Inglês - Articles and Conjunctions (Artigos e Conjunções) .

Blog do Enem Inglês – Articles and Conjunctions (artigos e conjunções).
Questão 01 - (UNIFOR CE/2014) Leia as sentenças abaixo e marque a opção correta de acordo com o uso dos
artigos definido e indefinido:
I. Can you play a guitar?

II. I once played the guitar which had only five strings.
III. She started learning the piano at the age of five.
IV. I’ve always had a flute, ever since I was a child.
V. I’m afraid the violin is an instrument I never mastered.
a) Todas estão corretas.

b) Todas estão incorretas.
c) Apenas os itens I e II estão errados.
d) Apenas os itens III, IV, e V estão errados.
e) Apenas os itens I, III e V estão corretos.
Questão 02 - (URCA CE/2008)

Survival of the cutest
Thousands of creatures will qietly disappear if we only focus on the most fascinating species.
The struggle to preserve the world’s biodiversity is being compromised by fatal flaws in the way conservations
draw up their lists of endangered species. An australian botanist warms that the lists reflect the plants and animals
that scientists are most interested in studying, rather than the most threatned species or those at risk of extinction.
For instance, says Mark burgman of the University of Melbourne, lists compiled and used by organizations such
as the World Conservation Union (IUCN) and the Secretariat to the CITES agreement are heavily biased toward
birds, mammals and flowering plants, to the detriment of less charismatic species such as insects and fungi. If no
one tackles the problem, Burgman believes we will unwittingly focus our conservation efforts in the wrong places,
and fail to stop the biggest mass extinction since dinosaurs. Rare species lists contain fewer threatened insects
than birds, although we know of nearly a milion insect species and fewer than 10,000 birds. That’s because most
insects are poorly studied, says Burgman. For most, all that we have is a specimen in a museum and a brief
formal description, he says. Generally, little or nothing is known about their habitat and abundance, and no one
may have looked for them since their discovery. ―We assume all’s well because we don’t have any evidence,
and we don’t have evidence because we haven’t looked‖, Burgman says. Georgina Mace, director of science athe
Zoological Society of London and chair of the Species Survival Comittee, thinks Burgman has identified real
problems. Yet she says that groups like the IUCN are adressing them. Starting with amphibians, it has begun
assessing the global health of whole groups of related animals, species by species. Putting a species on the Red
List is like assessing people coming into a hospital emergency room, she says. It’s not a robust prediction of what
will happen, but it’s a quick way to pick out the sickest. But Burgman says that the criteria for assessing whether a
species will go extinct vary from country to country and from study to study. He has compared a range of studies
and found that different methods produce very inconsisitent results. He says conservation scientists ―need to get
our act together‖ and develop a uniform set of tools that everyone can test and agree upon. Even ―extinction‖
can be hard to define, he points out. A surprising number of species have been declared extinct, only to resurface
later after people had given up looking for them. (Jeff Hecht in New
Scientists, jan, 2002, p.5)
VOCABULARY :
Struggle – effort; fight Flaw – fault; error
Draw up – compose; design
Threatened – at risk, endangered
Biased – inclined; to be disposed to a certain preference
Tackle (v) – confront, attack
Unwittingly – unintentionally
Brief – short
Pick out (v) – select, choose
Range – variety
Tool – instrument
Resurface (v) – reappear
Choose the correct answer to complete the sentence:

Carol is _________ economist. She used to work in _________ investment department of Loyds bank. Now she
works for ______ American bank in ________ United States.
1
a) an – a – an – Ø
b) a – an – the – the
c) a – an – an – Ø
d) an – the – an – the
e) an – the – Ø – the
Questão 03 - (UFAC/2007) Complete the paragraph below with an appropriate article.
POVERTY´S PREVALENCE
According to ______ most recent United States census (1995), 36.4 million people live below ______ federal
poverty line. For ______ family of four, ______ poverty level is ______ income of $15,562, for ______ family of
three, $12,158. Of all demographic groups, poverty is highest among female-headed families with children.
Children make up 40 percent of ______ poor, though they are 27 percent of ______ total population. About 15
million children live in poverty, and the poverty rate for children is higher than any other group.
(From Teen, Dec. 1997.)
a) the, a, the, the, a, a, the, the
b) the, a, a, the, an, a, an, the
c) the, the, the, the, the, the, the, a
d) the, the, a, the, an, a, the, the
e) a, a, a, a, an, a, a, the
Questão 04 - (UNIFOR CE/2006)
Coughing Kitties
Maryann Mott
Feline asthma [TO BE] a new disease. It was first described in scientific literature more than 90 years ago,
says veterinarian Philip Padrid of the Family Pet Animal Hospital in Chicago.
Nicki Reed, a veterinarian at the University of Edinburgh’s Hospital for Small Animals, says that when a
coughing cat is brought to the clinic, she must first establish if [ARTICLE] cause is [ARTICLE] infection, asthma,
or something more sinister, like a lung mass.
To do this, Reed usually performs an x-ray, takes a lung fluid sample, and conducts a bronchcoscopy _ an
examination that uses a flexible microscope inserted into the cat's airway.
Most of the time, asthma is a mild disease, Reed says. But in some cases cat’s lungs collapse or their ribs
fracture due to difficulty in breathing.
"I think if we can identify asthmatic cats quite early and get treatments on board to suppress their cough, then
hopefully we can avoid them coming to such extremes," she said.
(Adapted from http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/10/1025_051025_cat_asthma.html)
In she must first establish if [ARTICLE] cause is [ARTICLE] infection..., the correct forms of the articles are,
respectively,
a) the _ the.
b) a _ the.
c) the _ an.
d) a _ an.
e) a _ a.
Questão 05 - (UFES/2005)
If It’s a Laughing Matter, Call In Julie Hette
PARIS— Julie Hette wears a serious suit and has a serious job as a receptionist at one of France’s biggest
corporations. She might even be called a serious young woman— she cries at movies and wants to devote her
life to humanitarian causes— but, more than most people, she laughs.
She laughs at dinner parties and bar mitzvahs and film premieres. She recently pre-recorded April Fool’s peals of
laughter for a French radio station. She is a professional laugher, as far as she knows the only one in France, not
the most giggly country in the world.
“The French are stiff and self-centered, they are open to nothing. Not to a smile, a laugh. Nothing.” This makes
work harder but success, more resonant. “I am very wholehearted,” she says. “To bring laughter is fabulous.”
2
She has been hired to laugh in Japan, so triumphantly that she now has a Japanese agent, and she has laughed
on an American television program where she was introduced as the “French Toast.” It all began in the east of
France, where she grew up with a laugh so loud that schoolteachers sent her out of class and friends would say
“shut up, you’re bothering us.” Even today, her mother, when they go to the movies together, sits a few rows
away so as not to be ashamed.
Then one night she went to the circus and laughed at the clown, who responded by making her laugh again to the
point where a whole number evolved and the circus director hired her to come back.
“I found it wonderful to be paid for what had always been forbidden.” To train herself she went on to the Métro to
see if she could make straphangers laugh, which she did so successfully that she then had to train herself to
stop. A voice teacher taught her how to control her breathing and she took an ad in a show biz magazine,
L’information du Spectacle, describing herself as a “rieuse professionelle.”
She was 20 (she is now 33) and spent the next five years laughing full-time. “In the beginning I did it everywhere
just to show I was a professional. I don’t do that now, but if people suggest something interesting I say why not?”
She has of course read Bergson and also Heinrich Böll’s short story about the professional laugher whose
repertory is so vast that he has never heard his own laugh. Hette has no repertory but relies on variations of her
own megadecibel hoot, which billows in a full throated way and also grates like a dentist’s drill. It has, she says,
been compared to a jalopy that won’t start.
Her first break came when a woman who had seen her ad hired her to laugh at her father’s funny stories at New
Year’s Eve party. The father was a high-up functionary with a penchant for terrible jokes. Hette took lessons in
which fork to use and other branches of Neuilly etiquette, appeared at the grand and stuffy party and laughed
herself silly to the host’s great pleasure.
“It was a nice gift that girl made to her father, he was so happy that night,” Hette said.
She has been hired to laugh at the graduation ceremony of France’s grandest grande école, ENA, has done a lot
of television and has become a fixture at openings of not-very-funny comic films. “This can be tricky because my
laugh shouldn’t drown out the next gag. In French films this isn’t much of a problem,” she added.
One of her early successes came when Paco Rabanne hired her to laugh during his fashion show. “My laugh
does have a metallic quality,” she explained. In the current French presidential campaign she would never accept
an offer from a candidate to laugh at his rival’s electoral promises because she won’t laugh to offend.
She has laughed at fancy dinners when the hosts are entertaining a dull provincial client and is proudest of a
letter she got from a 75-year-old man who heard her on the radio and laughed for the first time in 20 years. For a
while when she was new to the trade she went to the movies Sundays with an elderly man whose laugh was as
wild as hers.
“His laugh was so irritating that he didn’t dare go to the movies alone, so we went together and had tea
afterwards. It didn’t pay well but it was pleasant.” These days her fees range from 1,500 to 2,500 francs ($300 to
$500).
A speech expert told her that her laugh cannot leave people indifferent: it often irritates and people say “kindly
shut up” or “do you want an aspirin?” Having been told she sounds like a chicken, she went to the Paris quai
where animals are sold and laughed in front of a rooster. He crowed back. If she decides to practice when she is
alone at a café, people tend to back away, thinking she is a street crazy, but, when she explains she is an artiste
all is well.
Her dream is to be on a crane high over the Place de la Concorde, laughing as infectiously as she can to the
crowd below. “To make half of Paris laugh, it would be fabulous.”
But these are hard times. Recently, for training purposes she got on the Métro and laughed, which she hasn’t
done for eight years. “I realized how hard it is now. People are depressed and constantly harassed by
panhandlers. They just aren’t in the mood.”
It’s just enough to make one cry.
(Blune, Mary. In: Morning Edition, 2000.)
ALL THE QUESTIONS IN THIS EXAM MUST BE ANSWERED IN ENGLISH
Look at the underlined words or phrases in the following sentences and circle the error in each sentence. Rewrite the
sentence correcting that error.
A sun is very bright today. I need to buy a cap at the store.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
___.
3
Questão 06 - (UFMA/2006)
DISCOVERING NEW YORK
This month TRAVEL magazine will take you to _____ unforgettable journey through _____ most charming and
posh places of
_____ city claimed to be _____ capital of _____world, New York City.
The Island of Manhattan, one of the five districts of New York, is the richest, most urban and most filled with
attractions. The largest green area of the Manhattan Island, with 340 hectares of woods, grass and lakes, Central
Park is one of the great surprises in the city.
Fifth Avenue, one of the most famous addresses in the world, marks the middle of the city, like Greenwich
Meridian, in London, marks the middle of the Earth. Some of the most expensive and luxurious stores are located
there, just like some of the best museums.
A present from the French government to the United States in 1866, The Statue of Liberty is one of the most
visited spots in New York. It is not located in Manhattan, but rather in Liberty Island, a small island between Wall
Street and Staten Island
The missing articles in the first paragraph are respectively:
a) a – the – a – the – a.
b) an – the – a – the – the.
c) the – a – a – the – the.
d) a – an – the – a – the.
e) an – the – a – the – a.
Questão 07 - (UECE CE/2004)

