PROPONENTS

OF THE
THEORY
Georges Lemaítre
(1894-1966)
Alexander
Friedmann
(1888-1925)
A Belgian Catholic Priest astronomer
and professor of physics. According
to the theory around 13.7 billion
years ago, there was nothing and
nowhere. Due to random fluctuation
in an empty viod, there was a great
explosion or expansion. The
expansion sent, space, time, matter,
and energy in all directions.
 A Russian cosmologist and
mathematician, who helped develop
models that explained the development
of the universe. In particular, his
solutions to Einstein's field equation
provided early evidence of an
expanding universe, and the theoretical
underpinnings for both the Bigbang and
steady state models of the universe.
 This theory explains that all the
matter and energy in the universe
are cranned into a tiny impact point
sometimes called singularity.

The essential of the Big Bang

Theory is the motion that the
universe appeared through a colosal
explosion.
This theory states that the universe
is always expanding but maintaining
a constant average density, with
matter being continuously created
to form new stars and galaxies at
the same rate that old ones become
unobservable as a consequence of
their increasing distance and
velocity of recession.
Proposed by Bondi, Gold, and Hoyle
in 1948. They stated that the
universe is unchanging in time and
uniform in space.
The Inflation theory proposed a period of
exponential expansion of the universe
prior to the more gradual big bang
expansion. The inflation theory proposed
by Alan Guth, Andrei Linde, Paul
Steinhart, and Andy Albrecht offered
solutions to the unresolved problems
revolving the big bang theory.
Alan Guth (left), Paul Steinhardt
(center) and Andrei Linde (right).
As a solution to the
unresolved problems of the
big bang theory offers the
following solutions.
1. Flatness - inflation stretches
any initial curvature of the
universe.

2. Monopole - the inflation

theory allows the existence of
the monpoles as long as they
 were produced prior to the
period of inflation (10 to 10 s).
During the rapid expansion, the
density of the monopoles
dropped exponentially to an
undetectable level.
 3. Horizon - the exponential
expansion in the early universe
presupposes that the distant
regions were much closer to
each other prior to inflation.
 • Created due to a question that
was remained unanswered: What
came before Big Bang Theory?
• Came from the principles of Albert
Einstein's general theory of
relativity with principles of
quantum mechanics.
 • Waves and curves in space
and time are responsible for
the force of gravity.
• In quantum mechanics, gravity
becomes insignificant because
the atomic and subatomic
masses are very small.
• In this theory, the assembly of
particle type is replaced by a
fundamental building block
called string, with dimensions
confined to Planck length.
• These strings may come into
two forms which is close and
open and this strings are free
 to vibrate at different modes
which is represented the
different particle types namely
electron, photon and graviton.

• Graviton is a particle which

carries the force of gravity.
• The discovery of graviton is an
important reason why string
theory captured the attention
of scientific community.
• This provides basis to make
sense of interaction of two
gravitons.
• In the M-theory the origin of
the universe occurs as a result
of the contact of two
hyperdimensional branes.
Stephen Hawking and Leonard
Mlodinow Argue that the
collision of M-brane is leads to
a new universe.
PROPONENTS
OF THE
THEORY