Name Date

Chemistry – Chemical Equations

How are chemical changes and chemical reactions linked?
A chemical change is a change in the ___ARRANGEMENTS___ and connections between
___IONS____ and _____ATOMS___. Chemical change always involves the conversion of
pure substances (___ELEMENTS___ and __COMPOUNDS___) called _REACTANTS___ into
other pure substances called _PRODUCTS____, which have different _PROPERTIES___ than
the reactants. One or more chemical changes that occur at the same time are called a
___CHEMICAL___ ___REACTION____.

How is a chemical reaction represented?

A chemical reaction can be represented using a __CHEMICAL___ __EQUATION___. A
chemical equation may be written as words (a __WORD___ __EQUATION___) or in
chemical symbols (a _SYMBOLIC/FORMULA__ ___EQUATION___). In a chemical equation,
the reactants are written to the left of an arrow and the products are written to the right.
The symbols for __STATES_____ of ____MATTER___ may be used to show whether each
reactant or product is solid (s), liquid (l), gas (g), or aqueous (aq). See Figure 1 below.

2H2O(l) 2H2(g) + O2(g)

FIGURE 1 – 2 molecules of water decompose into 2 molecules of H2 and 1 molecule of O2

Chemical reactions obey the law of _CONSERVATION_ of ____MASS___. Atoms are neither
destroyed nor produced in a chemical reaction. The total _____MASS____ of the
__PRODUCTS___ is always equal to the total ____MASS__ of the ___REACTANTS___.

Chemical equations describe the process of chemical change

Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations

Chemical change involves the conversion of starting materials called _REACTANTS____
into different substances called _PRODUCTS___ with different properties. This is called a
chemical ___REACTION___. Chemical reactions are represented symbolically using a

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 chemical ___EQUATION___ which may be written in ___WORDS_____ or
___SYMBOLS____. For example:

Word equation: hydrogen + oxygen  water

Formula equation: 2 H2(g) + O2(g)  2H2O(l)

Besides showing the chemical formulas (H2, O2, and H2O), the formula equation may show
the following:

_BALANCING___ __COEFFICIENTS___: integers placed in front of the formulas. Coefficients

show the ratios in which the chemicals are consumed and produced. In the example
above, two molecules of hydrogen react with one molecule of oxygen to form two
molecules of water.

_____STATES___: letters indicating the compound’s state: (g) for gas; (l) for liquid; (s) for
solid; (aq) for aqueous (dissolved in water)

Sometimes energy is also included in the chemical equation. One of the most important
reactions on Earth is photosynthesis in green plants. Light from the sun usually provides
the energy to drive this reaction. Most of the food you eat depends ultimately upon the
production of the sugar called glucose (C6H12O6), which is made in this reaction:

Word equation: energy + carbon dioxide + water  glucose + oxygen

Formula equation: energy + 6 CO2 + 6 H2O  C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Notice that states were not included in this formula equation. Formula equations can be
written with or without states

Study Prep Refer to the photosynthesis equation above to answer the following:

1. List the names of the reactants.

energy, carbon dioxide, water

2. List the formulas of the products.

C6H12O6 + O2

3. How many molecules of carbon dioxide are require to produce one molecule of
glucose? 6

4. Does the photosynthesis reaction consume energy or release it?

consume
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 5. What is the symbol that means “combines with” in a chemical reaction?

6. What is the symbol that means “produces” in a chemical reaction?

7. How many molecules of glucose and oxygen are produced when 24 molecules of
carbon dioxide react with 24 molecules of water?
4 glucose molecules, 24 oxygen
Review Questions
1. Rewrite the following sentences, first as chemical word equations and then as formula equations.
a) Sodium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce sodium chloride, carbon dioxide
and water.

b) Octane (C8H18) burns by reacting with pure oxygen gas to produce carbon dioxide and water.

c) Sodium metal reacts with water to form sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas.

