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Study of LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) And CNG (Compressed Natural Gas)
Vehicles And It's Future Aspects

Conference Paper · December 2016

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 International Conference on Mechanical, Industrial and Energy Engineering 2016
26-27 December, 2016, Khulna, BANGLADESH

ICMIEE-MC-160358
Study of LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) And CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) Vehicles
And It’s Future Aspects
Md.Sourove Akther Momin 1,*, Mihir Dutta2 , Md.Sahid Hassan3 , Md.Golam Kader 4, Shovon Md. Iftakher5
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna-9203, BANGLADESH

ABSTRACT
Bangladesh is a country, full of natural resources such as coal, gas, stone etc. But the natural gas is so much important for the
comfort of the human life. Its uses not only for the cooking, industries but also in the transportation system to reduce the cost
and protect the contamination from the environment .The present effort are to study about the LPG and CNG vehicles. The
study contains about different kits, engine modification, engine technology, performance, combustion characteristics, past and
present cost, present status, future status, safeties, fuel energy content and different types of problems of using these types of
vehicles .Then there made a comparison between these two types of vehicles. The comparison contains breaking point,
volumetric energy density, energy produced, availability, fuel comparison, environmental effect, luggage space, power loss,
emission, mileage & running cost .So after considering all these fact that CNG vehicles are better than LPG vehicles. But in
some cases where CNG is not available there LPG is better than CNG.

Keywords: LPG, CNG, Cost, Environmental Effect

1. Introduction use and these were being marketed elsewhere under

Liquefied petroleum gas, also called LPG, GPL, LP Gas.
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is a different chemical
compound to natural gas even though they are both
hydrocarbons. LPG consists of Propane (C3H8) and or
Butane (C4H10). As its boiling point is below room
temperature, LPG will evaporate quickly at normal
temperatures and pressures and is usually supplied in
pressurized steel vessels. LPG has a lower energy density
than either petrol or fuel-oil, so the equivalent fuel
consumption is higher [1].Compressed natural gas (CNG)
is made by compressing natural gas (which is mainly
composed of methane CH4), to less than 1 percent of the
volume it occupies at standard atmospheric pressure. It is
stored and distributed in hard containers at a pressure of
200–248 bar (2,900–3,600 psi), usually in cylindrical or
spherical shapes. For safety purposes, it is stored in
highly pressurized, heavy tanks. That is the reason why
an empty CNG tank itself weighs about 68-70 kg. A
CNG tank usually has a storage capacity of 8-10 kg. It
reduces running costs of vehicles by over 70% [2].
2. Historical Background
2.1 History of LPG vehicles
LPG was first identified as a significant component of
petroleum in 1910. In 1910, an American chemist, Dr.
Walter Snelling, identified that the propane and butane
within gasoline caused its evaporation. He soon
developed a practical method of removing these gases
from the gasoline. Two years later, in 1912, he started
his first domestic propane installation, and in 1913 he
patented producing propane on an industrial scale [3]. In
1928, LPG was first used as motor fuel (in a truck) and
the first LPG refrigerator was made. In 1929, the level
of sales of the fuel was as much as 10 million gallons in
the US. The extensive use of LPG did not really develop
until the 1940's through the 1960's. By the early 1950's,
companies were producing LPG cylinders for household
license [3].
2.2 History of CNG vehicles
Humans have been using natural gas for thousands of
years, in fact, the Chinese are believed to have used it as
early as 500 B.C. to boil and purify water, but their first
known natural gas well was drilled in 211 B.C. In later
centuries, the Chinese adapted bamboo pipelines to
transport it to provide fuel for boiling water, heating,
and the first known instances of lighting. The Japanese
dug gas wells as early as A.D. 615. More recently, by
1626, French explorers observed indigenous people in
North America igniting seeping gases near Lake Erie[5].
Natural Gas vehicles have been documented as early as
the 1930′s, although it is unclear exactly when, or who,
invented them. The first Natural Gas vehicles ran on
uncompressed gas, and were called Gas Bag vehicles.
These vehicles were used as a necessary way to combat
a gasoline shortage during World War I, and even more
so during World War II[5]. Worldwide existing about
5.7 million natural gas vehicles. Since January 2008
there are 771 natural gas stations in Germany. The
supply network will expand constantly. The CNG
industry got some momentum during early in 2000
when CNG run taxis were introduced in Dhaka city.
Replacing the old two-stroke petrol run auto rickshaws
with 9,000 new CNG run auto rickshaws also helped the
industry gain a critical mass, especially to expand the
CNG refueling network. At the same time the
government instructed mandatory retrofitting of all
government vehicles with CNG conversion kits [5].
3. Study about LPG vehicle
In LPG vehicles the gas mixes readily with air, allowing
for more complete combustion. The fuel costs less than
regular gasoline, but LPG vehicles have lower energy
per unit volume, so its fuel economy and efficiency are