THE TREE MASSACRE
by Alex Shoumatoff
11 25
The paper industry is destroying one of America's last great stands of native forest to bring you fresh
12
shopping bags and toilet paper.
9
If there were an international tribunal that prosecuted crimes against the planet, like the one in The Hague that
23 22
deals with crimes against humanity, what is happening on the Cumberland Plateau in eastern Tennessee
would undoubtedly be indictable.
1
The crime -- one of many clandestine ecocides American corporations are committing around the world -- has
2 28 30
taken place over three decades. About 200,000 acres on this tableland have already been clear-cut by the
13 3 10
paper industry, and the cutting continues . Where once grew some of the most biologically rich hardwood
4
forest in North America's Temperate Zone (which extends from the Gulf of Mexico to southern Canada), there are
now row after row of fast-growing loblolly pine trees genetically engineered to yield the most pulp in the shortest
26 5
time. But the paper industry's insatiable appetite for timber has met with unexpected competition from an
6
equally voracious insect. In the last four years, an estimated 50 to 70 percent of the pines planted on the plateau
31 32
have been devoured by the southern pine beetle. The entire South has been ravaged by the worst outbreak in
its history of this native predator of pine trees, caused by the tremendous increase in the amount of pine available
20
for it to eat on the industry plantations that have replaced the native forest. Unable to salvage its dead timber,
17 7 16
the paper industry has been losing hundreds of millions of dollars. Yet it seems still committed to destroying
24
what remains of the extraordinarily lush forest on the Cumberland Plateau, which, along with eastern
Tennessee's Great Valley and the Cumberland Mountains, has the highest concentration of endangered species
in North America. The loss of biodiversity is tragic but also absurd economically; it doesn't even make good
business sense.
14 33
Not many people are aware of what is taking place . Nearly 90 percent of the Cumberland Plateau is in private
18
hands and exempt from all but a few government regulations . The federal and state agencies that are supposed
15 34
to be regulating the paper, timber, and mining industries are populated with these companies' former
4
29 35
executives and have come to view these industries as clients whose permits and projects should be facilitated
27
rather than scrutinized. But a quarter of the world's paper and 60 percent of America's wood products are
19 36 8
being produced in the South, and the will to address the abuses of the paper industry, which contributes
millions of dollars to the campaign coffers of politicians around the country, just isn't there -- certainly not in
Tennessee.
There's another reason for the lack of public awareness: Much of the devastation is hidden from view by thin
"beauty strips" of native forest left along the plateau's highways. The only way to get the full picture is to go up in a
small plane and see it from the air.
VOCABULÁRIO
loblolly pine – espécie de pinheiro
beetle – besouro, inseto
timber – madeira
to ravage – devastar
Indique a opção onde o artigo definido (THE) está empregado corretamente:

a) the Gulf of Mexico, the Canada, the Cumberland Mountains, the Guatemala
b) the Gulf of Mexico, the North America, the Philippines, the Alasca,
c) the Amazon River, the Hague, the Hymalayas, the Seine
d) the Mississippi River, the South America, the Andes, the Seine
Questão 08 - (UFSC/1998)
ARE COMPUTERS GOOD EDUCATORS?
Computers are becoming more and more prevalent in our schools; even five-year-olds are learning how to use
1
them . Many child development experts are worried that computers may deprive children of their childhood by
pushing them into formal
2 3
education too early in life. Others feel that computers do not replace child play; they simply enhance it by
freeing the imagination, for example in allowing children to write stories on the computer. Most people would
probably agree, however, that it is too soon to know how computers will affect the education of children.
Interviewer: Should computers be encouraged in schools?
4
Reply 1: We've had many other fads in education, like tape recorders and television, and these things were not
the alvation of our schools.
The computer is just another fad. It'll die out in a few years, you'll see.
Reply 2: Educators are too conservative to use computers wisely in the schools. So far, computers have been
used mostly for drill work, and doing drills is not the best way to learn. I'm against using computers in schools
unless some more imaginative uses are found for them.
Reply 3: Using the computer to write can be very freeing for children. Because they do not have to worry about
5
holding a pencil and shaping letters, they can concentrate on what they are writing, and their stories can become
very imaginative. I think using computers for writing is very worthwhile. Let's keep them.
Reply 4: Children should learn the basics of computers simply because computers are affecting our everyday
world in so many ways.
6
We don't want to raise computer illiterates. We'd better let children become acquainted with them in school.
Reply 5: If you start children with computers too early in life, the computers will control the children. Children need
7
to be active, to be outdoors; they don't need to be silently hooked to a computer.
Reply 6: As long as children get a balanced education, I see nothing wrong with encouraging children to learn to
use computers in school.
Working with a computer can help you to learn math and accounting. And if writing on the computer helps you
become a better reader, what's wrong with that?
From: Effective Writing
Jean Withrow
Cambridge University Press - 1990
prevalent - predominante, comum
to deprive – privar
to enhance – intensificar
to allow - permitir, possibilitar
fad - modismo, mania
wise - sábio
drills - exercícios de repetição
to shape - dar forma
5
worthwhile - útil, conveniente

to raise - criar, educar
to acquaint - familiarizar-se
to hook - prender
Choose the proposition(s) which can CORRECTLY complete the following sentence:
________ educators in our country are very conservative.
01. An
02. The
04. Some
08. This
16. Much
32. That
64. Few
Questão 09 - (UFES/2016)
Learning styles and language learning
(1)
Research in the field of Second Language Acquisition shows that students learn in different ways, so what works
well for one learner may not be useful for another. Since learning styles seem to be a relatively stable learner
characteristic, teachers may not be able to exert as much influence over this learner variable as, perhaps, over
motivation. However, it has been recommended that teachers should adapt classroom tasks in order to maximize
the potential of individual learners with particular learning styles. It has also been found that it is also possible that
learners over time can be encouraged to incorporate approaches to learning they were resisting in the past. The
challenge is to successfully design and deliver language instruction relevant to a multiplicity of learning styles.
It is possible that learning style may vary according to individuals, but also there may be stylistic variation
according to gender, age, or nationality. This may mean, for instance, that classes with a majority of male
students may have a different dominant style from a mainly female class, and may require different types of
activities which cater for their needs. The key for teachers in planning instruction is to be aware of the multiple
ways students learn best.
During the planning and preparation stage, teachers should include a variety of language learning tasks so as to
allow learners with different styles to do well and achieve success. Materials should be selected from a variety of
scholarly books, refereed journals, the Internet, magazines and newspapers, videos, documents, and so on,
since different students will have different interests, and will respond more or less favorably to different stimuli.
Teachers should also remember that one of the most important contributions of the learning styles concept to
language teaching is the understanding that there is no one “best” method for every student.
(2)
In order to successfully teach language to children and adults of different cultures, ethnicities, and/or nationalities,
teachers need to become familiar with various methods for teaching diverse populations and develop a strong
knowledge of and empathy for the learners. This knowledge includes the learners’ cultures and languages, their
personality structures, their learning styles, their identities, and their inner selves.
Only then can adequate and appropriate learning and teaching decisions be made. Therefore, this implies that
good methods and good textbooks cannot be simply imported and good language teachers cannot be simply
transferred from one cultural context into the next and be expected to be just as successful in the new
environment.
It is clear that learning is very influenced by culture. In settings where the teacher–student relationship is
characterized by a high index in power distance (Hofstede, 1980), classroom communication, for example, might
look very different compared to settings where the power distance index is low. This will influence the special
characteristics of what good communication looks like. We must also be aware that this index may change over
time. There are many factors that need to be considered in relation to good language learning. These factors
include learning attitudes, learning motivation, and values attributed to learning as well as values associated with
learning and education in society.
6
Today we know that culture as well as other learner variables determine whether a language learner has a strong
drive to communicate and to learn from communication or not. Culture influences whether learners are inhibited
or not, whether and how much they practice and so on.
(GRIFFITHS, Carol (ed.) Lessons from Good Language Learners .
Cambridge University Press, 2008. p. 137).
Decide which gap(s) below need(s) to be completed with a word and which one(s) must be left blank. For those
requiring a word, write it in the gap. For those requiring nothing, mark a cross (X).
1. Researchers failed to understand ____ nature of ____ problem, he argued.

2. As my friend from ____ school said, ____ life is what happens to you while you're busy making other plans.
3. ____ Brazilians are often regarded as friendly and free-spirited, with ____ incredible zest for life.
4. What has been ____ longest war-free period in ____ History?
5. It is now well-known that ____ exercising and ____ sleep are supposed to be very good for your health.
Questão 10 - (UFRGS/2014)
01 02 03
“Fan” is ........ abbreviated form of “fanatic”, which has ........ roots in ........ Latin word “fanaticus”, which
04 05 06
simply meant “belonging to the temple, a devotee”. But these words quickly assumed negative
07 08
connotations, to the point of becoming references to excessive religious belief and to any mistaken
enthusiasm.
09 10 11
Based on such connotations, news reports frequently characterize fans as psychopaths ........ frustrated
12 13
fantasies of intimate relationships with stars or unsatisfied desires to achieve stardom take violent and
14 15 16
antisocial forms. Whether viewed as a religious fanatic, a psychopathic killer, a neurotic fantasist, or a lust-
17 18
crazed groupie, the fan remains a “fanatic” with interests alien to the realm of “normal” cultural experience
19
and a mentality dangerously out of touch with reality.
20 21 22
To understand the logic behind this discursive construction of fans, we must reconsider what we mean
23 24 25
by taste. Concepts of “good taste,” appropriate conduct, or aesthetic merit are not natural or universal;
26 27
rather, they are rooted in social experience and reflect particular class interests. Taste becomes one of the
28 29 30
important means by which social distinctions are maintained and class identities are forged. Those who
31 32
“naturally” possess appropriate tastes “deserve” a privileged position, while the tastes of others are seen as
33 34 35
underdeveloped. Taste distinctions determine desirable and undesirable ways of relating to cultural
36
objects, strategies of interpretation and styles of consumption.
37 38 39
The stereotypical conception of the fan reflects anxieties about the violation of dominant cultural
40 42 43
hierarchies. The fans’ transgression of bourgeois taste disrupt dominant cultural hierarchies, insuring that
44 45
their preferences be seen as abnormal and threatening by those who have an interest in the maintenance of
46 47
these standards (even by those who may share similar tastes but express them in different ways).
Adapted from: JENKINS, Henry. Textual Poachers: Television Fans and
Participatory Culture. New York / London: Routledge, 1992. p. 12-16.
Select the alternative which correctly fills in the gaps in references 01 and 02, in the order they appear.
a) the – the – a
b) the – its – a
c) the – it’s – the
d) an – it’s – the
e) an – its – the
Questão 11 - (Unemat MT/2012)

LIVING WITHOUT ENERGY
1
Everyone says that we must use less energy! But how? That is the big question. In this article, you can read
about the house of the future, which uses hardly any energy at all...
7
5
Most houses use energy - lots of it. We use energy for heating, lighting, for running our household appliances -
TV's, washing machines, fridges, and so on. In winter time, most houses use dozens of kilowatts of electricity
every day, or the equivalent in gas.
10
The house in the photo, on the other hand, uses virtually nothing: most of the energy that it uses comes straight
from the sun, the wind or the ground. This is an experimental house at the University of Nottingham, and it could
be the kind of house that most people are living in fifty years from now.
15
During the daytime, it is rarely necessary to turn on an electric light, even in rooms without windows. Sunlight,
or daylight, is "piped" through the house, into each room, through special high-reflection aluminium tubes. You
can see how well they reflect light, by looking at the reflections of the faces in the picture!
http://linguapress.com/intermediate/no-energy.htm
Na frase “This is an experimental house at the University of Nottingham” (ref. 10), observe o artigo sublinhado e
assinale a alternativa correta.
a) Usa-se o artigo an somente com o pronome demonstrativo This is..

b) Usa-se o artigo an somente com palavras com mais de uma sílaba como é o caso do adjetivo experimental.
c) Usa-se o artigo an antes de um substantivo ou um adjetivo iniciado por vogal.
d) O artigo an deve ser usado somente depois de um substantivo ou adjetivo.
e) O artigo an nunca deve ser usado antes de vogal.
Questão 12 - (UFAC/2002) Assinale a alternativa na qual o uso do artigo está incorreto:

a) They have a dog called Rover and a cat.
b) I need an advice.
c) I’d like a glass of milk and a cheese sandwich.
d) Do you know the answer?
e) Have you seen the screwdriver?
Questão 13 - (UERJ/2016)
images1.fanpop.com
And I should know. (panel 4)

Modal verbs can be used to refer to a speaker’s attitude.
The modal should indicates that Calvin believes his knowledge of the bad quality of the TV show would be
characterized as:
a) desirable
b) probable
c) surprising
d) mandatory
8
Questão 14 - (Centro UniversitÃ¡rio de Franca SP/2016)