2. How many atoms of each element are represented in the following?

a) 3NaCl
b) H2SO4
c) 4H2SO4
3. Use the Law of Conservation of Mass to provide the missing numbers.
a) calcium + chlorine  calcium chloride
40.1 g + 71.0 g ___g
b) ammonia  nitrogen + hydrogen
34g ____g 6g
c) ethanol + oxygen  carbon dioxide and water
46 g ____g 88g 54g
4. Rewrite the word equation as a formula equation.
aluminum + copper (II) chloride  aluminum chloride + copper

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Balancing Equations
The first step in writing a balanced chemical equation is the SKELETON__ equation. A
skeleton equation shows only the formulas of the reactants and the products. It does not usually
show the correct proportion in which the reactants need to be combined. The skeleton equation
for the reaction of sodium metal with oxygen gas to form sodium oxide is:
Skeleton equation: Na + O2  Na2O

You can then add balancing coefficients to write a __BALANCED__ equation. These integers show the
proportions in which the reactants much be combined and in which the products are produced. The
balanced equation for the above reaction is:
Balanced equation: 4 Na + O2  2 Na2O

The coefficient in front of Na is 4. The O2 does not have a coefficient shown in front of it because
only one molecule of O2 is required. The value of 1 is implied.

This equation can be read: “combine four atoms of Na with one molecule of fO 2 to produce two
formula units of Na2O.” like any recipe used in cooking, it is possible to “double” the recipe, so that
it is also true that eight atoms of Na will combine with two molecules of O2 to produce four formula
units of Na2O. However, in a balanced chemical equation, the smallest whole number ratio is always
used. In this case, that ratio is 4:1:2.

Quick Circle true or false for the following statements.

Check 1. A balanced equation uses coefficients in front of each True False
substance in the equation.
2. The integer placed before a formula in a balanced equation True False
is called a coefficient.
3. The following equation is a skeleton equation: True False
2 H2 + O2  2 H2O.
4. The equation Al + 3 F2  2 AlF3 has a coefficient ratio of 1:3:2 True False
5. The equation 4 Li + O2  2 Li2O has a coefficient ratio of 4:2:2 True False

Counting Atoms
A balanced equation is useful because it shows the __PROPORTIONS__ for each of the
reactants and products. The law of _CONSERVATION___ of __MASS____ can be used to
find the correct coefficients. This law states that matter is not ___GAINED___ or
____LOST_____ in a chemical reaction. This implies that the total number of atoms of each
kind of element does not change during a reaction. Let’s see how this information can be
used to check whether or not the coefficients in a balanced equation are correct. Consider
the reaction that produces ammonia (NH3):

Balanced equation: 3 H2 + N2  2 NH3

The atoms are counted as follows:

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  Reactants:
3 H2 means 3 molecules of H2 for a total of 3 x 2 = 6 atoms of H
N2 means 1 molecule of N2 for a total of 2 atoms of N
 Products:
2 NH3 means 2 molecules of NH3 or 2 x 1 = 6 atoms of H

Since the number of atoms of nitrogen and hydrogen are equal in the reactants and products, the
equation is correctly balanced.

FIGURE 2 - A balanced equation has the same number of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation

You can balance a formula by adding coefficients as needed to either side of the equation.

Hints for Balancing Equations

The following strategies can help you translate a word equation into a skeleton equation

 A chemical symbol is used for nearly all elements when they are not in a compound.
 Three common compounds containing _HYDROGEN__ that you should memorize are
___METHANE___ (CH4), __AMMONIA___ (NH3), and _____WATER_____ (H2O).
 There are seven common __NON-METAL__ elements, all of which are __DIATOMIC____.
These are hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. When they
occur alone (not in a compound), they are written as _H2_, O2, F2_, _Br2_, _N2_, I2, and
_Cl2_. You can use the word “HOFBrINCl” to remember them. If an element occurs alone
and is not diatomic, no subscript is used. For example, in a chemical equation, oxygen is
written as O2 when it occurs alone, while lead is written as Pb.

The following strategies can help you balance a skeleton equation.

 If you are not sure where to start, just start anywhere―choose a coefficient by trial and
error. This is often the fastest procedure for the equations you will see in this course.
 Balance __COMPOUNDS__ first and single __ELEMENTS___ last.
 If you place a coefficient in front of a formula, be sure to __BALANCE____all the atoms of
that formula before moving on.
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  Add coefficients only in __FRONT____ of formulas. Do not change
__SUBSCRIPTS______________.
 Never change the __FORMULA___ of any substance. In particular, you must no change any
____SUBSCRIPTS!!____
 When oxygen or hydrogen appears in __MORE_____ than one formula on the reactant
side or the product side of the chemical equation, balance oxygen and hydrogen
______LAST_____.
 You can often treat ___POLYATOMIC__ ions, such as SO42-, as a unit. For example, if PO4
appears in both the reactants and the products, count the number of PO4 groups on both
sides. This may be faster than counting each P and O separately.
 If an equation is balanced by using half a molecule (i.e., ½ O2), you must ____DOUBLE__ all
coefficients so that they are all integers.
 When you are finished, perform a final check to be sure that all elements are balanced.

