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Statistics Examples
Next, we wish to obtain some measure of the variability of the data. The statistics most often
used are the variance and the standard deviation X X2 . We have
2
1 n 2 1 n
X Xi Xi
n i 1 n i 1
It is easy to show that the variance is simply the mean squared deviation from the mean.
1 n 1 n n
XY XiYi Xi Yi
n i 1 n i 1 i 1
Actually, a much better measure of correlation can be obtained from the formula
n
1 n n
i 1
X Y
i i X Y
n i 1 i i 1 i
XY
n 2 1 n 2 n 2 1 n 2
Xi Xi Yi Yi
i 1 n i 1 i 1 n i 1
The quantity XY is known as the coefficient of correlation of X and Y.
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The Covariance Matrix
Covariances and variances are sometimes arranged in a matrix known as a covariance matrix. In
our case, the covariance matrix will be a 2 2 matrix:
X2 XY
C
XY Y2
The eigenvalues of the covariance matrix are sometimes of interest. These are obtained in the
usual way by solving the characteristic equation:
X2 XY
p det I C
XY Y2