Stress and Strain Analysis

SOM II
Engr. Muhammad Rehan Hakro
Stress Elements
• The most useful way of representing the
stresses is to isolate a small element of
material, such as the element labeled C in
Fig( c) , and then show the stresses acting on
all faces of this element.

• An element of this kind is called a stress

element. The stress element at point C is a
small rectangular block, face lying in cross
section mn.
• The dimensions of a stress element are
assumed to be infinitesimally small, but
for clarity we draw the element to a
large scale, as in Fig.a.

• In this case, the edges of the element are

parallel to the x, y, and z axes, and the
only stresses are the normal stresses σx
acting on the x faces

• Because it is more convenient, we

usually draw a two-dimensional view of
the element (Fig.b) instead of a three-
dimensional view.
Stresses on Inclined Sections
• Larger stresses may occur on inclined sections. Therefore, we will

begin our analysis of stresses and strains by discussing methods for

finding the normal and shear stresses acting on inclined sections cut

through a member

• To obtain a more complete picture, we need to investigate the stresses

acting on inclined sections, such as the section cut by the inclined

plane pq in Fig. a.
Stresses on Inclined Sections
• Because the stresses are the same
throughout the entire bar, the stresses
acting over the inclined section must
be uniformly distributed, as pictured
in the free body diagrams of Fig. b
(three-dimensional view) and Fig. c
(two-dimensional view).

• From the equilibrium of the free body

we know that the resultant of the
stresses must be a horizontal force P.

• The resultant is drawn with a dashed

line in Figs. b and c.
 Let us now return to the task of finding the stresses acting on section pq . As already mentioned, the
resultant of these stresses is a force P acting in the x-direction.

• This resultant may be resolved into two components, a normal force N that is perpendicular
to the inclined plane pq and a shear force V that is tangential to it. These force components
are
N =P cosθ V =P sinθ
• Associated with the forces N and V are normal and shear stresses that are
uniformly distributed over the inclined section (Figs. c and d).
• The normal stress is equal to the normal force N divided by the area of
the section, and the shear stress is equal to the shear force V divided by
the area of the section. Thus, the stresses are
Sign convention for stresses acting on an
inclined section. (Normal stresses are
positive when in tension and shear stresses
are positive when they tend to produce
counterclockwise rotation.)

For a bar in tension, the normal force N produces positive normal stresses σθ and the shear force V
produces negative shear stresses τθ. These stresses are given by the following equations :
 Following expressions for the normal and shear stresses

These equations give the stresses acting on an inclined section oriented at an angle u to the x axis .
It is important to recognize that above Eqs. were derived only from statics, and therefore they are
independent of the material.

Thus, these equations are valid for any material, whether it behaves linearly or nonlinearly, elastically or
inelastically.
Maximum Normal and Shear Stresses
The maximum normal stress occurs at θ = 0 and
is

The shear stress τ is zero on cross sections of

the bar (θ =0) as well as on longitudinal sections
(θ =90°).

Between these extremes, the stress varies as

shown on the graph, reaching the largest
positive value when θ= 45° and the largest
negative value when θ =-45°.

These maximum shear stresses have the same

magnitude
• Even though the maximum shear stress in an axially loaded bar
is only one-half the maximum normal stress, the shear stress
may cause failure if the material is much weaker in shear than in
tension.

• An example of a shear failure is pictured in Fig. , which shows a

block of wood that was loaded in compression and failed by
shearing along a 45° plane.

• A similar type of behavior occurs in mild steel loaded in tension

STRESS ON AN OBLIQUE PLANE

Case 1 – Member subjected to axial load

Normal and Shear force on the plane

at an angle Ɵ :-

F  P cos  V  P sin 

Normal and Shear stress on the plane at

an angle Ɵ
F P cos  P
    cos 2 
A A0 A0
cos 
V P sin  P
    sin  cos 
A A0 A0
cos 
Strength of Materials 12
PRINCIPAL PLANES
• There are no shear stresses on principal planes
• the planes where the normal stress () is the maximum or
minimum
• the orientations of the principal planes (p) are given by equating
τ=0

.
. .

Strength of Materials 13
Plane Strain
Q. The stress system on an
element of a stressed body
are as shown in Fig.
Determine the planes on
which there is no shear
stress. What are the
stresses acting on these
planes?
 COMBINED STRESSES DUE TO BENDING AND TORSION

• A shaft in practice is not in pure torsion but is also

subjected to BM.
• It is supported at bearings at points along its length and is
subjected to BMM along its length, and also flexural shear
stresses in addition to torsional shear stresses.
MEASUREMENT OF STRAIN, AND STRAIN ROSETTES
• While studying a complex structure where analysis is difficult, we resort to
an experimental technique of finding stresses. Stress is a mathematical
concept and cannot be measured.
• The quantity that can be measured is the strain as change in length per
unit length.
• Many type of gauges are used to measure strain. Strain can be measured
mechanically, but electrical strain gauges are more commonly used
nowadays.
MEASUREMENT OF STRAIN, AND STRAIN ROSETTES

• The strain gauge works on the principle that there is a

change in electrical resistance due to a change in length of
the filament. The effect of change in the cross-sectional area
of the wire is very negligible.