Review Questions

1. Consider the following reaction for the combustion of a component of gasoline:

Hexane + Oxygen  Carbon Dioxide + water + energy
2 C6H14 (l) + 19 O2(g)  12 CO2(g) + 14 H2O(g) + energy
a) List the formulas of the reactants.

C6H14 , O2

b) List the names of the products.

Carbon dioxide, water and energy

c) What is the meaning of this symbol: ?

produces

d) Two molecules of C6H14 are used in this reaction. How many molecules of CO2 are produced?
12

e) How many molecules of oxygen are needed to produce 14 molecules of water?

19

f) Which of the reactants is a liquid?

hexane

g) Does this chemical reaction absorb or release energy?

release

h) How does the mass of the reactants compare with the mass of the products?
They are the same mass

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2. Balance the following skeleton equations:
a) _____ Li + _____ Cl2  _____ LiCl
b) _____ Al + _____ F2  _____ AlF3
c) _____ Mn + _____ I2  _____ MnI4
d) _____ Ca(OH)2 + _____ HCl  _____ CaCl2 + _____ H2O
e) _____ Na2CO3 + _____ Cr(NO3)3  _____ NaNO3 + _____ Cr2(CO3)3
f) _____ K2SO4 + _____ AgNO3  _____ Ag2SO4 + _____ KNO3
g) _____ Br2 + _____ FeI3  _____ I2 +_____ FeBr3
h) _____ Al + _____ CuCl2  _____ Cu + _____ AlCl3
i) _____ PbF4 + _____ K3PO4  _____ KF + _____ Pb3(PO4)4
j) _____ Mg3N2  _____ Mg + _____ N2
k) _____ C2H6 + _____ O2  _____ CO2 + _____ H2O
l) _____ C3H8 + _____ O2  _____ CO2 + _____ H2O
m) _____ C2H6O + _____ O2  _____ CO2 + _____ H2O

3. Write a formula equation for each word equation and then balance it:
a) Potassium + Calcium chloride  Potassium chloride + Calcium

b) Sodium hydroxide + Barium sulphide  Sodium sulphide + Barium hydroxide

c) Gold(III) chloride + Copper  Copper(II) chloride + Gold

d) Magnesium sulphate + Lithium phosphate  Lithium sulphate + Magnesium phosphate

e) Strontium hydroxide + Aluminum sulphate  Strontium sulphate + Aluminum hydroxide

f) Copper(I) nitrate + Zinc iodide  Zinc nitrate + Copper(I) iodide

g) Cesium sulphite + Nickel(III) fluoride  Cesium fluoride + Nickel(III) sulphite

h) Sodium hydrogen carbonate + Mercury(II) nitrate  Sodium nitrate + Mercury(II) hydrogen

carbonate

i) Potassium carbonate + Calcium bromide  Calcium carbonate + Potassium bromide

j) Iron(II) sulphide + Nickel(III) iodide  Nickel(III) sulphide + Iron(II) iodide

k) Hydrogen chloride + Barium hydroxide  Barium chloride + water

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 Six Types of Chemical Reactions
So far in this unit, you have worked with equations representing many different chemical
reactions. Each reaction is a unique combination of substances. However, scientists have
discovered ___PATTERNS__ in the way substances react. From these patterns, they have
identified some common types of reactions. In this section, you will study the following
common types of reactions: synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double
replacement, acid-base neutralization and combustion.

