Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
LANGUAGE 1
• Pre-historic period – Tribes in Britain speak Brythonic, a Celtic language.
No writing before Roman invasion.
• AD 450 – 1150 Old English period. Old English originally written with
runes, gradually replaced by adapted Latin alphabet.
OLD ENGLISH
Þȳ ilcan gēare drehton þā hergas on Ēastenglum ond on Norðhymbrum
Westseaxna lond swīðe be þǣm sūðstæðe mid stælhergum, ealra swīþust mid
ðǣm æscum þe hīe fela gēara ǣr timbredon. Þā hēt Ælfred cyng timbran lang
scipu ongēn ðā æscas; þā wǣron fulnēah tū swā lange swā þā ōðru; sume hæfdon
LX āra, sume mā; þā wǣron ǣgðer ge swiftran ge unwealtran ge ēac hīerran
þonne þā ōðru; nǣron nāwðer ne on Frēsisc gescæpene ne on Denisc, būton swā
him selfum ðūhte þæt hīe nytwyrðoste bēon meahten. Þā æt sumum cirre þæs
ilcan gēares cōmon þǣr sex scipu tō Wiht, ond þǣr mycel yfel gedydon, ǣgðer ge
on Defenum ge wel hwǣr be ðǣm sǣriman.
In the same year the plunderers in East Anglia and Northumbria greatly harassed the land of the
West Saxons around the southern shore with marauding bands, most of all with ships which they
built many years before. Then King Alfred ordered (his men) to build long ships (to be used) against
the (Danish) ships; they were almost twice as long as the others; some had 60 oars, some more.
They were both swifter and steadier and also higher than the others; they were shaped neither on
the Frisian nor on the Danish (model), but as it seemed -- to he himself -- they might be most
useful. At a certain time of the same year there came six ships to (the Isle of) Wight, and did much
mischief there, both in Devonshire and almost everywhere near the seacoast.
• by compounding:
e.g. mōdcræft ‘inteligência’; mōdlufu ‘afeto’.
The Viking Legacy
AD 787 – 1042 Viking invasions and conquest
Syntactic features:
• loss of relative pronoun in some relative clauses (e.g. the man I
saw) and placement of preposition at the end (e.g. Where do you
come from? the book I’m looking for)
• use of ‘shall’ and ‘will’ for future
• phrasal verbs
Britain AD 890
Old Norse
Þá er þeir kómu at, vissu þeir eigi hvárt Gunnarr myndi heim vera, ok báðu at
einnhverr myndi fara heim fyrir ok vita hvers víss yrði, en þeir settusk niðr á vǫllinn.
Þorgrímr austmaðr gekk upp á skálann; Gunnarr sér at rauðan kyrtil bar við
glugginum, ok leggr út með atgeirinum á hann miðjan. Þorgrími skruppu fœtrnir ok
varð lauss skjǫldrinn, ok hrataði hann ofan af þekjunni. Gengr hann síðan at þeim
Gizuri, þar er þeir sátu á vellinum. Gizurr leit við honum ok mælti, "Hvárt er Gunnarr
heima?" Þorgrímr svarar, "Viti þér þat, en hitt vissa ek, at atgeirr hans var heima."
Síðan fell hann niðr dauðr.
When they arrived, they did not know whether Gunnar would be at home, and they
said that someone should go up to the house and find out for certain, while the others
set themselves down on the ground. Thorgrim, a Norwegian, went up to the hall;
Gunnar saw that a red tunic appear at the window, and shot out a spear at his
midsection. Thorgrim's feet slipped and his shield came loose, and he tumbled down off
the thatch. Then he went back to the rest, Gizur among them, where they sat on the
ground. Gizur looked at him and said, "Is Gunnar home?"
Thorgrim answered, "You find out; but I discovered this: his spear was home." Then he
fell down dead.
1. Remove the foil lid before placing the lasagna in the oven.
2. He had to have several of his teeth extracted.
3. I will now distribute some questionnaires for you to complete.
4. Please board now as the train is about to depart.
5. I need to deposit these cheques and withdraw some cash.
6. It is prohibited to consume alcoholic beverages on these premises.
7. You would have obtained a higher grade if you had not omitted
the second paragraph of the translation.