Students Cannot Multi-Task with
Mobile Phones and Studying
There is bad news for students who like to use their mobile phones while they study. New research shows that
students do not learn very well when they are texting and checking their social media accounts. The study, called
“Mobile Phones in the Classroom: Examining the Effects of Texting, Twitter, and Message Content on Student
Learning,” looked at 145 American university students in the classroom and tracked the responses and results of
students watching a lecture on a video, and then taking notes and answering questions, while facing a series of
interruptions on their internet- connected mobile phones.
Some of the students were asked “irrelevant” questions about their social life while others were sent links and
questions relevant to the lecture content. Still some other students watched the lecture without interruptions.
Afterwards, they were tested via multiple choice questions to see how much information they had retained and,
out of that, how the presence of online distractions had affected their ability to retain and process information.
Although the study concluded that the use of mobile phones definitely produced lower results, students who were
sent relevant material were affected less negatively than those whose messages had a more social focus.
Jeffrey Kuznekoff, the head researcher, said that one of the biggest challenges teachers have in the
classroom is the non-stop battle of keeping students working. He said many students felt they needed to be
online and checking messages even when they had important work to do in class. The researchers said it is very
common for students to be physically present in class, but mentally absent because they are using their mobiles.
Kuznekoff said teachers were fighting a “losing battle” because students were more interested in social media
than learning.
A study of a similar nature, conducted by the London School of Economics in four English cities, found that
banning mobile phones produced a 6% increase in marks in schools. As the debate in the UK continues over the
role of mobile devices in class, these results could be influential. “It is a common occurrence to observe students
who are physically present, yet mentally preoccupied by non- course- related material on their mobile devices,”
said the US researchers, who eventually concluded that it was the lowest- achieving students who were most at
risk of succumbing to the distraction of mobile phones.
(www.breakingnewsenglish.com / www.huffingtonpost.co.uk. Adaptado.)
No trecho do último parágrafo “who are physically present, yet mentally preoccupied by non- course- related
material”, a palavra em negrito transmite a ideia de
a) adição.
b) contraste.
c) alternativa.
d) resultado.
e) efeito.
Questão 15 - (FM PetrÃ³polis RJ/2016)

Medical Technology
1 2 3
Medical technologies benefit the lives of people in many ways. Through the use of such technologies,
4 5
people can live healthier, more productive and independent lives. Many individuals who previously may have
6 7
been chronically ill, disabled, or suffering chronic pain can now look forward to leading normal or close-to-
normal lives.
8 9 10
In the treatment of cardiovascular disease, the use of coronary stents – artificial tubes used in cases of
11 12
coronary heart disease to keep the arteries open – has halved the number of those dying from heart attacks
13 14
or suffering heart failure. Patients with an Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) – a small device
15 16
implanted for those at risk of sudden cardiac death – now have a 98% chance of surviving a cardiac arrest,
17
compared with only 5% without the implantable device.
18 19 20
For those who suffer from diabetes – a disease which is becoming increasingly common, and which
21 22
places a substantial burden on health systems – now have access to very accurate blood glucose monitoring
23 24
technologies. This means that patients can monitor on a daily basis and control their condition much more
25 26
effectively, sharply reducing the risk of suffering the common but debilitating complications of diabetes, such
as blindness and peripheral nerve damage.
27 28 29
Those undergoing surgical procedures also benefit from the ongoing advances in medical technology.
30 31
The minimally-invasive surgical techniques which are now used to treat aneurysms can mean a recovery
32 33
time of around four weeks, compared with over a year for older procedures. Using new medical technologies,
34 35
endometrial ablation, as an alternative to hysterectomy, has a recovery time of just two to four days; the
36
alternative needed six to eight weeks.
9
37 38
What other benefits does medical technology deliver to society?
39 40
Innovative medical technology is an increasingly important driver for delivering efficiencies in healthcare
41 42 43
systems. Despite consuming a low and relatively constant 5-10% of national health expenditure, between
44 45
2000 and 2008, medical technology has reduced hospital stays by an average of around 13%. This shift from
46 47
in-patient to out-patient care provides substantial cost savings, as well as improving quality of life. Given the
48 49
combination of Europe’s ageing demographic and the current economic climate, the value of these increased
50
efficiencies cannot be overstated.
51 52 53
Cataract surgery, for example, which used to require a three to five day hospital stay, is now almost
54 55
universally undertaken in day-care centres. Total knee replacements provide a cost-effectiveness ratio of
56 57
around €14,000 per quality-adjusted life year (measure assessing the value for money of a medical
58 59
intervention), by rehabilitating those people who would previously have required considerable home life
support.
60 61 62
Just as important is the role that medical technology plays in allowing people to remain valuable and
63 64
contributing members of society. Conditions such as cataracts or severe arthritis would previously have
65 66
delayed or prevented people from returning to work or even to normal day-to-day life. However, the
67 68
advances made by the industry in treating these conditions have helped overcome these challenges,
69 70
reducing or removing the hurdles to rehabilitation. This significantly improves quality of life and selfesteem for
71 72
many individuals. Equally important is medical technology’s role in keeping Europe’s ageing workforce
73
active, assisting the European Union to remain competitive in the global economy.
74 75
What are the wider economic benefits of medical technology?
76 77 78
The medical technology industry is a sizeable contributor to the European economy. It provides large
79 80
numbers of high-quality jobs, attracts substantial inward investment and has created a hub for innovation.
81 82 83
The European market size is estimated at roughly €100 billion – around 30% of the world market. The
84 85
sector directly employs around 575,000 people in Europe, many of those in highly skilled, high-value
86 87
innovative jobs. Furthermore, some 95% of medical technology companies are Small and Medium sized
88 89
Enterprises (SMEs) sector, most of which are dedicated to investing in research and development. On
90 91
average the medical technology industry reinvests around 8% of sales into product research and
development.
92 93 94
This continuous cycle of investment has made Europe a hub of excellence for innovation in medical
95 96
technology. The industry is growing at more than 4% per annum, and is attracting increasing amounts of
97
inward investment, outstripping the United States as a target for venture capital.
Available at: <http://www.eucomed.org/medical-
technology/ value-benefi ts>. Retrieved on: July 30th, 2015. Adapted.
In the fragment of the text “Despite consuming a low and relatively constant 5-10% of national health expenditure,
between 2000 and 2008, medical technology has reduced hospital stays by an average of around 13%” (Refs.
41-44), the connector despite introduces an idea of
a) concession
b) time sequence
c) cause
d) addition
e) condition
Questão 16 - (UCS RS/2016)

Victoria and Albert: how a royal love changed culture
By Lucinda Hawksley
01 02
When Queen Victoria inherited the British throne just a few weeks after her 18th birthday, there was
03
immediate speculation __________ who she would marry. Few had foreseen that this little-known princess
04 05
would become their monarch. But when the country found itself with a young queen after so many dissolute
Hanoverian kings, it seemed that an exciting new era was beginning.
06 07
Queen Victoria’s mother and the government had expected her to marry her cousin Prince Ernst.
08
__________ when Victoria fell in love with Ernst’s younger brother, Albert, the public was fascinated. The
09
media made much of the fact that the queen’s fiancé was of her own choosing and that she, being of a higher
10 11
rank, had proposed. This overwhelming love shared by a queen and her prince would change British culture
10
12
forever. Many of the traditions we take for granted today, and the artistic legacies we celebrate, emerged from
13
Victoria and Albert’s marriage.
14 15
Both the queen and her consort were accomplished artists, as well as great collectors. In addition to
16
paintings and sculpture, the couple also commissioned love tokens from jewellers and helped boost that
17 18
industry. When Prince Albert gave Queen Victoria an engagement ring – an item little known in Britain in the
19
first half of the 19th Century – he began a new fashion that has endured ever since.
20 21
Gift-giving as we know it now took its form __________ Victoria and Albert too. They gave – and
22
expected – gifts at every wedding anniversary, birthday and Christmas celebration, usually of works of art. (And
23 24
of course we all know how Albert helped introduce the German tradition of the Christmas tree into British
25
life.) They loved to surprise each other with a ‘secret’ present, such as the surprisingly sexy painting of the
26
young Victoria, with tendrils of hair tumbling over bare shoulders, by German artist Franz Winterhalter (1805-
27 28
73). The painting was commissioned by the queen as a present for Albert, in 1843. Over a decade after his
29
death, the queen wrote fondly about the painting in her journal as “my darling Albert’s favourite picture”.
30 31
Despite the fact that Victoria and Albert often favoured artists from Germany, most notably Winterhalter,
32
they also commissioned British artists. At Christmas 1841, the queen gave Prince Albert a painting by Edwin
33 34
Landseer of the prince’s favourite greyhound, Eos, and Landseer was regularly engaged to paint their pets
35
from then on. The queen also loved the works of the Pre-Raphaelite rebel turned society-portrait painter John
36
Everett Millais (1829-1896), whose portrait of her adored Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli was ordered to be
37 38
garlanded with black mourning when Disraeli died. In the 1850s, Frederic Leighton knew his career as a
39
painter was assured when his first major sale was to the queen. Cimabue’s Celebrated Madonna, painted
40
when Leighton was living in Rome, was exhibited at the Royal Academy exhibition of 1855. Victoria wrote in
41
her journal “Albert was enchanted by it – so much so that he made me buy it”.
42 43
Scottish authors Robert Louis Stevenson and Sir Walter Scott also owe Victoria a debt – in fact, the royal
44
couple’s love of Scotland also changed the very idea of what was ‘British’. Until her reign, Scotland and
45 46
England’s rivalry remained at a fever pitch, with England seeing itself as superior. But when the queen fell in
47
love with Scotland, visiting her home in Balmoral as often as she could, the rest of the British Isles did likewise.
48
Suddenly tartan was immensely fashionable and couture houses reflected the new trend.
49 50
Artistic collectors such as the queen and prince consort were an absolutely vital part of Britain’s artistic
51
heritage and their love of the arts helped to transform the country. In a world hidebound by the rigidity of the
52 53
class system, an entirely new stratum of society – a creative class – was created throughout Queen
54
Victoria’s reign. By the last quarter of the 19th Century, successful artists, writers, artisans and actors had
become considered a new elite.
Disponível em: <http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20150623-
victoria-albert-cultural-impact>. Acesso em: 3 ago. 15. (Parcial e adaptado.)
Assinale a alternativa cujos elementos melhor substituem, respectivamente, os termos sublinhados nos
segmentos a seguir.
I. Despite the fact that Victoria and Albert often favoured artists from Germany (Ref. 30).
II. Scottish authors Robert Louis Stevenson and Sir Walter Scott also owe Victoria a debt – in fact, the
royal couple’s love of Scotland (Refs. 42 e 43).
a) While – because of it
b) Although – in reality
c) Even if – besides
d) Though – so
e) Yet – in truth
Questão 17 - (UNIFESP SP/2016)

Poverty may hinder kids’ brain development, study says
Reduced gray matter, lower test scores reported for poor children
July 20, 2015
11
Poverty appears to affect the brain development of children, hampering the growth of gray matter and
impairing their academic performance, researchers report. Poor children tend to have as much as 10 percent less
gray matter in several areas of the brain associated with academic skills, according to a study published July 20
in JAMA Pediatrics. “We used to think of poverty as a ‘social’ issue, but what we are learning now is that it is a
biomedical issue that is affecting brain growth,” said senior study author Seth Pollak, a professor of psychology,
pediatrics, anthropology and neuroscience at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
The results could have profound implications for the United States, where low-income students now represent
the majority of kids in public schools, the study authors said in background information. Fifty-one percent of public
school students came from low-income families in 2013.
Previous studies have shown that children living in poverty tend to perform poorly in school, the authors say.
They have markedly lower test scores, and do not go as far in school as their well-off peers.
To see whether this is due to some physical effect that poverty might have on a child’s brain, Pollak and his
colleagues analyzed MRI scans of 389 typically developing kids aged 4 to 22, assessing the amount of gray
matter in the whole brain as well as the frontal lobe, temporal lobe and hippocampus. “Gray matter contains most
of the brain’s neuronal cells,” Pollak said. “In other words, other parts of the brain – like white matter – carry
information from one section of the brain to another. But the gray matter is where seeing and hearing, memory,
emotions, speech, decision making and self-control occur.”
Children living below 150 percent of the federal poverty level – US$ 36,375 for a family of four – had 3 percent
to 4 percent less gray matter in important regions of their brain, compared to the norm, the authors found. Those
in families living below the federal poverty level fared even worse, with 8 percent to 10 percent less gray matter in
those same brain regions. The federal poverty level in 2015 is US$ 24,250 for a family of four. These same kids
scored an average of four to seven points lower on standardized tests, the researchers said.
The team estimated that as much as 20 percent of the gap in test scores could be explained by reduced brain
development. A host of poverty-related issues likely contribute to developmental lags in children’s brains, Pollak
said. Low-income kids are less likely to get the type of stimulation from their parents and environment that helps
the brain grow, he said. For example, they hear fewer new words, and have fewer opportunities to read or play
games. Their brain development also can be affected by factors related to impoverishment, such as high stress
levels, poor sleep, crowding and poor nutrition, Pollak said.
This study serves as a call to action, given what’s already known about the effects of poverty on child
development, said Dr. Joan Luby, a professor of child psychiatry at Washington University School of Medicine in
St. Louis. “The thing that’s really important about this study in the context of the broader literature is that there
really is enough scientific evidence to take public health action at this point,” said Luby, who wrote an editorial
accompanying the study. “Poverty negatively affects brain development, and we also know that early
interventions are powerfully effective,” Luby said. “They are more effective than interventions later in life, and they
also are cost-effective.”
(www.nlm.nih.gov. Adaptado.)
No trecho do quarto parágrafo “To see whether this is due to some physical effect that poverty might have on a
child’s brain”, a expressão em destaque introduz uma
a) finalidade.
b) causa.
c) condição.
d) reiteração.
e) estimativa.
Questão 18 - (UNIFICADO RJ/2016)
What Your Facebook Use Reveals About Your