Synthesis A synthesis reaction involves the COMBINING_ of two elements into a COMPOUND___
Reactions
Element + Element  Compound
A + B  AB
Table salt (NaCl) can be produced in a synthesis reaction. In this reaction, two atoms of sodium
metal and one molecule of chlorine gas react to become two formula units of sodium chloride:
Magnesium burning
in air is a synthesis 2 Na + Cl2  2NaCl
reaction.
Magnesium oxide is an important substance in medications. It is used to make sun blocks,
antacids, and ointments. It can be made by burning magnesium in oxygen:

2 Mg + N2  2Mg3N2

Each of the above reactions can be ___REVERSED__ if the conditions are right. The reverse
Decomposition
of the synthesis reaction is a _DECOMPOSITION__ reaction. This reaction involves the
Reactions
___BREAKING________ ___APART_____of a compound into two separate elements (or
sometimes into compounds).

Compound  Element + Element

Can occur
spontaneously or
initiated by heat, a
catalyst or electrolysis.
AB  A + B
For example, table salt can be converted to sodium metal and chlorine gas by melting it
at 800°C and running an electric current through the liquid salt. Sodium metal is made
commercially this way:

2 NaCl  2Na + Cl2

Alchemists used to impress royal audiences by placing a beautiful scarlet red compound
called __CINNABAR__(Mercury II oxide) into a fire. As it decomposed, it released liquid
mercury, which would run out of the fire. The equation for this decomposition reaction is:

2 HgO  2 Hg + O2

Decomposition reactions do not always produce elements only. The next time you shake
up a soft drink before opening it, consider this reaction, which produces the gas:

H2CO3  H2O + CO2

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Single Replacement
A single replacement reaction is the reaction between an element and a compound to
Reactions
produce an element and another compound. Single replacement reactions vary,
depending on whether the element in the reactants is a metal or a non-metal.
Element + Compound  Element + Compound

A + BC  B + AC Where A = metal

D + BC  C + BD Where D = Non-metal

If some solid copper(II) chloride is dissolved in water, and then a roll of aluminum foil is dropped
into the solution, pure copper will be one of the products.
3 CuCl2 + 2Al  3 Cu + 2AlCl3

In this next example, copper is consumed:

2 AgNO3 + Cu  2 Ag + Cu(NO3)2

It is possible for a non-metal to replace another non-metal in a compound. For example, fluorine
replaces iodine in sodium iodide

F2 + 2 NaCl  Cl2 + 2 NaF

Quick check Classify each equation as S (Synthesis), D (Decomposition), or SR (Single Replacement):

1. F2 + 2 NaCl  2 NaF + Cl2 ________

2. 2 NH3  3 H2 + N2 ________
3. Cr + I2  CrI2 ________
4. 2 Al2O3  4 Al + 3 O2 ________
5. O2 + 2 H2  2 H2O ________
6. 2 NH4Br + Cl2  2 NH4Cl + Br ________
7. 3 Sn + 2 Au(NO3)3  2 Au + 3 Sn(NO3)2 ________
8. S8 + 12 O2  8 SO3 ________
9. CH4  C + 2 H2 ________
10. Br2 + I2  2 IBr ________

Double Replacement
Reactions
In a double replacement reaction, two ionic solutions react to produce two _NEW__ ionic
compounds. One of the compounds remains in solution while the other one forms a
__PRECIPITATE___. This is a solid with a low solubility that forms from a solution.
ionic solution + ionic solution  ionic solution + ionic solid

AB(aq) + AgNO3(aq)  NaNO3(aq) + AgCl(s)

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 This is called a double replacement reaction because the ions from both reactant compounds
trade places in a _DOUBLE___ ___SWITCH___. The positive ion from the first compound ends up
with the negative ion from the second compound, and vice versa.

It is useful to show states in double replacement reactions because without the formation of a
solid there would be no reaction – just a mixture of the four ions (Na+, Ag+, Cl-, and NO3- in this
example). However, it is common to leave states out when simply classifying reaction types.

Double replacement Example Problem

Translate the following word question into a balanced formula equation:

Aqueous iron(III) bromide is mixed with aqueous copper(I) sulphate, which forms aqueous
iron(III) sulphate and a precipitate of solid copper(I) bromide.

Thinking Steps Doing the work

1. Translate each
name into its
formula
2. Balance the
equation and use
(aq) to represent
an aqueous
compound and (s)
to represent the
solid

Study Prep Translate the following word equations into balanced formula equations that include states:

1. Aqueous calcium sulphide is mixed with aqueous sodium hydroxide resulting in the formation of
aqueous sodium sulphide and solid calcium hydroxide.