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +88-01738373182

E-mail address: sur.sor269@gmail.com
lower. LPG vehicles give a longer engine life due to its
clean burning characteristics.
The main difference between these vehicles and others
is in their fuel storage systems. LPG is a gas at room
temperature, but a liquid when pressurized (the required
pressure varies according to the composition of the
mixture). It is usually stored at around 10 bar. LPG
vehicles additionally require a special fuel tank that is
strong enough to withstand the LPG storage pressure of
about 130 pounds per square inch. of fuel. LPG has high
octane rating 110+ that allows CR to be high up to 15:1,
which is in the range of 8:1 to 9.5:1 for gasoline
engines[7]. One drawback is that LPG fuel tanks are
much heavier than conventional ones, hence two tanks
would be needed, which would increase the vehicle's
weight. Many automobile manufacturers make vehicles
that run on LPG and gasoline. Specialists say that LPG
is the least environmentally friendly alternative fuel
because it is derived from fossil fuel, so that greenhouse
gases will inevitably be released into the atmosphere [6].
3.1 Engine technology for LPG vehicles
o As the LPG is stored in liquid form under high
pressure, it is need to convert it into vaporized
form before drawn into the combustion
chamber.
o LPG is not commonly used in dual-fuel diesel
applications due to its relatively poor knock
resistance.
o For spark ignition engine there are two types of
LPG engines are primarily studied.
o LPG Vehicles carried out to quantify the
combustion and emissions characteristics of
LPG fuelled SI engine with minor modification
in original SI engine to run on LPG fuel with
varying volume percentage of LPG at 5%, 10%,
20% with the help of PLC controller.
o Engine speed maintained at 4000rpm, the
relative air-fuel ratio varies from 0.8 to 1.3.The
exhaust gas constituents (CO2, CO, HC and
NOx) were measured using the 5-gas
analyzer[30].
o Percentage of LPG in gasoline means that the
combustion shifted towards complete phase
and „greener‟ exhaust products were
subsequently released to the atmosphere.
o At high relative air-fuel ratio, the amount of
NOx measured was much higher, HC also
shows marked reduction as the relative air-fuel
ratio exceeds Stoichiometric.
3.2 Performance and combustion characteristics
Comparisons show that if LPG fueled SI engines are
operated at the same conditions with those of gasoline
fueled SI engines; significant improvements in exhaust
emissions can be achieved.
3.2.1 Ignition
LP gases are actually quite safe in comparison with
other fuels. Propane has a high ignition temperature,
about 850-950 F (450-510 C), compared to about495 F
(257 C) for gasoline. This makes it less likely to ignite
spontaneously[7].
3.2.2 Environmental effects
Commercially available LPG vehicles are currently
derived from fossil fuels. Burning LPG releases CO2, a
greenhouse gas. The reaction also produces some
carbon monoxide. LPG vehicle does, however, release
less CO2 per unit of energy than does coal or oil. It
emits 81% of the CO2 per kWh produced by oil, 70% of
that of coal, and less than 50% of that emitted by coal-
generated electricity distributed via the grid. Being a
mix of propane and butane, LPG vehicles emit less
carbon per joule than butane but more carbon per joule
than propane. LPG vehicles can be considered to burn
more cleanly than heavier molecule hydrocarbons, in
that it releases very few particulates [8].
3.2.3 Energy
LPG vehicles have a relatively high energy content per
unit of mass, but its energy content per unit volume is
low. Thus, LPG vehicles tanks have more space and
weight than petrol or diesel fuel tanks, but the range of
LPG vehicles is equivalent to that of petrol vehicles. Bi-
fuel LPG car tests show around a 15% reduction in
greenhouse gas emissions. LPG as an alternative fuels
reviewed could displace 10% of current usage of oil, or
bring significant reductions in CO, CO2 emissions and
help to reduce harmful greenhouse gas emissions.
3.2.5 Problems
o Since the boiling point of liquid hydrogen is
very low (-252.88 °C), it is difficult to to
maintain its liquid form. When it warms, it
evaporates. some gas must be released and a
small amount of fuel is lost[9].
o High speed: Not recommended as is dangerous
& these engines don‟t sound good at 9000rpm
and feels like driving a pillow at high speeds
over the limiter. So from 5% power increase to
a 50% power loss .
o More fuel than other engine: LPG vehicles
have a lower specific energy content than
petrol, so more fuel is required to produce a
given power figure, meaning lower
economy[9].
o Knocking: A higher octane fuel doesn't deliver
more power, it simply has a higher resistance
to knocking, which is why dedicated LPG
engines can run higher CR.
3.2.6 Cost
Gas fuelled vehicles fall into the 'alternative fuel'
category for 'road tax' (Vehicle Excise Duty); although
owners will only save 35 taka per liter compared to a
petrol car. Depreciation rates for both LPG and natural
