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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background

Entrepreneurship (entrepreneurship) is a creative and innovative capability which is


used as the base, tips, and resources to find opportunities to success. Something new and
different is the added value of goods and services that become a source of excellence to be
used as an opportunity.1 Thus, entrepreneurship is the ability to create added value in the
market through the process of managing resources in new ways and different. In Indonesia,
recently studied entrepreneurial limited to some particular school or college course. In line
with developments and challenges such as the economic crisis, an understanding of
entrepreneurship both through formal education and training at all levels of society into
developing entrepreneurship.

People who perform entrepreneurial activities are called entrepreneurs. 2 The question
arises why an entrepreneur (entrepreneur) has a different way of thinking of the people in
general. They are motivated, calling the soul, perceptions and emotions that are associated
with values, attitudes and behavior as a superior being. This paper explains the definition,
nature, traits and characteristics and the role of entrepreneurship in the national economy. 3

B. Problems

1. Understanding and the context in entrepreneurship


2. The basic concept and scope entrepreneurship
3. The characteristic of entrepreneurship

_______________________________
1
Dr.kasmir, SE., M.M, 2014, Pengertian Kewirausahaan dan konsep Kewirausahaan, Edisi Revisi, Cetakan ke-

10, PT. Raja Grafindo, Jakarta, hlm.8


2
Ibid.
3
Renald Kasali, 2010, Modul Kewirausahaan, PT. Mizan Publika, Jakarta Selatan: hlm.14

1
C. The purpose of writing

The purpose of writing is to know understanding entrepreneurship , figure out the


characteristics of entrepreneurship and characteristic entrepreneurial , understanding the
nature of value and behavior entrepreneurial , know underlying motives be entrepreneurial ,
understand the process entrepreneurship and the factors cause of failure and success
entrepreneurial.

D. Benefits of writing

1. Help students basic understand and explore subjects of particularly on the fundamental
concept of entrepreneurship, characteristic of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial, value
and behavior entrepreneurial, motives be entrepreneurial, and the process of
entrepreneurship and factors causes failure and the success of entrepreneurial.

2. Provide the information in deep to the meaning entrepreneurship, characteristic of


entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial, value and behavior entrepreneurial, motives be
entrepreneurial, and the process of entrepreneurship and factors causes failure and the
success of entrepreneurial

CHAPTER II
2
DISCUSSION
A. UNDERSTANDING ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Entrepreneurship is derived from the entrepreneurial and business. Wira means:


warrior, hero, superman, exemplary, virtuous, brave and noble character. Businesses, means
charity, work, do something.4 So entrepreneurship is a warrior or a hero who does something.
This new terms of etymology (origin of the word). According to Big Indonesian Dictionary,
entrepreneurs are intelligent people or gifted to recognize new products, determine how new
production, compiling operation to hold a new product, set up its operations and market
capitalization.5

In the attachment Minister of Cooperatives and Small Business Development No. 961
/ KEP / M / XI / 1995, stated that: Entrepreneurs are people who have the spirit, attitude,
behavior and entrepreneurial abilities. Entrepreneurship is the spirit, attitude, behavior and
ability to handle business or activity directed to seek, create and implement ways of working,
new technologies and products to improve efficiency in order to provide better service and or
to obtain greater profits.

So entrepreneurship leads to people doing business / activity itself with all its
capabilities. While entrepreneurship refers to the mental attitude that is owned by an
entrepreneur in executing business / activity. Entrepreneurship seen from existing resources
in it is someone who brings resources such as labor, materials, and other assets in a
combination that adds greater value than ever before and also attached to people who bring
change, innovation, and the new rules. Entrepreneurship in the sense of a dynamic process
that is entrepreneurial is a process of creation with added value is achieved through hard
work and the right time to estimate the funds supporting, physical, and social risks, and will
receive a reward in the form of financial and personal satisfaction and independence.