2. Aqueous potassium phosphate reacts with aqueous magnesium iodide to produce aqueous potassium
iodide and a precipitate of magnesium phosphate.

3. Aqueous strontium chloride combines with aqueous lead(II) nitrate to form aqueous strontium nitrate
and solid lead(II) chloride.

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 Acid-Base In an acid-base neutralization reaction, an acid and a base react to form a _SALT_ and _WATER_ .
Neutralization
An acid and a base create a acid + base  salt + water
salt and water.
HX + MOH  MX + H2O

Acids are substances that produce _____H+______ ions in solution. Such solutions have a pH less
than ______7________. Acids can be recognized by their formulas, which usually have an H on
the ______LEFT____ side. For example, solutions of HCL, H2SO4 are all acidic. Use what we
n
learned in the previous unit about naming acids. An exception to this rule is water (H2O): water is
____NEUTRAL___ (not acidic), even though its formula begins with H. The names and formulas of
some common acids are given in Table 1.

TABLE 1 - Some Common Acids

Formula Common Name IUPAC Name
HCl Hydrochloric acid Aqueous hydrogen chloride
HNO3 Nitric acid Aqueous hydrogen nitrate
H2SO4 Sulphuric acid Aqueous hydrogen sulphate
H3PO4 Phosphoric acid Aqueous hydrogen phosphate

_____BASES______ are substances that produce ____OH-______ ions in solution. Such solutions
have a pH greater than 7. The formula of a base has an OH on the right side and a metal or NH 4 on
the left. For example, solutions of NaOH, Mg(OH)2, and NH4OH are all bases.

The reaction of an acid and a base is called a_NEUTRALIZATION__reaction because the original
acid and base are neutralized when they are mixed in the correct amounts. That means that
resulting solution does not have the characteristics of either an acid or a base. A neutral solution
has a pH of _____7_____. See Figure 3 below.

Neutralization Example Problem

Write the balanced equation for the reaction Mg(OH)2 with H3PO4. The products are magnesium
phosphate and water.

Thinking Steps Doing the Work

1. Write the formula of each
reactant and product.
2. Balance the equation.

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 Classify each of the following reactions as being an acid-base neutralization (Yes) or not (No).
Quick Check 1. HBr + KOH  KBr + H2O ________
2. H2 + O2  H2O ________
3. H2SO4 + Mg(NO3)2  MgSO4 + 2 HNO3 ________
4. H3PO + 3 NaOH  Na3PO4 + 3 H2O ________
5. H2CO3  H2O + CO2 ________
6. H2O + SO3  H2SO4 ________
7. Ca(OH)2 + H2SO4  2 H2O + CaSO4 ________

Combustion Combustion:
 Exothermic = __PRODUCES HEAT__
 Involves ____OXYGEN____ as a reactant
 Produces water and ___CARBON DIOXIDE_____

Methane + Oxygen  Carbon Dioxide + Water

Involve O2 reacting CH4 + O2  CO2 + H2O

with an element or
compound to produce Many thousands of reactions fit into the five categories that you have now studied. Table 2
heat and light.
summarizes these six categories of reactions.

TABLE 2 Summary of Reaction Types

Reaction Type Reactants Products
A + B  AB
AB  A + B
Single replacement
A is a A + BC  B + AC
D is a D + BC  C + BD
Double replacement AB + CD  AD + CB
HX + MOH  MX + H2O
___ + O2  CO2 + H2O

A visual representation with symbols may be useful in comparing the patterns of the combinations in the
five types of reactions. Note that not every chemical reaction can be classified as one of the above six
reaction types. Other reaction types will be studied in later chemistry courses.

TABLE 3 Patterns of Reactions (Combustion not included)

Reaction Type Reactants Products Notes on the Patterns
Synthesis ● + ○  ●○ One product only
Decomposition ●○  ● + ○ One reactant only
Single Replacement □ + ●○  □○ + ● One element and one compound
Double Replacement □♦ + ●○  □○ + ●♦ Two ionic compounds

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 Neutralization H♦ + ●OH  ●♦ + H2O Special case of double
replacement: one ion is H+ and
the other is OH-; water is a
product

Review Questions

Use the following letters to classify the reactions in the questions below: S (synthesis), D (decomposition) SR (single
replacement), DR (double replacement), or N (neutralization).