gas are now slightly higher than those of petrol cars, a
reflection of the decreasing popularity of these fuels, the
increasing advances in conventional engines and the
relative lack of refueling locations[9].
ICMIEE-MC-160358- 2
3.3 Present status in Bangladesh for greater efficiency. Natural gas also has a higher
The Kailashtila LPG plant has been installed during in octane rating, so it can be burned at a higher
1986-1997 at a cost of TK. 38.00 core to reduce the temperature, reducing engine knock. These engines
dependence of imported energy as well as to provide produce almost no carbon dioxide emissions, and the
environment – friendly clean fuel. Later another fuel can be produced without complicated refinement
NGL/Condensate Fractionation plant was set up and processes. Since little carbon is produced in the
installed after commissioning on turnkey basis by a combustion of natural gas, the engine and oil are kept
foreign contractor in November, 2007 at the cost of Tk. much cleaner than would be the case if gasoline alone
106 corer within the development programs. It is was being burned, and the engine's life is thus increased.
possible to produce total 62 M. ton LPG, 2,70,000 liters Natural gas is cheaper than gasoline, but CNG at typical
MS and 43,000 liters HSD daily through processing 175 pressures requires more frequent refueling, because it
M. ton (110 M. ton + 65 M. ton ) NGL and 110 M. ton contains only a quarter of the energy per unit volume of
condensate within the existing facilities at the two plants gasoline[12]. There are many types of CNG car, Vans,
at Kailashtila. But at present the KTL plant (Unit-1) is Lift truck, three wheeler, Bus, truck, Train, Ships,
shut down due to lack of raw materials for not setting up Aircraft etc.
of the 2nd MSTE plant by the Sylhet Gas Fields Limited
[10]. 4.1 Characteristics of CNG engine
Detailed speaking, the automobile using the CNG
3.4 Future status in Bangladesh engine has many options in the following:
Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and preservation o The CNG is really a kind of gas fuel which
of natural resources are becoming increasingly consists of the octane with all the higher scale
important to people around the world. Many countries of greater than 120. The CNG has incredibly
have regulations on the fuel economy of newly robust house on the vibration resistance.
manufactured vehicles, and many governments offer tax Within the functioning course of action from
breaks for vehicle manufactures that use clean-burning the CNG engine, it truly is in a position to have
fuels. Vehicle manufacturers are thus motivated to the steady and smooth operation with the tiny
develop new internal combustion engine technologies. noise.
The bivalent engine allows for an easier transition from o On a single hand, the CNG has tiny dilution
fossil fuels to alternative fuels. The technology is effect around the lubricating oil on the engine.
advancing and there is increasing demand for more On the other hand, the CNG has the good
efficient and cleaner burning engines. burning house with the little accumulated
carbon in the air cylinder.
Table-1 Key Data for LPG Vehicles [11] o The CNG emulator is fantastic to start up
LPG Vehicles within the winter. The automobile with all the
CNG engine has a bit weaker accelerating
Technical Small Medium Large Cars property than the vehicle with the gasoline
Performance Cars Cars
engine.
Energy Input LPG o The exhaust in the car with the CNG engine
Base Energy 0.05 – does not contain the metal lead or the sulfide.
0.058 – 2.7 0.09 – 4.1 The quantity of CO within the exhaust from the
Consumption 2.3
Technical
(kg/km – CNG engine is 97% much less than that inside
12 12 12
Lifetime,
KJ/km)) years the exhaust of your gasoline engine while the
CO2 and other level of hydrocarbon is 72% significantly less
122.0 141.7 216.7
GHG than that within the gasoline engine exhaust.
emissions, g/km Apart from, the volume of the nitrogen oxide
inside the CNG engine exhaust is 39% much
Additional 1,130 1,300 – 2,740 less than that in the gasoline engine exhaust.
Capital Cost, 1,528 Consequently, the CNG engine is in the great
O&M
overnight, cost 0.03 0.04 0.05 assist towards the environmental protection.
(fixed
Euro/unit and o The octane variety of the CNG is more than
Economic
variable), 12 12 12 120, the scale of which can be higher than the
Lifetime,
Euro/km years gasoline engine. Even the octane variety of the
gasoline with the higher level is only 97.
4. Study of CNG vehicles 4.2 Performance and Combustion characteristics
Compressed natural gas (CNG) is made by compressing 4.2.1 Environmental impact
methane to store it high pressures. CNG is made and CNG run vehicles emit nearly 90% less carbon
stored, much like liquid hydrogen. The physical monoxide compared to other fuel. Carbon dioxide
properties of natural gas require the compression ratio emissions are about 25% lesser than other fuel and
of the engine to be higher than in normal internal nitrous oxide levels are about 40 to 50% lower, while
combustion engines, and the higher compression makes

