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  • Rendus e

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    Franz Schindler
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    Physik

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    Physik

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    4 vues9 pages

    Rendus e

    Transféré par

    Franz Schindler
    Physik

    Droits d'auteur :

    © All Rights Reserved
    Téléchargez comme PDF ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
    Signaler comme contenu inapproprié
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    NUMBER 2 JANUARY 15, 1959 Lifetimes of Nuclear Isomers* Srovex A, Mostxowsxit Unisersity of Chicago, Cheap, Minos (Received August 29, 1952) Lifetimes of muclaa isomers for gumma-teansitons are caleu- Jated theotetially on the basis of various independent particle models; single proton, single neutron, and states of several particles (Sec. I}, The eaiulatons of this paper are etentially| Festricted to the mnst common type of transition ws, multipole ‘eder equal to spin change. The lifetime is expresod in terms ofa ‘matrix element, AF, whose theoretical value depends on the particular made of the nucleus, Radial integrals are cleulted ‘umercally, assuming that the nuclear wave functions aze given by single partile wave funetions fora sphetieal square well "Bmpirical values of MP can be deduced from measured isomer Ifotimes corected for internal conversion, An analysis of et. pirical AP for some gamma transitions points to. number of ‘egulartes which, in general, speak in favor of an independent partele model (Se. 11D. "The regularities are the following: Enel values of A for AP transition are of order unity nd show litle scattering and no distinction between edd proton and fold neutron auc, The lack of scattering within each group of transitions 1s consistent with predictions of a single particle 1. INTRODUCTION Twas first suggested by v. Welzsucker,! and has become generally accepted, that nuclear isom states decay into each other by gamma-emission, but that the lifetime is large ifthe spin of the two states differs by several units of The emitted quantum may carry off angular mo- mentum L(21), giving rise to electric or magnetic 2" pole radiation (denoted in this paper by EL or AF), according to whether the quantum has parity (—1)¢ or (1) Te follows that the selection rules for BL and ML radiation, i.e, radiation of various multi polatities, are WL] SLE, a parity change (—1)4 for EL, (—1)!' for ML. Here I, and J, denote the spins of the initial and final states, respectively. Electromagnetic radiation is not the only mode of decay for a nuclear excited state, Instead, an internal conversion electron may be emitted; ie, an orbital electron may be ejected and carry off the energy of excitation. ‘The number of electrons emitted from a given shell per quantum is called the conversion coef- ficient for that shell. Values of conversion coefficients depend on the multiplarity ofthe transition and on the clectronie configuration. However, they do not depend fon the detailed structure of the aucleus, and can * This work was caved out i partial flfllment ofthe require ments for 8 PRD. degre at the University of Chicago. 1 was erted by an AEC Predoctoral Fellowship. Now at Columbia University, New York, New York ICR, Welzsacker, Natur, 24, 813 (1980). ‘model. However, according to this model, one would expect odd proton auc to have lifetimes about hal as large as odd neutron heli forthe same transition energy, and also would expect life tines about 1/10 as large as found empirically. Empirical values (of BF for 444 transitions appeer to be larger for transitians In ‘nuclei with neary closed shel “According to an independent particle model, 3? for £3 tans tions of energy 100 key shouldbe of order 10 for single neutron tuanstions, and vanish for many particle transitions, such as ‘those between py and 7/24-states. The fact that empivial 30 {or £3 transitions are small can be interpreted as resulting from small deviations fom an independent particle model. In fact, empirical A for transitions between py and 7/2-rstates in od feutron nuclei appear toe emailer the more nearly the nucleus an be represented asa closed sell nucleus. “The empirical value of for an M01 isomeric transition in Li? is slightly larger than expected according to an independent particle model “A graph of energy levee fo presented (Appendix, Fig. 2). pherical square well potential is therefore be calculated, in principle, to the same ac- curacy as spectroscopic problems. ‘Keconversion coeficients have been calculated by Rose el al? neglecting the effect of screening, for energies above 150 kev, and by Reitz for selected cass, including the elfect of screening. Calculations of K, Lay La and Lau conversion coeficients over a wide range of energies and including screening effects aro now in progress. - Conversion data are extremely useful for obtaining rmultipolarity of a transition, but not for obtaining information regarding detailed nuclear structure (apart from thespin and parity change). Goldhaberand Sunyar* have made mulipolarty assignments for many transi tions by comparing observed K-coeficients with Rose's theoretical values, and. also from a. semi-empirical analysis of K/L ratios, which indicates that K/L. ratios are a function of 23/2 and multipalarty alone (except for ¢1 transitions). The work of Mibelich and Church? indicates that ratios of L-subshell conversion coeficients can be of use for assigning multipolarities and for analyzing transitions which involve a mixture of rultipolarties. ‘The lifetime of an excited state for gamma-emistion depends not only on the multipolarity and energy of the transition, but also on the detailed structure ofthe nucleus. Its, thus, not possible to identify the multi- 7 Rowe, Goerte, Spinrad, Harr, and Strong, Phys. Rev. 88, 1 st) 1 it, Reitz, Phys, Rev. 77,10 1950). 'E- Rosé and G. Goetze (o be publlsed), SME Galdhaer and A-W. Sunyar, Phys. Rev. 88, 906 (1951), ME Goldhaber (private communication) 1 T'WeMibelch and FL, Church, Pays, Rev. 85, 738 (1982); J..W, Mrinal, ‘Phys: Rev. 87, 646 (1933) 44 polarity of a transition from a lifetime measurement alone, without specific assumptions as to nuclear structure, However, information regarding nuclear structure can be obtained by comparing the measured lifetime of a transition with the lifetime calculated using a specific nuclear model, eg, the independent particle model,* provided the multipotarity of the transition has already been identified, say, from conversion data, U, THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS OF LIFETIMES "FOR GAMMA-DECAY 4. Single Proton for Spin Change Equal to Multiple Order-Central Potential The transition probability per unit time for a system to undergo an electromagnetic transition from an initial state ¢ to a final state / is given by the wel-known equation® an Wa sey! 46) 2 7 . @ Here 5¢y is the matrix element of the electromagnetic interaction between particles and field, (B) is the number of final states available per unit energy interval. ‘The total nonrelativistic Hamiltonian of proton and clectromagnetic field can be written'® tN arate H+E mbes @ Here A denotes mass of proton, ur is the proton mag- netic moment in nuclear magnetrons. The vector potential, normalized to one quantum per unit volume is given by, @ ‘The radiation interaction is contained in (3) and is given by Am e(2ehct/)tems, e oh @ [The term (c/2M@)A is neglected here, as are second order perturbation terms, both of which give rise to double quantum emission, with a transition probability which is usually several orders of magnitude less than the transition probability for single quantum emis- sion. }** The first term in (S) is the interaction energy of a point charge with an electromagnetic field, while the second term is the interaction energy of an intrinsic magnetic moment with the field. The transition prob- ability between states is calculated using (2), summing YM. G, Mayes, Phys. Rev. 78, 16, 22 (1950) HET Sthnde Quantum echander (McGraw HE Book, Com vag igaNe Fon 9 ale Wile The Quantum Theory of Radiation (Oxford Uni- vepiy Be Landon 8), on 3 oeppert Mayer, Ani Phyit 9, 273 (930, RG Sach Page ev. 87, 198 940, FETIMES OF NUCLEAR ISOMERS 415 over polarizations, and integrating over all directions of emission: Seva (O) he Here dQ, is the solid angle for direction of emission, o (

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