ME 112 Engineering Drawing

Introduction to Drawing Practice

Basics of Lettering
 Drawing Sheet

• x : y = 1:√2
• xy = 1
 Standard sizes
Designation Dimensions (mm)
A0 841 x 1189
A1 594 x 841
A2 420 x 594
A3 297 x 420
A4 210 x 297
Layout of sheet
 Title Block

150
60
10

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MADRAS

NAME: ASSIGNMENT NO:

30

ROLL NO: DUE DATE:

BATCH: DATE OF SUBMISSION:

SCALE:
10

TITLE:
15

50 100

DETAILS OF TITLE BLOCK

(Suggested for students)

ALL DIMENSIONS IN mm
 Scale
• Scale is the ratio of linear dimension of an element of an object as
represented in the drawing to the real dimension of the same
element of the object. It is the ratio between the drawing size and
actual size .Scales are classified into

• (i) full scale (a scale with ratio 1:1)

• (ii) reduction scale (ratio is smaller than 1:1, ex 1:2, 1:5, 1:10)
• (iii) enlargement scale (ratio is larger than 1:1, ex: 2:1, 5:1)

• The scales are designated as “SCALE” followed by indication of its

ratio as follows

• SCALE 1:1 for full scale or full size

• SCALE 1:x for reduction scale
• SCALE x:1 for enlargement scale
 Standard Scales

• Full scale 1:1

• Reduction Scales 1:2 1:5 1:10

1:20 1:50 1:100
1:200 1:500 1:1000

• Enlargement Scale 2:1 5:1 10:1

20:1 50:1
 Line
• A geometrical object whose length is more than half of
the line width (thickness) is called a line. If the length of
the line is less than the half of the line width, it is called a
point or dot.

• Thicknesses: 0.13 mm, 0.18 mm, 0.25 mm, 0.35 mm,

0.5 mm, 0.7 mm, 1 mm, and 2 mm.

• On a mechanical drawing two line widths, narrow and

wide are normally used. The line width of any one line
should be constant through out the whole line.
 Line widths (mm)
Line group Narrow line Wide line
0.25 0.13 0.25
0.35 0.18 0.35
0.5 0.25 0.5
0.7 0.35 0.7
1 0.5 1

The line widths are chosen according to the type, size and
scale of the drawing and requirements at micro copying
and other methods of reproduction. For example, if a
drawing has to be reduced in size to enable to print on a
small paper, the line width should be enough so that it is
clearly visible on reduction of the size.
 Lettering sizes
• The nominal size of lettering is defined by the
height (h) of the outline contour of the upper-
case (capital) letters. The inclination of sloped
letters is 750 to the right from the horizontal.

• The range of nominal sizes of letters is as

follows : 1.8 mm; 2.5 mm; 3.5 mm; 5 mm; 7
mm; 10 mm; 14 mm; 20 mm
• The multiple of √2 in the range of heights for
lettering is derived from the standardized
progression of dimension for paper sizes.
Lettering Practice
Sketching Practice
Layout of Sheet
ME 112 Engineering Drawing

Orthographic Projections
Four quadrant system
Views of an object
 Orthographic views of
unfolded transparent box
Orthographic views
Symbols in drawing
Views of L-section
Views of ribbed angle plate
ME 112 Engineering Drawing

Projection of Points and Lines

Projection planes
Projection of points in first quadrant
Projection of points in second quadrant
Projection of points in third quadrant
Projection of points in fourth quadrant
Projection of points in reference planes
Projection of line parallel to both planes
Projection of line parallel to horizontal plane
but inclined to vertical plane
Projection of line parallel to vertical plane
but inclined to horizontal plane
Projection of Line Parallel to one Plane and
Perpendicular to the other
Projection of Line Inclined to one Plane and
Contained in it
ME 112 Engineering Drawing

Projection of Lines, Line Traces

Projection planes
Projection of line parallel to both planes
Projection of line parallel to horizontal plane
but inclined to vertical plane
Projection of line parallel to vertical plane
but inclined to horizontal plane
Projection of Line Parallel to one Plane and
Perpendicular to the other
Projection of Line Inclined to one Plane and
Contained in it
Projection by Rotation Method
Traces of Line Parallel to Vertical and
Horizontal Plane
Traces of Line in Vertical Plane
Traces of Line in Vertical and
Horizontal Plane
Projection of line and Traces
Projection of plane parallel to
vertical plane
Projection of plane parallel to
Horizontal plane
Projection of plane perpendicular to Horizontal
And Vertical plane
 Projection of plane perpendicular to
Vertical plane and inclined to Horizontal plane
Projection of plane inclined to Vertical Plane
And Perpendicular to Horizontal plane
ME 112 Engineering Drawing

Mid-Sem Review
 Syllabus for exam

• Projection of points and lines

• Orthographic projections
• Isometric views
Four quadrant system
Projection planes
Projection of points
Projection of points in reference planes
Projection of lines – various cases
Projection by Rotation Method
Projection by Trapezoidal method
Example 1
Example 2

Here, mid point location, l,

and angles with HP and VP
are specified
Example 3
Views of an object
Symbols in drawing
Views of ribbed angle plate
 Isometric scale

Isometric projection is drawn using isometric scale, which converts true lengths
into isometric lengths
Example – Hexagonal prism
Drawing ellipses – 4 centre method
Projection of arcs
ME 112 Engineering Drawing

Isometric Projection
 What is isometric projection?