ICMIEE-MC-160358- 3
hydrocarbon (non-methane) emissions are about 60% 5.2 Energy Produced
lower than other fuel. Calorific value is the amount of heat released during the
combustion of a specified amount of it. The energy
4.2.2 Cost value is a characteristic for each substance. It is
CNG costs tk 26.00/m3 .So CNG is cheaper to buy, by measured in units of energy per unit of the substance,
about 10%.For the last three years, petrol prices have usually mass, such as: kJ/kg, kJ/mole, kcal/kg, Btu/lb.
been consistently rising. And since the petrol prices LPG, vaporized and at atmospheric pressure, has a
deregulation in June 2014, prices have risen by as much higher calorific value (94 MJ/m3 or 26.1 kWh/m3)
as tk. 100, a 38.57% increase from tk. 92 in October CNG vaporized and at atmospheric pressure, has a
2013 just before deregulation. CNG‟s percentage higher calorific value (38 MJ/m3or 10.6 kWh/m3). So
increase is high but prices are still very affordable; it has LPG produces more energy than the equivalent amount
gone up from tk. 19 to tk. 26 in the same period, an of CNG[14].
increase of 46.11%[10].
5.3 Fuel compare
4.3 Present and future status In this section different types of key points like
According to a Centre for Science and Environment Availability, Infrastructure, Storage pressure, Fuel type,
Bangladesh study in 2012, 30 Bangladesh cities will Octane rating, Calorific value between CNG & LPG are
have CNG filling stations by 2014 and about 16 lakh given below in Table 3.
vehicles in Bangladesh will be running on CNG by the
end of 2020. Today, CNG is already the mandated fuel Table 3 Fuel comparison between CNG & LPG
for public transport buses in Dhaka and Chittagong. All Fuel LPG CNG
commercial vehicles that are older than eight years have
to be converted to CNG. These conversions have had a Available in 14 Available in 36
Availability
maximum impact on reducing pollution in these cities cities
cities[13].Different type of important Parameters are
given below in the Table 2. Infrastructure Fuel station Pipeline network