______________________________

4
Suryani Yuyus, Karakteristik Pendekatan Wirausahawan Sukses, ( Surabaya: Kencana Prenada Media
Grup,2011)

hlm.8
5
. Renaldi kasali, Modul kewirausahaan, ( Jakarta Selatan : PT. Mizan Publika, 2010) hlm. 22

Through such understanding there are four things that are owned by an entrepreneur
are: the creative process is the creation of something new by adding value. Added value is not

3
only recognized by the entrepreneur alone, but also the audience who will use the results of
such creations. High commitment to the use of time and effort given. The greater focus and
attention given in this venture will support the creation process that will arise in
entrepreneurship. Estimating the risks that may arise. In this case the possible risks ranging
from financial risks, physical and social risk. Obtain a reward. In this case the most important
reward is independence or freedom followed by personal satisfaction. While the rewards in
the form of money is usually considered to be a degree of success of the business. 6

A. Purpose Entrepreneurship

The purpose of the entrepreneurial learning, entrepreneurship is a teaching materials


training eye Entrepreneurship can be taught and developed in Primary Schools, Secondary
Schools, Colleges, and various business courses. Entrepreneurship in the lesson, the students
are taught and inculcated attitudes behaviors to open a business, so that they become an
entrepreneur gifted.7 The purpose of the Entrepreneurship, as follows:

1. Increase the number of qualified entrepreneurs.


2. Creating ability and steadiness entrepreneurs to produce progress and welfare of the
community.

3. Cultivating the spirit of attitudes, behavior, and ability entrepreneurship among students
and the community are capable, reliable, and superior.

4. Cultivate awareness and 'Entrepreneurship orientation are robust against the students and
the community.

B. Benefits of Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship has 3 social benefits, namely:


1. Strengthening economic growth: providing new jobs in the economy.

_________________________________
6.
http://jambi.tribunnews.com/m/index.php/2012/04/25/karakteristik-wirausahawan-sukses tanggal 25 April
2012
7.
http://www.harianjogja.com/?p=168858 tanggal 08 Maret 2012

2. The current economy is fertile ground for entrepreneurs for example: the service sector
exploding demand for services.

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3. Increase productivity: the ability to produce more goods and services with kindergarten
and other less input.

C. Scope entrepreneurship

Scope entrepreneurship very broad once .In general , scope entrepreneurship is


engaged in the business .If outlined in detail scope entrepreneurship , move in the areas of:

a. The field agraris : agricultural , plantations and forestry

b. the field fisheries: pisciculture , hatching fish , food fish , transportation fish

c. the field animal husbandry: the birds or fowl , the mammals

d. the field industry and craft: large industries , industry medium , small industry as efforts
craftsman , processing agricultural products , processing plantation products , processing
fisheries , processing the results of animal husbandry , processing forest products .

e. the field mining and energy

f. the field trade: as the large , as traders medium , as traders small

g. the field providers: as intermediate traders , to credit or banking , as transport


entrepreneurs , as an entrepreneur hotel and restaurant .

B. AN INTROGATIVE MODEL OF ENTERPRENEURSHIP

Now let us try to bring all of these ideas together to provide an integrative model
regarding the nature of entrepreneurship. Figure 2 illustrates such a model. The input-output
approach to the definition of entrepreneurship has been expounded upon to include the
process perspective and to incorporate the variable nature of entrepreneurship (i.e., intensity).
Moreover, the proposed model reflect the argument in the literature regarding the importance
of innovation and growth orientation by acknowledging that both are possible outcomes of
the entrepreneurship process.

Figure 1

Underlying dimensions of entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship
5
Innovativeness Risk-Taking Pro-activeness
Figure 2

An integrative model of entrepreneurship input and outcomes

Inputs Outcomes

Environmental 1. A going venture

Opportunities Entrepreneurship
The Entrepreneurship
Intensity (EI) 2. Value creation
Process
Entrepreneurship 1. Identify opportunity
3. News product,
Individual Of events (and) degree of Services
2. develop and refine
entrepreneurship
concept
4. Process
An organizational
3. assess and acquire
Context 5. Technologies
necessary resources
Inno- Risk- Proac- 6. Profit and/or
4. implementation
Enique business Personal benefit
Vation taking tivencess
Concept 7. employment,
asset and
revenue
Resources growth

The input component of figure 2 focuses on the entrepreneurship process it self and
identifies five key elements that contribute to that process. The first is environmental
opportunity, such as a demographic change, the development of a new technology, or a
modifications to current regulations. Next is the individual entrepreneur, the person who
assumes personal responsibility for conceptualizing and implementing a new venture. The
entrepreneur develops some type of business concepts of capitalize on the opportunity (e.g., a
creative approach to solving a particular costumer need ). Implementing this business
concepts typically requires some type of organizational context, which could range from a
sole proprietorship run out of the entrepreneur’s home, or a franchise of some national chain,
to an autonomous business unit within a large corporation. Finally, a wide variety of financial
and non-financial resources are required on an on going basis. These key elements are then
combined over the stages of the entrepreneurial process. Stated differently, the process
provides a logical frame-work for organizing entrepreneurial inputs.

