Investigatory Project

On
To Construct A Switch Using A
Transistor

Guided by:- Mr. Bhupesh Nagoda

Submitted by:- Mitesh Kumar
Class: 12th B
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 Certificate

This is to certify that Mitesh Kumar, student of class 12th B,

Kendriya Vidyalaya Ahmedabad Cantt has successfully
completed his project titled “To Construct A Switch
Using A Transistor” under the guidance of Mr. Bhupesh
Nagoda during the academic year 2018-2019 in the
partial fulfillment of AISSCE, Delhi.

Signature:-
(Subject Teacher)
Signature:-
(Principal)

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Certificate

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 Acknowledgement

In the completion of this project successfully many

people have best owned upon me their blessings and
heart pledged support, this time I am utilizing to thank
all the people who have been considered with this
project.

I would also like to thank my principal Smt. A. P.

Kachchap and my physics teacher Mr. Bhupesh
Nagoda whose valuable guidance has been the ones
that helped me to complete this project and make it a
success, his suggestions and his instructions served as a
major contribution towards the of this project.

Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who

have helped me with their valuable suggestions.

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 Contents

Introduction
Objective
Apparatus Required
Theory
Procedure
Observations
Conclusion
Result
Bibliography

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 Introduction

A transistor is a three terminal electronic component

which is made of semiconductor material. A transistor
has three terminals namely, emitter, base and collector
which forms two junctions BE and CE
Emitter is the region thru which majority carriers enter
the transistor. Emitter is heavily doped. Base is the
middle layer and it is very lightly doped. Collector is
wide and moderately doped.

Transistors are fundamentally current amplifiers. The

transistor is essentially a resistor which allows current to
flow. The word transistor is a contraction of current-
transferring resistor.

Transistors are commonly used in amplification,

switching, and buffering signals or applied voltages.

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 Experiment

Objective:- To Construct A Switch Using A Transistor & To

Draw The Graph Between Input & Output Voltage & To
Mark The Cut-Off, Saturation And Active Region.

Requirements:- pnp transistor (BC 108 or 2TX300), 3V

battery, two high resistance (100KΩ, 10KΩ), 6V battery,
bulb (6V, 0.06V), 0-3 voltmeter, 0-6 voltmeter, two one
way keys, connection wires.

Theory:- In a common emitter circuit of a transistor,

emitter base make input section and is forward baised
and emitter collector junction make output section and
is reverse baised.

Appling Kirchhoff’s Law,

for input circuit, VBB= IBRB+VBE
for output circuit, VCE=VCC-ICRC
But VBB=Vi and VCC=Vo,
Then, Vi=IBRB+VBE
Vo=VCC-ICRC

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The variation in the output voltage with respect to the
variation in the input voltage for a Si transistor are shown
in the figure.

Circuit Diagram:-

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 Procedure:-
I. Make a circuit diagram.
II. Make all connections tight.
III. Note the least counts and zero errors of voltmeters.
IV. Make the voltmeters readings zero in Vi & Vo.
V. Increase the voltage from input battery VBB from 0 to
0.6V and read it in voltmeter Vi and record the
reading in voltmeter Vo.
VI. Further increase in the input voltage (0.6<Vi≤1V) and
record the reading in both voltmeters. The reading in
voltmeter Vo, decreases continuously.
VII. With further increase in Vi (Vi>1V) and again record
the reading in both voltmeters. The reading in the
output voltmeter is found to decrease in further
towards zero through it may never be zero.
VIII. Plot the reading of Vi & Vo by taking Vi on X- axis and
Vo on Y-axis.
IX. The graph will be similar to the graph shown above.

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 Observations:-

Input Voltage (Vi) Output Voltage (Vo)

0.1V 3.75V
0.2V 3.72V
0.3V 3.70V
0.4V 3.60V
0.5V 2.90V
0.6V 2V
0.7V 1.50V
0.8V 0.62V
0.9V 0.20V
1V 0.12V
1.1V 0.11V
1.2V 0.10V
1.3V 0.09V
1.4V 0.09V
1.5V 0.08V

Conclusion:-
I. When the input voltage Vi (0 to 0.6) then transistor is
in cut-off region. The transistors do not act.
II. When the input voltage Vi (0.6<Vi≤1V) then transistor
is in active region. The transistor acts.
III. The transistor in cut-off region act as switch in OFF
position and in saturation region. The transistor acts.
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IV. The transistor in cut-off region act as switch OFF
position and in saturation region act as switch in ON
position.

Result:-

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 Bibliography:-
I. https://www.google.com/
II. https://www.wikipedia.org/
III.https://www.learncbse.in/

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