Personality: Likes, shares, and comments reveal a lot about who you are.
12
1 2 3
Every day when Facebook asks, “What’s on your mind?” around 400 million people respond with a status
4 5
message. While some people take the opportunity to share about their latest meal, other people post photos or
6 7
inspirational messages. Over the past few years, researchers have discovered the way people choose to
8
present themselves on Facebook speaks volumes about their personality and self-esteem.
9 10 11
Examining your behavior on social media could give you insight into your own personality, as well as
12 13
how others perceive you. You may think you’re presenting yourself in a certain light only to discover other
14 15
people view your behavior completely different. Here are seven things our Facebook interactions reveal
about people:
16 17 18
1. People with a lot of Facebook friends tend to have low self-esteem. A 2012 study published in
19 20
Computers in Human Behavior found that people with low self-esteem who worried about their public
21 22
perception had the most Facebook friends. The researchers concluded that self-conscious people
23
compensate for low self-esteem by trying to appear popular on Facebook.
24 25 26
2. Extroverts update their status more often than introverts. Just like in real life, extroverts
27 28
socialize more on social media, according to a 2014 study titled “Personality Traits and Self-Presentation at
29 30
Facebook”. The study found that extroverts use the like button more often, upload more pictures, and update
their status more frequently than introverts.
31 32 33
3. Conscientious people organize their photos carefully. Conscientious people are self-disciplined
34 35
hard-workers who spend the least amount of time on Facebook. Computers in Human Behavior reports that
36 37
when conscientious people do use Facebook, they do so in a very organized manner. For example, they
38 39
may create neat folders to help share their photos with friends and family in a methodical and convenient
way.
40 41 42
4. Open people fill out their personal profiles most thoroughly. A 2010 study discovered that open
43 44
people – described as artistic, imaginative, and creative – use the most features on Facebook and are most
45 46
likely to complete the personal information sections. They also tend to post more “wall messages” when
communicating with specific friends.
47 48 49
5. Narcissists make deeper self-disclosures that contain self-promotional content. Narcissists –
50 51
people with an inflated self-concept and a strong sense of uniqueness and superiority – seek attention and
52 53
affirmation on Facebook. A 2014 study published in Computers in Human Behavior found that narcissists
54 55
posted more frequently about themselves in an attempt to attract likes and comments that fuel their beliefs
56 57
about self-importance. Other studies have found that people love selfies and they share the ones where they
58
think they look most attractive in hopes of gaining admiration.
59 60 61
6. Neurotic people post mostly photos. A 2014 study found that highly neurotic people – those most
62 63
prone to stress and anxiety – seek acceptance by publishing photos. Since neurotic people struggle with
64 65
communication and social skills, researchers believe they use photos on Facebook as a means to express
66 67
themselves. Also, photos are less controversial than comments – which could lead to a lot of anxiety as they
68 69
wait for other people’s responses. Neurotic people tend to have the most photos per album. Researchers
70 71
believe this stems from their desire to present themselves positively. They may use photos to try and appear
72
happier and to show they are able to keep up with their friends.
73 74 75
7. Agreeable people are tagged in other people’s photos most often. A 2012 study titled
76 77
“Personality and Patters of Facebook Usage” found that the higher a person ranks in personality scales for
78 79
agreeableness, the more likely that person will be tagged in Facebook photos posted by other people. Since
80 81
agreeable people tend to behave warm and friendly and less competitive, it’s not surprising that their friends
82
enjoy taking lighthearted pictures with them and sharing them on Facebook.
83 84 85
Although we may think we’re masking our insecurities or portraying ourselves in the most favorable
86 87
light, our behavior on social media reveals more than we might think. It’s not just what we post on Facebook
88 89
that reveals information about our personalities - it’s also what we don’t post that can be quite telling. It’s
90 91
likely that our personality profiles will continue to play a major role in how advertisers market to us and how
92
companies will choose to hire people in the future.
Available at: <https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/what-
mentallystrong- people-dont-do/201504/what-your-facebook-use-
revealsabout- your>. Retrieved on: Apr. 17th, 2015. Adapted.
In the fragment of the text “Although we may think we’re masking our insecurities or portraying ourselves in the
most favorable light, our behavior on social media reveals more than we might think.” (Refs. 83-86), the word
although is associated with the logical idea of
a) cause
b) consequence
c) emphasis
d) opposition
e) addition
13
Questão 19 - (UERJ/2015)
The Genre of Autobiography and Autofiction
1 2
Derived from three Greek words meaning “self”, “life” and “write”, autobiography is a style of writing that has
3
been around nearly as long as history has been recorded. Yet, autobiography was not classified as a genre
within itself until the late eighteenth century.
4 5
In his book, Inside out, E. Stuart Bates offers a functional definition of autobiography as “a narrative of the past
6
of a person by the person concerned”. That definition, however, is too broad for some literary critics. Many, such
7
as Philippe Lejeune, wish to define the genre more narrowly: “(a) retrospective prose narrative produced by a
8
real person concerning his own existence, focusing on his individual life, in particular on the development of his
personality”.
9 10
Despite disagreements concerning how inclusive the category of autobiography should be, there are
11
characteristics that are common to the majority of autobiographical works. These features are the grammatical
12
perspective of the work, the identity of the self, selfreflection and introspection.
13 14
Most autobiographies are written from the first person singular perspective. The author, the narrator and the
15
protagonist must share a common identity for the work to be considered an autobiography. This common
16
identity could be similar, but is not identical. The self that the author constructs becomes a character within the
17
story that may not be a completely factual representation of the author’s actual past self.
18 19
In their book The voice within, Roger Porter and H. R. Wolf state that “truth is a highly subjective matter, and
20
no autobiographer can represent exactly what happened back then, any more than a historian can definitively
describe the real truth of the past”.
21 22
Because the author cannot describe events objectively, even the most accurate autobiographies have
23
fictional elements. The blurring of fiction and truth characteristic of autobiography has even led to the creation
24
of a subdivision within the genre of autobiography that deals with fictionalized self-accounts. For this style of
25 26
writing that blends characteristics of both fiction and autobiography, Serge Doubrovsky coined the literary
term “autofiction”.
27 28
The difference between traditional autobiography and the genre of autofiction is that autobiographers are
29
attempting to depict their real life, while writers of autofiction are only basing their work upon real experiences.
30
Writers of autofiction are not expected to be as historically accurate as possible as autobiographers are.
31
According to Alex Hughes, authors of autofiction are saying “this is me and this is not me”. This sums up
32 33
autofiction. Autofiction draws from the life of the writer with the addition of fictional elements to make the
work more than just a life story.
34 35
Autobiography is a popular genre. Writers of memoirs and life stories never lack an audience. People are
36
interested in the actual lives of others and want to know about others’ pasts and feelings and desires.
37
Autobiography is a way to organize the story of a life and reflect on the past in order to better understand the
present.
hubpages.com
Writers of memoirs and life stories never lack an audience. People are interested in the actual lives of
others (Refs. 34-35)
The semantic relationship between the two sentences above can be made explicit by the additon of following
connective:
a) unless
b) because
c) however
d) as though
Questão 20 - (UNESP SP/2015) Pediatric group advises parents to read to kids
June 26, 2014

By Amy Graff
14
Reading Go Dog Go to your 6 month old might seem like wasted time because she’s more likely to eat the
book than help you turn the pages, but a statement released by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) this
week says reading in the early years is essential. Reading out loud gets parents talking to their babies and the
sound of an adult’s voice stimulates that tiny yet rapidly growing brain. In the statement, the academy advises
pediatricians to tell parents to read books to their children from birth.
Reading regularly with young children stimulates optimal patterns of brain development and strengthens
parent-child relationships at a critical time in child development, which, in turn, builds language, literacy, and
social-emotional skills that last a lifetime. Research shows that a child’s brain develops faster between 0 and 3
than at any other time in life, making the early years a critical time for babies to hear rich oral language. The more
words children hear directed at them by parents and caregivers, the more they learn.
While many babies are read Goodnight Moon and The Very Hungry Caterpillar every night before bed, others
never get a chance to “pat the bunny.” Studies reveal that children from low-income, less-educated families have
significantly fewer books than their more affluent peers. By age 4, children in poverty hear 30 million fewer words
than those in higher-income households. These dramatic gaps result in significant learning disadvantages that
persist into adulthood. The AAP hopes the new guidelines will encourage all parents to start reading from day
one.
Research shows that when pediatricians talk with parents about reading, moms and dads are more likely to fill
their home with books and read. Also, to help get more parents reading, the AAP is partnering with organizations
such as Scholastic and Too Small to Fail to help get reading materials to new families who need books the most.
This is the first time the AAP has made a recommendation on children’s literary education and it seems the
timing might be just right as more and more parents are leaning on screens and electronic gadget to occupy their
babies. “The reality of today’s world is that we’re competing with portable digital media,” Dr. Alanna Levine, a
pediatrician in Orangeburg, N.Y., told The New York Times. “So you really want to arm parents with tools and
rationale behind it about why it’s important to stick to the basics of things like books.”
(http://blog.seattlepi.com. Adaptado.)
No trecho do primeiro parágrafo “that tiny yet rapidly growing brain”, o termo em destaque indica
a) contraste.
b) tempo.
c) explicação.
d) condição.
e) resultado.
Questão 21 - (UNISC RS/2015)
Is there really such a thing as a ‘morning person’?

1 2 3
Benjamin Franklin once said, “Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and
4 5
wise.”_________ in Franklin’s time most people ________ in an unconsolidated fashion: They went to “first
6 7
sleep” shortly after the sun went down, and woke four or five hours later for a few hours of activity before
8
returning to “second sleep.”
9 10 11
Industrialization and electric lighting put the unconsolidated sleep pattern to rest, so to speak, and today
12 13
most adults are expected to work from mid-morning to mid-evening and, if they’re very lucky, sleep a solid
14
eight hours from night to morning. This is easier for some than others.
15 16 17
Mounting research suggests that differences in lifestyle, personality, brain functioning, and even brain
18 19
physicality define two distinct chronotypes (a person’s characteristic sleep pattern), which could roughly be
20 21
defined as “night owls” and “morning larks.” Morning larks, those who naturally wake up early and are
22 23
energized in the pre-lunch hours, are more suited to the typical work schedule, while the propensities of night
24 25
owls put them at odds with it, leading them to suffer from chronic social jetlag.
6 27 28
Only an estimated 10 percent of the global population are morning larks, and roughly twenty percent
29 30
are night owls, with the rest of us falling somewhere in between. Night owls are more prone to depression
31 32
and are more likely to smoke and drink, and while they’re potentially smarter, their academic abilities fall
15
33 34
short of early birds (possibly because they were half-asleep for most of school). It gets worse: A study
35 36
published in 2013 found that night owls are more likely to have a cluster of personality traits known as the
37 38 39
“Dark Triad” — narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Morning larks, conversely, have been
found to be more moral.
40 41 42
One’s circadian rhythm does change over time — babies are often up at dawn, while teenagers are
43 44
zombie-esque until the afternoon — and there are certain things you can do to adjust your natural rhythms,
45 46
such as avoiding light in the hours before bed, seeking light upon waking, and regimenting sleep and wake
47 48
time. But there’s a great deal of evidence that our essential propensity for larkness or owlishness is rooted in
49 50
genetics. Genetic variation can affect a person’s sleep and wake cycle by up to an hour, and, gruesomely,
51
can help predict what time of a day a person will die.
52 53 54
One thing both groups (and those of us in between) have in common: We probably aren’t getting
55 56
enough sleep. A December, 2013 Gallup poll found that Americans average less than seven hours of sleep a
57 58
night — more than an hour less than Americans slept per night in 1942. From 2006 to 2011, the market for
59
over-the-counter sleep aids grew 31 percent.
Adapted from: World Science Festival | September 11, 2014 http://
theweek.com/article/index/267811/is-there-really-such-a-thingas- a-morning-person.
Choose the alternative which best fills in the blanks of the sentence in references 3 and 4 of the text.
a) Nevertheless – didn’t sleep