The output component of figure 2 first includes EI. Thus, the process can result in any
number of entrepreneurship events and can produce events that vary considerably in terms of
how entrepreneurial they are. Based on this level of intensity, final outcomes can include one
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or more going ventures, value creation, new products and processes, profit, and economics
growth. Moreover, the final outcome is often failure, and the economic, psychic, and social
costs associated with failure.

The model not only provides a fairly comprehensive picture regarding the nature of
entrepreneurship, it can also be applied at different levels. For example, at the organizations
level, the model describes the phenomenon of entrepreneurship in both independent start-up
company and the venture that is developed within a strategic business unit of a large
corporation. Similarly, the input-output perspective is descriptive of entrepreneurship in not-
for-profit organizations, with the outputs taking on slightly different interpretation, such as
the creation of social value or growth measured in number of volunteers or dollars of
contributions. 8

C .THE CONCEPT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Until now the concept of entrepreneurship still growing .Entrepreneurship is an


attitude , soul and the ability to create something new which is highly valued and useful for
themselves and others .9 Entrepreneurship is the mental attitude and of the soul are always
active or creative defenseless , copyright; , work and earthy and trying to in order to increase
earnings in their business activities .Someone who having the character of entrepreneurial
always dissatisfied with what has been rise . 10

_____________________________
8
Michael H. Morris, Entrepreneurial Intensity, ( America: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1998) hlm. 18
9
http://www.suarapembaruan.com/home/konsep-konsep-kewirausahaan-yang-benar/25063 Pada tanggal 25
September 2012
10
Ibid.

Entrepreneurial is a person skilled in the space of in develop their business for the
purpose of raising his life. Norman m .Scarborough and thomas w .Zimmerer ( 1993: 5 ) ,
“An entrepreneur is one who creates a new business in the face of risk and uncertainty for the
purpose of achieving profit and growth by identifying opportunities and asembling the
necessary resources to capitalze on those opportunities”. An entrepreneur is those who
possess the sight and assess business opportunities; collects resources needed to take
appropriate action , take advantage and having the nature of , character-building and a
7
willingness to realize the idea innovative into the real world creatively in order to successful /
enhance income .The point , a self-help are the having the character entrepreneurial and apply
the nature of entrepreneurship in his life .

In other words , entrepreneurial those who are soul creativity and innovative high in
his life .Of several the concept of above shows as if entrepreneurship identical with the ability
of entrepreneurial in the business ( business .And , in reality , entrepreneurship not always
identical to the character of entrepreneurial alone , because the characters entrepreneurial
probably also owned by a man who does not entrepreneurial. Entrepreneurial includes all
aspects of work, good professional workers and of government ( soeparman soemahamidjaja ,
1980 ). Entrepreneurs are those who implement measures creative and innovative to the
developing ideas, and concocts a resources to find opportunities ( opportunity and
improvement ( preparation ) life ( prawirokusumo , 1997 ) .

Even in between experts is a greater stressed entrepreneurship on the role of small


businesses , but actually character entrepreneurial also owned by the people who work
outside entrepreneurial .Character entrepreneurship in each one who like change , renewal ,
progress and challenges , any profession .Thus , there are six the nature of the importance of
entrepreneurship:

1. Entrepreneurship is a value that have occurred in behavior used as resources , of


propulsion , the purpose , stratagem , tips , processes and results business ( ahmad
sanusi , 1994 )

2. Entrepreneurship is a value required to start a business and develop businesses ( suharto


prawiro , 1997 )

3. Entrepreneurship is a process in working on something new (creative and different


(innovative ) that is beneficial for deliver more values .

4. Entrepreneurship is the ability to create something new and different ( drucker , 1959 )

5. Entrepreneurship is a process the application of creativity and innovative problem


solving and find opportunities to fix life effort ( zimmerer, 1996 )

6. Entrepreneurship is a grades create a added to the combined sources through new ways
and distinct to win over the competition. 11

8
Based on sixth opinion in over , can be concluded that entrepreneurship is values that
forms the character and behavior of someone who always creative defenseless , copyright ,
work and earthy and in trying to order to increase income in their business activities .As
mentioned above , that a person entrepreneurial is a person of soul and the ability every
create and innovation .He was a man in has the ability to create something new and different (
ability to create the new and different ) or ability creative and innovative .

