McGill University

GEOG 200 – Geographic Perspectives on World Environmental Problems

AGROCHEMICALS – PART B

Figure 1. (Nikhil, 2018)

Presented to:
Prof. Thomas Meredith
TA: Kerstin Schreiber

Prepared by: Group 34

Mina Darvishi (260569135)
Murad Khrais (260802947)
Razan Khrais (260614594)
Karen Nadur (260635113)
Jad Sabbagh (260689785)
Sandrella Samaha (260691775)

2018.11.08
Agrochemicals – Part B Group 34

Table of Content

1. Key Stakeholders and their positions .......................................................................... 3

2. Possible Solutions .......................................................................................................... 8
2.1. Integrated Pest Management .................................................................................... 8
2.2. Better Independent Testing ...................................................................................... 9
2.3. Right to Know ........................................................................................................ 10
2.4. Emphasize Protection of Children ......................................................................... 10
3. Best way forward ......................................................................................................... 10
4. Conclusions .................................................................................................................. 12
5. References .................................................................................................................... 13

Table of Figures

Figure 1. (Nikhil, 2018) .......................................................................................................... 1

Figure 2. US Agrochemical Market Revenue, by product (US Billion) (Grand View
Research, 2017) ...................................................................................................................... 7
Figure 3. The IPM Pyramid Tactics (IPM, 2016). ................................................................. 8
Figure 4. Nanoagrochemicals – a very promising solution, at the center of controversy
(Jampílek & Kráľová, 2017)................................................................................................. 12

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As stated in the first part of this project, agrochemicals are compounds used on crops,
such as fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides (Carvalho, 2006). Various types of
agrochemicals and their potential and proven toxic effects were outlined in the first section.
Below is a deeper analysis of the key stakeholders, their views on the matter and possible
solutions moving forward. These solutions are proposed to decrease the negative effects of
agrochemicals and limit their use, in order to obtain more sustainable growth of crops.

1. KEY STAKEHOLDERS AND THEIR POSITIONS

The key stakeholders identified in this report are farmers, consumers, non-governmental
organizations, local governments, federal governments, and corporations. Each stakeholder’s
motivations, needs and concerns have been outlined in the respective sections below.

1.1. Farmers and Growers

Farmers constitute a major stakeholder in agrochemical fields. However, it is important to

note that farmers and growers do not share a similar perspective on agrochemicals’ use.
Depending on a farmer’s circumstances, he/she could either encourage the use of pesticides
and herbicides or deter it. These circumstances include their education, the size of the crops,
their location, etc. (Dent, 2000). Some farmers could be interested in optimizing their profits
whereas others also want to minimize the risk associated with agrochemical use (Dent, 2000).
For example, in Southeast Nigeria, a statistical study done by Apeh C.C. has shown that 85%
of farmers used agrochemicals with the intent of maximizing their productivity (Apeh, 2018).
However, 92% of the farmers were affected using agrochemicals and 73% fell sick when
they were exposed to them. These results stem from the inability of the farmer to read and
understand the agrochemical application instructions (Apeh, 2018). Despite this obstacle,
most of the farmers preferred to optimize their production. As for the remaining 15%, they
chose not to use agrochemicals since it would not benefit them economically and they want
to avoid its harmful effects (Apeh, 2018). It is believed that teaching farmers the proper
application method of agrochemicals would fix this issue. However, there are over 570
million farms in the world (Lowder, Skoet, & Raney, 2016), so properly training all the
workers involved might be a logistical and organizational challenge. Indeed, on October 25th,
2018, the Agriculture Department organized a public hearing on the draft of the Agriculture
and Cooperatives Ministry regulation intent to enforce tighter controls on the use of paraquat,

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chlorpyrifos and glyphosate (Sokhorng, 2018). Farmers were worried about the
implementation of stricter controls, since they would only have around 90 days to learn and
implement these procedures in their farms. If not, farmers could be arrested for using these
herbicides (Sokhorng, 2018). Following this hearing, opinions were also diverse, as some
farmers supported the free use of agrochemicals, others supported the implementation of
stricter procedures, whereas some suggested to completely stop using them as these
measurements could still not prevent the agrochemicals’ harmful impacts on the environment
(Sokhorng, 2018).

1.2. Consumers

Another major stakeholder is the consumer (Dent, 2000) who is concerned with food quality.
Two main point of views rise when the public is concerned. The first is to receive good
quality no food no matter what the procedure used was to obtain it, if there aren’t any residues
of the procedure (dead insect, high pesticide concentrations). The opposing point of view
condemns the use of agrochemicals on crops and believes that it threatens food security. They
argue that agrochemicals are responsible of killing non-target organisms alongside the target
ones (Hayes & Hansen, 2017). With the increase in agrochemical use, these organisms could
develop a resistance to the pesticides thanks to genetic mutations. They would also oppose
the development of GMOs that are resistant to agrochemicals since they give the financial
incentive to produce more agrochemicals and GMOs. They thus encourage to minimize the
use of agrochemicals in integrated pest management practices.