b) That’s why – would sleep
c) However – slept
d) Then – couldn’t sleep
e) While – sleep
Questão 22 - (UEPA/2015)
The Amazon Rural Economy and the Social Way Cooperative
NASCIMENTO, Celso , TORRES, Iraildes & NETO, Diogo
(…) Our survey happened in rural Village called Nossa Senhora Aparecida, in the District of Coari, highlights
the work of cooperative Community Association of Rural Producers of Community Nossa Senhora Aparecida,
which is called for the popular name of Aproducida. In an interview with one of the leaders of the community we
were told that "the cooperative was founded in 1999 because we realized that we were (…) behind with the sale
of our products to a Japanese. We sold to him at a price well below and he resold with goodwill" (Lucivânia, 35
years, interview/ 2013). (…)
The formation of the community Nossa Senhora Aparecida dates back to the late 1970s, when a group of
people who have ties of kinship was moved from the rural area of the municipality of Manacapuru, in the State of
Amazonas, in the rural area of the municipality of Coari, where it was built new relationships with the place,
founding the new community.
(…)
About the reasons that drove the creation of the cooperative in the community Nossa Senhora Aparecida, the
Aproducida’s Executive Officer revealed "it’s for the residents have a financial life better with a participative
management. It’s also a way of organizing the community itself" (Damian Mota, interview/ 2013). Another subject
of the research says that solved to organize themselves into a cooperative "for our community be strong,
strengthen collectively in order to claim more" (Lucio Barbosa, 61 years, interview/ 2013). Organize the
community through cooperativism implies adoption of principles, objectives, methods and methodology, referring
to the construction of a new organizational culture. (…)
In the case of cooperative, the principles of democracy and solidarity are central in the organizational venture
level. In cooperativism popular workers are directly involved in the management of business. (…) Singer (2002, p.
9), however, pays attention to the fact that "the solidarity in the Social Economy can only be carried out if it’s also
organized by that associate themselves to produce, to sell, to consume or to save. The key to this proposal is the
association between equal instead of contract between unequal". The Social Economy affects the life of the
community and with the organizational structure of families. When we questioned about the interference of the
cooperative community, Lucivanea Barbosa (35 years) said that "changed the way of life. All are earning money"
(interview/ 2013). Another interviewee said that "gave a turning point in our lives, we have a better financial life
(…) more appropriate. Everyone has made improvements in their homes, has their engines, all have
canoes"(Francinete Mota, interview/ 2013).(…)
Fonte: Adapted from Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. Vol. 5. July, 2014. In:
http://www.mcser.org/journal/index.php/mjss/article/view/3129/3085. Acessado em 23/08/2014.
Na frase "for our community be strong, strengthen collectively in order to claim more”…, a expressão destacada “in
order to” indica a ideia de:
16
a) adversidade
b) alternância
c) explicação
d) negação
e) finalidade
TEXTO: 20 - Comum à questão: 23
Fidel Loses the Race to the Grave
It’s fitting that the thaw was brokered by a president who wasn’t alive when Castro came to power.
Fidel Castro delivering a speech in Havana on May 14, 2004
The world now has the answer to a question as old as the New World Order: Which would die first? Fidel
Castro? Or the chokehold his angry critics maintained on U.S. foreign policy since El Comandante came to power
in Cuba 55 years ago? It was entirely fitting that the answer was delivered by an American president whose own
age is 53. As he noted in his historic address from the White House, Barak Obama was born two years after
Castro’s Communist guerrillas swept into Havana. Like the children and grandchildren of the Cubans who fled to
Miami after the Communists arrived, the events Obama actually lived through were the ones that steadily
reduced the island from a marquee venue of the Cold War — the thrust stage from which, in the 1962 Cuban
Missile Crisis, Armageddon was nearly launched — to whatever the place qualifies as today: basically a scenic
relic of Marxism, with beaches and cigars.
Other stout lobbies remain as present as their animating issue: The NRA likely will be around as long as gun
owners are, and the Israel lobby as long as the state. But the U.S. government’s determined, and solitary
isolation of Cuba was, as Obama alluded, a victim of generational change. The collapse of the Soviet Union, so
thrillingly dramatic, was followed by the more gradual senescence of those who had invested most in opposing
its most famous client state.
Time waits for no man, not even Fidel. The regime that Fidel once made a model of resistance to U.S.
dominance is now run by his 83-year-old kid brother. It was Raul Castro who spoke from Havana at the same
moment Obama made his historic address, the two speeches pre-arranged by the leaders’ staffs to begin at the
same hour, signaling both sides’ commitment to a new era of cooperation.
But the Cuban side appeared to be locked in that other era: Raul Castro was seated between dark paneling
and a massive desk. The framed snapshots at his elbows were in black and white — the kind of vintage
photographs that adorn the Hotel Nacional at the edge of the magnificent ruin that is Havana’s Old City. The
glossies in the hotel are there for the tourists, images of the like of Frank Sinatra and the Rat Pack making
themselves at home in a version of Havana glamour familiar to Americans who — forbidden by the travel
restrictions Obama says will be pushed away — last saw the city in The Godfather Part II, or any other movie set
in Cuba before Castro took over.
The reality just outside the hotel’s doors is far more compelling, from the ardent struggles of human rights
activists and artists, to the joyously sensual quality of street life in what may well be the sexiest capital city in the
world. Americans who dared to visit — it wasn’t hard, routing through Canada or Cancun — returned with
enthusiastic reports of a poor but intensely vibrant society. Its economy may be a shambles now, but the island’s
physical features alone, including 2,300 miles of Caribbean coastline not an hour from the U.S., all but assure
development, especially by American retirees. Which would be fitting as well, since they would be old enough to
appreciate just how time can change things.
(adapted from www.time.com, December 17th 2014)
Questão 23 - (ESPM SP/2015)
The underline word but in the sentence: “(…) the island’s physical features alone, including 2,300 miles of
Caribbean coastline not an hour from the U.S., all but assure development, especially by American retirees.” can
be replaced by which of the following word without changing its meaning?
17
a) only
b) however
c) except
d) because
e) hence
Texto comum às questões: 24, 25
Text 1
Luis Suárez joins anti-racism calls after Dani Alves banana incident
The Barcelona defender Dani Alves has sparked a social media campaign against racism in football as
support flooded in from fellow professionals for his decision to eat a banana thrown at him by an opposition fan.
Luis Suárez, Neymar, Hulk, Mario Balotelli and Sergio Agüero were among those who posted pictures of
themselves taking bites out of bananas in tribute to Alves' actions in his side's La Liga match at Villarreal on
Sunday.
The Fifa president Joseph Blatter has branded the abuse directed at Alves an "outrage" and promised zero
tolerance towards discrimination at the World Cup, while Villarreal took swift action by identifying the culprit and
handing him a lifetime stadium ban.
Alves' response to the banana being thrown on to the pitch in front of him as he prepared to take a corner was
to nonchalantly pick it up, peel it and take a bite before continuing with the game. The 30-yearold, who has been
the victim of racist abuse before during his time in La Liga, said: "You need to take these situations with a dose of
humour."
Players across Europe paid homage on Twitter and Instagram, including Suárez, who served an eight-match
ban for racially abusing Patrice Evra.
Alves's Barça and Brazil team-mate Neymar led the way after posting a picture on Instagram of himself
holding a banana, while writing "We are all monkeys". Balotelli, Milan's former Manchester City striker, posted a
picture of himself in a similar pose.
Suárez posted a picture on Twitter of himself and Liverpool team-mate Philippe Coutinho taking bites out of
bananas, along with the words: "#SayNoToRacism #WeAreAllMonkeys."
(...)
Barça gave their player their "complete support and solidarity" and thanked Villarreal for their "immediate
condemnation" of the incident. Villarreal later revealed they had, with the help of fans, found out who the culprit
was, had withdrawn his season ticket and banned him from the El Madrigal stadium for life.
Disponível em: <http://www.theguardian.com/football
/2014/apr/29/luis-suarez-anti-racism-dani-alvesbanana>. Acesso em 29 abr.2014 (texto adaptado)
Text 2
What’s in a name?
Henry Louis Gates Jr. (1989)
The question of color takes up much space in these pages, but the question of color, especially in this country,
operates to hide the graver questions of the self.
- James Baldwin, 1961
blood, darky, Tar baby, Kaffir, shine… moor, blackamoor, Jim Crow, spook… quadroon, meriney, red bone,
high yellow… Mammy, porch monkey, home, homeboy, George… spearchucker, Leroy, Smokey…mouli, buck,
Ethiopian, brother, sistah…
- Trey Ellis, 1989
I had forgotten the incident completely, until I read Trey Elli’s essay, “Remember My Name,” in a recent issue
of the Village Voice (June 13, 1989). But there, in the middle of an extended italicized list of the bynames of “the
race” (“the race” or “our people” being the terms my parents used in polite or reverential discourse, “jigaboo” or
“nigger” more commonly used in anger, jest, or pure disgust), it was: “George”. Now the events of that very brief
exchange return to my mind so vividly that I wonder why I had forgotten it.
My father and I were walking home at dusk from his second job. He “moonlighted” as a janitor in the evenings
for the telephone company. Every day, but Saturday, he would come home at 3:30 from his regular job at the
paper Mill, wash up, eat supper, then at 4:30 head downtown to his second job. He used to make jokes frequently
about a union official who moonlighted. I never got the joke, but he and his friends thought it was hilarious. All I
knew was that my family always ate well, that my brother and I had new clothes to wear, and that all of the white
18
people in Piedmont, West Virginia, treated my parents with an odd mixture of resentment and respect that even
we understood at the time had something directly to do with a small but certain measure of financial security.
He had left a little early that evening because I was with him and I had to be in bed early. I could not have
been more than five or six, and we had stopped off at the Cut-Rate Drug Store (where no black person in town
but my father could sit down to eat, and eat off real plates with real silverware) so that I could buy some caramel
ice cream, two scoops in a wafer cone, please, which I was busy licking when Mr. Wilson walked by.
Mr. Wilson was a very quiet man, whose stony, brooding, silent manner seemed designed to scare off any
overtures of friendship, even from white people. He was Irish as was one-third of our village (another third being
Italian), the more affluent among whom sent their children to “Catholic School” across the bridge in Maryland. He
had white straight hair, like my Uncle Joe, whom he uncannily resembled, and he carried a black worn metal
lunch pail, the kind that Riley carried on the television show. My father always spoke to him, and for reasons that
we never did understand, he always spoke to my father.
“Hello, Mr. Wilson,” I heard my father say.
“Hello, George.”
I stopped licking my ice cream cone, and asked my Dad in a loud voice why Mr. Wilson had called him “George.”
“Doesn’t he know your name, Daddy? Why don’t you tell him your name? Your name isn’t George.”
For a moment I tried to think of who Mr. Wilson was mixing Pop up with. But we didn’t have any Georges
among the colored people in Piedmont; nor were there colored Georges living in the neighboring towns and
working at the Mill.
“Tell him your name, Daddy.”
“He knows my name, boy,” my father said after a long pause. “He calls all colored people George.”
A long silence ensued. It was “one of those things”, as my Mom would put it. Even then, that early, I knew
when I was in the presence of “one of those things”, one of those things that provided a glimpse, through a rent
curtain, at another world that we could not affect but that affected us. There would be a painful moment of
silence, and you would wait for it to give way to a discussion of a black superstar such as Sugar Ray or Jackie
Robinson.
“Nobody hits better in a clutch than Jackie Robinson.”
“That’s right. Nobody.”
I never again looked Mr. Wilson in the eye.
Questão 24 - (IME RJ/2015)
_______________ the legislation promising them a fair share of opportunity, Dalits (lower caste) Hindus continue
to form among the poorest sections of indian society.
a) Even though
b) Nevertheless
c) Since
d) Despite
e) While
Questão 25 - (IME RJ/2015)
There are many forms of prejudice and oppression, __________ based on race, but on gender, class, sexual
orientation, etc.
a) as well as
b) not just
c) in addition to
d) simply
e) on the contrary
Questão 26 - (ITA SP/2015) Considere a tirinha a seguir:
19
Fonte: http://www.pleated-jeans.com/2011/12/27/the-60-
funniest-web-comics-of-2011/ Acesso em 25 de julho de 2014.
Marque a opção que pode substituir “due to” sem alterar o sentido do período.
a) by means of
b) in case of
c) in spite of
d) instead of
e) because of
Questão 27 - (PUC RS/2015)