• Projection showing all three dimensions in

a single view
• Dimensions can be scaled from this
drawing
• ‘Iso’ = Equal
• ‘Metric projection’ = projection to a
reduced measure
 Example of cube
Non-isometric line
Isometric axes

X Y

All edges and faces are equally inclined to

the plane of projection
Square faces are seen as similar and equal
rhombuses
 Isometric scale

Isometric projection is drawn using isometric scale, which converts true lengths
into isometric lengths
 Isometric View Vs. Projection

Isometric view Isometric projection

• Drawn to actual scale • Drawn to isometric
scale
• True lengths are used • Lengths
foreshortened to
0.81 times the actual
length
Isometric View Vs. Projection
Example 1 – Isometric View
Square prism of base 35 mm
and height 65 mm
(a) Axis vertical
(b) Axis horizontal (i)
(c) Axis horizontal (ii)
Example 2 – Isometric Projection
Draw front and top view
Draw the isometric axes
Determine isometric lengths
and mark appropriately on
the isometric axes
 Box method

• Cubes, squares, and rectangular prisms –

isometric projection drawn directly when
their edges are parallel to the three
isometric axes
• All other objects – enclosed in a
rectangular box  Box Method
Example – Hexagonal prism
ME 112 Engineering Drawing

Isometric Projection
 What is isometric projection?

• Projection showing all three dimensions in

a single view
• Dimensions can be scaled from this
drawing
• ‘Iso’ = Equal
• ‘Metric projection’ = projection to a
reduced measure
 Example of cube
Non-isometric line
Isometric axes

X Y

All edges and faces are equally inclined to

the plane of projection
Square faces are seen as similar and equal
rhombuses
 Isometric scale

Isometric projection is drawn using isometric scale, which converts true lengths
into isometric lengths
 Isometric View Vs. Projection

Isometric view Isometric projection

• Drawn to actual scale • Drawn to isometric
scale
• True lengths are used • Lengths
foreshortened to
0.81 times the actual
length
Isometric View Vs. Projection
Example 1 – Isometric View
Square prism of base 35 mm
and height 65 mm
(a) Axis vertical
(b) Axis horizontal (i)
(c) Axis horizontal (ii)
Example 2 – Isometric Projection
Draw front and top view
Draw the isometric axes
Determine isometric lengths
and mark appropriately on
the isometric axes
 Box method

• Cubes, squares, and rectangular prisms –

isometric projection drawn directly when
their edges are parallel to the three
isometric axes
• All other objects – enclosed in a
rectangular box  Box Method
Example – Hexagonal prism
Drawing ellipses – Offset method
Drawing ellipses – 4 centre method
Projection of arcs
Example 1
Example 2
Example 3

Sphere in
isometric
projection = circle
with same radius
But location of
centre in isometric
view is done using
isometric length
Example 4
ME 112 Engineering Drawing

Projection of Solids
Regular polyhedra
Prisms
Pyramids
Solids of Revolution
Frustum of solids
Oblique solids
Solids in 1st Quadrant
Projection of cube
Example – Triangular prism and
cylinder
Pentagonal prism
Square pyramid
Tetrahedron and Hexagonal prism
Pentagonal prism
Auxiliary projection of cube
..contd.
Projection of cone
Auxiliary projection of cone
Pentagonal pyramid
Cone projections
Sections of solids
Projections of a cube with a Section Plane Inclined to HP
and Perpendicular to VP
Projections of a cube with a Section Plane Parallel to VP
and Perpendicular to HP
Projections of a cube with a Section Plane Inclined to HP
and Perpendicular to VP
Projections of a Hexagonal Prism with a Section Plane
Inclined to HP and Perpendicular to VP
Projections of a Hexagonal Pyramid with a Section Plane
Parallel to HP and Perpendicular to VP
Projections of a Cylinder with a Section Plane Inclined to
HP and Perpendicular to VP
Projections of a Cone with a Section Plane Inclined to HP
and Perpendicular to VP
Projections of a Cone with a Section Plane Inclined to HP
and Perpendicular to VP
Projections of a Cone with a Section Plane Inclined to VP
and Perpendicular to HP
Projections of a Cone with Section Plane (i) Parallel, (ii)
Inclined to VP and Perpendicular to HP
Projections of a Cone with a Section Plane Inclined to VP
and Perpendicular to HP
Projections of a Cylinder with (i) Section Plane Parallel to
HP and Perpendicular to VP, (ii) Section Plane Inclined to
VP and Perpendicular to HP
ME 112 Engineering Drawing

Development of Surfaces
 Why develop surface?

• Helps in design and manufacturing of 3 –

D objects
• Example: Sheet metal work – developed
surface can lead to cutting proper size of
plate, and folding at appropriate locations
to get the object
• Development of surface means unrolling
or unfolding of all surfaces of the object on
a plane
 Principle of development
• Every line on the development should show the
true length of the corresponding line on the
surface which is developed
• Parallel line method – for prisms, single curved
surfaces (cylinders – all generators parallel)
• Radial line method – for pyramids, and cones
• Triangulation method – for developing transitory
pieces (such as pipe connectors)
• Approximate method – for double curved
surfaces such as spheres
Development of a rectangular box
Development of a square prism
 Development of…..
Triangular prism

Cube

Hexagonal
Cylinder prism
Development of a rectangular prism with
a section plane inclined to HP
Development of a Pentagonal
Pyramid
Development of a Pentagonal Pyramid
with a section Plane parallel to HP
Development of a Hexagonal Pyramid
with a section Plane inclined to HP
Development of a Hexagonal Prism
with Two Section Planes
Development of a Pentagonal Prism
with a Section Plane inclined to HP
Development of a Cylinder with a Hole
Development of a Cylinder with a
Section Plane inclined to HP
Development of a Cylinder with a
Section Plane inclined to HP
Development of a Cone
Development of a Cone with a Section
Plane inclined to HP
Development of a Cone with a
Triangular Hole
Development of a Transition Piece
joining two Different surfaces
Development of a Transition Piece
joining two Pipes
Development of a Sphere – Zone
method
Development of a Sphere – Lune
method