at the different passage and leave focuses. This has

brought about the whole procedure being related with high exchange costs which decreases the

intensity of Kenyan items in the global market.

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 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction

This chapter highlights the techniques and methods that are employed in conducting this research

study. Therefore, this chapter incorporates the research design, research techniques, sample size

population and data collection procedures, that is instruments and methods used to collect data.

Thus, this chapter delineates the techniques associated in reviewing necessary data to be used in

this study. In accordance with the nature of this study, a mix of qualitative and quantitative

procedures is used. The chapter additionally addresses the issues of the unwavering quality and

legitimacy of the examination and finishes up with a discourse of ethical contemplations.

Research methodology refers to the hypothetical examination of the research techniques, which

looks to clarify the justification behind the chose investigate outline and particular methodology.

Methodology is a plan of activity that connections methods to results, which gives a general view

of hypothetical analysis in connection to nature of knowledge (Creswell, 2003). Research

methodology isn't valuable for showing the idea of the examination issues or research questions,

but can prompt the assurance of conceptual framework, including the determination of proper

types of research design and methods (Creswell, 2003).

3.1 Research Methods

This study has assumed quantitative research and qualitative research, where it has customarily

used diminutive sample size. Quantitative researchers do not think about variable yet deals cases

that are data rich and data in particular (Riff, 2004). As frequently happens, the analysts do not

examine the individuals but mostly looks for particular occasions, encounters, or occurrences.

The objective of inspecting and data accumulation is to build up a data index that catches the

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phenomenon at the level of many-sided quality, which is proper for the planning while in the

meantime keeping the investigation achievable through the available of resources.This study

depends on the experimental and constructivist approach, in that an expansive body of

information comes from international standards relating to trade facilitation, as well as from the

experience and viewpoints of customs administrators and partners and in addition the physical

condition of express consignment tasks.

3.1.1 Mixed-Method Approach

Blended strategy approach is characterized with the utilization of both qualitative and

quantitative procedures, either simultaneously or consecutively, at some stage starting with the

information gathering process, from which understandings are made in either a parallel, an

incorporated, or an iterative way. Chuang (2012) clarified the significance of consolidating

qualitative and quantitative techniques so as to discover importance inside informational indexes.

Some components of quantitative investigation, for example, giving numerical correlations with

the recurrence of certain coded classifications are utilized to give a signifies to assess the

recurrence of a specific characterized marvel as indicated by other pre-characterized factors;

from that point, news content in the informational index are broke down qualitatively with

regards to those numerical outcomes to investigate the dormant and more profound implications

of significations.

Qualitative research gives a detailed and in-depth description of circumstances, occasions, and

interprets comprehension of the social world by finding out about individuals' encounters, points

of view and chronicles. Qualitative research centers on understanding a specific phenomenon

that is different, adaptable and complex in the common setting.

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The qualitative approach was utilized in this examination since the exploration questions are

complex about complex issues of custom administration and trade facilitation occurring inside

the specific setting of current consignment tasks. Qualitative approach has provided the

opportunity to discover peoples perspective on the issue under investigation and encounters the

issues on natural settings.

3.2 Research Design

This research study uses descriptive method, to determine effects of customs procedures on trade

facilitation at Jomo Kenyatta international airport (JKIA). Descriptive method is employed when

the purpose is to depict characters of specific objectives, assess the proportion of individuals who

behave in a definite manner and make particular predictions (Kothari, 2004). Descriptive method

is preferred to be used in this study since it takes into consideration depiction of the impact of

customs procedures on trade facilitation in Kenya in general

3.3 Population
Mugenda and Mugenda (2003) defined population as the 'universe'. In addition, population can

be defined as every member from a actual hypothetical arrangement of people, occasion or

object in which an analyst generalize the outcomes of the investigation (Mugenda and Mugenda

2003). The objective population of this research study comprised of the 100 respondents from

the custom department in JKIA.

3.4 Sampling Method

This research study employs stratified sampling system, which was suitable in creating a sample

for the research. This is on the grounds that the population to be examined is heterogeneous in

nature. Stratified sampling method considers certain characters such as size, kind of principle

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business what's more, custom administration. In addition, the study at some point utilized

purposive sampling strategy inside the sub-population of various departments responsible in

custom procedure in Kenya. Purposive sampling strategy guaranteed that the study accomplished

its objective, as only respondents in administration level in customs department in JKIA is

considered. The study had sampled out 50% of the total respondents interviewed, hence making

the sample size to stand at 50 respondents.

3.5 Data Collection

Data Collection in social research study regularly refers to the strategies for taking an interest in

the setting, direct observation or interview. The selection of data collection method for this

investigation depends on the nature of the learning and data required to answer the exploration

questions. The researcher employees both primary and secondary sources to gather the necessary

data used in this study. These sorts of sources are basic for this study and can be gotten to by

qualitative research procedures including various data gathering techniques. On one hand,

primary sources involved the utilization of semi-organized questionnaires with both open and

closed ended questions directed to respondents in custom department in JKIA. On the other side,

secondary sources involve accessing custom administrators’ organization profiles and records

and previous studies done. Questionnaire is designed with two sections. The first section was

intended to accumulate general data on individual and authoritative profile of employees and

customs administration. The second section comprised of questions to determine how they

perceive the effect on custom administration on trade facilitation.