01 02
If you think the food airline companies serve up is bland or unappetising, it’s not necessarily their fault.
03 04
Essentially, you leave your normal sense of taste behind at the airport departure gate. Get on board a plane
05 06
and cruise to a level of thousands of feet, and the flavour of everything from a pasta dish to a mouthful of
07 08
wine becomes manipulated in a whole host of ways that we are only beginning to understand.
09 10
Taste buds and sense of smell are the first things to go at 30,000 feet, says Russ Brown, director of In-flight
11 12
Dining & Retail at American Airlines. “Flavour is a combination of both, and our perception of saltiness and
13
sweetness drop when inside a pressurised cabin.”
14 15
Everything that makes up the in-flight experience affects how your food tastes. There are several reasons for
16 17
this: lack of humidity, lower air pressure, and the background noise. The combination of dryness and low
18 19
pressure reduces the sensitivity of your taste buds to sweet and salty foods by around 30%, according to a
20 21
2010 study. Interestingly, the study found that we take leave of our sweet and salty senses only. Sour, bitter
22
and spicy flavours are almost unaffected.
23 24
But it’s not just about our taste buds. Up to 80% of what people think is taste, is in fact smell. We need
25 26
evaporating nasal mucus to smell, but in the parched cabin air our odour receptors do not work properly, and
27
the effect is that this makes food taste twice as bland.
28 29
So airlines have to give in-flight food an extra kick, by salting and spicing it much more than a restaurant on
30 31
the ground ever would. “Proper seasoning is key to ensure food tastes good in the air,” says Brown at
32 33
American Airlines. “Often, recipes are modified with additional salt or seasoning to account for the cabin
dining atmosphere.”
By Katia Moskvitch http://www.bbc.com/future/
story/20150112-why-in-flight-foodtastes- weird (adapted)
The word “So” (Ref. 28) can be substituted, without a change in the meaning, by
a) yet.
b) hence.
c) although.
d) otherwise.
e) furthermore.
20
Questão 28 - (PUC MG/2015)
Read the following passage and choose the option which best completes each question, according to the
text:
GENETICALLY SPEAKING, FRIENDS RESEMBLE FRIENDS
When we make friends, it can help to have something in common. Anyone who has ever started conversation
with a stranger knows this. But a new study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
finds that commonality among friends goes far deeper: friends resemble each other genetically. In fact, the
genetic similarity was enough to create a rubric from which researchers can predict, based on genes, who in a
group will be friends at about the same level of confidence that scientists currently have for predicting a person's
chances of obesity or schizophrenia.
Friends have about the same amount of genes in common as fourth cousins, or people who have the same
great-great-great grandparents, which amounts to about 1 percent of genes, according to the study. "One percent
may not sound like much, but to geneticists it is a significant number," Nicholas Christakis, professor of medicine
at Yale, and a lead author on the study, said in a press release: “Most people don't even know who their fourth
cousins are! Yet we are somehow, among many possibilities, selecting as friends the people who resemble our
relatives."
The researchers pulled data from 1,932 individuals—most of whom were of European descent—controlled for
already well-established factors like people's tendency to befriend those of similar ethnic backgrounds. The study
compared pairs of unrelated friends against pairs of unrelated strangers. According to James Fowler, professor of
medical genetics at U.C. San Diego and a lead author on the study, "We have more DNA in common with the
people we pick as friends than we do with strangers in the same population".
(http://www.newsweek.com. Acesso: 18/07/2014. Adaptado.)
The word yet in “Yet we are somehow, among many possibilities, managing to select as friends the people who
resemble our relatives" conveys an idea of
a) conclusion.
b) addition.
c) contrast.
d) cause.
Questão 29 - (UEFS BA/2015)

Nowhere to hide
How retailers can find — and up-sell — you in the aisles
1 2
Thanks to GPS, the apps on your phone have long been able to determine your general location. But what
3 4 5
if they could do so with enough precision that a supermarket, say, could tempt you with digital coupons
6
depending on whether you were hovering near the white bread or bagels?
7 8
It may sound far-fetched, but there’s a good chance the technology is already built into your iPhone or
9 10
Android device. All it takes for retailers to tap into it are small, inexpensive transmitters called beacons. Here’s
11 12
how it works: using Bluetooth technology, handsets can pinpoint their position to within as little as 2 cm by
13 14
receiving signals from the beacons stores install. Apple’s version of the concept is called iBeacon; it’s in use
15 16
at its own stores and is being tested by Macy’s, American Eagle, Safeway, the National Football League and
17
Major League Baseball.
18 19
Companies can then use your location to pelt you with special offers or simply monitor your movements.
20 21
But just as with GPS, they won’t see you unless you’ve installed their apps and granted them access. By
22 23
melding your physical position with facts they’ve already collected about you from rewards programs, brick-
24 25
and-mortar businesses can finally get the potentially profitable insight into your shopping habits that online
26
merchants now take for granted.
27 28
The possibilities go beyond coupons. PayPal is readying a beacon that will let consumers pay for goods
29 30 31
without swiping a card or removing a phone from their pocket. Dough Thompson of industry site Beek.net
32
predicts the technology will become an everyday reality by year’s end. But don’t look for stores or venues to
33 34
call attention to the devices. “People won’t know theses beacons are there,” he says. “They’ll just know their
35
app has suddenly become smarter.”
Four Ways Beacons Could Change Shopping and Leisure
21
1. LINE HINTS AT BALLPARKS OR STADIUMS When you step away to buy a hot dog, an app directs you to
the closest concession stand with the shortest line.
2. INSTANT COUPONS IN DEPARTMENT STORES Linger in the jewelry department without buying anything
and a coupon will pop up on your phone.
3. MORE CONTEXT AT MUSEUMS AND GALLERIES An app tells you historical information about each piece
of art as you walk through the room.
4. REMINDERS AT GROCERY STORES An app reminds you of each item on your list when you’re in the right
aisle to pick it up.
MCCRACKEN, Harry. Time, Mar 31, 2014, p.12.
“brick-and-mortar businesses” (Refs. 23-24): traditional businesses that do not operate on the Internet.
The conjunction in bold expresses what is stated on the right in alternative
a) “whether you were hovering near the white bread or bagels?” (Refs. 5-6) — addition.
b) “how it works” (Refs. 10-11) – cause.
c) “unless you’ve installed their apps” (Refs. 20-21) —– condition.
d) “By melding your physical position with facts” (Refs. 21-22) — concession.
e) “But don’t look for stores” (Ref. 32) — choice.
Texto comum às questões: 30, 31

01 02 03
Orientalism means several interdependent things. The most readily accepted designation for
04 05
Orientalism is an academic one. Anyone who teaches, writes about, or researches the Orient, either in its
06 07
specific or its general aspects, is an Orientalist, and what he or she does is Orientalism.
08 09 10
Related to this academic tradition is a more general meaning for Orientalism as a style of thought
11 12
based ........ a distinction made between ‘the Orient’ and ‘the Occident.’ Thus a very large mass of writers
13 14 15
and thinkers have accepted the basic distinction between East and West as the starting point for elaborate
16 17
theories, epics, novels, social descriptions, and political accounts concerning the Orient, its people, customs,
18
‘mind,’ destiny, and so on.
19 20 21
The interchange between the academic and the more or less imaginative meanings of Orientalism is a
22 23 24
constant one, and since the late 18th century there has been a considerable traffic between the two. Here I
25 26
come to the third meaning of Orientalism, which is something more historically and materially defined than
27 28 29
either of the other two. Orientalism can be discussed and analyzed as the corporate institution for dealing
30 31
with the Orient—dealing with it by making statements about it, authorizing views of it, describing it, by
32 33
teaching it, settling it: in short, Orientalism as a Western discourse for dominating, restructuring, and having
34
authority ........ the Orient.
35 36 37
The Orient is not an inert fact of nature. It is not merely there, just as the Occident itself is not just there
38 39
either. As both geographical and cultural entities such regions as ‘Orient’ and ‘Occident’ are man-made.
40 41 43
Therefore as much as the West itself, the Orient is an idea that has a history and a tradition of thought,
44 45
imagery, and vocabulary that have given it reality and presence in and for the West. The two geographical
46 47 48
entities thus support and to an extent reflect each other. It would be wrong to conclude that the Orient is
49 50
essentially an idea, or a creation with no corresponding reality. There are cultures and nations whose
51 52
location is in the East, and their lives, histories, and customs have a brute reality obviously greater than
53 54 55
anything that could be said about them in the West. But the phenomenon of Orientalism as studied here
56 57
deals principally, not with a correspondence between Orientalism and Orient, but with the internal
59 60 61
consistency of Orientalism and its ideas about the Orient ........ or beyond any correspondence, or lack
thereof, with a ‘real’ Orient.
Adaptado de: SAID, Edward. Orientalism. In: Ashcroft,
Bill et al. (ed.) The Postcolonial Studies Reader . London/ New York: Routledge, 1995. p. 87-91.
Assinale a alternativa que preenche, correta e respectivamente, as lacunas das referências 10, 34 e 58.
a) in – on – in spite of
b) on – in – although
c) within – on top of – regardless
d) upon – over – despite
e) for – above – within
22
Assinale a alternativa que poderia substituir a palavra Thus (Ref. 12), sem prejuízo do sentido literal e da
correção gramatical.
a) However
b) Though
c) In addition
d) Therefore
e) Eventually
Questão 32 - (UEFS BA/2015)

Fooling with Mother Nature
Here comes the sun: How best to deal with climate change.
1 2 3
The shock of superstorm Sandy last year got a lot of people wondering about better ways to deal with the
4 5
weather — perhaps even how to change it. John Latham, a climate scientist based in Colorado, has been
6 7
proposing ways to do that for more than two decades. His studies show that it should be possible to spray fine
8
particles of sea water into clouds, increasing their ability to reflect sunlight and thus reduce temperatures below.
9 10 11
Latham argues that global warming is leading to “irreversible and possibly catastrophic consequences” and
12
that the major polluting countries appear unwilling to take dramatic action.
13 14
But Latham claims his cloud-seeding techniques would help to hold Earth’s temperature constant “until a
15 16
clean form of energy is developed to take over from oil, gas, and coal.” He says, quite optimistically, that they
17 18
could keep the planet’s temperature stable for “perhaps 50 years.” If true, that would be a welcome breather
19 20
from impending doom. But what’s missing is money to fund large-scale experiments — and perhaps for a
21 22
reason. One thing we should know by now about our climate is that when you fix one problem, you may
create another.
DICKEY, Christopher . BIG THINK:
Around the world in six ideas. Newsweek, March 25, 2013, p. 9.
Considering language use in the text, it’s correct to say:
a) The adjective “better” (Ref. 2) is in the superlative degree.

b) The verb form “show” (Ref. 6) describes a future action.
c) The word “thus” (Ref. 8) expresses manner.
d) The word “that” (Ref. 9) is functioning as a relative pronoun.
e) The modal “may” (Ref. 22) expresses certainty.
Questão 33 - (UNESP SP/2015)

Oxfam study finds richest 1% is likely to control half of global wealth by 2016
By Patricia Cohen
January 19, 2015
The world’s business elite will meet this week at the annual World
23
Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland.