Storage
Table 2 Key data for CNG vehicles[11] 70-80 psi 3000 psi
pressure
CNG Vehicles
Liquid when
Technical Small Medium Fuel type stored under Compressed gas
Large Cars
Performance Cars Cars pressure
Energy Input LPG
Octane rating 110 octane 130 octane
Base Energy 0.06 –
Consumption 0.07 – 2.6 0.11 – 4.1
2.2 Calorific
(kg/km –
Technical value
24.9 MJ/liter 21 MJ/ liter
KJ/km))
Lifetime, 12 12 12
years
CO2 and other
93.3 108.3 165.7 5.4 Environment
GHG Compressed Natural Gas, on its part, is a clean burning
emissions,
Additional 1,640 gas that does release some greenhouse gases but lesser
g/km Cost,
Capital - N/A N/A as compared to LPG. Among kit options are Open
overnight, 2,190 Loops, the cheapest kits available for CNG and LPG, as
Euro/unit
O&M cost simple as can be. As the name suggests, the kit
(fixed and comprises an open loop which doesn't affect pollution
0.03 0.04 0.05
variable), adversely. And then, there's the Closed Loop kit where
Euro/km the exhaust gases are inspected by the sensors and the
Economic volume of intake gas is tweaked accordingly to
Lifetime, 12 12 12 minimize pollution. CNG is also safer than other fuels
years in the event of a spill because natural gas, being lighter
than air, disperses quickly when released [15].
5. Breaking point
5.1 Volumetric Energy Density 5.5 Power loss
Energy density is the amount of energy stored in a Small cars like the Maruti Alto 800 put out just 46 bhp
given system or region of space per unit volume or mass. of power and 62 Nm of torque. With CNG vehicle the
Ultimately, it is the Volumetric Energy density that owner will lose about 15% of that peak power, which
decides the convenience of use .CNG has a volumetric would make it equivalent to other fuel engine. On LPG
Energy Density of 9 MJ/L.LPG has a volumetric Energy vehicle the power loss is a little less, only about 10%,
Density of 25 MJ/L. which makes it equivalent to a 41.5 bhp to other fuel
engine.

ICMIEE-MC-160358- 4
5.6 Emission comparison 5.8 Maintenance cost
LPG vehicles provide less air quality benefits than CNG Earlier, the cost of maintaining a CNG car was very
vehicles mainly because the hydrocarbon emissions are high as compared with that of LPG cars, but things have
photo chemically more reactive and emissions of CO changed now. “With technological progress, the
are higher. difference has reduced substantially. In fact, in case of
CNG cars, the owner would incur virtually the same
Table 4 Passenger car & heavy duty engine emission maintenance cost and take 2,000-2,500 more in case of
for LPG [15] diesel,” says Deshpande. Even for LPG versions, the
Vehicle type NOx NMHC CO maintenance cost is almost the same as in CNG versions.
Passenger car 0.2 0.15 1
5.9 Comparison chart
(g/mile)
Table 5 Comparison between CNG and LPG are given
Heavy-duty engine 2.8 0.5 23.2
below.
(g/bhp-hr) Feature CNG LPG

