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BIOTECHNOLOGY
- is the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make useful products, or "any technological
application that uses biological systems, living organisms or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or
processes for specific use".
Pre-20th Century
20th Century
1919 – Károly Ereky, a Hungarian agricultural engineer, first uses the word biotechnology
1928 – Alexander Fleming notices that a certain mould could stop the duplication of bacteria, leading to
the first antibiotic: penicillin..
1953 – James D. Watson and Francis Crick describe the structure of DNA.
1972 – The DNA composition of chimpanzees and gorillas is discovered to be 99% similar to that of
humans.
1973 – Stanley Norman Cohen and Herbert Boyer perform the first successful recombinant
DNA experiment, using bacterial genes.
21st Century
2002 – Rice becomes the first crop to have its genome decoded.
2009 – Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute uses modified SAN heart genes to create the first viral pacemaker in
guinea pigs, now known as iSAN's.
2012 – 31 year-old Zac Vawter successfully uses a nervous system controlled bionic leg to climb
the Chicago Willis Tower.
Carl Heinrich Braun reworks the cell theory, calling cells the
basic unit of life.
8: Be careful weighing out chemicals and reagents. Do NOT return excess materials to the stock
container.
9: Check all water baths with a thermometer before putting your hand into the water.
10: All sharps (needles, razors, pins, toothpicks) should be discarded in a sturdy container.
B. Eukaryotes – organisms whose cells are organized into complex structure by internal
membranes and a cytoskeleton.
- most characteristic membrane bound structure is the nucleus.
- most are multicellular.
- divides through mitosis and meiosis.
Examples: Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists
Parts of the Cell Function
* Vacuoles > temporary storage for food, enzymes and other materials
needed by the cells.
1. When once cell divides into two, the daughter cells must be IDENTICAL
to the parent cell.
2. DNA management is the key.
3. Each human cell holds DNA containing six billion base pairs.
4. DNA, if stretched out, would be six feet in length.
B.Unlocking Difficulties:
* Chromosome- an organized, very long DNA molecule and associated proteins that
carries portions of the hereditary information of an organism.
* Chromatid- one copy of a duplicated chromosome, which generally is joined to the
other copy by a centromere.
Interphase
- the period of the cell cycle during which the nucleus is not undergoing division.
- the period of active growth and metabolism of the cell.
Phases of Mitosis:
1. Prophase
a. Chromatin condenses into chromosomes.
b. nucleolus disappears
c. microtubules assembly begins (centrosome)
2. Prometaphase
a. Nuclear membrane breaks down.
b. Microtubules form and push centrosome apart.
3. Metaphase
a. Chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate.
4. Anaphase
a. Chromosomes break at the centromere into sister chromatids.
b. Sister chromatids move toward opposite poles.
5. Telophase
a. Chromatids begin to decondense into chromatin.
b. Nuclear membrane begin to form around each set of daughter
chromosomes.
c. Cleavage furrow forms.
Cytokinesis
- is the process in which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell is divided to form
two daughter cells.