Creative ability and the innovative in reality is reflected in the ability and willingness to
begin an endeavor ( start up ) , the ability to working on something new ( creative ) , the will
and the ability to look for opportunities ( opportunity ) , the ability and the courage to bear
the risk ( risk bearing ) and the ability to develop ideas and concocts a resources .

A .Operation entrepreneurship

Choose the idea business to be business successfully through two consideration ,


namely to find something we can do with good and determine whether the idea we can meet a
market needs .Success depends on customers , so that candidates business people must ensure
that the idea that they choose thirsty interested in in the market .12 Guidelines that can help us
to choose an idea that reflects opportunities entrepreneurship good , including:

1. Make a list of interest and the ability


2. Make a list on the types of business in accordance with their interests and the ability
_____________________________
11
Masykur Wiratmo, Hakikat pentingnya Kewirausahaan, ( Yogyakarta: BPFE, 1996)

12
Dr.kasmir, SE., M.M, 2014, Pengertian Kewirausahaan dan konsep Kewirausahaan, Edisi Revisi, Cetakan ke-
10,

PT. Raja Grafindo, Jakarta, hlm.64

3. Read newspapers and magazines businesses and consumers to study demographic trends
and economic identify needs the future

4. Evaluate carefully for goods and services to find a way to fix it .


5. Determine of a business according to desired and have the potential profit .
6. Did research marketing to determine success business .
7. Studies on an industry that will operate , goods or services and competitors .

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D. CHARACTERISTIC OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP

A. Characteristic entrepreneurship
1 .Motives performed well high
Experts suggested that someone has interest entrepreneurship due to certain motives ,
namely motive performed well .According to gede anggan suhada ( in suryana , 2003: 32 )
motive performed well is a value social who insists on desire to reach best to achieve
satisfaction personally. Factors essentially was a necessity must be fulfilled .Kind described
by maslow ( in 1943 ) concerning the theory motivation influenced by tiers needs in
accordance with tiers of satisfaction .High performing needs entrepreneurial seen in a form of
action to do something is better and more efficient than before .13

2 .Always the perspective of a entrepreneurial


Let a capable of stared at front with more optimistic .Looking forward with reflect
and try to .In the space of business with calculating .One who oriented to the future are the
one who has and perspective a look at the future .Because having views far into the future
and he will always trying to the work ( suryana , 2003: 23 ) . The key on the ability of match
has created a new thing and different from existing . Although with the risks that might
happen, a perspective have to steadfast in seeking opportunities challenge by renewal the
future. The views far ahead make entrepreneurial not rapid satisfied with work.

_________________________
13
Yuyus Suryani, Karakteristik Pendekatan Wirausahawan Sukses, ( Surabaya: Kencana Prenada Media

Grup,2011) hlm.28

3 .Having high creativity

According to teodore levit , creativity is the ability to reflect new and different .Hence
according to him entrepreneurship is reflect and act something new or reflect something old
with new ways .According to zimmerer in book written suryana ( 2003: 24 ) , reveale5V d
that idea creativity often appear while the entrepreneurial see something old and thinking
something new and different .Hence of creativity is to create something of no their .

Of definition of above, creativity containing understanding that is:

1. Creativity is to create something whose origin


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2. A cooperation of the present time to redress past in new ways
3. Replaces something with something is simpler and better.

4. Having behavior innovative high

Be entrepreneurial traits that reliable is not easy. But did not as hard as imagined many
people. Historical fact show Us that the entrepreneurial traits that the most successful and in
essentially were human .Sebeer bathia , a digital entrepreneur who launches hotmail.com on
the 1996 , realized this when he high council for people like steve jobs , inventor personal
computer ( apple ) .And awareness it makes it confident enough when set the price of its
discovery worth 400 million dollars to bill gates , the owner mocrosoft who are also human .

5 .Always committed to work , having work ethic and the responsibility

Of a soul entrepreneurial must have committed to their business and determination


round in pour out all s attention on business to which they are walk , in of doing business the
entrepreneurial traits that successful hold in possession determination high and flares a flame
of in develop their business , he did not half in trying to , bold bear the risk , work hard and
no fear for opportunities available in market .Without business really towards their job
undertaken so entrepreneurial as is any must be meeting with the failure in business .Hence
important once for a entrepreneurial to commit to business and his job , as well as having
ethos work and responsibilities of good .