The graph shows IANGV emissions comparison study Methane is the Propane is the
between Gasoline, LPG and CNG. Switching from Constituents primary primary component
gasoline to LPG and CNG vehicle results in a component of of LPG and is
substantial reduction in the CO emission. CNG vehicle Obtained
natural gas.from Automatically
delivered from
also reduced HC and NOx emissions[16]. Source natural gas-and- generated
progressing from gas
of crude
condensate wells, fields when natural
oil or natural gas.
Environment oil wells, lesser
Releases coal bed Releases CO2 which
gas is extracted
al effects methane
greenhousewells.
gas. is a greenhouse
from gas
the reservoir.
but is cleaner
By-product ofwhen
It is lighter than air Highly
compared to
cracking process
Properties and hence inflammable.
gasoline. It is
during crude-oil
disperses quickly heavier than air and
refining.
CNG
in the occupies
event of LPG required
on leakage willless
Space spillage.
more space than settle to
space than
ground
CNGand
LPG. accumulate in low
storage.
Power loss is more Power loss is less
lying areas.
Power loss
than LPG vehicles than CNG vehicles.
Modification Modification of Modification of
Fig. 1 A Summary of Emission with Non-Catalyst s-on Cost engine the cost is engine the cost is
Vehicle[16]. around 60000 taka around 30000 taka
Vehicle CNG vehicles are LPG vehicles are
5.7 Mileage & running cost weight about 100-150 kg. lighter than CNG
In terms of mileage, diesel cars are highest in the vehicles.
CNG is used for It is mainly used for
pecking order, followed by CNG, LPG and other fuel all types of
Use micro and private
cars. But since CNG vehicle is considerably cheaper vehicles. cars.
than LPG, the running cost, which the owner encourage
The recent price if .
for travelling per kilometer, works out to be cheapest in Recent price is 69
Price CNG is 26 taka per
CNG cars, followed by LPG cars and lastly petrol cars. taka per liter.
When the owner translate the fuel price into kilometers m3
traversed, if a liter CNG vehicle will take the owner Easily disperses, Since it is difficult
Safety hence risk of to disperse risk of
through 16km, LPG vehicle through 13km .Here the
explanation about LPG vehicle vs. CNG vehicle ignition is fire is more.
comparison mileage and power of CNG and LPG minimized.
CNG pressure is LPG pressure is 70-
Pressure
cars[26]. CNG is a slow burning fuel. As a result, it 3000 psi. 80 psi.
deliver better mileage (1-1.5 km more) than LPG
vehicle. However, it also means the owner loses on 6. Discussion
power by some 15-20%. LPG vehicle has more calorific In terms of running costs CNG is the best fuel for
value, more energy than CNG vehicle so it has little running costs. For initial purchase cost and running cost,
trouble matching petrol when it come to power delivery. LPG is a sensible fuel. In case of availability and fuel
In theory, it should actually deliver better mileage too efficiency, CNG is still the most widely available fuel.
but several owners have pointed out that, LPG vehicle, If the owner does a lot of driving and wants low running
at best delivers the same mileage as petrol. Often, it costs, then CNG is the most attractive fuel. According
delivers 10% less. So the combination of lower price to environmental effects CNG is better than LPG for
and better mileage puts CNG vehicle ahead of LPG saving greenhouse effect. For high speed, CNG is better
vehicle when it comes to running costs. than LPG vehicles. According to the safety

ICMIEE-MC-160358- 5
 concentration CNG is also better than LPG vehicles.
But considering the modification cost LPG is better than
CNG vehicles.
7. Conclusion
Based on the reviewed paper for the emission and
performance, it‟s concluded that CNG represents a good
fuel alternative for gasoline and therefore must be taken
into consideration in the future for transport purpose.
Apart from the fuel storage and delivery mechanism,
CNG engine similar to LPG engines, and deliver similar
performance and good in combustion characteristics
than LPG vehicles. In the short term, CNG as an
alternative fuel reviewed could displace 10% of current
usage of other fuel, or bring sufficient reduction in CO,
CO2 emission and help to reduce harmful greenhouse
gas emission. In next five to ten years CNG will be
more widely available and gaining market share across
vehicle range.
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Volume 3,Issue3, March-2012 ISSN2229-5518
ICMIEE-MC-160358- 6