1. Identify the type of reaction represented by each set of symbols:

a) □ + ●○  □○ + ● ____
b) H♦ + ●OH  ●♦ + H2O ____
c) ●○  ● + ○ ____
d) ■ + ●○  ■○ + ● ____
e) □ + ☼  □☼ ____
f) ▲◘ + ♪♫  ♪◘ + ▲♫ ____
g) ▼OH + H♠  ▼♠ + H2O ____
2. Identify the type of reaction represented by each set of letters:
a) AD + EG  AG + ED ____
b) XM + Z  XZ + M ____
c) Q + J  QJ ____
d) C + ZG  ZC + G ____
e) MZ  M + Z ____
f) X + Z  ZX ____
g) J + ZX  Z +JX ____
3. Identify the type of reaction for each of these balanced chemical equations: Combustion (C) included!!!!
a) 2HF  H2 + F2 ____
b) Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI  PbI2 + 2 KNO3 ____
c) H2SO4 + 2 KOH  K2SO4 + 2 H2O ____
d) C4H10 + O2  4CO2 + 5H2O ____
e) N2 + 3 Mg  Mg3N2 ____
e) (NH4)2CO3 + Ca(NO3)2  2 NH4NO3 + CaCO3 ____
f) S8 + 12 O2  8 SO3 ____
g) HCl + KOH  KCl + H2O ____
h) C5H12 + O2  5CO2 + 6H2O ____

Cheat Sheet Time!!!!

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Chemistry Unit Review (so far!)

INSTRUCTIONS: For each question, select the best answer and circle your choice

1. Electrons are located in the nucleus of an atom.

A. True
B. False

2. Which of the following best describes the properties of a proton?

Mass Relative to an Electron Location

A. Smaller Inside nucleus
B. Larger Inside nucleus
C. Smaller Outside nucleus
D. Larger Outside nucleus

3. Which of the following statements about S-2 are true?

I S-2 is a symbol for a sulphur atom.
II S-2 is a symbol for a sulphide ion.
III S-2 has two more electrons than protons.
IV S-2 has two fewer electrons than protons.
A. I and III
B. I and IV
C. II and III
D. II and IV

4. The electron arrangement is 2, 8, 8 is correct for all of the following: S-2, Ar, K+1
A. True
B. False

5. How many electrons are in the outermost shell of an alkaline earth metal atom?
A. 1 electron
B. 2 electrons
C. 7 electrons
D. 8 electrons

6. Which of the following represents the Bohr model electron arrangement of a calcium atom?
A. 2, 8, 6
B. 2, 8, 8
C. 2, 8, 8, 2
D. 2, 8, 8, 4

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 7. Which of the following statements are true about all noble gases?
I They have filled outermost shells.
II They have eight electrons in their outermost shells.
III They are more reactive than alkali metals.
IV They readily form ions.
A. I only
B. I, II, and III only
C. I, II, and IV only
D. II, and IV only

8. Cobalt has a greater atomic mass than nickel. What is the best explanation for this?
A. Cobalt has a greater atomic number than nickel.
B. Nickel has more protons and electrons than cobalt.
C. The isotopes of nickel are more massive than the isotopes of cobalt.
D. The isotopes of nickel are less massive than the isotopes of cobalt.

9. Oxygen-18 has a greater mass than oxygen-16. What is the best explanation for this?
A. Oxygen-18 has 2 more protons than oxygen-16
B. Oxygen 18 has 2 fewer protons than oxygen-16
C. Oxygen 18 has 2 more neutrons than oxygen-16
D. Oxygen 18 has 2 fewer neutrons than oxygen-16

10. Which of the following is the symbol for magnesium with a mass number of 26?
26
A. Mg
12
12
B. Mg
26
14
C. Mg
12
12
D. Mg
14