1.3. Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)

Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) play an important role in protecting farmers,

workers, communities and the environment from harms that arise from pesticide and
hazardous agrochemical use (Weinberg, n.d.). Many NGOs use the International Code of
Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides as a tool to promote a safe and responsible
pesticide use in different countries (Weinberg, n.d.). Most of the NGOs believe in the need
to ban as many hazardous pesticides as possible because of the risks of not having an effective
management system, especially in developing countries (Weinberg, n.d.). Many hazardous
pesticides have been the main focus of NGOs worldwide, such as the herbicide paraquat
which is one of the most used in the world on products like bananas, coffee, palm oil and

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many others (Weinberg, n.d.). The outcome of the exposure to this chemical is fatal to the
farmers and to the community members and result in deaths due to respiratory failure. NGOs
have successfully banned the production and the use of paraquat in most countries
(Weinberg, n.d.). However, this national paraquat ban was reversed by governments such as
in Malaysia after the continuous demands of some farmers due to the low cost of the chemical
(Weinberg, n.d.). NGOs also carried campaigns to ban endosulfan, which is a wide-spectrum
insecticide that can affect a wide range of insects and is highly toxic and even fatal if inhaled.
Those campaigns were successfully carried and resulted in the endosulfan ban in more than
57 countries and NGOs are still working in the intent of establishing a worldwide ban on its
production and use (Weinberg, n.d.).
In Canada, NGOs such as Greenpeace, the Wilderness Committee, the David Suzuki
Foundation and the Canadian Environmental Law Foundations are urging the Canadian
government to take immediate action regarding the use of neonicotinoid insecticides, which
have shown harmful outcomes from recent international research (Dunphy, 2018). According
to scientific studies, neonicotinoids are harmful for unintended targets such as honeybees,
various pollinating insects and other insect species that are valuable for pests predation. In
addition, the presence of neonicotinoids can persist in the environment, especially into water
bodies which can harm aquatic life (Dunphy, 2018). Until today, the Canadian federal
government has set restrictions on two of the main neonicotinoids used, however it is still
waiting on further evidence from scientific research by Health Canada to ban the use of all
neonicotinoids (Dunphy, 2018).

1.4. Local Governments

The agrochemical use is specific to each country and local governments have the right to
impose legal restrictions on the use of chemicals in agriculture depending on the nature and
scope of their area (IFOAM - Organics International, n.d.). Generally, it is the local
government responsibility to ensure prohibiting the use of agrochemicals use in agriculture
near national parks or high conservation value area in order to protect biodiversity. From a
social point of view, it is also the local government role to regulate and monitor the use of
chemicals in agriculture areas surrounding schools, nurseries and hospitals to protect the
population’s health (IFOAM - Organics International, n.d.). The level of government
intervention could vary from one country to another. In some countries, the drinking water

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is the municipality responsibility and it is thus the municipal government role to implement
bans and introduce chemical management systems (IFOAM - Organics International, n.d.).
Therefore, national legislation has the role to provide authority and support to regional and
local governments to implement such measures (IFOAM - Organics International, n.d.).

1.5. Federal Governments

Federal governments of different countries have different views on agrochemicals,

depending on their motivations and economical ties to agrochemical productions, as well as
the structure of the government. In Cambodia, on May 2018, The Ministry of Agriculture
announced the banning of the sale and use of the chemicals for an undetermined period
(Sokhorng, 2018). The ban originated from a poisoning incident which left at least 14 dead
and around 300 others in hospital. Water samples from the affected area were found to
contain pesticides (Sokhorng, 2018). Similarly, several protests have taken place in
Switzerland regarding the use of agrochemicals and public concern about pesticides will
result in a popular vote to ban them throughout Switzerland (Jaberg, 2018). It could be noted
that the more democratic and socially leaning governments will value the concern of public
and population’s health, over economical benefits and revenue generated from
agrochemicals.

An example of a government’s short-comings would be in Maharashtra. A senior government

official told Firstpost that “the Maharashtra government had accepted the report and this
provision to penalise those spraying without fitness certificate was in fact recommended.
However, it still has to be enforced. The government so far has only focused on improving
reporting of poisoning cases and creating awareness about spraying pesticides.”(Manon,
2018). This is after many years of back-to-back deaths of people due to use of pesticides.

Following the discussion in NGO section, the European Commission implemented a 2-year
ban on neonicotinoids in the European Union to give more time to research to prove the
harmful effects of the use of such a chemical (Flores, 2013). Nevertheless, 9 out the 27 EU
countries voted against this ban which was enough to cancel the ban. Despite that, the
commission is doubling its efforts to prove the harm of three neonicotinoids on bee health
(Flores, 2013).