In this research study, the contextual investigation of custom procedures at the Jomo Kenyatta

International Airport was inspected and analysed through various strategies for data collection,

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which includes direct observation, interviews and structured questionnaire. These techniques

were utilized to get an all holistic perspective of the custom procedures so as to answer the

research study concerning effect of custom administration on trade facilitation.

3.6 Research Approach

3.6.1 Interviews

The interview strategy is generally utilized in qualitative research to gain an in-depth

comprehension of individual perception and involvement in connection to the specific

phenomenon being examined. The ways to deal with meetings can be ordered into organized,

semi-organized and unstructured interviews as per the degree to which the questions are

designed.

The researcher used semi-organized interviews to understand customs administrators’ perceptive

concerning the present routine with regards to trade facilitation and administrative in JKIA.

Semi-organized interviews are proper for this investigation in that they are more adaptable than

organized interviews and more engaged than unstructured interviews. The interview was directed

with the planning of theme guides and interview question developed in accordance with the

research questions and conceptual framework used in this study. The interviews were employed

to answer the research inquiries on the criteria required for determining the effect of custom

administration on trade facilitation. In addition, this study employs purposive sampling to choose

interviewees. In this technique, a specific sample is chosen intentionally based on scientific or

hypothetical purposes that connect to the examination center. Purposive sampling was employed

to choose the key personnel who have broad knowledge to give data and contribute significant

information in the custom procedure. The planned interviews were led with interviewees from

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administration and operational levels of customs department and different stakeholders whose

work is associated with trade facilitation in Kenya such as KRA officials. Meetings with

administration levels give a general photo of the strategy or basic leadership on exchange

assistance and traditions administrative control. Interviews with administrative levels are

essential in that they know the overall circumstances and the functional activities in connection

to trade facilitation and custom control.

3.7 Research instruments

3.7.1 Reliability of research instruments

Reliability is about the replicability of research findings and the degree to which similar

outcomes are rehashed when the same or comparative techniques are connected to a similar

gathering under similar conditions. The reliability of research instruments used in this study

aims at minimizing any errors and biases in the research. The reliability of the data collection

can be accomplished by employing the proper methods and strategies for leading the study. This

incorporates the procedure of cross-checking data, applying numerous sources and confirmation,

utilizing diverse strategies for data estimation, and including different analysts in the data

collection and analysis. To guarantee the reliability of the study finding, this research was

directed in a similar way through planned interviews and direct observation under similar

conditions each time. Interviews and direct observation were led over various customs

administrators’ officials utilizing in-depth semi-organized interviews with the similar

predesigned arrangement guideline. Inside the wonder of express committal activities,

information gathered from the Customs Department, the four fundamental express enterprises

and different partners were utilized for cross-checking data.

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3.7.2 Validity of research instruments

Validity of finding or information is generally comprehended to refer to the accuracy or

precision of the study. In this research, validity is guaranteed through different sources used to

collect data, including existing literature reviews, interview and direct observation. This is steady

with the literature, which proposes that scientists utilize different sources of evidence, build up a

chain of confirmation and have critical informants to survey the case study under investigation.

A researcher can boast the validity of research instruments using various sources and strategies,

and contextual analysis.

3.8 Ethical Considerations

Any research study including human subjects needs to think about ethical issues, which may

emerge as follows; ethical endorsement from the relevant authorities; confidentiality and privacy

of information; voluntary and educated assent of members used in the research; risks and

benefits of the research study; and participants rights to stop or withdraw their support from the

research. In this research study, confidentiality and privacy, and data protection is considered and

deliberate nature of participants were viewed as the huge ethical issues..

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 References
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Nairobi. Journal of finance, 27.

Buyonge, C., & Kireeva, I. (2008). Trade facilitation in Africa: challenges and possible

solutions. World Customs Journal, 2(1), 41-54.

Devas, N., Delay, S., & Hubbard, M. (2001). Revenue authorities: are they the right vehicle for

improved tax administration?. Public Administration and Development, 21(3), 211-222.

Engman, M. (2005). The economic impact of trade facilitation.

Kothari, Chakravanti Rajagopalachari. Research methodology: Methods and techniques. New

Age International, 2004.

Lesser, C., & Moisé-Leeman, E. (2009). Informal cross-border trade and trade facilitation reform

in Sub-Saharan Africa.

McIntyre, M. M. A. (2005). Trade integration in the East African Community: an assessment for

Kenya (No. 5-143). International Monetary Fund.

Mbithi, M. (2005). Trade Facilitation: Issues for Kenya and Kenya’s Position at the WTO.

Milner, C., Morrissey, O., & Zgovu, E. (2008). Trade facilitation in developing countries (No.

08/05). CREDIT Research Paper.

Mugenda, O. M., & Mugenda, A. G.(2003). Research methods quantitative and qualitative

approaches.

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