Credit Jean-Christophe Bott/European Pressphoto Agency
The richest 1 percent is likely to control more than half of the globe’s total wealth by next year, the anti-poverty
charity Oxfam reported in a study released on Monday. The warning about deepening global inequality comes
just as the world’s business elite prepare to meet this week at the annual World Economic Forum in Davos,
Switzerland.
The 80 wealthiest people in the world altogether own $1.9 trillion, the report found, nearly the same amount
shared by the 3.5 billion people who occupy the bottom half of the world’s income scale. (Last year, it took 85
billionaires to equal that figure.) And the richest 1 percent of the population controls nearly half of the world’s total
wealth, a share that is also increasing.
The type of inequality that currently characterizes the world’s economies is unlike anything seen in recent
years, the report explained. “Between 2002 and 2010 the total wealth of the poorest half of the world in current
U.S. dollars had been increasing more or less at the same rate as that of billionaires,” it said. “However since
2010, it has been decreasing over that time.”
Winnie Byanyima, the charity’s executive director, noted in a statement that more than a billion people lived on
less than $1.25 a day. “Do we really want to live in a world where the 1 percent own more than the rest of us
combined?” Ms. Byanyima said. “The scale of global inequality is quite simply staggering.”
Investors with interests in finance, insurance and health saw the biggest windfalls, Oxfam said. Using data
from Forbes magazine’s list of billionaires, it said those listed as having interests in the pharmaceutical and health
care industries saw their net worth jump by 47 percent. The charity credited those individuals’ rapidly growing
fortunes in part to multimillion-dollar lobbying campaigns to protect and enhance their interests.
(www.nytimes.com. Adaptado.)
No trecho do terceiro parágrafo “However since 2010, it has been decreasing over that time.”, o termo “however”
pode ser substituído, sem alteração de sentido, por
a) meanwhile.
b) like.
c) then.
d) but.
e) so.
Questão 34 - (UNIFESP SP/2015)
Healthy choices
How do we reduce waistlines in a country where

we traditionally do not like telling individuals what to do?
By Telegraph View
22 Aug 2014
Duncan Selbie, the Chief Executive of Public Health England, suggests that parents feed their children from
smaller plates. Photo: Alamy
Every new piece of information about Britain’s weight problem makes for ever more depressing reading.
Duncan Selbie, the Chief Executive of Public Health England, today tells us that by 2034 some six million Britons
will suffer from diabetes. Of course, many people develop diabetes through no fault of their own. But Mr Selbie’s
research concludes that if the levels of obesity returned to their 1994 levels, 1.7 million fewer people would suffer
from the condition.
24
Given that fighting diabetes already drains the National Health Service (NHS) by more than £1.5 million, or 10
per cent of its budget for England, the impact upon the Treasury in 20 years’ time from unhealthy lifestyles could
be catastrophic. Bad health not only impacts on the individual but also on the rest of the community.
Diagnosis of the challenge is straightforward. The tougher question is what to do about reducing waistlines in
a country where we traditionally do not like telling individuals what to do.
It is interesting to note that Mr Selbie does not ascribe to the Big Brother approach of ceaseless legislation
and nannying. Rather, he is keen to promote choices – making the case passionately that people should be
encouraged to embrace good health. One of his suggestions is that parents feed their children from smaller
plates. That way the child can clear his or her plate, as ordered, without actually consuming too much. Like all
good ideas, this is rooted in common sense.
(www.telegraph.co.uk. Adaptado.)
No trecho do segundo parágrafo “Bad health not only impacts on the individual but also on the rest of the
community”, a expressão “not only … but also” indica uma ideia de
a) negação.
b) comparação.
c) alternativa.
d) inclusão.
e) contraste.
Questão 35 - (ESPM SP/2014)
Emerging economies
The Great Deceleration
The emerging-market slowdown is not
the beginning of a bust. But it is a turning-point
for the world economy
WHEN a champion sprinter falls short of his best speeds, it takes a while to determine whether he is temporarily
on poor form or has permanently lost his edge. The same is true with emerging markets, the world economy’s
21st-century sprinters. After a decade of surging growth, in which they led a global boom and then helped pull the
world economy forwards in the face of the financial crisis, the emerging giants have slowed sharply.
China will be lucky if it manages to hit its official target of 7.5% growth in 2013, a far cry from the double-digit
rates that the country had come to expect in the 2000s. Growth in India (around 5%), Brazil and Russia (around
2.5%) is barely half what it was at the height of the boom. Collectively, emerging markets may (just) match last
year’s pace of 5%. That sounds fast compared with the sluggish rich world, but it is the slowest emerging-
economy expansion in a decade, barring 2009 when the rich world slumped.
This marks the end of the dramatic first phase of the emerging-market era, which saw such economies jump from
38% of world output to 50% (measured at purchasing-power parity, or PPP) over the past decade. Over the next
ten years emerging economies will still rise, but more gradually. The immediate effect of this deceleration should
be manageable. But the longer-term impact on the world economy will be profound.
Running out of puff
In the past, periods of emerging-market boom have tended to be followed by busts (which helps explain why so
few poor countries have become rich ones). A determined pessimist can find reasons to fret today, pointing in
25
particular to the risks of an even more drastic deceleration in China or of a sudden global monetary tightening.
But this time a broad emerging-market bust looks unlikely.
China is in the midst of a precarious shift from investment-led growth to a more balanced, consumption-based
model. Its investment surge has prompted plenty of bad debt. But the central government has the fiscal strength
both to absorb losses and to stimulate the economy if necessary. That is a luxury few emerging economies have
ever had. It makes disaster much less likely. And with rich-world economies still feeble, there is little chance that
monetary conditions will suddenly tighten. Even if they did, most emerging economies have better defences than
ever before, with flexible exchange rates, large stashes of foreign-exchange reserves and relatively less debt
(much of it in domestic currency).
That’s the good news. The bad news is that the days of record-breaking speed are over. China’s turbocharged
investment and export model has run out of puff. Because its population is ageing fast, the country will have
fewer workers, and because it is more prosperous, it has less room for catch-up growth. Ten years ago China’s
per person GDP measured at PPP was 8% of America’s; now it is 18%. China will keep on catching up, but at a
slower clip.
That will hold back other emerging giants. Russia’s burst of speed was propelled by a surge in energy prices
driven by Chinese growth. Brazil sprinted ahead with the help of a boom in commodities and domestic credit; its
current combination of stubborn inflation and slow growth shows that its underlying economic speed limit is a lot
lower than most people thought. The same is true of India, where near-double-digit annual rises in GDP led
politicians, and many investors, to confuse the potential for rapid catch-up (a young, poor population) with its
inevitability. India’s growth rate could be pushed up again, but not without radical reforms—and almost certainly
not to the peak pace of the 2000s.
Jul 27th 2013/www.economist.com
The underlined word but in the excerpt of the third paragraph of the text: “The immediate effect of this
deceleration should be manageable. But the longer-term impact on the world economy will be profound.”, could
be rewritten, without changing its meaning, as
a) The immediate effect of this deceleration should be manageable, whereas the longer-term impact on the
world economy will be profound.
b) The immediate effect of this deceleration should be manageable therefore the longer-term impact on the
c) The immediate effect of this deceleration should be manageable, rather than the longer-term impact on the
d) The immediate effect of this deceleration should be manageable, provided the longer-term impact on the
e) The immediate effect of this deceleration should be manageable due to the longer-term impact on the world
economy will be profound
Questão 36 - (FGV /2014)

The road to hell
(1) Bringing crops from one of the futuristic new farms in Brazil’s central and northern plains to foreign markets
means taking a journey back in time. Loaded onto lorries, most are driven almost 2,000km south on narrow,
potholed roads to the ports of Santos and Paranaguá. In the 19th and early 20th centuries they were used to
bring in immigrants and ship out the coffee grown in the fertile states of São Paulo and Paraná, but now they are
overwhelmed. Thanks to a record harvest this year, Brazil became the world’s largest soya producer, overtaking
the United States. The queue of lorries waiting to enter Santos sometimes stretched to 40km.
(2) No part of that journey makes sense. Brazil has too few crop silos, so lorries are used for storage as well as
transport, causing a crush at ports after harvest. Produce from so far north should probably not be travelling to
southern ports at all. Freight by road costs twice as much as by rail and four times as much as by water. Brazilian
farmers pay 25% or more of the value of their soya to bring it to port; their competitors in Iowa just 9%. The
bottleneck at ports pushes costs higher still. It also puts off customers. In March Sunrise Group, China’s biggest
soya trader, cancelled an order for 2m tonnes of Brazilian soya after repeated delays.
(3) All of Brazil’s infrastructure is decrepit. The World Economic Forum ranks it at 114th out of 148 countries.
After a spate of railway-building at the turn of the 20th century, and road- and dam-building 50 years later, little
was added or even maintained. In the 1980s infrastructure was a casualty of slowing growth and spiralling
inflation. Unable to find jobs, engineers emigrated or retrained. Government stopped planning for the long term.
According to Contas Abertas, a public-spending watchdog, only a fifth of federal money budgeted for urban
transport in the past decade was actually spent. Just 1.5% of Brazil’s GDP goes on infrastructure investment from
26
all sources, both public and private. The long-run global average is 3.8%. The McKinsey Global Institute
estimates the total value of Brazil’s infrastructure at 16% of GDP. Other big economies average 71%. To catch
up, Brazil would have to triple its annual infrastructure spending for the next 20 years.
(4) Moreover, it may be getting poor value from what little it does invest because so much goes on the wrong
things. A cumbersome environmental-licensing process pushes up costs and causes delays. Expensive studies
are required before construction on big projects can start and then again at various stages along the way and at
the end. Farmers and manufacturers spend heavily on lorries because road transport is their only option. But that
is working around the problem, not solving it.
(5) In the 1990s Mr Cardoso’s government privatised state-owned oil, energy and telecoms firms. It allowed
private operators to lease terminals in public ports and to build their own new ports. Imports were booming as the
economy opened up, so container terminals were a priority. The one at the public port in Bahia’s capital,
Salvador, is an example of the transformation wrought by private money and management. Its customers used to
rate it Brazil’s worst port, with a draft too shallow for big ships and a quay so short that even smaller vessels had
to unload a bit at a time. But in the past decade its operator, Wilson & Sons, spent 260m reais on replacing
equipment, lengthening the quay and deepening the draft. Capacity has doubled. Land access will improve, too,
once an almost finished expressway opens. Paranaguá is spending 400m reais from its own revenues on
replacing outdated equipment, but without private money it cannot expand enough to end the queues to dock. It
has drawn up detailed plans to build a new terminal and two new quays, and identified 20 dockside
areas that could be leased to new operators, which would bring in 1.6 billion reais of private investment. All that is
missing is the federal government’s permission. It hopes to get it next year, but there is no guarantee.
(6) Firms that want to build their own infrastructure, such as mining companies, which need dedicated railways
and ports, can generally build at will in Brazil, though they still face the hassle of environmental licensing. If the
government wants to hand a project to the private sector it will hold an auction, granting the concession to the
highest bidder, or sometimes the applicant who promises the lowest user charges. But since Lula came to power
in 2003 there have been few infrastructure auctions of any kind. In recent years, under heavy lobbying from
public ports, the ports regulator stopped granting operating licences to private ports except those intended mainly
for the owners’ own cargo. As a result, during a decade in which Brazil became a commodity-exporting
powerhouse, its bulk-cargo terminals hardly expanded at all.
(7) At first Lula’s government planned to upgrade Brazil’s infrastructure without private help. In 2007 the president
announced a collection of long-mooted public construction projects, the Growth Acceleration Programme (PAC).
Many were intended to give farming and mining regions access to alternative ports. But the results have been
disappointing. Two-thirds of the biggest projects are late and over budget. The trans-north-eastern railway is only
half-built and its cost has doubled. The route of the east-west integration railway, which would cross Bahia, has
still not been settled. The northern stretch of the BR-163, a trunk road built in the 1970s, was waiting so long to
be paved that locals started calling it the “endless road”. Most of it is still waiting.
(8) What has got things moving is the prospect of disgrace during the forthcoming big sporting events. Brazil’s
terrible airports will be the first thing most foreign football fans see when they arrive for next year’s World Cup.
Infraero, the state-owned company that runs them, was meant to be getting them ready for the extra traffic, but it
is a byword for incompetence. Between 2007 and 2010 it managed to spend just 800m of the 3 billion reais it was
supposed to invest. In desperation, the government last year leased three of the biggest airports to private
operators.
(9) That seemed to break a bigger logjam. First more airport auctions were mooted; then, some months later, Ms
Rousseff announced that 7,500km of toll roads and 10,000km of railways were to be auctioned too. Earlier this
year she picked the biggest fight of her presidency, pushing a ports bill through Congress against lobbying from
powerful vested interests. The new law enables private ports once again to handle third-party cargo and allows
them to hiretheir own staff, rather than having to use casual labour from the dockworkers’ unions that have a
monopoly in public ports. Ms Rousseff also promised to auction some entirely new projects and to re-tender
around 150 contracts in public terminals whose concessions had expired.
(10) Would-be investors in port projects are hanging back because of the high chances of cost overruns and long
delays. Two newly built private terminals at Santos that together cost more than 4 billion reais illustrate the risks.
Both took years to get off the ground and years more to build. Both were finished earlier this year but remained
idle for months. Brasil Terminal Portuário, a private terminal within the public port, is still waiting for the
government to dredge its access channel. At Embraport, which is outside the public-port area, union members
from Santos blocked road access and boarded any ships that tried to dock. Rather than enforcing the law that
allows such terminals to use their own workers, the government summoned the management to Brasília for some
arm-twisting. In August Embraport agreed to take the union members “on a trial basis”.
(11) Given such regulatory and execution risks, there are unlikely to be many takers for either rail or port projects
as currently conceived, says Bruno Savaris, an infrastructure analyst at Credit Suisse. He predicts that at most a
third of the planned investments will be auctioned in the next three years: airports, a few simple port projects and
the best toll roads. That is far short of what Brazil needs. The good news, says Mr Savaris, is that the government
is at last beginning to understand that it must either reduce the risks for private investors or raise their returns.
Private know-how and money will be vital to get Brazil moving again.
27
(www.economist.com/news/special-report. Adapted)
The first word used in the fourth paragraph – moreover – carries an idea of
a) contrast.
b) conclusion.
c) finality.
d) addition.
e) time.
Questão 37 - (UEPA/2014)
PEOPLE PREFER FACEBOOK TEXTS INSTEAD OF TRADITIONAL COMMUNICATION MODES:

RESEARCH3
LONDON: People prefer to use Facebook messages for staying in touch with their loved ones back home rather
than using traditional modes of communication like postcards, a new research has found.
According to the study, the rise of the smartphones means holidaymakers can tweet or text about their fun in the
sun rather than putting pen to paper, with many dismissing postcards as 'too slow'.
The research showed that just one in six holidaymakers now send postcards to friends and family when they go
abroad.
Nearly half of the 2,000 people surveyed said they had never sent a postcard rather preferring to text, call or use
Facebook to keep in touch with home, the 'Daily Mail' reported.
The figure increases to more than half of young people aged under 24, many of whom take their social life abroad
with them by posting envyinducing photos of their adventures online for their friends back home. (…)
According to the study, sending text messages is the biggest cause of the decline of the postcard, with more than
half of people (60 per cent) surveyed using texts as a way to keep friends and family updated.
Phoning home is the second most popular way to stay in touch, while a third of holidaymakers (34 per cent) use
Facebook and 29 per cent choose to e-mail loved ones about their travels. (…)
Disponível em: Source: The Economic Times. August 13, 2012. In:
http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-08- 13/news/33182772_1_
postcards-text-messages-facebookmessages. Accessed on September 13, 2013.
A expressão “instead of” que aparece no título do Texto PEOPLE PREFER FACEBOOK TEXTS INSTEAD OF
TRADITIONAL COMMUNICATION MODES: RESEARCH indica:
a) adição
b) comparação
c) exclusão
d) consequência
e) negação
Questão 38 - (UNESP SP/2014)

How can consumers find out if a corporation is “greenwashing” environmentally unsavory practices?
June 29, 2013
In essence, greenwashing involves falsely conveying to consumers that a given product, service, company or
institution factors environmental responsibility into its offerings and/or operations. CorpWatch, a non-profit
organization dedicated to keeping tabs on the social responsibility (or lack thereof) of U.S.-based companies,
characterizes greenwashing as “the phenomena of socially and environmentally destructive corporations,
attempting to preserve and expand their markets or power by posing as friends of the environment.”
28
One of the groups leading the charge against greenwashing is Greenpeace. “Corporations are falling all over
themselves,” reports the group, “to demonstrate that they are environmentally conscious. The average citizen is
finding it more and more difficult to tell the difference between those companies genuinely dedicated to making a
difference and those that are using a green curtain to conceal dark motives.”
Greenpeace launched its Stop Greenwash campaign in 2009 to call out bad actors and help consumers make
better choices. The most common greenwashing strategy, the group says, is when a company touts an
environmental program or product while its core business is inherently polluting or unsustainable.
Another involves what Greenpeace calls “ad bluster”: using targeted advertising or public relations to exaggerate
a green achievement so as to divert attention from actual environmental problems – or spending more money
bragging about green behavior than on actual deeds. In some cases, companies may boast about corporate
green commitments while lobbying behind the scenes against environmental laws.
Greenpeace also urges vigilance about green claims that brag about something the law already requires: “For
example, if an industry or company has been forced to change a product, clean up its pollution or protect an
endangered species, then uses Public Relations campaigns to make such action look proactive or voluntary.”
For consumers, the best way to avoid getting “greenwashed” is to be educated about who is truly green and who
is just trying to look that way to make more money. Look beyond advertising claims, read ingredient lists or ask
employees about the real information on their company’s environmental commitment. Also, look for labels that
show if a given offering has been inspected by a reliable third-party. For example, the U.S. Department of
Agriculture’s Certified Organic label can only go on products that meet the federal government’s organic
standard. Just because a label says “made with organic ingredients” or “all-natural” does not mean the product
qualifies as Certified Organic, so be sure to look beyond the hype.
(www.scientificamerican.com. Adaptado.)
No trecho final do último parágrafo – “all-natural” does not mean the product qualifies as Certified Organic, so be
sure to look beyond the hype. –, a conjunção so pode ser substituída, sem alteração de sentido, por
a) however.
b) furthermore.
c) because.
d) although.
e) therefore.
Questão 39 - (USP Escola PolitÃ©cnica/2014)

1 2 3
In the early 1990s, Wirth (1992) notes the need for an emphasis on integrative skills (e.g., coordinating and
4 5
facilitating, communicating, planning, and conflict resolution), along with boundary-spanning skills (e.g.,
6
business negotiation, legal aspects, and community, public, and institutional relations), within project
7 8
management education. These emerging skills were encouraged in lieu of an emphasis on technical
9 10
management skills that could be delegated to staff with computer expertise. The integrative skills emphasis is
11 12
a theme that has been advocated by several other authors. By the late 1990s, researchers were concluding
13 14
that effective project managers evolved with experience, suggesting that initial project training and
15
assignments should be straightforward, emphasizing the tools and techniques of project management,
16 17
whereas later projects and training should address skills such as managing people and conflicts, strategy,
and leadership.
Starkweather, J.A.; Stevenson, D.H. PMP certification as a core
competency: necessary but not sufficient. Project Management
Journal. February 2011. Adaptado.
A conjunção “whereas” (Ref. 15) pode ser traduzida em português, sem prejuízo de sentido, por
a) no lugar de.
b) embora.
c) portanto.
d) ao passo que.
e) de modo que.
29
Questão 40 - (USP Faculdade de Saúde Pública/2014)

1 2 3
The extent and rapidity of the rise of diet-related chronic diseases led WHO* to call for action in its Global
4
Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health (2004). The Strategy recommends that governments, industry,
5 6 7
and nongovernmental organizations act at the individual, community, national, and global levels, combining
8 9
measures to educate and encourage individuals and communities to eat more healthfully, as well as tackling
more distal determinants at the population level.
10 11 12
Such recommendations are echoed by the International Obesity Task Force, which recommends that
13 14
nutritional criteria should be included in agricultural policy, agricultural policies should undergo health impact
15
assessment, and support should be provided for agricultural programs aimed at meeting WHO dietary
guidelines.
16 17
Despite the positive tone of these recommendations, the contribution of the agricultural sector to the
18 19
promotion of healthy diets in a chronic disease context has thus far involved more conflict than collaboration.
20 21 22
Thus, despite widespread calls for “agriculture to play its role,” the policy role for agriculture in chronic
disease prevention is not well understood or advanced.
Pratima Rao Jasti. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2010, 54, 1215-1247. Adaptado.
*WHO = OMS (Organização Mundial da Saúde).
Na sentença “Despite the positive tone...” (Refs. 16-19), a preposição “despite” pode ser corretamente traduzida
para o português, mantendo o sentido original, por
a) por outro lado.

b) apesar de.
c) portanto.
d) entretanto.
e) aliás.
30
GABARITO:
1) Gab: C
2) Gab: D
3) Gab: D
4) Gab: C
5) Gab:
The sun is very bright today. I need to buy a cap at the store.
6) Gab: B
7) Gab: C
8) Gab: 70
9) Gab:
1. the / the
2. X / X
3. X / an
4. the / X
5. X / X
10) Gab: E
11) Gab: C
12) Gab: B
13) Gab: A
14) Gab: B
15) Gab: A
16) Gab: B
17) Gab: B
18) Gab: D
19) Gab: B
20) Gab: A
21) Gab: C
22) Gab: E
23) Gab: A
24) Gab: D
25) Gab: B
26) Gab: E
27) Gab: B
28) Gab: C
29) Gab: C
30) Gab: D
31) Gab: D
32) Gab: C
33) Gab: D
34) Gab: D
35) Gab: A
36) Gab: D
37) Gab: C
38) Gab: E
39) Gab: D
40) Gab: B
31

Inglês - Articles and Conjunctions (Artigos e Conjunções) .

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Blog do Enem Inglês – Articles and Conjunctions (artigos e conjunções).

I. Can you play a guitar?

a) Todas estão corretas.

Questão 02 - (URCA CE/2008)

Choose the correct answer to complete the sentence:

Questão 03 - (UFAC/2007) Complete the paragraph below with an appropriate article.

Questão 04 - (UNIFOR CE/2006)

ALL THE QUESTIONS IN THIS EXAM MUST BE ANSWERED IN ENGLISH

A sun is very bright today. I need to buy a cap at the store.

DISCOVERING NEW YORK

The missing articles in the first paragraph are respectively:

Questão 07 - (UECE CE/2004)

Indique a opção onde o artigo definido (THE) está empregado corretamente:

worthwhile - útil, conveniente

1. Researchers failed to understand ____ nature of ____ problem, he argued.

Questão 11 - (Unemat MT/2012)

a) Usa-se o artigo an somente com o pronome demonstrativo This is..

Questão 12 - (UFAC/2002) Assinale a alternativa na qual o uso do artigo está incorreto:

And I should know. (panel 4)

Questão 14 - (Centro UniversitÃ¡rio de Franca SP/2016)

Questão 15 - (FM PetrÃ³polis RJ/2016)

Questão 16 - (UCS RS/2016)

Questão 17 - (UNIFESP SP/2016)

Questão 18 - (UNIFICADO RJ/2016)

What Your Facebook Use Reveals About Your

Questão 20 - (UNESP SP/2015) Pediatric group advises parents to read to kids

June 26, 2014

Questão 21 - (UNISC RS/2015)

Is there really such a thing as a ‘morning person’?

a) Nevertheless – didn’t sleep

TEXTO: 20 - Comum à questão: 23

Fidel Loses the Race to the Grave

Fidel Castro delivering a speech in Havana on May 14, 2004

Questão 23 - (ESPM SP/2015)

Texto comum às questões: 24, 25

Questão 24 - (IME RJ/2015)

Questão 25 - (IME RJ/2015)

Questão 26 - (ITA SP/2015) Considere a tirinha a seguir:

Questão 27 - (PUC RS/2015)

Questão 28 - (PUC MG/2015)

GENETICALLY SPEAKING, FRIENDS RESEMBLE FRIENDS

Questão 29 - (UEFS BA/2015)

Four Ways Beacons Could Change Shopping and Leisure

MCCRACKEN, Harry. Time, Mar 31, 2014, p.12.

The conjunction in bold expresses what is stated on the right in alternative

Texto comum às questões: 30, 31

Questão 32 - (UEFS BA/2015)

Considering language use in the text, it’s correct to say:

a) The adjective “better” (Ref. 2) is in the superlative degree.

Questão 33 - (UNESP SP/2015)

Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland.

Questão 34 - (UNIFESP SP/2015)

How do we reduce waistlines in a country where

Questão 35 - (ESPM SP/2014)

Running out of puff

Questão 36 - (FGV /2014)

PEOPLE PREFER FACEBOOK TEXTS INSTEAD OF TRADITIONAL COMMUNICATION MODES:

Questão 38 - (UNESP SP/2014)

June 29, 2013

Questão 39 - (USP Escola PolitÃ©cnica/2014)

Questão 40 - (USP Faculdade de Saúde Pública/2014)

a) por outro lado.

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1. Researchers failed to understand nature of problem, he argued.