Match each description on the left with the correct term on the right. Each term may be used as often as necessary. Record your
answers on the lines provided.
Description Term
11. A group of atoms covalently bonded ________ A. atomic number
12. Equal to the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom ________ B. isotopes
13. Forms of an element that differ in number of neutrons ________ C. neutron
14. Equal to the number of protons in an atom ________ D. mass number
15. Highest occupied energy level in an atom ________ E. molecule
16. Uniquely identifies an element ________ F. outermost shell
17. Example of a subatomic particle ________
18. A pair of words with a relationship is given below. Identify another pair of words from the list that shows a similar
relationship.
Electron : negative
A. Iron atom : positive C. Water molecule : neutral
B. Chloride ion: reactive D. Ammonium ion : negative

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19. An ionic substance is to an ionic bond as a molecular substance is to a(n) ________ bond.
A. Ionic
B. Covalent
C. Chemical
D. Molecular

20. Arrange the following compounds from the fewest number of atoms to the greatest number of atoms in the formula
unit.
I K3PO4
II K2Cr2O7
III (NH4)3PO4
IV (NH4)2Cr2O7

Fewest number of atoms Greatest number of atoms

A. I II IV III
B. IV I IV III
C. I II III IV
D. II I III IV

21. Which of the following is the formula for tin(II) phosphate?

A. Sn3P2
B. Sn2P3
C. Sn3(PO4)2
D. Sn2(PO4)3

22. What is the formula for aluminum hydroxide?

A. Al3OH
B. AlOH3
C. Al3(OH)
D. Al(OH)3

23. What is the chemical name of SnO2.

A. Sulphur nitrogen oxide
B. Sulphur nitrite
C. Tin(II) oxide
D. Tin(IV) oxide

24. The combining capacity of lead in PbO2 is +2.

A. True
B. False

25. N2 is an example of a diatomic molecule.

A. True
B. False

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26. PO4-3 is an example of a molecular compound.
A. True
B. False

27. Consider the following reaction:

Energy + 2 H2O  2 H2 + O2
This reaction releases energy
A. True
B. False

Use the following equation to answer question 28.

2 C H + 13 O  8 CO + 10 H O
4 10 2 2 2
28. What is the number of each kind of atom on the left side of this equation?
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen
2 2 13
4 10 2
8 10 26
8 20 26

29. Which of the following coefficients correctly balances the equation when placed in front of Ca3(PO4)2?
2 Na3PO4 + 3 CaCl2  __?__ Ca3(PO4)2 + 6 NaCl
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 6

30. Which of the following equation or equations are balanced?

I 2 Na + O2  2 Na2O
II C3H8 + 10 O2 00> 3 CO2 + 4 H2O
III S8 + 12 O2  8 SO3
A. I only
B. I and II only
C. II and III only
D. III only

31. Molten iron metal can be produced in small quantities by heating iron (III) oxide together with aluminum
metal. Which reaction type best describes this process?
A. Synthesis
B. Decomposition
C. Single Replacement
D. Double Replacement

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 Use the following equation to answer question 32.

2 Na + Cl2  2 NaCl
32. This equation shows the elements sodium and chlorine combining to make the ionic compound sodium
chloride. Which of the following describes this reaction?
Sodium Atoms Chlorine Atoms
A. Lose electrons Gain electrons
B. Lose electrons Lose electrons
C. Gain electrons Gain electrons
D. Gain electrons Lose electrons

Match each reaction on the left with the correct reaction type on the right. Each reaction
type may be used as often as necessary. Record your answers on the lines provided.
Chemical Reaction Reaction Type
33. ●○  ● + ○ ________ A. Synthesis
34. X + YZ  XZ + Y ________ B. Decomposition
35. ♠♣ + ♦♥  ♦♣ + ♠♥ ________ C. Single Replacement
36. 2 HF + Cu(OH)2  CuF2 + 2 H2O ________ D. Double Replacement
37. HCl + KOH  KCl + H2O ________ E. Neutralization
38. 3 F2 + 6 Al  2 AlF3 ________

Match each reaction on the left with the correct reaction type on the right. Each reaction type may be used as often as
necessary. Record your answers on the lines provided.
Description Reaction Type
39. Only one reactant ________ A. Synthesis
40. An acid and a base react ________ B. Decomposition
41. Both reactants are elements ________ C. Single Replacement
42. One reactant is an element and the other Is a compound ________ D. Double Replacement
43. The product is always salt and water ________ E. Neutralization
44. Only one product ________ F. Combustion
45. Two ionic compounds are produced ________
46. Oxygen is always a reactant ________

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