B. Characteristic Entrepreneurial

According to mcgraith & amp; mac milan ( 2000 ), there are seven basic character
need to owned each candidate entrepreneurial.14 Seventh such characters is as follows.

1. Action oriented.
A entrepreneur always wanted to take action, though the situation not is uncertain ).The
principle that they faced is see and do. For them, risk are not to evade, but to faced and
conquered with the act of and shrewdness.

2. Think simple .
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Though the world has changed be very complex, they used to learn simplify it .And even
if knowledge high , they are not man technical rules that complicated and seek work
complex. They see problems with clearly and solve the problems one after another
gradually.

3. They used to look for opportunities new opportunities .


Is that business opportunities really new, or odds of the endeavor to equal .To venture new
ventures, they always wanted to new learning, forming a network from below and increase
landscape or scope business .While in the endeavor to equal, they used to persevering
looking for an alternative alternative new, such as the, Design, platform, raw materials,
energy, packaging, and fee structures production .They took advantage not only from
business or new product, but also with new ways .

4. Pursue opportunities to discipline high


A Entrepreneurial not only look out, having the eyes sharp in seeing the opportunity, or
having of smell strong on the existence of opportunities that, but they move toward that.
Opportunities not only sought, created, opened, and clarified. Because entrepreneurial
invest and bear the risk , and a man entrepreneurial must have the discipline that high .

__________________________________
14
Dr.kasmir, SE., M.M, 2014, Pengertian Kewirausahaan dan konsep Kewirausahaan, Edisi Revisi, Cetakan ke-

10, PT. Raja Grafindo, Jakarta, hlm.8

D. Attitude and Personality Entrepreneurship

Alex Inkeles and David H. Smith (1974: 19-24) is one of the experts who argued
about the quality and attitude of modern people. According Inkeles (1974: 24) modern human
qualities reflected in people who participate in modern production that is manifested in the
form of attitudes, values, and behavior in social life. Characteristics include openness to new
experiences, always read social change, is the reality of the facts and opinions, oriented to the
present and the future rather than the past, planning, confidence, aspirations, educated and
qualified, respect, carefully, and understand production.15

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People who are open to new experiences will be better prepared to respond to all the
opportunities, challenges and social change, for example in changing the standard of life.
People who are open to new ideas is an innovative and creative entrepreneurs are found in the
entrepreneurial spirit. According Yurgen Kocka (1975), "The view that large and dynamic as
well as a willingness to reform, can be more rapidly developed in the field of industry, can
not be separated from an educational background, experience many trips" (Yuyun
Wirasasmita, (1982: 44). In this context, also encountered a blend real between trade
systematic and rational with the ability to react to opportunities based enterprise. In the
enterprise, the entrepreneur is an initiator or a key organizer of a company. According
Dusselman (1989: 16), a person who has the entrepreneurial spirit characterized by patterns
of behavior as follows:

1. Innovation is the effort to create, find and accept new ideas.


2. Courage to face risks, which attempts to weigh and accept the risk in decision making
and in the face of uncertainty.

3. Managerial ability, that efforts are being made to carry out the functions of management,
include (1) the business plan, (2) efforts to coordinate, (3) attempts to maintain the
smooth running of business, (4) attempt to overseeing and evaluating the effort.

4. Leadership, that is motivating, implementing, and directing business objectives.

___________________________

15
https://akhmadsudrajat.wordpress.com/2011/06/29/konsep-kewirausahaan-dan-pendidikan-
kewirausahaan/

CHAPTER III

CLOSING

A. Conclusion

The success or failure of entrepreneurial is strongly influenced by the nature and


personality someone .The officer of advocacy of small business administration . That
entrepreneurship who succeeded in general having the properties of personality .As disclosed
that entrepreneurial is actually a innovators or by individuals have the ability instinctive for

13
seeing objects matter in a way that then proved to be true , have indeed .Experts suggested
that someone has interest entrepreneur with the motive certain , namely motive performed
well ( achievement motive ) .Motives performed well is a value social who insists on desire
to reach the best to achieve satisfaction personally.

B. Advice

Suggested student who go about the science of economic islamic capable of having
the properties of as mentioned above, that be an economist who reliable in the field of
entrepreneurial, as expected.

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