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1.6. Corporations
Corporations with strong view points on agrochemicals, are those who profit from the
production or use of agrochemicals, which is not a surprise due to the large market size of
agrochemical industry. For example, the global phosphorus fertilizer market was valued at
USD 24.2 billion in 2017 (Research and Markets, 2018). In 2016, China was the largest
phosphorus fertilizers producer with production of 16.4 million ton (Research and Markets,
2018). The global market is expected to reach $276 billion by the end of 2022 (Doshi, 2018).
A trend of growth is shown in Figure 2 for the US market.

Figure 2. US Agrochemical Market Revenue, by product (US Billion) (Grand View Research, 2017)

With the large size of market and therefore large profits, companies and corporations have
power and large influence. This influence is even stronger when the companies which are
pro-agrochemicals join forces. In January 2018, Potash Corporation of Saskatchewan Inc.
and Agrium Inc., two main agrochemical corporations merged together to form a new
company Nutrien which provides crop inputs and services (Research and Markets, 2018),
similar to Mosaic which has acquired global phosphate, potash operations and chemical and
fertilizers facilities of Vale Fertilizants (Research and Markets, 2018). The large success of
the market and the companies is driven by the large demand of agrochemicals due to the
increasing demand for food (Reuters, n.d.). The only way to control the power and influence
of the large agricultural corporations is by the power of law and democratic governments
where people can voice their concerns. A great example of this system would be the company
Bayer which was originally sued for $298 million due to farmers’ complaints about the

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herbicide called dicamba which drifts away after it is sprayed on soy and cotton plants. The
chemical then damages nearby crops that are more sensetive (Bellon, 2018).

2. POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS
As global populations continue to grow exponentially, so does the demand for food crops,
placing additional stress on existing agricultural land (Croda, 2018). This necessitates that
farmers and crop producers increase crop yields on existing land while protecting
biodiversity and looking after the environment (Croda, 2018). Farmers achieve this goal by
attempting to maximize production while minimizing losses due to insects, weeds, and
diseases. Agrochemicals have long been used to that end; nevertheless, their use poses
negative consequences (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2017), and should be controlled. There
are several measures that need be adopted in order to mitigate the negative consequences
associated with their use.

2.1. Integrated Pest Management

Figure 3. The IPM Pyramid Tactics (Lopez-Uribe Lab, 2017).

Integrated pest management (IPM), also called integrated pest control (IPC) (Brader, 1979),
is a pest management system that aims to monitor, prevent, and control pests in crops with
the goal of reducing the use and reliance on pesticides for improving crop yields (Beyond
Pesticides, 2018). As opposed to single method pest control measures, IPM systems take a
holistic approach to pest control through a combination of techniques including habitat

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manipulation, pesticide use reduction, the use of resistant crop varieties, as well as crop
rotation to improve soil productivity (Lab, 2018). Natural, biological, and non-toxic
alternatives are explored before synthetic agrochemicals are used (Lopez-Uribe Lab, 2017).
The key foundation of IPM, as shown in Figure 3, includes prevention as a crucial component
to pest control. At the heart of this lie changes in cultural practices (eg. good sanitation,
appropriate harvesting, washing trucks and equipments with water before using them in
fields, and more). Prevention is also the strategy that requires the least intervention and
thereby is the least toxic and least expensive (US EPA, 2015).

2.2. Better Independent Testing

Most countries have a governing authority that regulates the use of agrochemicals, each with
its own set of laws and regulations. In the US, a branch of the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) called OCSPP (Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention) oversees
the testing and use of agrochemicals (Pacific BioLabs, 2018). The Pest Management
Regulatory Agency (PMRA) of Health Canada oversees the testing and sale of pesticides,
leaving provincial and territorial regulatory agencies the tasks of overseeing the sale, use,
storage, transportation and disposal of registered pesticides in their jurisdictions as long as
they comply with the PMRA standards (Health Canada, 2009). In the EU, previously
fragmented legislation was replaced in 1976 with unified pesticide standards for all member
states (Handford, Elliott, & Campbell, 2015). Nevertheless, pesticide legislation remains
absent from almost a quarter of African countries and South Eastern Asia, which lack the
necessary resources and expertise to enact such legislation (Matthews et al., 2011). These
global differences in agrochemical and toxic level standards in legislation pose a considerable
barrier to trade; several international trade agreements (such as NAFTA) have attempted to
standardise pesticide standards, but the differences globally still remain (Handford et al.,
2015). There is a dire need for harmonized standards for pesticide use and management in
order to enhance our ability to protect public health and environment, as well as increase
productivity and profits from global trade for agrochemical companies.