8. Did you acquire any French during your stay in Paris?
Exercise 2
1. De onde você veio hoje?
2. O homem com quem eu falava é o diretor da escola.
3. Este é o lugar a que temos que voltar.
4. Você tem uma sacola para eu colocar as minhas
coisas?
5. O que é que você está olhando?
6. Ele finalmente achou a casa que estava procurando.
7. Você vai no carro de quem?
8. É um assunto em que não quero entrar.
9. Você sabe do que são feitas aquelas esculturas?
10. O rio é muito largo para atravessarmos a nado.
Difference between English and
Portuguese in motion expressions
• Consider the following sentences:
• With prepositional verbs, you can only place the object after the
preposition (since it is actually a prepositional object). With most
phrasal verbs, the object can also be placed before the particle:
cf. we count on your support we count your support on
we put on our coats we put our coats on
• With prepositional verbs, you can put an adverb between the verb
and the prepositional phrase. With phrasal verbs, you cannot:
cf. we count heavily on your support
we put quickly on our coats
Prepositional Phrasal Verbs
• Our definition of phrasal verbs includes cases like:
get on the bus
go up the stairs
• You cannot say get the bus on or go the stairs
up, but the stress is on the preposition and get on
and go up alone are clearly phrasals.
• You cannot put anything between verb and
preposition:
get quickly on the bus
But aren’t phrasal verbs informal?
• You may have heard that phrasal verbs are informal
and should be avoided in formal writing.
• This is FALSE. Corpus evidence shows that phrasal
verbs are frequently used even in the most formal
written contexts.
• Most phrasal verbs are neutral in register, but there are
formal, informal, slang, technical etc. phrasal verbs just
as with other lexical items
• It is true that phrasal verbs are extremely common in
everyday spoken English, so learning to use them
correctly and with confidence is one of the keys to
sounding like a native speaker!
The meaning of a phrasal verb
• The meaning of a phrasal verb is a combination of two
elements:
– the meaning of the verb
– the meaning of the particle
• The exact meaning of the particle is determined by the
meaning of the verb:
e.g. around
– with verbs denoting linear motion = in various directions
walk around, run around, dance around, look around
– with verbs denoting circular motion = in circles
turn around, spin around, whirl around
Moving beyond motion verbs
• Phrasal verbs have developed new meanings
because:
– the basic verbs have developed figurative
meanings
and/or
– the particles have developed figurative meanings
Figurative meanings of around (1)
Literal meaning Figurative meaning Examples
in various directions, to to different people ask around, phone around
different places
in various directions, to distribution, circulation go around, hand sth
different places around, pass sth around,
spread sth around
• come around
Call the waiter when you see him coming around. literal
A note came around saying there would be no school on Friday.
Why don’t you come around tonight?
My birthday’s coming around again soon.
The patient’s starting to come around from the anesthetic.
I’m glad he’s finally come around to our way of thinking. figurative
Different figurative senses
• Some particles have a wide range of figurative sentences (e.g. out,
up) so can combine with the same polysemous verb to produce
quite diverse meanings, e.g. bring up:
Literal sense: Will you bring the suitcases up?
Figurative sense 1: Bringing up children is not easy.
(cf. grow up)
Figurative sense 2: Why did you have to bring the subject up?
(cf. come up. dig up, rake up)
Figurative sense 3: I brought up my dinner.
(cf. cough up, throw up)
Figurative sense 4: The salesman brought the prices up on the
screen for me to look at.
(cf. come up, hang up, put up)
Exercise 5
• Read the following sentences. Identify five different
figurative meanings of off and put the sentences into pairs:
I’m not sure I’ll be able to get that day off.
We’ll get the contract off to you today.
Get off – you’re hurting me!
He got off with a $200 fine.
I’m getting off at the next stop.
I have to get the kids off by 8.00 a.m.
Her father’s hired a top lawyer to get her off.
What time do you get off on Fridays?
Would you please get your feet off the table?
The cabin crew helped to get the passengers off safely.
The grammar of phrasal verbs
• In terms of grammar, we can distinguish three
main types of phrasal verb:
1. verb + adverb (“classic” phrasal)