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2.3. Right to Know

Already a movement popularized by Rachel Carson in Silent Spring, this principle entails the
right for everyone exposed to agrochemicals to be informed about their use, as well as the
possible consequences arising from it (US EPA, 1978). The aim of the original legislation
was to let the workers know about the chemicals used in their workplaces; however, the scope
of this legislation was later expanded based on a moral argument to encompass all those who
might be affected by the chemicals, starting from their production to the end of their life cycle
(US OSHA, 2012). These stakeholders include farmers that use the agrochemicals, people
living around farms where the chemicals are used, as well as citizens who are exposed to
chemicals that are leeched into waterways (monitored via soil sampling and testing).

2.4. Emphasize Protection of Children

Exposure to various chemicals is subjective and depends on many factors, mainly body mass
and age. Effectively, children are the most susceptible to harm from pesticides since a safe
exposure level to an adult might be much more concentrated in a smaller body mass (US
EPA, 2017). Moreover, children have less developed detoxification systems compared to
adults (US EPA, 2017) .To that effect, banning toxic (for children) and volatile chemicals
from areas where children spend a lot of time, such as near schools, parks and playgrounds,
is one necessary action to take. Another includes awareness campaigns about the use of
pesticides to make the users aware of the negative consequences their actions can have on
others. Furthermore, persistent and non-biodegradable pesticides, which affect children even
more severely than adults, should be banned.

3. BEST WAY FORWARD

In order to successfully achieve a safe implementation of agrochemicals in today’s
modern agricultural scene, and reduce the magnitude of negative side effects caused to
society and the environment, the best way to proceed would most likely encompass more
than just a single one of the solutions mentioned in the previous session, that are currently
being proposed and put in practice by the different stakeholders. Upon researching the
different aspects of the issue, as well as the solutions already being put into place, it can be

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concluded that the optimal strategy would be to combine integrated pest management (IPM)
to the other solutions, which consist of having more standardized governmental regulations
and testings for agrochemicals, more transparency and awareness to all those involved about
the implications of using such chemicals, as well as stricter regulations to ensure the safety
of those more susceptible to negative effects, such as children. In this manner, the entire
process that precedes the implementation of agrochemicals as well as all post-
implementation measures can be carefully studied, analyzed and regulated at all times. This
compound solution would most likely avoid the use of such chemicals in the environment
unless extremely necessary, as well as consider all facets of the issues associated with it.
Aside from the solutions discussed and the possibility of combining them to have a
more thorough approach, the scientific world is slowly getting ready to expand the array of
solutions and future outlooks on how agrochemicals are used and their impact on the
ecosystem. A great example of another possible component that could be incorporated in
agrochemicals risk mitigation consists of the use of nanotechnology. Over the course of the
past decade, more and more research into agriculture applications of this fairly new branch
of science has been conducted, leading to so-called “nanoagrochemicals” (Kah, 2015). While
nanoagrochemicals are still mostly in the research and development phase, their existence
would potentially decrease the risks of pollution and water contamination, given that the
nano-devices’ main goal is to provide proper targeted delivery of the pesticide, by
encapsulating the chemical in nanocapsules (Yadav, Ghune, & Jain, 2011). These
nanoparticles are usually made of materials such as silica, which is heavily used in the
biomedical sector due to how easy and inexpensive its nanoparticles are to prepare, how safe
it is for human and other bioorganisms, as well as for being biocompatible with several active
ingredients and chemicals (Jampílek & Kráľová, 2017; Kah, 2015). The nanoparticles would
consist of a valuable option in handling the side-effects of agrochemical use, since they would
target the plants and seeds during the drug delivery process (Jampílek & Kráľová, 2017),
decreasing the risks of those chemicals leading to any type of contamination.

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Figure 4. Nanoagrochemicals – a very promising solution, at the center of controversy (Jampílek & Kráľová,
2017)

The use of these nanoagrochemicals, however promising they may sound, is only a
possible future approach to the issue. Unfortunately, the development of safe nanopesticides
and nanofertilizers is still at the center of many debates involving different stakeholders, as
can be seen on Figure 4, since there are still high costs and unknown aspects related to them.
However, it remains that the future outlook on the issue at hand is very promising and a more
complete and effective way forward will soon be achievable by combining the current
solutions that are already being implemented and new technologies being developed.

4. CONCLUSIONS
The use of agrochemicals, while arguably a necessary measure in today’s high-achieving
agriculture, comes along with a variety of negative effects for the environment, such as
contamination of water bodies and soil and other toxic effects to the living beings that inhabit
the region where those chemicals are applied. The use of such chemicals, as well as the
mitigation of such issues, however, concerns many different stakeholders, such as the farmers
themselves, the end-consumers, local governments, NGOs, as well as federal governments.
All these different point of views on the matter at hand makes it a complex issue, requiring a
mitigation approach that encompasses not only one, but a combination of the different
solutions suggested by each of these stakeholders, as well as hope in future technologies and
approaches that are currently still under research in the scientific world.

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